]> git.vpit.fr Git - perl/modules/re-engine-Hooks.git/blobdiff - src/5017007/regcomp.c
Remove the 5.17 development branch
[perl/modules/re-engine-Hooks.git] / src / 5017007 / regcomp.c
diff --git a/src/5017007/regcomp.c b/src/5017007/regcomp.c
deleted file mode 100644 (file)
index ffa782d..0000000
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,14958 +0,0 @@
-/*    regcomp.c
- */
-
-/*
- * 'A fair jaw-cracker dwarf-language must be.'            --Samwise Gamgee
- *
- *     [p.285 of _The Lord of the Rings_, II/iii: "The Ring Goes South"]
- */
-
-/* This file contains functions for compiling a regular expression.  See
- * also regexec.c which funnily enough, contains functions for executing
- * a regular expression.
- *
- * This file is also copied at build time to ext/re/re_comp.c, where
- * it's built with -DPERL_EXT_RE_BUILD -DPERL_EXT_RE_DEBUG -DPERL_EXT.
- * This causes the main functions to be compiled under new names and with
- * debugging support added, which makes "use re 'debug'" work.
- */
-
-/* NOTE: this is derived from Henry Spencer's regexp code, and should not
- * confused with the original package (see point 3 below).  Thanks, Henry!
- */
-
-/* Additional note: this code is very heavily munged from Henry's version
- * in places.  In some spots I've traded clarity for efficiency, so don't
- * blame Henry for some of the lack of readability.
- */
-
-/* The names of the functions have been changed from regcomp and
- * regexec to pregcomp and pregexec in order to avoid conflicts
- * with the POSIX routines of the same names.
-*/
-
-#ifdef PERL_EXT_RE_BUILD
-#include "re_top.h"
-#endif
-
-/*
- * pregcomp and pregexec -- regsub and regerror are not used in perl
- *
- *     Copyright (c) 1986 by University of Toronto.
- *     Written by Henry Spencer.  Not derived from licensed software.
- *
- *     Permission is granted to anyone to use this software for any
- *     purpose on any computer system, and to redistribute it freely,
- *     subject to the following restrictions:
- *
- *     1. The author is not responsible for the consequences of use of
- *             this software, no matter how awful, even if they arise
- *             from defects in it.
- *
- *     2. The origin of this software must not be misrepresented, either
- *             by explicit claim or by omission.
- *
- *     3. Altered versions must be plainly marked as such, and must not
- *             be misrepresented as being the original software.
- *
- *
- ****    Alterations to Henry's code are...
- ****
- ****    Copyright (C) 1991, 1992, 1993, 1994, 1995, 1996, 1997, 1998, 1999,
- ****    2000, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2008
- ****    by Larry Wall and others
- ****
- ****    You may distribute under the terms of either the GNU General Public
- ****    License or the Artistic License, as specified in the README file.
-
- *
- * Beware that some of this code is subtly aware of the way operator
- * precedence is structured in regular expressions.  Serious changes in
- * regular-expression syntax might require a total rethink.
- */
-#include "EXTERN.h"
-#define PERL_IN_REGCOMP_C
-#include "perl.h"
-
-#ifndef PERL_IN_XSUB_RE
-#include "re_defs.h"
-#endif
-
-#define REG_COMP_C
-#ifdef PERL_IN_XSUB_RE
-#  include "re_comp.h"
-extern const struct regexp_engine my_reg_engine;
-#else
-#  include "regcomp.h"
-#endif
-
-#include "dquote_static.c"
-#include "charclass_invlists.h"
-#include "inline_invlist.c"
-#include "unicode_constants.h"
-
-#ifdef HAS_ISBLANK
-#   define hasISBLANK 1
-#else
-#   define hasISBLANK 0
-#endif
-
-#define HAS_NONLATIN1_FOLD_CLOSURE(i) _HAS_NONLATIN1_FOLD_CLOSURE_ONLY_FOR_USE_BY_REGCOMP_DOT_C_AND_REGEXEC_DOT_C(i)
-#define IS_NON_FINAL_FOLD(c) _IS_NON_FINAL_FOLD_ONLY_FOR_USE_BY_REGCOMP_DOT_C(c)
-#define IS_IN_SOME_FOLD_L1(c) _IS_IN_SOME_FOLD_ONLY_FOR_USE_BY_REGCOMP_DOT_C(c)
-
-#ifdef op
-#undef op
-#endif /* op */
-
-#ifdef MSDOS
-#  if defined(BUGGY_MSC6)
- /* MSC 6.00A breaks on op/regexp.t test 85 unless we turn this off */
-#    pragma optimize("a",off)
- /* But MSC 6.00A is happy with 'w', for aliases only across function calls*/
-#    pragma optimize("w",on )
-#  endif /* BUGGY_MSC6 */
-#endif /* MSDOS */
-
-#ifndef STATIC
-#define        STATIC  static
-#endif
-
-
-typedef struct RExC_state_t {
-    U32                flags;                  /* RXf_* are we folding, multilining? */
-    U32                pm_flags;               /* PMf_* stuff from the calling PMOP */
-    char       *precomp;               /* uncompiled string. */
-    REGEXP     *rx_sv;                 /* The SV that is the regexp. */
-    regexp     *rx;                    /* perl core regexp structure */
-    regexp_internal    *rxi;           /* internal data for regexp object pprivate field */        
-    char       *start;                 /* Start of input for compile */
-    char       *end;                   /* End of input for compile */
-    char       *parse;                 /* Input-scan pointer. */
-    I32                whilem_seen;            /* number of WHILEM in this expr */
-    regnode    *emit_start;            /* Start of emitted-code area */
-    regnode    *emit_bound;            /* First regnode outside of the allocated space */
-    regnode    *emit;                  /* Code-emit pointer; &regdummy = don't = compiling */
-    I32                naughty;                /* How bad is this pattern? */
-    I32                sawback;                /* Did we see \1, ...? */
-    U32                seen;
-    I32                size;                   /* Code size. */
-    I32                npar;                   /* Capture buffer count, (OPEN). */
-    I32                cpar;                   /* Capture buffer count, (CLOSE). */
-    I32                nestroot;               /* root parens we are in - used by accept */
-    I32                extralen;
-    I32                seen_zerolen;
-    regnode    **open_parens;          /* pointers to open parens */
-    regnode    **close_parens;         /* pointers to close parens */
-    regnode    *opend;                 /* END node in program */
-    I32                utf8;           /* whether the pattern is utf8 or not */
-    I32                orig_utf8;      /* whether the pattern was originally in utf8 */
-                               /* XXX use this for future optimisation of case
-                                * where pattern must be upgraded to utf8. */
-    I32                uni_semantics;  /* If a d charset modifier should use unicode
-                                  rules, even if the pattern is not in
-                                  utf8 */
-    HV         *paren_names;           /* Paren names */
-    
-    regnode    **recurse;              /* Recurse regops */
-    I32                recurse_count;          /* Number of recurse regops */
-    I32                in_lookbehind;
-    I32                contains_locale;
-    I32                override_recoding;
-    I32                in_multi_char_class;
-    struct reg_code_block *code_blocks;        /* positions of literal (?{})
-                                           within pattern */
-    int                num_code_blocks;        /* size of code_blocks[] */
-    int                code_index;             /* next code_blocks[] slot */
-#if ADD_TO_REGEXEC
-    char       *starttry;              /* -Dr: where regtry was called. */
-#define RExC_starttry  (pRExC_state->starttry)
-#endif
-    SV         *runtime_code_qr;       /* qr with the runtime code blocks */
-#ifdef DEBUGGING
-    const char  *lastparse;
-    I32         lastnum;
-    AV          *paren_name_list;       /* idx -> name */
-#define RExC_lastparse (pRExC_state->lastparse)
-#define RExC_lastnum   (pRExC_state->lastnum)
-#define RExC_paren_name_list    (pRExC_state->paren_name_list)
-#endif
-} RExC_state_t;
-
-#define RExC_flags     (pRExC_state->flags)
-#define RExC_pm_flags  (pRExC_state->pm_flags)
-#define RExC_precomp   (pRExC_state->precomp)
-#define RExC_rx_sv     (pRExC_state->rx_sv)
-#define RExC_rx                (pRExC_state->rx)
-#define RExC_rxi       (pRExC_state->rxi)
-#define RExC_start     (pRExC_state->start)
-#define RExC_end       (pRExC_state->end)
-#define RExC_parse     (pRExC_state->parse)
-#define RExC_whilem_seen       (pRExC_state->whilem_seen)
-#ifdef RE_TRACK_PATTERN_OFFSETS
-#define RExC_offsets   (pRExC_state->rxi->u.offsets) /* I am not like the others */
-#endif
-#define RExC_emit      (pRExC_state->emit)
-#define RExC_emit_start        (pRExC_state->emit_start)
-#define RExC_emit_bound        (pRExC_state->emit_bound)
-#define RExC_naughty   (pRExC_state->naughty)
-#define RExC_sawback   (pRExC_state->sawback)
-#define RExC_seen      (pRExC_state->seen)
-#define RExC_size      (pRExC_state->size)
-#define RExC_npar      (pRExC_state->npar)
-#define RExC_nestroot   (pRExC_state->nestroot)
-#define RExC_extralen  (pRExC_state->extralen)
-#define RExC_seen_zerolen      (pRExC_state->seen_zerolen)
-#define RExC_utf8      (pRExC_state->utf8)
-#define RExC_uni_semantics     (pRExC_state->uni_semantics)
-#define RExC_orig_utf8 (pRExC_state->orig_utf8)
-#define RExC_open_parens       (pRExC_state->open_parens)
-#define RExC_close_parens      (pRExC_state->close_parens)
-#define RExC_opend     (pRExC_state->opend)
-#define RExC_paren_names       (pRExC_state->paren_names)
-#define RExC_recurse   (pRExC_state->recurse)
-#define RExC_recurse_count     (pRExC_state->recurse_count)
-#define RExC_in_lookbehind     (pRExC_state->in_lookbehind)
-#define RExC_contains_locale   (pRExC_state->contains_locale)
-#define RExC_override_recoding (pRExC_state->override_recoding)
-#define RExC_in_multi_char_class (pRExC_state->in_multi_char_class)
-
-
-#define        ISMULT1(c)      ((c) == '*' || (c) == '+' || (c) == '?')
-#define        ISMULT2(s)      ((*s) == '*' || (*s) == '+' || (*s) == '?' || \
-       ((*s) == '{' && regcurly(s)))
-
-#ifdef SPSTART
-#undef SPSTART         /* dratted cpp namespace... */
-#endif
-/*
- * Flags to be passed up and down.
- */
-#define        WORST           0       /* Worst case. */
-#define        HASWIDTH        0x01    /* Known to match non-null strings. */
-
-/* Simple enough to be STAR/PLUS operand; in an EXACTish node must be a single
- * character.  (There needs to be a case: in the switch statement in regexec.c
- * for any node marked SIMPLE.)  Note that this is not the same thing as
- * REGNODE_SIMPLE */
-#define        SIMPLE          0x02
-#define        SPSTART         0x04    /* Starts with * or + */
-#define TRYAGAIN       0x08    /* Weeded out a declaration. */
-#define POSTPONED      0x10    /* (?1),(?&name), (??{...}) or similar */
-
-#define REG_NODE_NUM(x) ((x) ? (int)((x)-RExC_emit_start) : -1)
-
-/* whether trie related optimizations are enabled */
-#if PERL_ENABLE_EXTENDED_TRIE_OPTIMISATION
-#define TRIE_STUDY_OPT
-#define FULL_TRIE_STUDY
-#define TRIE_STCLASS
-#endif
-
-
-
-#define PBYTE(u8str,paren) ((U8*)(u8str))[(paren) >> 3]
-#define PBITVAL(paren) (1 << ((paren) & 7))
-#define PAREN_TEST(u8str,paren) ( PBYTE(u8str,paren) & PBITVAL(paren))
-#define PAREN_SET(u8str,paren) PBYTE(u8str,paren) |= PBITVAL(paren)
-#define PAREN_UNSET(u8str,paren) PBYTE(u8str,paren) &= (~PBITVAL(paren))
-
-/* If not already in utf8, do a longjmp back to the beginning */
-#define UTF8_LONGJMP 42 /* Choose a value not likely to ever conflict */
-#define REQUIRE_UTF8   STMT_START {                                       \
-                                     if (! UTF) JMPENV_JUMP(UTF8_LONGJMP); \
-                        } STMT_END
-
-/* About scan_data_t.
-
-  During optimisation we recurse through the regexp program performing
-  various inplace (keyhole style) optimisations. In addition study_chunk
-  and scan_commit populate this data structure with information about
-  what strings MUST appear in the pattern. We look for the longest 
-  string that must appear at a fixed location, and we look for the
-  longest string that may appear at a floating location. So for instance
-  in the pattern:
-  
-    /FOO[xX]A.*B[xX]BAR/
-    
-  Both 'FOO' and 'A' are fixed strings. Both 'B' and 'BAR' are floating
-  strings (because they follow a .* construct). study_chunk will identify
-  both FOO and BAR as being the longest fixed and floating strings respectively.
-  
-  The strings can be composites, for instance
-  
-     /(f)(o)(o)/
-     
-  will result in a composite fixed substring 'foo'.
-  
-  For each string some basic information is maintained:
-  
-  - offset or min_offset
-    This is the position the string must appear at, or not before.
-    It also implicitly (when combined with minlenp) tells us how many
-    characters must match before the string we are searching for.
-    Likewise when combined with minlenp and the length of the string it
-    tells us how many characters must appear after the string we have 
-    found.
-  
-  - max_offset
-    Only used for floating strings. This is the rightmost point that
-    the string can appear at. If set to I32 max it indicates that the
-    string can occur infinitely far to the right.
-  
-  - minlenp
-    A pointer to the minimum number of characters of the pattern that the
-    string was found inside. This is important as in the case of positive
-    lookahead or positive lookbehind we can have multiple patterns 
-    involved. Consider
-    
-    /(?=FOO).*F/
-    
-    The minimum length of the pattern overall is 3, the minimum length
-    of the lookahead part is 3, but the minimum length of the part that
-    will actually match is 1. So 'FOO's minimum length is 3, but the 
-    minimum length for the F is 1. This is important as the minimum length
-    is used to determine offsets in front of and behind the string being 
-    looked for.  Since strings can be composites this is the length of the
-    pattern at the time it was committed with a scan_commit. Note that
-    the length is calculated by study_chunk, so that the minimum lengths
-    are not known until the full pattern has been compiled, thus the 
-    pointer to the value.
-  
-  - lookbehind
-  
-    In the case of lookbehind the string being searched for can be
-    offset past the start point of the final matching string. 
-    If this value was just blithely removed from the min_offset it would
-    invalidate some of the calculations for how many chars must match
-    before or after (as they are derived from min_offset and minlen and
-    the length of the string being searched for). 
-    When the final pattern is compiled and the data is moved from the
-    scan_data_t structure into the regexp structure the information
-    about lookbehind is factored in, with the information that would 
-    have been lost precalculated in the end_shift field for the 
-    associated string.
-
-  The fields pos_min and pos_delta are used to store the minimum offset
-  and the delta to the maximum offset at the current point in the pattern.    
-
-*/
-
-typedef struct scan_data_t {
-    /*I32 len_min;      unused */
-    /*I32 len_delta;    unused */
-    I32 pos_min;
-    I32 pos_delta;
-    SV *last_found;
-    I32 last_end;          /* min value, <0 unless valid. */
-    I32 last_start_min;
-    I32 last_start_max;
-    SV **longest;          /* Either &l_fixed, or &l_float. */
-    SV *longest_fixed;      /* longest fixed string found in pattern */
-    I32 offset_fixed;       /* offset where it starts */
-    I32 *minlen_fixed;      /* pointer to the minlen relevant to the string */
-    I32 lookbehind_fixed;   /* is the position of the string modfied by LB */
-    SV *longest_float;      /* longest floating string found in pattern */
-    I32 offset_float_min;   /* earliest point in string it can appear */
-    I32 offset_float_max;   /* latest point in string it can appear */
-    I32 *minlen_float;      /* pointer to the minlen relevant to the string */
-    I32 lookbehind_float;   /* is the position of the string modified by LB */
-    I32 flags;
-    I32 whilem_c;
-    I32 *last_closep;
-    struct regnode_charclass_class *start_class;
-} scan_data_t;
-
-/*
- * Forward declarations for pregcomp()'s friends.
- */
-
-static const scan_data_t zero_scan_data =
-  { 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 ,0};
-
-#define SF_BEFORE_EOL          (SF_BEFORE_SEOL|SF_BEFORE_MEOL)
-#define SF_BEFORE_SEOL         0x0001
-#define SF_BEFORE_MEOL         0x0002
-#define SF_FIX_BEFORE_EOL      (SF_FIX_BEFORE_SEOL|SF_FIX_BEFORE_MEOL)
-#define SF_FL_BEFORE_EOL       (SF_FL_BEFORE_SEOL|SF_FL_BEFORE_MEOL)
-
-#ifdef NO_UNARY_PLUS
-#  define SF_FIX_SHIFT_EOL     (0+2)
-#  define SF_FL_SHIFT_EOL              (0+4)
-#else
-#  define SF_FIX_SHIFT_EOL     (+2)
-#  define SF_FL_SHIFT_EOL              (+4)
-#endif
-
-#define SF_FIX_BEFORE_SEOL     (SF_BEFORE_SEOL << SF_FIX_SHIFT_EOL)
-#define SF_FIX_BEFORE_MEOL     (SF_BEFORE_MEOL << SF_FIX_SHIFT_EOL)
-
-#define SF_FL_BEFORE_SEOL      (SF_BEFORE_SEOL << SF_FL_SHIFT_EOL)
-#define SF_FL_BEFORE_MEOL      (SF_BEFORE_MEOL << SF_FL_SHIFT_EOL) /* 0x20 */
-#define SF_IS_INF              0x0040
-#define SF_HAS_PAR             0x0080
-#define SF_IN_PAR              0x0100
-#define SF_HAS_EVAL            0x0200
-#define SCF_DO_SUBSTR          0x0400
-#define SCF_DO_STCLASS_AND     0x0800
-#define SCF_DO_STCLASS_OR      0x1000
-#define SCF_DO_STCLASS         (SCF_DO_STCLASS_AND|SCF_DO_STCLASS_OR)
-#define SCF_WHILEM_VISITED_POS 0x2000
-
-#define SCF_TRIE_RESTUDY        0x4000 /* Do restudy? */
-#define SCF_SEEN_ACCEPT         0x8000 
-
-#define UTF cBOOL(RExC_utf8)
-
-/* The enums for all these are ordered so things work out correctly */
-#define LOC (get_regex_charset(RExC_flags) == REGEX_LOCALE_CHARSET)
-#define DEPENDS_SEMANTICS (get_regex_charset(RExC_flags) == REGEX_DEPENDS_CHARSET)
-#define UNI_SEMANTICS (get_regex_charset(RExC_flags) == REGEX_UNICODE_CHARSET)
-#define AT_LEAST_UNI_SEMANTICS (get_regex_charset(RExC_flags) >= REGEX_UNICODE_CHARSET)
-#define ASCII_RESTRICTED (get_regex_charset(RExC_flags) == REGEX_ASCII_RESTRICTED_CHARSET)
-#define AT_LEAST_ASCII_RESTRICTED (get_regex_charset(RExC_flags) >= REGEX_ASCII_RESTRICTED_CHARSET)
-#define ASCII_FOLD_RESTRICTED (get_regex_charset(RExC_flags) == REGEX_ASCII_MORE_RESTRICTED_CHARSET)
-
-#define FOLD cBOOL(RExC_flags & RXf_PMf_FOLD)
-
-#define OOB_NAMEDCLASS         -1
-
-/* There is no code point that is out-of-bounds, so this is problematic.  But
- * its only current use is to initialize a variable that is always set before
- * looked at. */
-#define OOB_UNICODE            0xDEADBEEF
-
-#define CHR_SVLEN(sv) (UTF ? sv_len_utf8(sv) : SvCUR(sv))
-#define CHR_DIST(a,b) (UTF ? utf8_distance(a,b) : a - b)
-
-
-/* length of regex to show in messages that don't mark a position within */
-#define RegexLengthToShowInErrorMessages 127
-
-/*
- * If MARKER[12] are adjusted, be sure to adjust the constants at the top
- * of t/op/regmesg.t, the tests in t/op/re_tests, and those in
- * op/pragma/warn/regcomp.
- */
-#define MARKER1 "<-- HERE"    /* marker as it appears in the description */
-#define MARKER2 " <-- HERE "  /* marker as it appears within the regex */
-
-#define REPORT_LOCATION " in regex; marked by " MARKER1 " in m/%.*s" MARKER2 "%s/"
-
-/*
- * Calls SAVEDESTRUCTOR_X if needed, then calls Perl_croak with the given
- * arg. Show regex, up to a maximum length. If it's too long, chop and add
- * "...".
- */
-#define _FAIL(code) STMT_START {                                       \
-    const char *ellipses = "";                                         \
-    IV len = RExC_end - RExC_precomp;                                  \
-                                                                       \
-    if (!SIZE_ONLY)                                                    \
-       SAVEFREESV(RExC_rx_sv);                                         \
-    if (len > RegexLengthToShowInErrorMessages) {                      \
-       /* chop 10 shorter than the max, to ensure meaning of "..." */  \
-       len = RegexLengthToShowInErrorMessages - 10;                    \
-       ellipses = "...";                                               \
-    }                                                                  \
-    code;                                                               \
-} STMT_END
-
-#define        FAIL(msg) _FAIL(                            \
-    Perl_croak(aTHX_ "%s in regex m/%.*s%s/",      \
-           msg, (int)len, RExC_precomp, ellipses))
-
-#define        FAIL2(msg,arg) _FAIL(                       \
-    Perl_croak(aTHX_ msg " in regex m/%.*s%s/",            \
-           arg, (int)len, RExC_precomp, ellipses))
-
-/*
- * Simple_vFAIL -- like FAIL, but marks the current location in the scan
- */
-#define        Simple_vFAIL(m) STMT_START {                                    \
-    const IV offset = RExC_parse - RExC_precomp;                       \
-    Perl_croak(aTHX_ "%s" REPORT_LOCATION,                             \
-           m, (int)offset, RExC_precomp, RExC_precomp + offset);       \
-} STMT_END
-
-/*
- * Calls SAVEDESTRUCTOR_X if needed, then Simple_vFAIL()
- */
-#define        vFAIL(m) STMT_START {                           \
-    if (!SIZE_ONLY)                                    \
-       SAVEFREESV(RExC_rx_sv);                         \
-    Simple_vFAIL(m);                                   \
-} STMT_END
-
-/*
- * Like Simple_vFAIL(), but accepts two arguments.
- */
-#define        Simple_vFAIL2(m,a1) STMT_START {                        \
-    const IV offset = RExC_parse - RExC_precomp;                       \
-    S_re_croak2(aTHX_ m, REPORT_LOCATION, a1,                  \
-           (int)offset, RExC_precomp, RExC_precomp + offset);  \
-} STMT_END
-
-/*
- * Calls SAVEDESTRUCTOR_X if needed, then Simple_vFAIL2().
- */
-#define        vFAIL2(m,a1) STMT_START {                       \
-    if (!SIZE_ONLY)                                    \
-       SAVEFREESV(RExC_rx_sv);                         \
-    Simple_vFAIL2(m, a1);                              \
-} STMT_END
-
-
-/*
- * Like Simple_vFAIL(), but accepts three arguments.
- */
-#define        Simple_vFAIL3(m, a1, a2) STMT_START {                   \
-    const IV offset = RExC_parse - RExC_precomp;               \
-    S_re_croak2(aTHX_ m, REPORT_LOCATION, a1, a2,              \
-           (int)offset, RExC_precomp, RExC_precomp + offset);  \
-} STMT_END
-
-/*
- * Calls SAVEDESTRUCTOR_X if needed, then Simple_vFAIL3().
- */
-#define        vFAIL3(m,a1,a2) STMT_START {                    \
-    if (!SIZE_ONLY)                                    \
-       SAVEFREESV(RExC_rx_sv);                         \
-    Simple_vFAIL3(m, a1, a2);                          \
-} STMT_END
-
-/*
- * Like Simple_vFAIL(), but accepts four arguments.
- */
-#define        Simple_vFAIL4(m, a1, a2, a3) STMT_START {               \
-    const IV offset = RExC_parse - RExC_precomp;               \
-    S_re_croak2(aTHX_ m, REPORT_LOCATION, a1, a2, a3,          \
-           (int)offset, RExC_precomp, RExC_precomp + offset);  \
-} STMT_END
-
-#define        ckWARNreg(loc,m) STMT_START {                                   \
-    const IV offset = loc - RExC_precomp;                              \
-    Perl_ck_warner(aTHX_ packWARN(WARN_REGEXP), m REPORT_LOCATION,     \
-           (int)offset, RExC_precomp, RExC_precomp + offset);          \
-} STMT_END
-
-#define        ckWARNregdep(loc,m) STMT_START {                                \
-    const IV offset = loc - RExC_precomp;                              \
-    Perl_ck_warner_d(aTHX_ packWARN2(WARN_DEPRECATED, WARN_REGEXP),    \
-           m REPORT_LOCATION,                                          \
-           (int)offset, RExC_precomp, RExC_precomp + offset);          \
-} STMT_END
-
-#define        ckWARN2regdep(loc,m, a1) STMT_START {                           \
-    const IV offset = loc - RExC_precomp;                              \
-    Perl_ck_warner_d(aTHX_ packWARN2(WARN_DEPRECATED, WARN_REGEXP),    \
-           m REPORT_LOCATION,                                          \
-           a1, (int)offset, RExC_precomp, RExC_precomp + offset);      \
-} STMT_END
-
-#define        ckWARN2reg(loc, m, a1) STMT_START {                             \
-    const IV offset = loc - RExC_precomp;                              \
-    Perl_ck_warner(aTHX_ packWARN(WARN_REGEXP), m REPORT_LOCATION,     \
-           a1, (int)offset, RExC_precomp, RExC_precomp + offset);      \
-} STMT_END
-
-#define        vWARN3(loc, m, a1, a2) STMT_START {                             \
-    const IV offset = loc - RExC_precomp;                              \
-    Perl_warner(aTHX_ packWARN(WARN_REGEXP), m REPORT_LOCATION,                \
-           a1, a2, (int)offset, RExC_precomp, RExC_precomp + offset);  \
-} STMT_END
-
-#define        ckWARN3reg(loc, m, a1, a2) STMT_START {                         \
-    const IV offset = loc - RExC_precomp;                              \
-    Perl_ck_warner(aTHX_ packWARN(WARN_REGEXP), m REPORT_LOCATION,     \
-           a1, a2, (int)offset, RExC_precomp, RExC_precomp + offset);  \
-} STMT_END
-
-#define        vWARN4(loc, m, a1, a2, a3) STMT_START {                         \
-    const IV offset = loc - RExC_precomp;                              \
-    Perl_warner(aTHX_ packWARN(WARN_REGEXP), m REPORT_LOCATION,                \
-           a1, a2, a3, (int)offset, RExC_precomp, RExC_precomp + offset); \
-} STMT_END
-
-#define        ckWARN4reg(loc, m, a1, a2, a3) STMT_START {                     \
-    const IV offset = loc - RExC_precomp;                              \
-    Perl_ck_warner(aTHX_ packWARN(WARN_REGEXP), m REPORT_LOCATION,     \
-           a1, a2, a3, (int)offset, RExC_precomp, RExC_precomp + offset); \
-} STMT_END
-
-#define        vWARN5(loc, m, a1, a2, a3, a4) STMT_START {                     \
-    const IV offset = loc - RExC_precomp;                              \
-    Perl_warner(aTHX_ packWARN(WARN_REGEXP), m REPORT_LOCATION,                \
-           a1, a2, a3, a4, (int)offset, RExC_precomp, RExC_precomp + offset); \
-} STMT_END
-
-
-/* Allow for side effects in s */
-#define REGC(c,s) STMT_START {                 \
-    if (!SIZE_ONLY) *(s) = (c); else (void)(s);        \
-} STMT_END
-
-/* Macros for recording node offsets.   20001227 mjd@plover.com 
- * Nodes are numbered 1, 2, 3, 4.  Node #n's position is recorded in
- * element 2*n-1 of the array.  Element #2n holds the byte length node #n.
- * Element 0 holds the number n.
- * Position is 1 indexed.
- */
-#ifndef RE_TRACK_PATTERN_OFFSETS
-#define Set_Node_Offset_To_R(node,byte)
-#define Set_Node_Offset(node,byte)
-#define Set_Cur_Node_Offset
-#define Set_Node_Length_To_R(node,len)
-#define Set_Node_Length(node,len)
-#define Set_Node_Cur_Length(node)
-#define Node_Offset(n) 
-#define Node_Length(n) 
-#define Set_Node_Offset_Length(node,offset,len)
-#define ProgLen(ri) ri->u.proglen
-#define SetProgLen(ri,x) ri->u.proglen = x
-#else
-#define ProgLen(ri) ri->u.offsets[0]
-#define SetProgLen(ri,x) ri->u.offsets[0] = x
-#define Set_Node_Offset_To_R(node,byte) STMT_START {                   \
-    if (! SIZE_ONLY) {                                                 \
-       MJD_OFFSET_DEBUG(("** (%d) offset of node %d is %d.\n",         \
-                   __LINE__, (int)(node), (int)(byte)));               \
-       if((node) < 0) {                                                \
-           Perl_croak(aTHX_ "value of node is %d in Offset macro", (int)(node)); \
-       } else {                                                        \
-           RExC_offsets[2*(node)-1] = (byte);                          \
-       }                                                               \
-    }                                                                  \
-} STMT_END
-
-#define Set_Node_Offset(node,byte) \
-    Set_Node_Offset_To_R((node)-RExC_emit_start, (byte)-RExC_start)
-#define Set_Cur_Node_Offset Set_Node_Offset(RExC_emit, RExC_parse)
-
-#define Set_Node_Length_To_R(node,len) STMT_START {                    \
-    if (! SIZE_ONLY) {                                                 \
-       MJD_OFFSET_DEBUG(("** (%d) size of node %d is %d.\n",           \
-               __LINE__, (int)(node), (int)(len)));                    \
-       if((node) < 0) {                                                \
-           Perl_croak(aTHX_ "value of node is %d in Length macro", (int)(node)); \
-       } else {                                                        \
-           RExC_offsets[2*(node)] = (len);                             \
-       }                                                               \
-    }                                                                  \
-} STMT_END
-
-#define Set_Node_Length(node,len) \
-    Set_Node_Length_To_R((node)-RExC_emit_start, len)
-#define Set_Cur_Node_Length(len) Set_Node_Length(RExC_emit, len)
-#define Set_Node_Cur_Length(node) \
-    Set_Node_Length(node, RExC_parse - parse_start)
-
-/* Get offsets and lengths */
-#define Node_Offset(n) (RExC_offsets[2*((n)-RExC_emit_start)-1])
-#define Node_Length(n) (RExC_offsets[2*((n)-RExC_emit_start)])
-
-#define Set_Node_Offset_Length(node,offset,len) STMT_START {   \
-    Set_Node_Offset_To_R((node)-RExC_emit_start, (offset));    \
-    Set_Node_Length_To_R((node)-RExC_emit_start, (len));       \
-} STMT_END
-#endif
-
-#if PERL_ENABLE_EXPERIMENTAL_REGEX_OPTIMISATIONS
-#define EXPERIMENTAL_INPLACESCAN
-#endif /*PERL_ENABLE_EXPERIMENTAL_REGEX_OPTIMISATIONS*/
-
-#define DEBUG_STUDYDATA(str,data,depth)                              \
-DEBUG_OPTIMISE_MORE_r(if(data){                                      \
-    PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log,                                    \
-        "%*s" str "Pos:%"IVdf"/%"IVdf                                \
-        " Flags: 0x%"UVXf" Whilem_c: %"IVdf" Lcp: %"IVdf" %s",       \
-        (int)(depth)*2, "",                                          \
-        (IV)((data)->pos_min),                                       \
-        (IV)((data)->pos_delta),                                     \
-        (UV)((data)->flags),                                         \
-        (IV)((data)->whilem_c),                                      \
-        (IV)((data)->last_closep ? *((data)->last_closep) : -1),     \
-        is_inf ? "INF " : ""                                         \
-    );                                                               \
-    if ((data)->last_found)                                          \
-        PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log,                                \
-            "Last:'%s' %"IVdf":%"IVdf"/%"IVdf" %sFixed:'%s' @ %"IVdf \
-            " %sFloat: '%s' @ %"IVdf"/%"IVdf"",                      \
-            SvPVX_const((data)->last_found),                         \
-            (IV)((data)->last_end),                                  \
-            (IV)((data)->last_start_min),                            \
-            (IV)((data)->last_start_max),                            \
-            ((data)->longest &&                                      \
-             (data)->longest==&((data)->longest_fixed)) ? "*" : "",  \
-            SvPVX_const((data)->longest_fixed),                      \
-            (IV)((data)->offset_fixed),                              \
-            ((data)->longest &&                                      \
-             (data)->longest==&((data)->longest_float)) ? "*" : "",  \
-            SvPVX_const((data)->longest_float),                      \
-            (IV)((data)->offset_float_min),                          \
-            (IV)((data)->offset_float_max)                           \
-        );                                                           \
-    PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log,"\n");                              \
-});
-
-/* Mark that we cannot extend a found fixed substring at this point.
-   Update the longest found anchored substring and the longest found
-   floating substrings if needed. */
-
-STATIC void
-S_scan_commit(pTHX_ const RExC_state_t *pRExC_state, scan_data_t *data, I32 *minlenp, int is_inf)
-{
-    const STRLEN l = CHR_SVLEN(data->last_found);
-    const STRLEN old_l = CHR_SVLEN(*data->longest);
-    GET_RE_DEBUG_FLAGS_DECL;
-
-    PERL_ARGS_ASSERT_SCAN_COMMIT;
-
-    if ((l >= old_l) && ((l > old_l) || (data->flags & SF_BEFORE_EOL))) {
-       SvSetMagicSV(*data->longest, data->last_found);
-       if (*data->longest == data->longest_fixed) {
-           data->offset_fixed = l ? data->last_start_min : data->pos_min;
-           if (data->flags & SF_BEFORE_EOL)
-               data->flags
-                   |= ((data->flags & SF_BEFORE_EOL) << SF_FIX_SHIFT_EOL);
-           else
-               data->flags &= ~SF_FIX_BEFORE_EOL;
-           data->minlen_fixed=minlenp;
-           data->lookbehind_fixed=0;
-       }
-       else { /* *data->longest == data->longest_float */
-           data->offset_float_min = l ? data->last_start_min : data->pos_min;
-           data->offset_float_max = (l
-                                     ? data->last_start_max
-                                     : data->pos_min + data->pos_delta);
-           if (is_inf || (U32)data->offset_float_max > (U32)I32_MAX)
-               data->offset_float_max = I32_MAX;
-           if (data->flags & SF_BEFORE_EOL)
-               data->flags
-                   |= ((data->flags & SF_BEFORE_EOL) << SF_FL_SHIFT_EOL);
-           else
-               data->flags &= ~SF_FL_BEFORE_EOL;
-            data->minlen_float=minlenp;
-            data->lookbehind_float=0;
-       }
-    }
-    SvCUR_set(data->last_found, 0);
-    {
-       SV * const sv = data->last_found;
-       if (SvUTF8(sv) && SvMAGICAL(sv)) {
-           MAGIC * const mg = mg_find(sv, PERL_MAGIC_utf8);
-           if (mg)
-               mg->mg_len = 0;
-       }
-    }
-    data->last_end = -1;
-    data->flags &= ~SF_BEFORE_EOL;
-    DEBUG_STUDYDATA("commit: ",data,0);
-}
-
-/* Can match anything (initialization) */
-STATIC void
-S_cl_anything(const RExC_state_t *pRExC_state, struct regnode_charclass_class *cl)
-{
-    PERL_ARGS_ASSERT_CL_ANYTHING;
-
-    ANYOF_BITMAP_SETALL(cl);
-    cl->flags = ANYOF_CLASS|ANYOF_EOS|ANYOF_UNICODE_ALL
-               |ANYOF_NON_UTF8_LATIN1_ALL;
-
-    /* If any portion of the regex is to operate under locale rules,
-     * initialization includes it.  The reason this isn't done for all regexes
-     * is that the optimizer was written under the assumption that locale was
-     * all-or-nothing.  Given the complexity and lack of documentation in the
-     * optimizer, and that there are inadequate test cases for locale, so many
-     * parts of it may not work properly, it is safest to avoid locale unless
-     * necessary. */
-    if (RExC_contains_locale) {
-       ANYOF_CLASS_SETALL(cl);     /* /l uses class */
-       cl->flags |= ANYOF_LOCALE|ANYOF_LOC_FOLD;
-    }
-    else {
-       ANYOF_CLASS_ZERO(cl);       /* Only /l uses class now */
-    }
-}
-
-/* Can match anything (initialization) */
-STATIC int
-S_cl_is_anything(const struct regnode_charclass_class *cl)
-{
-    int value;
-
-    PERL_ARGS_ASSERT_CL_IS_ANYTHING;
-
-    for (value = 0; value <= ANYOF_MAX; value += 2)
-       if (ANYOF_CLASS_TEST(cl, value) && ANYOF_CLASS_TEST(cl, value + 1))
-           return 1;
-    if (!(cl->flags & ANYOF_UNICODE_ALL))
-       return 0;
-    if (!ANYOF_BITMAP_TESTALLSET((const void*)cl))
-       return 0;
-    return 1;
-}
-
-/* Can match anything (initialization) */
-STATIC void
-S_cl_init(const RExC_state_t *pRExC_state, struct regnode_charclass_class *cl)
-{
-    PERL_ARGS_ASSERT_CL_INIT;
-
-    Zero(cl, 1, struct regnode_charclass_class);
-    cl->type = ANYOF;
-    cl_anything(pRExC_state, cl);
-    ARG_SET(cl, ANYOF_NONBITMAP_EMPTY);
-}
-
-/* These two functions currently do the exact same thing */
-#define cl_init_zero           S_cl_init
-
-/* 'AND' a given class with another one.  Can create false positives.  'cl'
- * should not be inverted.  'and_with->flags & ANYOF_CLASS' should be 0 if
- * 'and_with' is a regnode_charclass instead of a regnode_charclass_class. */
-STATIC void
-S_cl_and(struct regnode_charclass_class *cl,
-       const struct regnode_charclass_class *and_with)
-{
-    PERL_ARGS_ASSERT_CL_AND;
-
-    assert(and_with->type == ANYOF);
-
-    /* I (khw) am not sure all these restrictions are necessary XXX */
-    if (!(ANYOF_CLASS_TEST_ANY_SET(and_with))
-       && !(ANYOF_CLASS_TEST_ANY_SET(cl))
-       && (and_with->flags & ANYOF_LOCALE) == (cl->flags & ANYOF_LOCALE)
-       && !(and_with->flags & ANYOF_LOC_FOLD)
-       && !(cl->flags & ANYOF_LOC_FOLD)) {
-       int i;
-
-       if (and_with->flags & ANYOF_INVERT)
-           for (i = 0; i < ANYOF_BITMAP_SIZE; i++)
-               cl->bitmap[i] &= ~and_with->bitmap[i];
-       else
-           for (i = 0; i < ANYOF_BITMAP_SIZE; i++)
-               cl->bitmap[i] &= and_with->bitmap[i];
-    } /* XXXX: logic is complicated otherwise, leave it along for a moment. */
-
-    if (and_with->flags & ANYOF_INVERT) {
-
-        /* Here, the and'ed node is inverted.  Get the AND of the flags that
-         * aren't affected by the inversion.  Those that are affected are
-         * handled individually below */
-       U8 affected_flags = cl->flags & ~INVERSION_UNAFFECTED_FLAGS;
-       cl->flags &= (and_with->flags & INVERSION_UNAFFECTED_FLAGS);
-       cl->flags |= affected_flags;
-
-        /* We currently don't know how to deal with things that aren't in the
-         * bitmap, but we know that the intersection is no greater than what
-         * is already in cl, so let there be false positives that get sorted
-         * out after the synthetic start class succeeds, and the node is
-         * matched for real. */
-
-        /* The inversion of these two flags indicate that the resulting
-         * intersection doesn't have them */
-       if (and_with->flags & ANYOF_UNICODE_ALL) {
-           cl->flags &= ~ANYOF_UNICODE_ALL;
-       }
-       if (and_with->flags & ANYOF_NON_UTF8_LATIN1_ALL) {
-           cl->flags &= ~ANYOF_NON_UTF8_LATIN1_ALL;
-       }
-    }
-    else {   /* and'd node is not inverted */
-       U8 outside_bitmap_but_not_utf8; /* Temp variable */
-
-       if (! ANYOF_NONBITMAP(and_with)) {
-
-            /* Here 'and_with' doesn't match anything outside the bitmap
-             * (except possibly ANYOF_UNICODE_ALL), which means the
-             * intersection can't either, except for ANYOF_UNICODE_ALL, in
-             * which case we don't know what the intersection is, but it's no
-             * greater than what cl already has, so can just leave it alone,
-             * with possible false positives */
-            if (! (and_with->flags & ANYOF_UNICODE_ALL)) {
-                ARG_SET(cl, ANYOF_NONBITMAP_EMPTY);
-               cl->flags &= ~ANYOF_NONBITMAP_NON_UTF8;
-            }
-       }
-       else if (! ANYOF_NONBITMAP(cl)) {
-
-           /* Here, 'and_with' does match something outside the bitmap, and cl
-            * doesn't have a list of things to match outside the bitmap.  If
-             * cl can match all code points above 255, the intersection will
-             * be those above-255 code points that 'and_with' matches.  If cl
-             * can't match all Unicode code points, it means that it can't
-             * match anything outside the bitmap (since the 'if' that got us
-             * into this block tested for that), so we leave the bitmap empty.
-             */
-           if (cl->flags & ANYOF_UNICODE_ALL) {
-               ARG_SET(cl, ARG(and_with));
-
-                /* and_with's ARG may match things that don't require UTF8.
-                 * And now cl's will too, in spite of this being an 'and'.  See
-                 * the comments below about the kludge */
-               cl->flags |= and_with->flags & ANYOF_NONBITMAP_NON_UTF8;
-           }
-       }
-       else {
-            /* Here, both 'and_with' and cl match something outside the
-             * bitmap.  Currently we do not do the intersection, so just match
-             * whatever cl had at the beginning.  */
-       }
-
-
-        /* Take the intersection of the two sets of flags.  However, the
-         * ANYOF_NONBITMAP_NON_UTF8 flag is treated as an 'or'.  This is a
-         * kludge around the fact that this flag is not treated like the others
-         * which are initialized in cl_anything().  The way the optimizer works
-         * is that the synthetic start class (SSC) is initialized to match
-         * anything, and then the first time a real node is encountered, its
-         * values are AND'd with the SSC's with the result being the values of
-         * the real node.  However, there are paths through the optimizer where
-         * the AND never gets called, so those initialized bits are set
-         * inappropriately, which is not usually a big deal, as they just cause
-         * false positives in the SSC, which will just mean a probably
-         * imperceptible slow down in execution.  However this bit has a
-         * higher false positive consequence in that it can cause utf8.pm,
-         * utf8_heavy.pl ... to be loaded when not necessary, which is a much
-         * bigger slowdown and also causes significant extra memory to be used.
-         * In order to prevent this, the code now takes a different tack.  The
-         * bit isn't set unless some part of the regular expression needs it,
-         * but once set it won't get cleared.  This means that these extra
-         * modules won't get loaded unless there was some path through the
-         * pattern that would have required them anyway, and  so any false
-         * positives that occur by not ANDing them out when they could be
-         * aren't as severe as they would be if we treated this bit like all
-         * the others */
-        outside_bitmap_but_not_utf8 = (cl->flags | and_with->flags)
-                                      & ANYOF_NONBITMAP_NON_UTF8;
-       cl->flags &= and_with->flags;
-       cl->flags |= outside_bitmap_but_not_utf8;
-    }
-}
-
-/* 'OR' a given class with another one.  Can create false positives.  'cl'
- * should not be inverted.  'or_with->flags & ANYOF_CLASS' should be 0 if
- * 'or_with' is a regnode_charclass instead of a regnode_charclass_class. */
-STATIC void
-S_cl_or(const RExC_state_t *pRExC_state, struct regnode_charclass_class *cl, const struct regnode_charclass_class *or_with)
-{
-    PERL_ARGS_ASSERT_CL_OR;
-
-    if (or_with->flags & ANYOF_INVERT) {
-
-        /* Here, the or'd node is to be inverted.  This means we take the
-         * complement of everything not in the bitmap, but currently we don't
-         * know what that is, so give up and match anything */
-       if (ANYOF_NONBITMAP(or_with)) {
-           cl_anything(pRExC_state, cl);
-       }
-       /* We do not use
-        * (B1 | CL1) | (!B2 & !CL2) = (B1 | !B2 & !CL2) | (CL1 | (!B2 & !CL2))
-        *   <= (B1 | !B2) | (CL1 | !CL2)
-        * which is wasteful if CL2 is small, but we ignore CL2:
-        *   (B1 | CL1) | (!B2 & !CL2) <= (B1 | CL1) | !B2 = (B1 | !B2) | CL1
-        * XXXX Can we handle case-fold?  Unclear:
-        *   (OK1(i) | OK1(i')) | !(OK1(i) | OK1(i')) =
-        *   (OK1(i) | OK1(i')) | (!OK1(i) & !OK1(i'))
-        */
-       else if ( (or_with->flags & ANYOF_LOCALE) == (cl->flags & ANYOF_LOCALE)
-            && !(or_with->flags & ANYOF_LOC_FOLD)
-            && !(cl->flags & ANYOF_LOC_FOLD) ) {
-           int i;
-
-           for (i = 0; i < ANYOF_BITMAP_SIZE; i++)
-               cl->bitmap[i] |= ~or_with->bitmap[i];
-       } /* XXXX: logic is complicated otherwise */
-       else {
-           cl_anything(pRExC_state, cl);
-       }
-
-        /* And, we can just take the union of the flags that aren't affected
-         * by the inversion */
-       cl->flags |= or_with->flags & INVERSION_UNAFFECTED_FLAGS;
-
-        /* For the remaining flags:
-            ANYOF_UNICODE_ALL and inverted means to not match anything above
-                    255, which means that the union with cl should just be
-                    what cl has in it, so can ignore this flag
-            ANYOF_NON_UTF8_LATIN1_ALL and inverted means if not utf8 and ord
-                    is 127-255 to match them, but then invert that, so the
-                    union with cl should just be what cl has in it, so can
-                    ignore this flag
-         */
-    } else {    /* 'or_with' is not inverted */
-       /* (B1 | CL1) | (B2 | CL2) = (B1 | B2) | (CL1 | CL2)) */
-       if ( (or_with->flags & ANYOF_LOCALE) == (cl->flags & ANYOF_LOCALE)
-            && (!(or_with->flags & ANYOF_LOC_FOLD)
-                || (cl->flags & ANYOF_LOC_FOLD)) ) {
-           int i;
-
-           /* OR char bitmap and class bitmap separately */
-           for (i = 0; i < ANYOF_BITMAP_SIZE; i++)
-               cl->bitmap[i] |= or_with->bitmap[i];
-            ANYOF_CLASS_OR(or_with, cl);
-       }
-       else { /* XXXX: logic is complicated, leave it along for a moment. */
-           cl_anything(pRExC_state, cl);
-       }
-
-       if (ANYOF_NONBITMAP(or_with)) {
-
-           /* Use the added node's outside-the-bit-map match if there isn't a
-            * conflict.  If there is a conflict (both nodes match something
-            * outside the bitmap, but what they match outside is not the same
-            * pointer, and hence not easily compared until XXX we extend
-            * inversion lists this far), give up and allow the start class to
-            * match everything outside the bitmap.  If that stuff is all above
-            * 255, can just set UNICODE_ALL, otherwise caould be anything. */
-           if (! ANYOF_NONBITMAP(cl)) {
-               ARG_SET(cl, ARG(or_with));
-           }
-           else if (ARG(cl) != ARG(or_with)) {
-
-               if ((or_with->flags & ANYOF_NONBITMAP_NON_UTF8)) {
-                   cl_anything(pRExC_state, cl);
-               }
-               else {
-                   cl->flags |= ANYOF_UNICODE_ALL;
-               }
-           }
-       }
-
-        /* Take the union */
-       cl->flags |= or_with->flags;
-    }
-}
-
-#define TRIE_LIST_ITEM(state,idx) (trie->states[state].trans.list)[ idx ]
-#define TRIE_LIST_CUR(state)  ( TRIE_LIST_ITEM( state, 0 ).forid )
-#define TRIE_LIST_LEN(state) ( TRIE_LIST_ITEM( state, 0 ).newstate )
-#define TRIE_LIST_USED(idx)  ( trie->states[state].trans.list ? (TRIE_LIST_CUR( idx ) - 1) : 0 )
-
-
-#ifdef DEBUGGING
-/*
-   dump_trie(trie,widecharmap,revcharmap)
-   dump_trie_interim_list(trie,widecharmap,revcharmap,next_alloc)
-   dump_trie_interim_table(trie,widecharmap,revcharmap,next_alloc)
-
-   These routines dump out a trie in a somewhat readable format.
-   The _interim_ variants are used for debugging the interim
-   tables that are used to generate the final compressed
-   representation which is what dump_trie expects.
-
-   Part of the reason for their existence is to provide a form
-   of documentation as to how the different representations function.
-
-*/
-
-/*
-  Dumps the final compressed table form of the trie to Perl_debug_log.
-  Used for debugging make_trie().
-*/
-
-STATIC void
-S_dump_trie(pTHX_ const struct _reg_trie_data *trie, HV *widecharmap,
-           AV *revcharmap, U32 depth)
-{
-    U32 state;
-    SV *sv=sv_newmortal();
-    int colwidth= widecharmap ? 6 : 4;
-    U16 word;
-    GET_RE_DEBUG_FLAGS_DECL;
-
-    PERL_ARGS_ASSERT_DUMP_TRIE;
-
-    PerlIO_printf( Perl_debug_log, "%*sChar : %-6s%-6s%-4s ",
-        (int)depth * 2 + 2,"",
-        "Match","Base","Ofs" );
-
-    for( state = 0 ; state < trie->uniquecharcount ; state++ ) {
-       SV ** const tmp = av_fetch( revcharmap, state, 0);
-        if ( tmp ) {
-            PerlIO_printf( Perl_debug_log, "%*s", 
-                colwidth,
-                pv_pretty(sv, SvPV_nolen_const(*tmp), SvCUR(*tmp), colwidth, 
-                           PL_colors[0], PL_colors[1],
-                           (SvUTF8(*tmp) ? PERL_PV_ESCAPE_UNI : 0) |
-                           PERL_PV_ESCAPE_FIRSTCHAR 
-                ) 
-            );
-        }
-    }
-    PerlIO_printf( Perl_debug_log, "\n%*sState|-----------------------",
-        (int)depth * 2 + 2,"");
-
-    for( state = 0 ; state < trie->uniquecharcount ; state++ )
-        PerlIO_printf( Perl_debug_log, "%.*s", colwidth, "--------");
-    PerlIO_printf( Perl_debug_log, "\n");
-
-    for( state = 1 ; state < trie->statecount ; state++ ) {
-       const U32 base = trie->states[ state ].trans.base;
-
-        PerlIO_printf( Perl_debug_log, "%*s#%4"UVXf"|", (int)depth * 2 + 2,"", (UV)state);
-
-        if ( trie->states[ state ].wordnum ) {
-            PerlIO_printf( Perl_debug_log, " W%4X", trie->states[ state ].wordnum );
-        } else {
-            PerlIO_printf( Perl_debug_log, "%6s", "" );
-        }
-
-        PerlIO_printf( Perl_debug_log, " @%4"UVXf" ", (UV)base );
-
-        if ( base ) {
-            U32 ofs = 0;
-
-            while( ( base + ofs  < trie->uniquecharcount ) ||
-                   ( base + ofs - trie->uniquecharcount < trie->lasttrans
-                     && trie->trans[ base + ofs - trie->uniquecharcount ].check != state))
-                    ofs++;
-
-            PerlIO_printf( Perl_debug_log, "+%2"UVXf"[ ", (UV)ofs);
-
-            for ( ofs = 0 ; ofs < trie->uniquecharcount ; ofs++ ) {
-                if ( ( base + ofs >= trie->uniquecharcount ) &&
-                     ( base + ofs - trie->uniquecharcount < trie->lasttrans ) &&
-                     trie->trans[ base + ofs - trie->uniquecharcount ].check == state )
-                {
-                   PerlIO_printf( Perl_debug_log, "%*"UVXf,
-                    colwidth,
-                    (UV)trie->trans[ base + ofs - trie->uniquecharcount ].next );
-                } else {
-                    PerlIO_printf( Perl_debug_log, "%*s",colwidth,"   ." );
-                }
-            }
-
-            PerlIO_printf( Perl_debug_log, "]");
-
-        }
-        PerlIO_printf( Perl_debug_log, "\n" );
-    }
-    PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log, "%*sword_info N:(prev,len)=", (int)depth*2, "");
-    for (word=1; word <= trie->wordcount; word++) {
-       PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log, " %d:(%d,%d)",
-           (int)word, (int)(trie->wordinfo[word].prev),
-           (int)(trie->wordinfo[word].len));
-    }
-    PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log, "\n" );
-}    
-/*
-  Dumps a fully constructed but uncompressed trie in list form.
-  List tries normally only are used for construction when the number of 
-  possible chars (trie->uniquecharcount) is very high.
-  Used for debugging make_trie().
-*/
-STATIC void
-S_dump_trie_interim_list(pTHX_ const struct _reg_trie_data *trie,
-                        HV *widecharmap, AV *revcharmap, U32 next_alloc,
-                        U32 depth)
-{
-    U32 state;
-    SV *sv=sv_newmortal();
-    int colwidth= widecharmap ? 6 : 4;
-    GET_RE_DEBUG_FLAGS_DECL;
-
-    PERL_ARGS_ASSERT_DUMP_TRIE_INTERIM_LIST;
-
-    /* print out the table precompression.  */
-    PerlIO_printf( Perl_debug_log, "%*sState :Word | Transition Data\n%*s%s",
-        (int)depth * 2 + 2,"", (int)depth * 2 + 2,"",
-        "------:-----+-----------------\n" );
-    
-    for( state=1 ; state < next_alloc ; state ++ ) {
-        U16 charid;
-    
-        PerlIO_printf( Perl_debug_log, "%*s %4"UVXf" :",
-            (int)depth * 2 + 2,"", (UV)state  );
-        if ( ! trie->states[ state ].wordnum ) {
-            PerlIO_printf( Perl_debug_log, "%5s| ","");
-        } else {
-            PerlIO_printf( Perl_debug_log, "W%4x| ",
-                trie->states[ state ].wordnum
-            );
-        }
-        for( charid = 1 ; charid <= TRIE_LIST_USED( state ) ; charid++ ) {
-           SV ** const tmp = av_fetch( revcharmap, TRIE_LIST_ITEM(state,charid).forid, 0);
-           if ( tmp ) {
-                PerlIO_printf( Perl_debug_log, "%*s:%3X=%4"UVXf" | ",
-                    colwidth,
-                    pv_pretty(sv, SvPV_nolen_const(*tmp), SvCUR(*tmp), colwidth, 
-                           PL_colors[0], PL_colors[1],
-                           (SvUTF8(*tmp) ? PERL_PV_ESCAPE_UNI : 0) |
-                           PERL_PV_ESCAPE_FIRSTCHAR 
-                    ) ,
-                    TRIE_LIST_ITEM(state,charid).forid,
-                    (UV)TRIE_LIST_ITEM(state,charid).newstate
-                );
-                if (!(charid % 10)) 
-                    PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log, "\n%*s| ",
-                        (int)((depth * 2) + 14), "");
-            }
-        }
-        PerlIO_printf( Perl_debug_log, "\n");
-    }
-}    
-
-/*
-  Dumps a fully constructed but uncompressed trie in table form.
-  This is the normal DFA style state transition table, with a few 
-  twists to facilitate compression later. 
-  Used for debugging make_trie().
-*/
-STATIC void
-S_dump_trie_interim_table(pTHX_ const struct _reg_trie_data *trie,
-                         HV *widecharmap, AV *revcharmap, U32 next_alloc,
-                         U32 depth)
-{
-    U32 state;
-    U16 charid;
-    SV *sv=sv_newmortal();
-    int colwidth= widecharmap ? 6 : 4;
-    GET_RE_DEBUG_FLAGS_DECL;
-
-    PERL_ARGS_ASSERT_DUMP_TRIE_INTERIM_TABLE;
-    
-    /*
-       print out the table precompression so that we can do a visual check
-       that they are identical.
-     */
-    
-    PerlIO_printf( Perl_debug_log, "%*sChar : ",(int)depth * 2 + 2,"" );
-
-    for( charid = 0 ; charid < trie->uniquecharcount ; charid++ ) {
-       SV ** const tmp = av_fetch( revcharmap, charid, 0);
-        if ( tmp ) {
-            PerlIO_printf( Perl_debug_log, "%*s", 
-                colwidth,
-                pv_pretty(sv, SvPV_nolen_const(*tmp), SvCUR(*tmp), colwidth, 
-                           PL_colors[0], PL_colors[1],
-                           (SvUTF8(*tmp) ? PERL_PV_ESCAPE_UNI : 0) |
-                           PERL_PV_ESCAPE_FIRSTCHAR 
-                ) 
-            );
-        }
-    }
-
-    PerlIO_printf( Perl_debug_log, "\n%*sState+-",(int)depth * 2 + 2,"" );
-
-    for( charid=0 ; charid < trie->uniquecharcount ; charid++ ) {
-        PerlIO_printf( Perl_debug_log, "%.*s", colwidth,"--------");
-    }
-
-    PerlIO_printf( Perl_debug_log, "\n" );
-
-    for( state=1 ; state < next_alloc ; state += trie->uniquecharcount ) {
-
-        PerlIO_printf( Perl_debug_log, "%*s%4"UVXf" : ", 
-            (int)depth * 2 + 2,"",
-            (UV)TRIE_NODENUM( state ) );
-
-        for( charid = 0 ; charid < trie->uniquecharcount ; charid++ ) {
-            UV v=(UV)SAFE_TRIE_NODENUM( trie->trans[ state + charid ].next );
-            if (v)
-                PerlIO_printf( Perl_debug_log, "%*"UVXf, colwidth, v );
-            else
-                PerlIO_printf( Perl_debug_log, "%*s", colwidth, "." );
-        }
-        if ( ! trie->states[ TRIE_NODENUM( state ) ].wordnum ) {
-            PerlIO_printf( Perl_debug_log, " (%4"UVXf")\n", (UV)trie->trans[ state ].check );
-        } else {
-            PerlIO_printf( Perl_debug_log, " (%4"UVXf") W%4X\n", (UV)trie->trans[ state ].check,
-            trie->states[ TRIE_NODENUM( state ) ].wordnum );
-        }
-    }
-}
-
-#endif
-
-
-/* make_trie(startbranch,first,last,tail,word_count,flags,depth)
-  startbranch: the first branch in the whole branch sequence
-  first      : start branch of sequence of branch-exact nodes.
-              May be the same as startbranch
-  last       : Thing following the last branch.
-              May be the same as tail.
-  tail       : item following the branch sequence
-  count      : words in the sequence
-  flags      : currently the OP() type we will be building one of /EXACT(|F|Fl)/
-  depth      : indent depth
-
-Inplace optimizes a sequence of 2 or more Branch-Exact nodes into a TRIE node.
-
-A trie is an N'ary tree where the branches are determined by digital
-decomposition of the key. IE, at the root node you look up the 1st character and
-follow that branch repeat until you find the end of the branches. Nodes can be
-marked as "accepting" meaning they represent a complete word. Eg:
-
-  /he|she|his|hers/
-
-would convert into the following structure. Numbers represent states, letters
-following numbers represent valid transitions on the letter from that state, if
-the number is in square brackets it represents an accepting state, otherwise it
-will be in parenthesis.
-
-      +-h->+-e->[3]-+-r->(8)-+-s->[9]
-      |    |
-      |   (2)
-      |    |
-     (1)   +-i->(6)-+-s->[7]
-      |
-      +-s->(3)-+-h->(4)-+-e->[5]
-
-      Accept Word Mapping: 3=>1 (he),5=>2 (she), 7=>3 (his), 9=>4 (hers)
-
-This shows that when matching against the string 'hers' we will begin at state 1
-read 'h' and move to state 2, read 'e' and move to state 3 which is accepting,
-then read 'r' and go to state 8 followed by 's' which takes us to state 9 which
-is also accepting. Thus we know that we can match both 'he' and 'hers' with a
-single traverse. We store a mapping from accepting to state to which word was
-matched, and then when we have multiple possibilities we try to complete the
-rest of the regex in the order in which they occured in the alternation.
-
-The only prior NFA like behaviour that would be changed by the TRIE support is
-the silent ignoring of duplicate alternations which are of the form:
-
- / (DUPE|DUPE) X? (?{ ... }) Y /x
-
-Thus EVAL blocks following a trie may be called a different number of times with
-and without the optimisation. With the optimisations dupes will be silently
-ignored. This inconsistent behaviour of EVAL type nodes is well established as
-the following demonstrates:
-
- 'words'=~/(word|word|word)(?{ print $1 })[xyz]/
-
-which prints out 'word' three times, but
-
- 'words'=~/(word|word|word)(?{ print $1 })S/
-
-which doesnt print it out at all. This is due to other optimisations kicking in.
-
-Example of what happens on a structural level:
-
-The regexp /(ac|ad|ab)+/ will produce the following debug output:
-
-   1: CURLYM[1] {1,32767}(18)
-   5:   BRANCH(8)
-   6:     EXACT <ac>(16)
-   8:   BRANCH(11)
-   9:     EXACT <ad>(16)
-  11:   BRANCH(14)
-  12:     EXACT <ab>(16)
-  16:   SUCCEED(0)
-  17:   NOTHING(18)
-  18: END(0)
-
-This would be optimizable with startbranch=5, first=5, last=16, tail=16
-and should turn into:
-
-   1: CURLYM[1] {1,32767}(18)
-   5:   TRIE(16)
-       [Words:3 Chars Stored:6 Unique Chars:4 States:5 NCP:1]
-         <ac>
-         <ad>
-         <ab>
-  16:   SUCCEED(0)
-  17:   NOTHING(18)
-  18: END(0)
-
-Cases where tail != last would be like /(?foo|bar)baz/:
-
-   1: BRANCH(4)
-   2:   EXACT <foo>(8)
-   4: BRANCH(7)
-   5:   EXACT <bar>(8)
-   7: TAIL(8)
-   8: EXACT <baz>(10)
-  10: END(0)
-
-which would be optimizable with startbranch=1, first=1, last=7, tail=8
-and would end up looking like:
-
-    1: TRIE(8)
-      [Words:2 Chars Stored:6 Unique Chars:5 States:7 NCP:1]
-       <foo>
-       <bar>
-   7: TAIL(8)
-   8: EXACT <baz>(10)
-  10: END(0)
-
-    d = uvuni_to_utf8_flags(d, uv, 0);
-
-is the recommended Unicode-aware way of saying
-
-    *(d++) = uv;
-*/
-
-#define TRIE_STORE_REVCHAR(val)                                            \
-    STMT_START {                                                           \
-       if (UTF) {                                                         \
-            SV *zlopp = newSV(7); /* XXX: optimize me */                   \
-           unsigned char *flrbbbbb = (unsigned char *) SvPVX(zlopp);      \
-            unsigned const char *const kapow = uvuni_to_utf8(flrbbbbb, val); \
-           SvCUR_set(zlopp, kapow - flrbbbbb);                            \
-           SvPOK_on(zlopp);                                               \
-           SvUTF8_on(zlopp);                                              \
-           av_push(revcharmap, zlopp);                                    \
-       } else {                                                           \
-            char ooooff = (char)val;                                           \
-           av_push(revcharmap, newSVpvn(&ooooff, 1));                     \
-       }                                                                  \
-        } STMT_END
-
-#define TRIE_READ_CHAR STMT_START {                                                     \
-    wordlen++;                                                                          \
-    if ( UTF ) {                                                                        \
-        /* if it is UTF then it is either already folded, or does not need folding */   \
-        uvc = utf8n_to_uvuni( (const U8*) uc, UTF8_MAXLEN, &len, uniflags);             \
-    }                                                                                   \
-    else if (folder == PL_fold_latin1) {                                                \
-        /* if we use this folder we have to obey unicode rules on latin-1 data */       \
-        if ( foldlen > 0 ) {                                                            \
-           uvc = utf8n_to_uvuni( (const U8*) scan, UTF8_MAXLEN, &len, uniflags );       \
-           foldlen -= len;                                                              \
-           scan += len;                                                                 \
-           len = 0;                                                                     \
-        } else {                                                                        \
-            len = 1;                                                                    \
-            uvc = _to_fold_latin1( (U8) *uc, foldbuf, &foldlen, 1);                     \
-            skiplen = UNISKIP(uvc);                                                     \
-            foldlen -= skiplen;                                                         \
-            scan = foldbuf + skiplen;                                                   \
-        }                                                                               \
-    } else {                                                                            \
-        /* raw data, will be folded later if needed */                                  \
-        uvc = (U32)*uc;                                                                 \
-        len = 1;                                                                        \
-    }                                                                                   \
-} STMT_END
-
-
-
-#define TRIE_LIST_PUSH(state,fid,ns) STMT_START {               \
-    if ( TRIE_LIST_CUR( state ) >=TRIE_LIST_LEN( state ) ) {    \
-       U32 ging = TRIE_LIST_LEN( state ) *= 2;                 \
-       Renew( trie->states[ state ].trans.list, ging, reg_trie_trans_le ); \
-    }                                                           \
-    TRIE_LIST_ITEM( state, TRIE_LIST_CUR( state ) ).forid = fid;     \
-    TRIE_LIST_ITEM( state, TRIE_LIST_CUR( state ) ).newstate = ns;   \
-    TRIE_LIST_CUR( state )++;                                   \
-} STMT_END
-
-#define TRIE_LIST_NEW(state) STMT_START {                       \
-    Newxz( trie->states[ state ].trans.list,               \
-       4, reg_trie_trans_le );                                 \
-     TRIE_LIST_CUR( state ) = 1;                                \
-     TRIE_LIST_LEN( state ) = 4;                                \
-} STMT_END
-
-#define TRIE_HANDLE_WORD(state) STMT_START {                    \
-    U16 dupe= trie->states[ state ].wordnum;                    \
-    regnode * const noper_next = regnext( noper );              \
-                                                                \
-    DEBUG_r({                                                   \
-        /* store the word for dumping */                        \
-        SV* tmp;                                                \
-        if (OP(noper) != NOTHING)                               \
-            tmp = newSVpvn_utf8(STRING(noper), STR_LEN(noper), UTF);   \
-        else                                                    \
-            tmp = newSVpvn_utf8( "", 0, UTF );                 \
-        av_push( trie_words, tmp );                             \
-    });                                                         \
-                                                                \
-    curword++;                                                  \
-    trie->wordinfo[curword].prev   = 0;                         \
-    trie->wordinfo[curword].len    = wordlen;                   \
-    trie->wordinfo[curword].accept = state;                     \
-                                                                \
-    if ( noper_next < tail ) {                                  \
-        if (!trie->jump)                                        \
-            trie->jump = (U16 *) PerlMemShared_calloc( word_count + 1, sizeof(U16) ); \
-        trie->jump[curword] = (U16)(noper_next - convert);      \
-        if (!jumper)                                            \
-            jumper = noper_next;                                \
-        if (!nextbranch)                                        \
-            nextbranch= regnext(cur);                           \
-    }                                                           \
-                                                                \
-    if ( dupe ) {                                               \
-        /* It's a dupe. Pre-insert into the wordinfo[].prev   */\
-        /* chain, so that when the bits of chain are later    */\
-        /* linked together, the dups appear in the chain      */\
-       trie->wordinfo[curword].prev = trie->wordinfo[dupe].prev; \
-       trie->wordinfo[dupe].prev = curword;                    \
-    } else {                                                    \
-        /* we haven't inserted this word yet.                */ \
-        trie->states[ state ].wordnum = curword;                \
-    }                                                           \
-} STMT_END
-
-
-#define TRIE_TRANS_STATE(state,base,ucharcount,charid,special)         \
-     ( ( base + charid >=  ucharcount                                  \
-         && base + charid < ubound                                     \
-         && state == trie->trans[ base - ucharcount + charid ].check   \
-         && trie->trans[ base - ucharcount + charid ].next )           \
-           ? trie->trans[ base - ucharcount + charid ].next            \
-           : ( state==1 ? special : 0 )                                        \
-      )
-
-#define MADE_TRIE       1
-#define MADE_JUMP_TRIE  2
-#define MADE_EXACT_TRIE 4
-
-STATIC I32
-S_make_trie(pTHX_ RExC_state_t *pRExC_state, regnode *startbranch, regnode *first, regnode *last, regnode *tail, U32 word_count, U32 flags, U32 depth)
-{
-    dVAR;
-    /* first pass, loop through and scan words */
-    reg_trie_data *trie;
-    HV *widecharmap = NULL;
-    AV *revcharmap = newAV();
-    regnode *cur;
-    const U32 uniflags = UTF8_ALLOW_DEFAULT;
-    STRLEN len = 0;
-    UV uvc = 0;
-    U16 curword = 0;
-    U32 next_alloc = 0;
-    regnode *jumper = NULL;
-    regnode *nextbranch = NULL;
-    regnode *convert = NULL;
-    U32 *prev_states; /* temp array mapping each state to previous one */
-    /* we just use folder as a flag in utf8 */
-    const U8 * folder = NULL;
-
-#ifdef DEBUGGING
-    const U32 data_slot = add_data( pRExC_state, 4, "tuuu" );
-    AV *trie_words = NULL;
-    /* along with revcharmap, this only used during construction but both are
-     * useful during debugging so we store them in the struct when debugging.
-     */
-#else
-    const U32 data_slot = add_data( pRExC_state, 2, "tu" );
-    STRLEN trie_charcount=0;
-#endif
-    SV *re_trie_maxbuff;
-    GET_RE_DEBUG_FLAGS_DECL;
-
-    PERL_ARGS_ASSERT_MAKE_TRIE;
-#ifndef DEBUGGING
-    PERL_UNUSED_ARG(depth);
-#endif
-
-    switch (flags) {
-       case EXACT: break;
-       case EXACTFA:
-        case EXACTFU_SS:
-        case EXACTFU_TRICKYFOLD:
-       case EXACTFU: folder = PL_fold_latin1; break;
-       case EXACTF:  folder = PL_fold; break;
-       case EXACTFL: folder = PL_fold_locale; break;
-        default: Perl_croak( aTHX_ "panic! In trie construction, unknown node type %u %s", (unsigned) flags, PL_reg_name[flags] );
-    }
-
-    trie = (reg_trie_data *) PerlMemShared_calloc( 1, sizeof(reg_trie_data) );
-    trie->refcount = 1;
-    trie->startstate = 1;
-    trie->wordcount = word_count;
-    RExC_rxi->data->data[ data_slot ] = (void*)trie;
-    trie->charmap = (U16 *) PerlMemShared_calloc( 256, sizeof(U16) );
-    if (flags == EXACT)
-       trie->bitmap = (char *) PerlMemShared_calloc( ANYOF_BITMAP_SIZE, 1 );
-    trie->wordinfo = (reg_trie_wordinfo *) PerlMemShared_calloc(
-                       trie->wordcount+1, sizeof(reg_trie_wordinfo));
-
-    DEBUG_r({
-        trie_words = newAV();
-    });
-
-    re_trie_maxbuff = get_sv(RE_TRIE_MAXBUF_NAME, 1);
-    if (!SvIOK(re_trie_maxbuff)) {
-        sv_setiv(re_trie_maxbuff, RE_TRIE_MAXBUF_INIT);
-    }
-    DEBUG_TRIE_COMPILE_r({
-                PerlIO_printf( Perl_debug_log,
-                  "%*smake_trie start==%d, first==%d, last==%d, tail==%d depth=%d\n",
-                  (int)depth * 2 + 2, "", 
-                  REG_NODE_NUM(startbranch),REG_NODE_NUM(first), 
-                  REG_NODE_NUM(last), REG_NODE_NUM(tail),
-                  (int)depth);
-    });
-   
-   /* Find the node we are going to overwrite */
-    if ( first == startbranch && OP( last ) != BRANCH ) {
-        /* whole branch chain */
-        convert = first;
-    } else {
-        /* branch sub-chain */
-        convert = NEXTOPER( first );
-    }
-        
-    /*  -- First loop and Setup --
-
-       We first traverse the branches and scan each word to determine if it
-       contains widechars, and how many unique chars there are, this is
-       important as we have to build a table with at least as many columns as we
-       have unique chars.
-
-       We use an array of integers to represent the character codes 0..255
-       (trie->charmap) and we use a an HV* to store Unicode characters. We use the
-       native representation of the character value as the key and IV's for the
-       coded index.
-
-       *TODO* If we keep track of how many times each character is used we can
-       remap the columns so that the table compression later on is more
-       efficient in terms of memory by ensuring the most common value is in the
-       middle and the least common are on the outside.  IMO this would be better
-       than a most to least common mapping as theres a decent chance the most
-       common letter will share a node with the least common, meaning the node
-       will not be compressible. With a middle is most common approach the worst
-       case is when we have the least common nodes twice.
-
-     */
-
-    for ( cur = first ; cur < last ; cur = regnext( cur ) ) {
-        regnode *noper = NEXTOPER( cur );
-        const U8 *uc = (U8*)STRING( noper );
-        const U8 *e  = uc + STR_LEN( noper );
-        STRLEN foldlen = 0;
-        U8 foldbuf[ UTF8_MAXBYTES_CASE + 1 ];
-        STRLEN skiplen = 0;
-        const U8 *scan = (U8*)NULL;
-        U32 wordlen      = 0;         /* required init */
-        STRLEN chars = 0;
-        bool set_bit = trie->bitmap ? 1 : 0; /*store the first char in the bitmap?*/
-
-        if (OP(noper) == NOTHING) {
-            regnode *noper_next= regnext(noper);
-            if (noper_next != tail && OP(noper_next) == flags) {
-                noper = noper_next;
-                uc= (U8*)STRING(noper);
-                e= uc + STR_LEN(noper);
-               trie->minlen= STR_LEN(noper);
-            } else {
-               trie->minlen= 0;
-               continue;
-           }
-        }
-
-        if ( set_bit ) { /* bitmap only alloced when !(UTF&&Folding) */
-            TRIE_BITMAP_SET(trie,*uc); /* store the raw first byte
-                                          regardless of encoding */
-            if (OP( noper ) == EXACTFU_SS) {
-                /* false positives are ok, so just set this */
-                TRIE_BITMAP_SET(trie,0xDF);
-            }
-        }
-        for ( ; uc < e ; uc += len ) {
-            TRIE_CHARCOUNT(trie)++;
-            TRIE_READ_CHAR;
-            chars++;
-            if ( uvc < 256 ) {
-                if ( folder ) {
-                    U8 folded= folder[ (U8) uvc ];
-                    if ( !trie->charmap[ folded ] ) {
-                        trie->charmap[ folded ]=( ++trie->uniquecharcount );
-                        TRIE_STORE_REVCHAR( folded );
-                    }
-                }
-                if ( !trie->charmap[ uvc ] ) {
-                    trie->charmap[ uvc ]=( ++trie->uniquecharcount );
-                    TRIE_STORE_REVCHAR( uvc );
-                }
-                if ( set_bit ) {
-                   /* store the codepoint in the bitmap, and its folded
-                    * equivalent. */
-                    TRIE_BITMAP_SET(trie, uvc);
-
-                   /* store the folded codepoint */
-                    if ( folder ) TRIE_BITMAP_SET(trie, folder[(U8) uvc ]);
-
-                   if ( !UTF ) {
-                       /* store first byte of utf8 representation of
-                          variant codepoints */
-                       if (! UNI_IS_INVARIANT(uvc)) {
-                           TRIE_BITMAP_SET(trie, UTF8_TWO_BYTE_HI(uvc));
-                       }
-                   }
-                    set_bit = 0; /* We've done our bit :-) */
-                }
-            } else {
-                SV** svpp;
-                if ( !widecharmap )
-                    widecharmap = newHV();
-
-                svpp = hv_fetch( widecharmap, (char*)&uvc, sizeof( UV ), 1 );
-
-                if ( !svpp )
-                    Perl_croak( aTHX_ "error creating/fetching widecharmap entry for 0x%"UVXf, uvc );
-
-                if ( !SvTRUE( *svpp ) ) {
-                    sv_setiv( *svpp, ++trie->uniquecharcount );
-                    TRIE_STORE_REVCHAR(uvc);
-                }
-            }
-        }
-        if( cur == first ) {
-            trie->minlen = chars;
-            trie->maxlen = chars;
-        } else if (chars < trie->minlen) {
-            trie->minlen = chars;
-        } else if (chars > trie->maxlen) {
-            trie->maxlen = chars;
-        }
-        if (OP( noper ) == EXACTFU_SS) {
-            /* XXX: workaround - 'ss' could match "\x{DF}" so minlen could be 1 and not 2*/
-           if (trie->minlen > 1)
-                trie->minlen= 1;
-        }
-       if (OP( noper ) == EXACTFU_TRICKYFOLD) {
-           /* XXX: workround - things like "\x{1FBE}\x{0308}\x{0301}" can match "\x{0390}" 
-            *                - We assume that any such sequence might match a 2 byte string */
-            if (trie->minlen > 2 )
-                trie->minlen= 2;
-        }
-
-    } /* end first pass */
-    DEBUG_TRIE_COMPILE_r(
-        PerlIO_printf( Perl_debug_log, "%*sTRIE(%s): W:%d C:%d Uq:%d Min:%d Max:%d\n",
-                (int)depth * 2 + 2,"",
-                ( widecharmap ? "UTF8" : "NATIVE" ), (int)word_count,
-               (int)TRIE_CHARCOUNT(trie), trie->uniquecharcount,
-               (int)trie->minlen, (int)trie->maxlen )
-    );
-
-    /*
-        We now know what we are dealing with in terms of unique chars and
-        string sizes so we can calculate how much memory a naive
-        representation using a flat table  will take. If it's over a reasonable
-        limit (as specified by ${^RE_TRIE_MAXBUF}) we use a more memory
-        conservative but potentially much slower representation using an array
-        of lists.
-
-        At the end we convert both representations into the same compressed
-        form that will be used in regexec.c for matching with. The latter
-        is a form that cannot be used to construct with but has memory
-        properties similar to the list form and access properties similar
-        to the table form making it both suitable for fast searches and
-        small enough that its feasable to store for the duration of a program.
-
-        See the comment in the code where the compressed table is produced
-        inplace from the flat tabe representation for an explanation of how
-        the compression works.
-
-    */
-
-
-    Newx(prev_states, TRIE_CHARCOUNT(trie) + 2, U32);
-    prev_states[1] = 0;
-
-    if ( (IV)( ( TRIE_CHARCOUNT(trie) + 1 ) * trie->uniquecharcount + 1) > SvIV(re_trie_maxbuff) ) {
-        /*
-            Second Pass -- Array Of Lists Representation
-
-            Each state will be represented by a list of charid:state records
-            (reg_trie_trans_le) the first such element holds the CUR and LEN
-            points of the allocated array. (See defines above).
-
-            We build the initial structure using the lists, and then convert
-            it into the compressed table form which allows faster lookups
-            (but cant be modified once converted).
-        */
-
-        STRLEN transcount = 1;
-
-        DEBUG_TRIE_COMPILE_MORE_r( PerlIO_printf( Perl_debug_log, 
-            "%*sCompiling trie using list compiler\n",
-            (int)depth * 2 + 2, ""));
-
-       trie->states = (reg_trie_state *)
-           PerlMemShared_calloc( TRIE_CHARCOUNT(trie) + 2,
-                                 sizeof(reg_trie_state) );
-        TRIE_LIST_NEW(1);
-        next_alloc = 2;
-
-        for ( cur = first ; cur < last ; cur = regnext( cur ) ) {
-
-            regnode *noper   = NEXTOPER( cur );
-           U8 *uc           = (U8*)STRING( noper );
-            const U8 *e      = uc + STR_LEN( noper );
-           U32 state        = 1;         /* required init */
-           U16 charid       = 0;         /* sanity init */
-           U8 *scan         = (U8*)NULL; /* sanity init */
-           STRLEN foldlen   = 0;         /* required init */
-            U32 wordlen      = 0;         /* required init */
-           U8 foldbuf[ UTF8_MAXBYTES_CASE + 1 ];
-            STRLEN skiplen   = 0;
-
-            if (OP(noper) == NOTHING) {
-                regnode *noper_next= regnext(noper);
-                if (noper_next != tail && OP(noper_next) == flags) {
-                    noper = noper_next;
-                    uc= (U8*)STRING(noper);
-                    e= uc + STR_LEN(noper);
-                }
-            }
-
-            if (OP(noper) != NOTHING) {
-                for ( ; uc < e ; uc += len ) {
-
-                    TRIE_READ_CHAR;
-
-                    if ( uvc < 256 ) {
-                        charid = trie->charmap[ uvc ];
-                   } else {
-                        SV** const svpp = hv_fetch( widecharmap, (char*)&uvc, sizeof( UV ), 0);
-                        if ( !svpp ) {
-                            charid = 0;
-                        } else {
-                            charid=(U16)SvIV( *svpp );
-                        }
-                   }
-                    /* charid is now 0 if we dont know the char read, or nonzero if we do */
-                    if ( charid ) {
-
-                        U16 check;
-                        U32 newstate = 0;
-
-                        charid--;
-                        if ( !trie->states[ state ].trans.list ) {
-                            TRIE_LIST_NEW( state );
-                       }
-                        for ( check = 1; check <= TRIE_LIST_USED( state ); check++ ) {
-                            if ( TRIE_LIST_ITEM( state, check ).forid == charid ) {
-                                newstate = TRIE_LIST_ITEM( state, check ).newstate;
-                                break;
-                            }
-                        }
-                        if ( ! newstate ) {
-                            newstate = next_alloc++;
-                           prev_states[newstate] = state;
-                            TRIE_LIST_PUSH( state, charid, newstate );
-                            transcount++;
-                        }
-                        state = newstate;
-                    } else {
-                        Perl_croak( aTHX_ "panic! In trie construction, no char mapping for %"IVdf, uvc );
-                   }
-               }
-           }
-            TRIE_HANDLE_WORD(state);
-
-        } /* end second pass */
-
-        /* next alloc is the NEXT state to be allocated */
-        trie->statecount = next_alloc; 
-        trie->states = (reg_trie_state *)
-           PerlMemShared_realloc( trie->states,
-                                  next_alloc
-                                  * sizeof(reg_trie_state) );
-
-        /* and now dump it out before we compress it */
-        DEBUG_TRIE_COMPILE_MORE_r(dump_trie_interim_list(trie, widecharmap,
-                                                        revcharmap, next_alloc,
-                                                        depth+1)
-        );
-
-        trie->trans = (reg_trie_trans *)
-           PerlMemShared_calloc( transcount, sizeof(reg_trie_trans) );
-        {
-            U32 state;
-            U32 tp = 0;
-            U32 zp = 0;
-
-
-            for( state=1 ; state < next_alloc ; state ++ ) {
-                U32 base=0;
-
-                /*
-                DEBUG_TRIE_COMPILE_MORE_r(
-                    PerlIO_printf( Perl_debug_log, "tp: %d zp: %d ",tp,zp)
-                );
-                */
-
-                if (trie->states[state].trans.list) {
-                    U16 minid=TRIE_LIST_ITEM( state, 1).forid;
-                    U16 maxid=minid;
-                   U16 idx;
-
-                    for( idx = 2 ; idx <= TRIE_LIST_USED( state ) ; idx++ ) {
-                       const U16 forid = TRIE_LIST_ITEM( state, idx).forid;
-                       if ( forid < minid ) {
-                           minid=forid;
-                       } else if ( forid > maxid ) {
-                           maxid=forid;
-                       }
-                    }
-                    if ( transcount < tp + maxid - minid + 1) {
-                        transcount *= 2;
-                       trie->trans = (reg_trie_trans *)
-                           PerlMemShared_realloc( trie->trans,
-                                                    transcount
-                                                    * sizeof(reg_trie_trans) );
-                        Zero( trie->trans + (transcount / 2), transcount / 2 , reg_trie_trans );
-                    }
-                    base = trie->uniquecharcount + tp - minid;
-                    if ( maxid == minid ) {
-                        U32 set = 0;
-                        for ( ; zp < tp ; zp++ ) {
-                            if ( ! trie->trans[ zp ].next ) {
-                                base = trie->uniquecharcount + zp - minid;
-                                trie->trans[ zp ].next = TRIE_LIST_ITEM( state, 1).newstate;
-                                trie->trans[ zp ].check = state;
-                                set = 1;
-                                break;
-                            }
-                        }
-                        if ( !set ) {
-                            trie->trans[ tp ].next = TRIE_LIST_ITEM( state, 1).newstate;
-                            trie->trans[ tp ].check = state;
-                            tp++;
-                            zp = tp;
-                        }
-                    } else {
-                        for ( idx=1; idx <= TRIE_LIST_USED( state ) ; idx++ ) {
-                            const U32 tid = base -  trie->uniquecharcount + TRIE_LIST_ITEM( state, idx ).forid;
-                            trie->trans[ tid ].next = TRIE_LIST_ITEM( state, idx ).newstate;
-                            trie->trans[ tid ].check = state;
-                        }
-                        tp += ( maxid - minid + 1 );
-                    }
-                    Safefree(trie->states[ state ].trans.list);
-                }
-                /*
-                DEBUG_TRIE_COMPILE_MORE_r(
-                    PerlIO_printf( Perl_debug_log, " base: %d\n",base);
-                );
-                */
-                trie->states[ state ].trans.base=base;
-            }
-            trie->lasttrans = tp + 1;
-        }
-    } else {
-        /*
-           Second Pass -- Flat Table Representation.
-
-           we dont use the 0 slot of either trans[] or states[] so we add 1 to each.
-           We know that we will need Charcount+1 trans at most to store the data
-           (one row per char at worst case) So we preallocate both structures
-           assuming worst case.
-
-           We then construct the trie using only the .next slots of the entry
-           structs.
-
-           We use the .check field of the first entry of the node temporarily to
-           make compression both faster and easier by keeping track of how many non
-           zero fields are in the node.
-
-           Since trans are numbered from 1 any 0 pointer in the table is a FAIL
-           transition.
-
-           There are two terms at use here: state as a TRIE_NODEIDX() which is a
-           number representing the first entry of the node, and state as a
-           TRIE_NODENUM() which is the trans number. state 1 is TRIE_NODEIDX(1) and
-           TRIE_NODENUM(1), state 2 is TRIE_NODEIDX(2) and TRIE_NODENUM(3) if there
-           are 2 entrys per node. eg:
-
-             A B       A B
-          1. 2 4    1. 3 7
-          2. 0 3    3. 0 5
-          3. 0 0    5. 0 0
-          4. 0 0    7. 0 0
-
-           The table is internally in the right hand, idx form. However as we also
-           have to deal with the states array which is indexed by nodenum we have to
-           use TRIE_NODENUM() to convert.
-
-        */
-        DEBUG_TRIE_COMPILE_MORE_r( PerlIO_printf( Perl_debug_log, 
-            "%*sCompiling trie using table compiler\n",
-            (int)depth * 2 + 2, ""));
-
-       trie->trans = (reg_trie_trans *)
-           PerlMemShared_calloc( ( TRIE_CHARCOUNT(trie) + 1 )
-                                 * trie->uniquecharcount + 1,
-                                 sizeof(reg_trie_trans) );
-        trie->states = (reg_trie_state *)
-           PerlMemShared_calloc( TRIE_CHARCOUNT(trie) + 2,
-                                 sizeof(reg_trie_state) );
-        next_alloc = trie->uniquecharcount + 1;
-
-
-        for ( cur = first ; cur < last ; cur = regnext( cur ) ) {
-
-            regnode *noper   = NEXTOPER( cur );
-           const U8 *uc     = (U8*)STRING( noper );
-            const U8 *e      = uc + STR_LEN( noper );
-
-            U32 state        = 1;         /* required init */
-
-            U16 charid       = 0;         /* sanity init */
-            U32 accept_state = 0;         /* sanity init */
-            U8 *scan         = (U8*)NULL; /* sanity init */
-
-            STRLEN foldlen   = 0;         /* required init */
-            U32 wordlen      = 0;         /* required init */
-            STRLEN skiplen   = 0;
-            U8 foldbuf[ UTF8_MAXBYTES_CASE + 1 ];
-
-            if (OP(noper) == NOTHING) {
-                regnode *noper_next= regnext(noper);
-                if (noper_next != tail && OP(noper_next) == flags) {
-                    noper = noper_next;
-                    uc= (U8*)STRING(noper);
-                    e= uc + STR_LEN(noper);
-                }
-            }
-
-            if ( OP(noper) != NOTHING ) {
-                for ( ; uc < e ; uc += len ) {
-
-                    TRIE_READ_CHAR;
-
-                    if ( uvc < 256 ) {
-                        charid = trie->charmap[ uvc ];
-                    } else {
-                        SV* const * const svpp = hv_fetch( widecharmap, (char*)&uvc, sizeof( UV ), 0);
-                        charid = svpp ? (U16)SvIV(*svpp) : 0;
-                    }
-                    if ( charid ) {
-                        charid--;
-                        if ( !trie->trans[ state + charid ].next ) {
-                            trie->trans[ state + charid ].next = next_alloc;
-                            trie->trans[ state ].check++;
-                           prev_states[TRIE_NODENUM(next_alloc)]
-                                   = TRIE_NODENUM(state);
-                            next_alloc += trie->uniquecharcount;
-                        }
-                        state = trie->trans[ state + charid ].next;
-                    } else {
-                        Perl_croak( aTHX_ "panic! In trie construction, no char mapping for %"IVdf, uvc );
-                    }
-                    /* charid is now 0 if we dont know the char read, or nonzero if we do */
-                }
-            }
-            accept_state = TRIE_NODENUM( state );
-            TRIE_HANDLE_WORD(accept_state);
-
-        } /* end second pass */
-
-        /* and now dump it out before we compress it */
-        DEBUG_TRIE_COMPILE_MORE_r(dump_trie_interim_table(trie, widecharmap,
-                                                         revcharmap,
-                                                         next_alloc, depth+1));
-
-        {
-        /*
-           * Inplace compress the table.*
-
-           For sparse data sets the table constructed by the trie algorithm will
-           be mostly 0/FAIL transitions or to put it another way mostly empty.
-           (Note that leaf nodes will not contain any transitions.)
-
-           This algorithm compresses the tables by eliminating most such
-           transitions, at the cost of a modest bit of extra work during lookup:
-
-           - Each states[] entry contains a .base field which indicates the
-           index in the state[] array wheres its transition data is stored.
-
-           - If .base is 0 there are no valid transitions from that node.
-
-           - If .base is nonzero then charid is added to it to find an entry in
-           the trans array.
-
-           -If trans[states[state].base+charid].check!=state then the
-           transition is taken to be a 0/Fail transition. Thus if there are fail
-           transitions at the front of the node then the .base offset will point
-           somewhere inside the previous nodes data (or maybe even into a node
-           even earlier), but the .check field determines if the transition is
-           valid.
-
-           XXX - wrong maybe?
-           The following process inplace converts the table to the compressed
-           table: We first do not compress the root node 1,and mark all its
-           .check pointers as 1 and set its .base pointer as 1 as well. This
-           allows us to do a DFA construction from the compressed table later,
-           and ensures that any .base pointers we calculate later are greater
-           than 0.
-
-           - We set 'pos' to indicate the first entry of the second node.
-
-           - We then iterate over the columns of the node, finding the first and
-           last used entry at l and m. We then copy l..m into pos..(pos+m-l),
-           and set the .check pointers accordingly, and advance pos
-           appropriately and repreat for the next node. Note that when we copy
-           the next pointers we have to convert them from the original
-           NODEIDX form to NODENUM form as the former is not valid post
-           compression.
-
-           - If a node has no transitions used we mark its base as 0 and do not
-           advance the pos pointer.
-
-           - If a node only has one transition we use a second pointer into the
-           structure to fill in allocated fail transitions from other states.
-           This pointer is independent of the main pointer and scans forward
-           looking for null transitions that are allocated to a state. When it
-           finds one it writes the single transition into the "hole".  If the
-           pointer doesnt find one the single transition is appended as normal.
-
-           - Once compressed we can Renew/realloc the structures to release the
-           excess space.
-
-           See "Table-Compression Methods" in sec 3.9 of the Red Dragon,
-           specifically Fig 3.47 and the associated pseudocode.
-
-           demq
-        */
-        const U32 laststate = TRIE_NODENUM( next_alloc );
-       U32 state, charid;
-        U32 pos = 0, zp=0;
-        trie->statecount = laststate;
-
-        for ( state = 1 ; state < laststate ; state++ ) {
-            U8 flag = 0;
-           const U32 stateidx = TRIE_NODEIDX( state );
-           const U32 o_used = trie->trans[ stateidx ].check;
-           U32 used = trie->trans[ stateidx ].check;
-            trie->trans[ stateidx ].check = 0;
-
-            for ( charid = 0 ; used && charid < trie->uniquecharcount ; charid++ ) {
-                if ( flag || trie->trans[ stateidx + charid ].next ) {
-                    if ( trie->trans[ stateidx + charid ].next ) {
-                        if (o_used == 1) {
-                            for ( ; zp < pos ; zp++ ) {
-                                if ( ! trie->trans[ zp ].next ) {
-                                    break;
-                                }
-                            }
-                            trie->states[ state ].trans.base = zp + trie->uniquecharcount - charid ;
-                            trie->trans[ zp ].next = SAFE_TRIE_NODENUM( trie->trans[ stateidx + charid ].next );
-                            trie->trans[ zp ].check = state;
-                            if ( ++zp > pos ) pos = zp;
-                            break;
-                        }
-                        used--;
-                    }
-                    if ( !flag ) {
-                        flag = 1;
-                        trie->states[ state ].trans.base = pos + trie->uniquecharcount - charid ;
-                    }
-                    trie->trans[ pos ].next = SAFE_TRIE_NODENUM( trie->trans[ stateidx + charid ].next );
-                    trie->trans[ pos ].check = state;
-                    pos++;
-                }
-            }
-        }
-        trie->lasttrans = pos + 1;
-        trie->states = (reg_trie_state *)
-           PerlMemShared_realloc( trie->states, laststate
-                                  * sizeof(reg_trie_state) );
-        DEBUG_TRIE_COMPILE_MORE_r(
-                PerlIO_printf( Perl_debug_log,
-                   "%*sAlloc: %d Orig: %"IVdf" elements, Final:%"IVdf". Savings of %%%5.2f\n",
-                   (int)depth * 2 + 2,"",
-                    (int)( ( TRIE_CHARCOUNT(trie) + 1 ) * trie->uniquecharcount + 1 ),
-                   (IV)next_alloc,
-                   (IV)pos,
-                    ( ( next_alloc - pos ) * 100 ) / (double)next_alloc );
-            );
-
-        } /* end table compress */
-    }
-    DEBUG_TRIE_COMPILE_MORE_r(
-            PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log, "%*sStatecount:%"UVxf" Lasttrans:%"UVxf"\n",
-                (int)depth * 2 + 2, "",
-                (UV)trie->statecount,
-                (UV)trie->lasttrans)
-    );
-    /* resize the trans array to remove unused space */
-    trie->trans = (reg_trie_trans *)
-       PerlMemShared_realloc( trie->trans, trie->lasttrans
-                              * sizeof(reg_trie_trans) );
-
-    {   /* Modify the program and insert the new TRIE node */ 
-        U8 nodetype =(U8)(flags & 0xFF);
-        char *str=NULL;
-        
-#ifdef DEBUGGING
-        regnode *optimize = NULL;
-#ifdef RE_TRACK_PATTERN_OFFSETS
-
-        U32 mjd_offset = 0;
-        U32 mjd_nodelen = 0;
-#endif /* RE_TRACK_PATTERN_OFFSETS */
-#endif /* DEBUGGING */
-        /*
-           This means we convert either the first branch or the first Exact,
-           depending on whether the thing following (in 'last') is a branch
-           or not and whther first is the startbranch (ie is it a sub part of
-           the alternation or is it the whole thing.)
-           Assuming its a sub part we convert the EXACT otherwise we convert
-           the whole branch sequence, including the first.
-         */
-        /* Find the node we are going to overwrite */
-        if ( first != startbranch || OP( last ) == BRANCH ) {
-            /* branch sub-chain */
-            NEXT_OFF( first ) = (U16)(last - first);
-#ifdef RE_TRACK_PATTERN_OFFSETS
-            DEBUG_r({
-                mjd_offset= Node_Offset((convert));
-                mjd_nodelen= Node_Length((convert));
-            });
-#endif
-            /* whole branch chain */
-        }
-#ifdef RE_TRACK_PATTERN_OFFSETS
-        else {
-            DEBUG_r({
-                const  regnode *nop = NEXTOPER( convert );
-                mjd_offset= Node_Offset((nop));
-                mjd_nodelen= Node_Length((nop));
-            });
-        }
-        DEBUG_OPTIMISE_r(
-            PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log, "%*sMJD offset:%"UVuf" MJD length:%"UVuf"\n",
-                (int)depth * 2 + 2, "",
-                (UV)mjd_offset, (UV)mjd_nodelen)
-        );
-#endif
-        /* But first we check to see if there is a common prefix we can 
-           split out as an EXACT and put in front of the TRIE node.  */
-        trie->startstate= 1;
-        if ( trie->bitmap && !widecharmap && !trie->jump  ) {
-            U32 state;
-            for ( state = 1 ; state < trie->statecount-1 ; state++ ) {
-                U32 ofs = 0;
-                I32 idx = -1;
-                U32 count = 0;
-                const U32 base = trie->states[ state ].trans.base;
-
-                if ( trie->states[state].wordnum )
-                        count = 1;
-
-                for ( ofs = 0 ; ofs < trie->uniquecharcount ; ofs++ ) {
-                    if ( ( base + ofs >= trie->uniquecharcount ) &&
-                         ( base + ofs - trie->uniquecharcount < trie->lasttrans ) &&
-                         trie->trans[ base + ofs - trie->uniquecharcount ].check == state )
-                    {
-                        if ( ++count > 1 ) {
-                            SV **tmp = av_fetch( revcharmap, ofs, 0);
-                           const U8 *ch = (U8*)SvPV_nolen_const( *tmp );
-                            if ( state == 1 ) break;
-                            if ( count == 2 ) {
-                                Zero(trie->bitmap, ANYOF_BITMAP_SIZE, char);
-                                DEBUG_OPTIMISE_r(
-                                    PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log,
-                                       "%*sNew Start State=%"UVuf" Class: [",
-                                        (int)depth * 2 + 2, "",
-                                        (UV)state));
-                               if (idx >= 0) {
-                                   SV ** const tmp = av_fetch( revcharmap, idx, 0);
-                                   const U8 * const ch = (U8*)SvPV_nolen_const( *tmp );
-
-                                    TRIE_BITMAP_SET(trie,*ch);
-                                    if ( folder )
-                                        TRIE_BITMAP_SET(trie, folder[ *ch ]);
-                                    DEBUG_OPTIMISE_r(
-                                        PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log, "%s", (char*)ch)
-                                    );
-                               }
-                           }
-                           TRIE_BITMAP_SET(trie,*ch);
-                           if ( folder )
-                               TRIE_BITMAP_SET(trie,folder[ *ch ]);
-                           DEBUG_OPTIMISE_r(PerlIO_printf( Perl_debug_log,"%s", ch));
-                       }
-                        idx = ofs;
-                   }
-                }
-                if ( count == 1 ) {
-                    SV **tmp = av_fetch( revcharmap, idx, 0);
-                    STRLEN len;
-                    char *ch = SvPV( *tmp, len );
-                    DEBUG_OPTIMISE_r({
-                        SV *sv=sv_newmortal();
-                        PerlIO_printf( Perl_debug_log,
-                           "%*sPrefix State: %"UVuf" Idx:%"UVuf" Char='%s'\n",
-                            (int)depth * 2 + 2, "",
-                            (UV)state, (UV)idx, 
-                            pv_pretty(sv, SvPV_nolen_const(*tmp), SvCUR(*tmp), 6, 
-                               PL_colors[0], PL_colors[1],
-                               (SvUTF8(*tmp) ? PERL_PV_ESCAPE_UNI : 0) |
-                               PERL_PV_ESCAPE_FIRSTCHAR 
-                            )
-                        );
-                    });
-                    if ( state==1 ) {
-                        OP( convert ) = nodetype;
-                        str=STRING(convert);
-                        STR_LEN(convert)=0;
-                    }
-                    STR_LEN(convert) += len;
-                    while (len--)
-                        *str++ = *ch++;
-               } else {
-#ifdef DEBUGGING           
-                   if (state>1)
-                       DEBUG_OPTIMISE_r(PerlIO_printf( Perl_debug_log,"]\n"));
-#endif
-                   break;
-               }
-           }
-           trie->prefixlen = (state-1);
-            if (str) {
-                regnode *n = convert+NODE_SZ_STR(convert);
-                NEXT_OFF(convert) = NODE_SZ_STR(convert);
-                trie->startstate = state;
-                trie->minlen -= (state - 1);
-                trie->maxlen -= (state - 1);
-#ifdef DEBUGGING
-               /* At least the UNICOS C compiler choked on this
-                * being argument to DEBUG_r(), so let's just have
-                * it right here. */
-               if (
-#ifdef PERL_EXT_RE_BUILD
-                   1
-#else
-                   DEBUG_r_TEST
-#endif
-                   ) {
-                   regnode *fix = convert;
-                   U32 word = trie->wordcount;
-                   mjd_nodelen++;
-                   Set_Node_Offset_Length(convert, mjd_offset, state - 1);
-                   while( ++fix < n ) {
-                       Set_Node_Offset_Length(fix, 0, 0);
-                   }
-                   while (word--) {
-                       SV ** const tmp = av_fetch( trie_words, word, 0 );
-                       if (tmp) {
-                           if ( STR_LEN(convert) <= SvCUR(*tmp) )
-                               sv_chop(*tmp, SvPV_nolen(*tmp) + STR_LEN(convert));
-                           else
-                               sv_chop(*tmp, SvPV_nolen(*tmp) + SvCUR(*tmp));
-                       }
-                   }
-               }
-#endif
-                if (trie->maxlen) {
-                    convert = n;
-               } else {
-                    NEXT_OFF(convert) = (U16)(tail - convert);
-                    DEBUG_r(optimize= n);
-                }
-            }
-        }
-        if (!jumper) 
-            jumper = last; 
-        if ( trie->maxlen ) {
-           NEXT_OFF( convert ) = (U16)(tail - convert);
-           ARG_SET( convert, data_slot );
-           /* Store the offset to the first unabsorbed branch in 
-              jump[0], which is otherwise unused by the jump logic. 
-              We use this when dumping a trie and during optimisation. */
-           if (trie->jump) 
-               trie->jump[0] = (U16)(nextbranch - convert);
-            
-            /* If the start state is not accepting (meaning there is no empty string/NOTHING)
-            *   and there is a bitmap
-            *   and the first "jump target" node we found leaves enough room
-            * then convert the TRIE node into a TRIEC node, with the bitmap
-            * embedded inline in the opcode - this is hypothetically faster.
-            */
-            if ( !trie->states[trie->startstate].wordnum
-                && trie->bitmap
-                && ( (char *)jumper - (char *)convert) >= (int)sizeof(struct regnode_charclass) )
-            {
-                OP( convert ) = TRIEC;
-                Copy(trie->bitmap, ((struct regnode_charclass *)convert)->bitmap, ANYOF_BITMAP_SIZE, char);
-                PerlMemShared_free(trie->bitmap);
-                trie->bitmap= NULL;
-            } else 
-                OP( convert ) = TRIE;
-
-            /* store the type in the flags */
-            convert->flags = nodetype;
-            DEBUG_r({
-            optimize = convert 
-                      + NODE_STEP_REGNODE 
-                      + regarglen[ OP( convert ) ];
-            });
-            /* XXX We really should free up the resource in trie now, 
-                   as we won't use them - (which resources?) dmq */
-        }
-        /* needed for dumping*/
-        DEBUG_r(if (optimize) {
-            regnode *opt = convert;
-
-            while ( ++opt < optimize) {
-                Set_Node_Offset_Length(opt,0,0);
-            }
-            /* 
-                Try to clean up some of the debris left after the 
-                optimisation.
-             */
-            while( optimize < jumper ) {
-                mjd_nodelen += Node_Length((optimize));
-                OP( optimize ) = OPTIMIZED;
-                Set_Node_Offset_Length(optimize,0,0);
-                optimize++;
-            }
-            Set_Node_Offset_Length(convert,mjd_offset,mjd_nodelen);
-        });
-    } /* end node insert */
-    REH_CALL_COMP_NODE_HOOK(pRExC_state->rx, convert);
-
-    /*  Finish populating the prev field of the wordinfo array.  Walk back
-     *  from each accept state until we find another accept state, and if
-     *  so, point the first word's .prev field at the second word. If the
-     *  second already has a .prev field set, stop now. This will be the
-     *  case either if we've already processed that word's accept state,
-     *  or that state had multiple words, and the overspill words were
-     *  already linked up earlier.
-     */
-    {
-       U16 word;
-       U32 state;
-       U16 prev;
-
-       for (word=1; word <= trie->wordcount; word++) {
-           prev = 0;
-           if (trie->wordinfo[word].prev)
-               continue;
-           state = trie->wordinfo[word].accept;
-           while (state) {
-               state = prev_states[state];
-               if (!state)
-                   break;
-               prev = trie->states[state].wordnum;
-               if (prev)
-                   break;
-           }
-           trie->wordinfo[word].prev = prev;
-       }
-       Safefree(prev_states);
-    }
-
-
-    /* and now dump out the compressed format */
-    DEBUG_TRIE_COMPILE_r(dump_trie(trie, widecharmap, revcharmap, depth+1));
-
-    RExC_rxi->data->data[ data_slot + 1 ] = (void*)widecharmap;
-#ifdef DEBUGGING
-    RExC_rxi->data->data[ data_slot + TRIE_WORDS_OFFSET ] = (void*)trie_words;
-    RExC_rxi->data->data[ data_slot + 3 ] = (void*)revcharmap;
-#else
-    SvREFCNT_dec(revcharmap);
-#endif
-    return trie->jump 
-           ? MADE_JUMP_TRIE 
-           : trie->startstate>1 
-             ? MADE_EXACT_TRIE 
-             : MADE_TRIE;
-}
-
-STATIC void
-S_make_trie_failtable(pTHX_ RExC_state_t *pRExC_state, regnode *source,  regnode *stclass, U32 depth)
-{
-/* The Trie is constructed and compressed now so we can build a fail array if it's needed
-
-   This is basically the Aho-Corasick algorithm. Its from exercise 3.31 and 3.32 in the
-   "Red Dragon" -- Compilers, principles, techniques, and tools. Aho, Sethi, Ullman 1985/88
-   ISBN 0-201-10088-6
-
-   We find the fail state for each state in the trie, this state is the longest proper
-   suffix of the current state's 'word' that is also a proper prefix of another word in our
-   trie. State 1 represents the word '' and is thus the default fail state. This allows
-   the DFA not to have to restart after its tried and failed a word at a given point, it
-   simply continues as though it had been matching the other word in the first place.
-   Consider
-      'abcdgu'=~/abcdefg|cdgu/
-   When we get to 'd' we are still matching the first word, we would encounter 'g' which would
-   fail, which would bring us to the state representing 'd' in the second word where we would
-   try 'g' and succeed, proceeding to match 'cdgu'.
- */
- /* add a fail transition */
-    const U32 trie_offset = ARG(source);
-    reg_trie_data *trie=(reg_trie_data *)RExC_rxi->data->data[trie_offset];
-    U32 *q;
-    const U32 ucharcount = trie->uniquecharcount;
-    const U32 numstates = trie->statecount;
-    const U32 ubound = trie->lasttrans + ucharcount;
-    U32 q_read = 0;
-    U32 q_write = 0;
-    U32 charid;
-    U32 base = trie->states[ 1 ].trans.base;
-    U32 *fail;
-    reg_ac_data *aho;
-    const U32 data_slot = add_data( pRExC_state, 1, "T" );
-    GET_RE_DEBUG_FLAGS_DECL;
-
-    PERL_ARGS_ASSERT_MAKE_TRIE_FAILTABLE;
-#ifndef DEBUGGING
-    PERL_UNUSED_ARG(depth);
-#endif
-
-
-    ARG_SET( stclass, data_slot );
-    aho = (reg_ac_data *) PerlMemShared_calloc( 1, sizeof(reg_ac_data) );
-    RExC_rxi->data->data[ data_slot ] = (void*)aho;
-    aho->trie=trie_offset;
-    aho->states=(reg_trie_state *)PerlMemShared_malloc( numstates * sizeof(reg_trie_state) );
-    Copy( trie->states, aho->states, numstates, reg_trie_state );
-    Newxz( q, numstates, U32);
-    aho->fail = (U32 *) PerlMemShared_calloc( numstates, sizeof(U32) );
-    aho->refcount = 1;
-    fail = aho->fail;
-    /* initialize fail[0..1] to be 1 so that we always have
-       a valid final fail state */
-    fail[ 0 ] = fail[ 1 ] = 1;
-
-    for ( charid = 0; charid < ucharcount ; charid++ ) {
-       const U32 newstate = TRIE_TRANS_STATE( 1, base, ucharcount, charid, 0 );
-       if ( newstate ) {
-            q[ q_write ] = newstate;
-            /* set to point at the root */
-            fail[ q[ q_write++ ] ]=1;
-        }
-    }
-    while ( q_read < q_write) {
-       const U32 cur = q[ q_read++ % numstates ];
-        base = trie->states[ cur ].trans.base;
-
-        for ( charid = 0 ; charid < ucharcount ; charid++ ) {
-           const U32 ch_state = TRIE_TRANS_STATE( cur, base, ucharcount, charid, 1 );
-           if (ch_state) {
-                U32 fail_state = cur;
-                U32 fail_base;
-                do {
-                    fail_state = fail[ fail_state ];
-                    fail_base = aho->states[ fail_state ].trans.base;
-                } while ( !TRIE_TRANS_STATE( fail_state, fail_base, ucharcount, charid, 1 ) );
-
-                fail_state = TRIE_TRANS_STATE( fail_state, fail_base, ucharcount, charid, 1 );
-                fail[ ch_state ] = fail_state;
-                if ( !aho->states[ ch_state ].wordnum && aho->states[ fail_state ].wordnum )
-                {
-                        aho->states[ ch_state ].wordnum =  aho->states[ fail_state ].wordnum;
-                }
-                q[ q_write++ % numstates] = ch_state;
-            }
-        }
-    }
-    /* restore fail[0..1] to 0 so that we "fall out" of the AC loop
-       when we fail in state 1, this allows us to use the
-       charclass scan to find a valid start char. This is based on the principle
-       that theres a good chance the string being searched contains lots of stuff
-       that cant be a start char.
-     */
-    fail[ 0 ] = fail[ 1 ] = 0;
-    DEBUG_TRIE_COMPILE_r({
-        PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log,
-                     "%*sStclass Failtable (%"UVuf" states): 0", 
-                     (int)(depth * 2), "", (UV)numstates
-        );
-        for( q_read=1; q_read<numstates; q_read++ ) {
-            PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log, ", %"UVuf, (UV)fail[q_read]);
-        }
-        PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log, "\n");
-    });
-    Safefree(q);
-    /*RExC_seen |= REG_SEEN_TRIEDFA;*/
-}
-
-
-/*
- * There are strange code-generation bugs caused on sparc64 by gcc-2.95.2.
- * These need to be revisited when a newer toolchain becomes available.
- */
-#if defined(__sparc64__) && defined(__GNUC__)
-#   if __GNUC__ < 2 || (__GNUC__ == 2 && __GNUC_MINOR__ < 96)
-#       undef  SPARC64_GCC_WORKAROUND
-#       define SPARC64_GCC_WORKAROUND 1
-#   endif
-#endif
-
-#define DEBUG_PEEP(str,scan,depth) \
-    DEBUG_OPTIMISE_r({if (scan){ \
-       SV * const mysv=sv_newmortal(); \
-       regnode *Next = regnext(scan); \
-       regprop(RExC_rx, mysv, scan); \
-       PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log, "%*s" str ">%3d: %s (%d)\n", \
-       (int)depth*2, "", REG_NODE_NUM(scan), SvPV_nolen_const(mysv),\
-       Next ? (REG_NODE_NUM(Next)) : 0 ); \
-   }});
-
-
-/* The below joins as many adjacent EXACTish nodes as possible into a single
- * one.  The regop may be changed if the node(s) contain certain sequences that
- * require special handling.  The joining is only done if:
- * 1) there is room in the current conglomerated node to entirely contain the
- *    next one.
- * 2) they are the exact same node type
- *
- * The adjacent nodes actually may be separated by NOTHING-kind nodes, and
- * these get optimized out
- *
- * If a node is to match under /i (folded), the number of characters it matches
- * can be different than its character length if it contains a multi-character
- * fold.  *min_subtract is set to the total delta of the input nodes.
- *
- * And *has_exactf_sharp_s is set to indicate whether or not the node is EXACTF
- * and contains LATIN SMALL LETTER SHARP S
- *
- * This is as good a place as any to discuss the design of handling these
- * multi-character fold sequences.  It's been wrong in Perl for a very long
- * time.  There are three code points in Unicode whose multi-character folds
- * were long ago discovered to mess things up.  The previous designs for
- * dealing with these involved assigning a special node for them.  This
- * approach doesn't work, as evidenced by this example:
- *      "\xDFs" =~ /s\xDF/ui    # Used to fail before these patches
- * Both these fold to "sss", but if the pattern is parsed to create a node that
- * would match just the \xDF, it won't be able to handle the case where a
- * successful match would have to cross the node's boundary.  The new approach
- * that hopefully generally solves the problem generates an EXACTFU_SS node
- * that is "sss".
- *
- * It turns out that there are problems with all multi-character folds, and not
- * just these three.  Now the code is general, for all such cases, but the
- * three still have some special handling.  The approach taken is:
- * 1)   This routine examines each EXACTFish node that could contain multi-
- *      character fold sequences.  It returns in *min_subtract how much to
- *      subtract from the the actual length of the string to get a real minimum
- *      match length; it is 0 if there are no multi-char folds.  This delta is
- *      used by the caller to adjust the min length of the match, and the delta
- *      between min and max, so that the optimizer doesn't reject these
- *      possibilities based on size constraints.
- * 2)   Certain of these sequences require special handling by the trie code,
- *      so, if found, this code changes the joined node type to special ops:
- *      EXACTFU_TRICKYFOLD and EXACTFU_SS.
- * 3)   For the sequence involving the Sharp s (\xDF), the node type EXACTFU_SS
- *      is used for an EXACTFU node that contains at least one "ss" sequence in
- *      it.  For non-UTF-8 patterns and strings, this is the only case where
- *      there is a possible fold length change.  That means that a regular
- *      EXACTFU node without UTF-8 involvement doesn't have to concern itself
- *      with length changes, and so can be processed faster.  regexec.c takes
- *      advantage of this.  Generally, an EXACTFish node that is in UTF-8 is
- *      pre-folded by regcomp.c.  This saves effort in regex matching.
- *      However, the pre-folding isn't done for non-UTF8 patterns because the
- *      fold of the MICRO SIGN requires UTF-8, and we don't want to slow things
- *      down by forcing the pattern into UTF8 unless necessary.  Also what
- *      EXACTF and EXACTFL nodes fold to isn't known until runtime.  The fold
- *      possibilities for the non-UTF8 patterns are quite simple, except for
- *      the sharp s.  All the ones that don't involve a UTF-8 target string are
- *      members of a fold-pair, and arrays are set up for all of them so that
- *      the other member of the pair can be found quickly.  Code elsewhere in
- *      this file makes sure that in EXACTFU nodes, the sharp s gets folded to
- *      'ss', even if the pattern isn't UTF-8.  This avoids the issues
- *      described in the next item.
- * 4)   A problem remains for the sharp s in EXACTF nodes.  Whether it matches
- *      'ss' or not is not knowable at compile time.  It will match iff the
- *      target string is in UTF-8, unlike the EXACTFU nodes, where it always
- *      matches; and the EXACTFL and EXACTFA nodes where it never does.  Thus
- *      it can't be folded to "ss" at compile time, unlike EXACTFU does (as
- *      described in item 3).  An assumption that the optimizer part of
- *      regexec.c (probably unwittingly) makes is that a character in the
- *      pattern corresponds to at most a single character in the target string.
- *      (And I do mean character, and not byte here, unlike other parts of the
- *      documentation that have never been updated to account for multibyte
- *      Unicode.)  This assumption is wrong only in this case, as all other
- *      cases are either 1-1 folds when no UTF-8 is involved; or is true by
- *      virtue of having this file pre-fold UTF-8 patterns.   I'm
- *      reluctant to try to change this assumption, so instead the code punts.
- *      This routine examines EXACTF nodes for the sharp s, and returns a
- *      boolean indicating whether or not the node is an EXACTF node that
- *      contains a sharp s.  When it is true, the caller sets a flag that later
- *      causes the optimizer in this file to not set values for the floating
- *      and fixed string lengths, and thus avoids the optimizer code in
- *      regexec.c that makes the invalid assumption.  Thus, there is no
- *      optimization based on string lengths for EXACTF nodes that contain the
- *      sharp s.  This only happens for /id rules (which means the pattern
- *      isn't in UTF-8).
- */
-
-#define JOIN_EXACT(scan,min_subtract,has_exactf_sharp_s, flags) \
-    if (PL_regkind[OP(scan)] == EXACT) \
-        join_exact(pRExC_state,(scan),(min_subtract),has_exactf_sharp_s, (flags),NULL,depth+1)
-
-STATIC U32
-S_join_exact(pTHX_ RExC_state_t *pRExC_state, regnode *scan, UV *min_subtract, bool *has_exactf_sharp_s, U32 flags,regnode *val, U32 depth) {
-    /* Merge several consecutive EXACTish nodes into one. */
-    regnode *n = regnext(scan);
-    U32 stringok = 1;
-    regnode *next = scan + NODE_SZ_STR(scan);
-    U32 merged = 0;
-    U32 stopnow = 0;
-#ifdef DEBUGGING
-    regnode *stop = scan;
-    GET_RE_DEBUG_FLAGS_DECL;
-#else
-    PERL_UNUSED_ARG(depth);
-#endif
-
-    PERL_ARGS_ASSERT_JOIN_EXACT;
-#ifndef EXPERIMENTAL_INPLACESCAN
-    PERL_UNUSED_ARG(flags);
-    PERL_UNUSED_ARG(val);
-#endif
-    DEBUG_PEEP("join",scan,depth);
-
-    /* Look through the subsequent nodes in the chain.  Skip NOTHING, merge
-     * EXACT ones that are mergeable to the current one. */
-    while (n
-           && (PL_regkind[OP(n)] == NOTHING
-               || (stringok && OP(n) == OP(scan)))
-           && NEXT_OFF(n)
-           && NEXT_OFF(scan) + NEXT_OFF(n) < I16_MAX)
-    {
-        
-        if (OP(n) == TAIL || n > next)
-            stringok = 0;
-        if (PL_regkind[OP(n)] == NOTHING) {
-            DEBUG_PEEP("skip:",n,depth);
-            NEXT_OFF(scan) += NEXT_OFF(n);
-            next = n + NODE_STEP_REGNODE;
-#ifdef DEBUGGING
-            if (stringok)
-                stop = n;
-#endif
-            n = regnext(n);
-        }
-        else if (stringok) {
-            const unsigned int oldl = STR_LEN(scan);
-            regnode * const nnext = regnext(n);
-
-            /* XXX I (khw) kind of doubt that this works on platforms where
-             * U8_MAX is above 255 because of lots of other assumptions */
-            if (oldl + STR_LEN(n) > U8_MAX)
-                break;
-            
-            DEBUG_PEEP("merg",n,depth);
-            merged++;
-
-            NEXT_OFF(scan) += NEXT_OFF(n);
-            STR_LEN(scan) += STR_LEN(n);
-            next = n + NODE_SZ_STR(n);
-            /* Now we can overwrite *n : */
-            Move(STRING(n), STRING(scan) + oldl, STR_LEN(n), char);
-#ifdef DEBUGGING
-            stop = next - 1;
-#endif
-            n = nnext;
-            if (stopnow) break;
-        }
-
-#ifdef EXPERIMENTAL_INPLACESCAN
-       if (flags && !NEXT_OFF(n)) {
-           DEBUG_PEEP("atch", val, depth);
-           if (reg_off_by_arg[OP(n)]) {
-               ARG_SET(n, val - n);
-           }
-           else {
-               NEXT_OFF(n) = val - n;
-           }
-           stopnow = 1;
-       }
-#endif
-    }
-
-    *min_subtract = 0;
-    *has_exactf_sharp_s = FALSE;
-
-    /* Here, all the adjacent mergeable EXACTish nodes have been merged.  We
-     * can now analyze for sequences of problematic code points.  (Prior to
-     * this final joining, sequences could have been split over boundaries, and
-     * hence missed).  The sequences only happen in folding, hence for any
-     * non-EXACT EXACTish node */
-    if (OP(scan) != EXACT) {
-        const U8 * const s0 = (U8*) STRING(scan);
-        const U8 * s = s0;
-        const U8 * const s_end = s0 + STR_LEN(scan);
-
-       /* One pass is made over the node's string looking for all the
-        * possibilities.  to avoid some tests in the loop, there are two main
-        * cases, for UTF-8 patterns (which can't have EXACTF nodes) and
-        * non-UTF-8 */
-       if (UTF) {
-
-            /* Examine the string for a multi-character fold sequence.  UTF-8
-             * patterns have all characters pre-folded by the time this code is
-             * executed */
-            while (s < s_end - 1) /* Can stop 1 before the end, as minimum
-                                     length sequence we are looking for is 2 */
-           {
-                int count = 0;
-                int len = is_MULTI_CHAR_FOLD_utf8_safe(s, s_end);
-                if (! len) {    /* Not a multi-char fold: get next char */
-                    s += UTF8SKIP(s);
-                    continue;
-                }
-
-                /* Nodes with 'ss' require special handling, except for EXACTFL
-                 * and EXACTFA for which there is no multi-char fold to this */
-                if (len == 2 && *s == 's' && *(s+1) == 's'
-                    && OP(scan) != EXACTFL && OP(scan) != EXACTFA)
-                {
-                    count = 2;
-                    OP(scan) = EXACTFU_SS;
-                    s += 2;
-                }
-                else if (len == 6   /* len is the same in both ASCII and EBCDIC for these */
-                         && (memEQ(s, GREEK_SMALL_LETTER_IOTA_UTF8
-                                      COMBINING_DIAERESIS_UTF8
-                                      COMBINING_ACUTE_ACCENT_UTF8,
-                                   6)
-                             || memEQ(s, GREEK_SMALL_LETTER_UPSILON_UTF8
-                                         COMBINING_DIAERESIS_UTF8
-                                         COMBINING_ACUTE_ACCENT_UTF8,
-                                     6)))
-                {
-                    count = 3;
-
-                    /* These two folds require special handling by trie's, so
-                     * change the node type to indicate this.  If EXACTFA and
-                     * EXACTFL were ever to be handled by trie's, this would
-                     * have to be changed.  If this node has already been
-                     * changed to EXACTFU_SS in this loop, leave it as is.  (I
-                     * (khw) think it doesn't matter in regexec.c for UTF
-                     * patterns, but no need to change it */
-                    if (OP(scan) == EXACTFU) {
-                        OP(scan) = EXACTFU_TRICKYFOLD;
-                    }
-                    s += 6;
-                }
-                else { /* Here is a generic multi-char fold. */
-                    const U8* multi_end  = s + len;
-
-                    /* Count how many characters in it.  In the case of /l and
-                     * /aa, no folds which contain ASCII code points are
-                     * allowed, so check for those, and skip if found.  (In
-                     * EXACTFL, no folds are allowed to any Latin1 code point,
-                     * not just ASCII.  But there aren't any of these
-                     * currently, nor ever likely, so don't take the time to
-                     * test for them.  The code that generates the
-                     * is_MULTI_foo() macros croaks should one actually get put
-                     * into Unicode .) */
-                    if (OP(scan) != EXACTFL && OP(scan) != EXACTFA) {
-                        count = utf8_length(s, multi_end);
-                        s = multi_end;
-                    }
-                    else {
-                        while (s < multi_end) {
-                            if (isASCII(*s)) {
-                                s++;
-                                goto next_iteration;
-                            }
-                            else {
-                                s += UTF8SKIP(s);
-                            }
-                            count++;
-                        }
-                    }
-                }
-
-                /* The delta is how long the sequence is minus 1 (1 is how long
-                 * the character that folds to the sequence is) */
-                *min_subtract += count - 1;
-            next_iteration: ;
-           }
-       }
-       else if (OP(scan) != EXACTFL && OP(scan) != EXACTFA) {
-
-            /* Here, the pattern is not UTF-8.  Look for the multi-char folds
-             * that are all ASCII.  As in the above case, EXACTFL and EXACTFA
-             * nodes can't have multi-char folds to this range (and there are
-             * no existing ones in the upper latin1 range).  In the EXACTF
-             * case we look also for the sharp s, which can be in the final
-             * position.  Otherwise we can stop looking 1 byte earlier because
-             * have to find at least two characters for a multi-fold */
-           const U8* upper = (OP(scan) == EXACTF) ? s_end : s_end -1;
-
-            /* The below is perhaps overboard, but this allows us to save a
-             * test each time through the loop at the expense of a mask.  This
-             * is because on both EBCDIC and ASCII machines, 'S' and 's' differ
-             * by a single bit.  On ASCII they are 32 apart; on EBCDIC, they
-             * are 64.  This uses an exclusive 'or' to find that bit and then
-             * inverts it to form a mask, with just a single 0, in the bit
-             * position where 'S' and 's' differ. */
-            const U8 S_or_s_mask = (U8) ~ ('S' ^ 's');
-            const U8 s_masked = 's' & S_or_s_mask;
-
-           while (s < upper) {
-                int len = is_MULTI_CHAR_FOLD_latin1_safe(s, s_end);
-                if (! len) {    /* Not a multi-char fold. */
-                    if (*s == LATIN_SMALL_LETTER_SHARP_S && OP(scan) == EXACTF)
-                    {
-                        *has_exactf_sharp_s = TRUE;
-                    }
-                    s++;
-                    continue;
-                }
-
-                if (len == 2
-                    && ((*s & S_or_s_mask) == s_masked)
-                    && ((*(s+1) & S_or_s_mask) == s_masked))
-                {
-
-                    /* EXACTF nodes need to know that the minimum length
-                     * changed so that a sharp s in the string can match this
-                     * ss in the pattern, but they remain EXACTF nodes, as they
-                     * won't match this unless the target string is is UTF-8,
-                     * which we don't know until runtime */
-                    if (OP(scan) != EXACTF) {
-                        OP(scan) = EXACTFU_SS;
-                    }
-               }
-
-                *min_subtract += len - 1;
-                s += len;
-           }
-       }
-    }
-
-#ifdef DEBUGGING
-    /* Allow dumping but overwriting the collection of skipped
-     * ops and/or strings with fake optimized ops */
-    n = scan + NODE_SZ_STR(scan);
-    while (n <= stop) {
-       OP(n) = OPTIMIZED;
-       FLAGS(n) = 0;
-       NEXT_OFF(n) = 0;
-        n++;
-    }
-#endif
-    DEBUG_OPTIMISE_r(if (merged){DEBUG_PEEP("finl",scan,depth)});
-    return stopnow;
-}
-
-/* REx optimizer.  Converts nodes into quicker variants "in place".
-   Finds fixed substrings.  */
-
-/* Stops at toplevel WHILEM as well as at "last". At end *scanp is set
-   to the position after last scanned or to NULL. */
-
-#define INIT_AND_WITHP \
-    assert(!and_withp); \
-    Newx(and_withp,1,struct regnode_charclass_class); \
-    SAVEFREEPV(and_withp)
-
-/* this is a chain of data about sub patterns we are processing that
-   need to be handled separately/specially in study_chunk. Its so
-   we can simulate recursion without losing state.  */
-struct scan_frame;
-typedef struct scan_frame {
-    regnode *last;  /* last node to process in this frame */
-    regnode *next;  /* next node to process when last is reached */
-    struct scan_frame *prev; /*previous frame*/
-    I32 stop; /* what stopparen do we use */
-} scan_frame;
-
-
-#define SCAN_COMMIT(s, data, m) scan_commit(s, data, m, is_inf)
-
-#define CASE_SYNST_FNC(nAmE)                                       \
-case nAmE:                                                         \
-    if (flags & SCF_DO_STCLASS_AND) {                              \
-           for (value = 0; value < 256; value++)                  \
-               if (!is_ ## nAmE ## _cp(value))                       \
-                   ANYOF_BITMAP_CLEAR(data->start_class, value);  \
-    }                                                              \
-    else {                                                         \
-           for (value = 0; value < 256; value++)                  \
-               if (is_ ## nAmE ## _cp(value))                        \
-                   ANYOF_BITMAP_SET(data->start_class, value);    \
-    }                                                              \
-    break;                                                         \
-case N ## nAmE:                                                    \
-    if (flags & SCF_DO_STCLASS_AND) {                              \
-           for (value = 0; value < 256; value++)                   \
-               if (is_ ## nAmE ## _cp(value))                         \
-                   ANYOF_BITMAP_CLEAR(data->start_class, value);   \
-    }                                                               \
-    else {                                                          \
-           for (value = 0; value < 256; value++)                   \
-               if (!is_ ## nAmE ## _cp(value))                        \
-                   ANYOF_BITMAP_SET(data->start_class, value);     \
-    }                                                               \
-    break
-
-
-
-STATIC I32
-S_study_chunk(pTHX_ RExC_state_t *pRExC_state, regnode **scanp,
-                        I32 *minlenp, I32 *deltap,
-                       regnode *last,
-                       scan_data_t *data,
-                       I32 stopparen,
-                       U8* recursed,
-                       struct regnode_charclass_class *and_withp,
-                       U32 flags, U32 depth)
-                       /* scanp: Start here (read-write). */
-                       /* deltap: Write maxlen-minlen here. */
-                       /* last: Stop before this one. */
-                       /* data: string data about the pattern */
-                       /* stopparen: treat close N as END */
-                       /* recursed: which subroutines have we recursed into */
-                       /* and_withp: Valid if flags & SCF_DO_STCLASS_OR */
-{
-    dVAR;
-    I32 min = 0;    /* There must be at least this number of characters to match */
-    I32 pars = 0, code;
-    regnode *scan = *scanp, *next;
-    I32 delta = 0;
-    int is_inf = (flags & SCF_DO_SUBSTR) && (data->flags & SF_IS_INF);
-    int is_inf_internal = 0;           /* The studied chunk is infinite */
-    I32 is_par = OP(scan) == OPEN ? ARG(scan) : 0;
-    scan_data_t data_fake;
-    SV *re_trie_maxbuff = NULL;
-    regnode *first_non_open = scan;
-    I32 stopmin = I32_MAX;
-    scan_frame *frame = NULL;
-    GET_RE_DEBUG_FLAGS_DECL;
-
-    PERL_ARGS_ASSERT_STUDY_CHUNK;
-
-#ifdef DEBUGGING
-    StructCopy(&zero_scan_data, &data_fake, scan_data_t);
-#endif
-
-    if ( depth == 0 ) {
-        while (first_non_open && OP(first_non_open) == OPEN)
-            first_non_open=regnext(first_non_open);
-    }
-
-
-  fake_study_recurse:
-    while ( scan && OP(scan) != END && scan < last ){
-        UV min_subtract = 0;    /* How mmany chars to subtract from the minimum
-                                   node length to get a real minimum (because
-                                   the folded version may be shorter) */
-       bool has_exactf_sharp_s = FALSE;
-       /* Peephole optimizer: */
-       DEBUG_STUDYDATA("Peep:", data,depth);
-       DEBUG_PEEP("Peep",scan,depth);
-
-        /* Its not clear to khw or hv why this is done here, and not in the
-         * clauses that deal with EXACT nodes.  khw's guess is that it's
-         * because of a previous design */
-        JOIN_EXACT(scan,&min_subtract, &has_exactf_sharp_s, 0);
-
-       /* Follow the next-chain of the current node and optimize
-          away all the NOTHINGs from it.  */
-       if (OP(scan) != CURLYX) {
-           const int max = (reg_off_by_arg[OP(scan)]
-                      ? I32_MAX
-                      /* I32 may be smaller than U16 on CRAYs! */
-                      : (I32_MAX < U16_MAX ? I32_MAX : U16_MAX));
-           int off = (reg_off_by_arg[OP(scan)] ? ARG(scan) : NEXT_OFF(scan));
-           int noff;
-           regnode *n = scan;
-
-           /* Skip NOTHING and LONGJMP. */
-           while ((n = regnext(n))
-                  && ((PL_regkind[OP(n)] == NOTHING && (noff = NEXT_OFF(n)))
-                      || ((OP(n) == LONGJMP) && (noff = ARG(n))))
-                  && off + noff < max)
-               off += noff;
-           if (reg_off_by_arg[OP(scan)])
-               ARG(scan) = off;
-           else
-               NEXT_OFF(scan) = off;
-       }
-
-
-
-       /* The principal pseudo-switch.  Cannot be a switch, since we
-          look into several different things.  */
-       if (OP(scan) == BRANCH || OP(scan) == BRANCHJ
-                  || OP(scan) == IFTHEN) {
-           next = regnext(scan);
-           code = OP(scan);
-           /* demq: the op(next)==code check is to see if we have "branch-branch" AFAICT */
-
-           if (OP(next) == code || code == IFTHEN) {
-               /* NOTE - There is similar code to this block below for handling
-                  TRIE nodes on a re-study.  If you change stuff here check there
-                  too. */
-               I32 max1 = 0, min1 = I32_MAX, num = 0;
-               struct regnode_charclass_class accum;
-               regnode * const startbranch=scan;
-
-               if (flags & SCF_DO_SUBSTR)
-                   SCAN_COMMIT(pRExC_state, data, minlenp); /* Cannot merge strings after this. */
-               if (flags & SCF_DO_STCLASS)
-                   cl_init_zero(pRExC_state, &accum);
-
-               while (OP(scan) == code) {
-                   I32 deltanext, minnext, f = 0, fake;
-                   struct regnode_charclass_class this_class;
-
-                   num++;
-                   data_fake.flags = 0;
-                   if (data) {
-                       data_fake.whilem_c = data->whilem_c;
-                       data_fake.last_closep = data->last_closep;
-                   }
-                   else
-                       data_fake.last_closep = &fake;
-
-                   data_fake.pos_delta = delta;
-                   next = regnext(scan);
-                   scan = NEXTOPER(scan);
-                   if (code != BRANCH)
-                       scan = NEXTOPER(scan);
-                   if (flags & SCF_DO_STCLASS) {
-                       cl_init(pRExC_state, &this_class);
-                       data_fake.start_class = &this_class;
-                       f = SCF_DO_STCLASS_AND;
-                   }
-                   if (flags & SCF_WHILEM_VISITED_POS)
-                       f |= SCF_WHILEM_VISITED_POS;
-
-                   /* we suppose the run is continuous, last=next...*/
-                   minnext = study_chunk(pRExC_state, &scan, minlenp, &deltanext,
-                                         next, &data_fake,
-                                         stopparen, recursed, NULL, f,depth+1);
-                   if (min1 > minnext)
-                       min1 = minnext;
-                   if (max1 < minnext + deltanext)
-                       max1 = minnext + deltanext;
-                   if (deltanext == I32_MAX)
-                       is_inf = is_inf_internal = 1;
-                   scan = next;
-                   if (data_fake.flags & (SF_HAS_PAR|SF_IN_PAR))
-                       pars++;
-                   if (data_fake.flags & SCF_SEEN_ACCEPT) {
-                       if ( stopmin > minnext) 
-                           stopmin = min + min1;
-                       flags &= ~SCF_DO_SUBSTR;
-                       if (data)
-                           data->flags |= SCF_SEEN_ACCEPT;
-                   }
-                   if (data) {
-                       if (data_fake.flags & SF_HAS_EVAL)
-                           data->flags |= SF_HAS_EVAL;
-                       data->whilem_c = data_fake.whilem_c;
-                   }
-                   if (flags & SCF_DO_STCLASS)
-                       cl_or(pRExC_state, &accum, &this_class);
-               }
-               if (code == IFTHEN && num < 2) /* Empty ELSE branch */
-                   min1 = 0;
-               if (flags & SCF_DO_SUBSTR) {
-                   data->pos_min += min1;
-                   data->pos_delta += max1 - min1;
-                   if (max1 != min1 || is_inf)
-                       data->longest = &(data->longest_float);
-               }
-               min += min1;
-               delta += max1 - min1;
-               if (flags & SCF_DO_STCLASS_OR) {
-                   cl_or(pRExC_state, data->start_class, &accum);
-                   if (min1) {
-                       cl_and(data->start_class, and_withp);
-                       flags &= ~SCF_DO_STCLASS;
-                   }
-               }
-               else if (flags & SCF_DO_STCLASS_AND) {
-                   if (min1) {
-                       cl_and(data->start_class, &accum);
-                       flags &= ~SCF_DO_STCLASS;
-                   }
-                   else {
-                       /* Switch to OR mode: cache the old value of
-                        * data->start_class */
-                       INIT_AND_WITHP;
-                       StructCopy(data->start_class, and_withp,
-                                  struct regnode_charclass_class);
-                       flags &= ~SCF_DO_STCLASS_AND;
-                       StructCopy(&accum, data->start_class,
-                                  struct regnode_charclass_class);
-                       flags |= SCF_DO_STCLASS_OR;
-                       data->start_class->flags |= ANYOF_EOS;
-                   }
-               }
-
-                if (PERL_ENABLE_TRIE_OPTIMISATION && OP( startbranch ) == BRANCH ) {
-               /* demq.
-
-                  Assuming this was/is a branch we are dealing with: 'scan' now
-                  points at the item that follows the branch sequence, whatever
-                  it is. We now start at the beginning of the sequence and look
-                  for subsequences of
-
-                  BRANCH->EXACT=>x1
-                  BRANCH->EXACT=>x2
-                  tail
-
-                  which would be constructed from a pattern like /A|LIST|OF|WORDS/
-
-                  If we can find such a subsequence we need to turn the first
-                  element into a trie and then add the subsequent branch exact
-                  strings to the trie.
-
-                  We have two cases
-
-                    1. patterns where the whole set of branches can be converted. 
-
-                    2. patterns where only a subset can be converted.
-
-                  In case 1 we can replace the whole set with a single regop
-                  for the trie. In case 2 we need to keep the start and end
-                  branches so
-
-                    'BRANCH EXACT; BRANCH EXACT; BRANCH X'
-                    becomes BRANCH TRIE; BRANCH X;
-
-                 There is an additional case, that being where there is a 
-                 common prefix, which gets split out into an EXACT like node
-                 preceding the TRIE node.
-
-                 If x(1..n)==tail then we can do a simple trie, if not we make
-                 a "jump" trie, such that when we match the appropriate word
-                 we "jump" to the appropriate tail node. Essentially we turn
-                 a nested if into a case structure of sorts.
-
-               */
-
-                   int made=0;
-                   if (!re_trie_maxbuff) {
-                       re_trie_maxbuff = get_sv(RE_TRIE_MAXBUF_NAME, 1);
-                       if (!SvIOK(re_trie_maxbuff))
-                           sv_setiv(re_trie_maxbuff, RE_TRIE_MAXBUF_INIT);
-                   }
-                    if ( SvIV(re_trie_maxbuff)>=0  ) {
-                        regnode *cur;
-                        regnode *first = (regnode *)NULL;
-                        regnode *last = (regnode *)NULL;
-                        regnode *tail = scan;
-                        U8 trietype = 0;
-                        U32 count=0;
-
-#ifdef DEBUGGING
-                        SV * const mysv = sv_newmortal();       /* for dumping */
-#endif
-                        /* var tail is used because there may be a TAIL
-                           regop in the way. Ie, the exacts will point to the
-                           thing following the TAIL, but the last branch will
-                           point at the TAIL. So we advance tail. If we
-                           have nested (?:) we may have to move through several
-                           tails.
-                         */
-
-                        while ( OP( tail ) == TAIL ) {
-                            /* this is the TAIL generated by (?:) */
-                            tail = regnext( tail );
-                        }
-
-                        
-                        DEBUG_TRIE_COMPILE_r({
-                            regprop(RExC_rx, mysv, tail );
-                            PerlIO_printf( Perl_debug_log, "%*s%s%s\n",
-                                (int)depth * 2 + 2, "", 
-                                "Looking for TRIE'able sequences. Tail node is: ", 
-                                SvPV_nolen_const( mysv )
-                            );
-                        });
-                        
-                        /*
-
-                            Step through the branches
-                                cur represents each branch,
-                                noper is the first thing to be matched as part of that branch
-                                noper_next is the regnext() of that node.
-
-                            We normally handle a case like this /FOO[xyz]|BAR[pqr]/
-                            via a "jump trie" but we also support building with NOJUMPTRIE,
-                            which restricts the trie logic to structures like /FOO|BAR/.
-
-                            If noper is a trieable nodetype then the branch is a possible optimization
-                            target. If we are building under NOJUMPTRIE then we require that noper_next
-                            is the same as scan (our current position in the regex program).
-
-                            Once we have two or more consecutive such branches we can create a
-                            trie of the EXACT's contents and stitch it in place into the program.
-
-                            If the sequence represents all of the branches in the alternation we
-                            replace the entire thing with a single TRIE node.
-
-                            Otherwise when it is a subsequence we need to stitch it in place and
-                            replace only the relevant branches. This means the first branch has
-                            to remain as it is used by the alternation logic, and its next pointer,
-                            and needs to be repointed at the item on the branch chain following
-                            the last branch we have optimized away.
-
-                            This could be either a BRANCH, in which case the subsequence is internal,
-                            or it could be the item following the branch sequence in which case the
-                            subsequence is at the end (which does not necessarily mean the first node
-                            is the start of the alternation).
-
-                            TRIE_TYPE(X) is a define which maps the optype to a trietype.
-
-                                optype          |  trietype
-                                ----------------+-----------
-                                NOTHING         | NOTHING
-                                EXACT           | EXACT
-                                EXACTFU         | EXACTFU
-                                EXACTFU_SS      | EXACTFU
-                                EXACTFU_TRICKYFOLD | EXACTFU
-                                EXACTFA         | 0
-
-
-                        */
-#define TRIE_TYPE(X) ( ( NOTHING == (X) ) ? NOTHING :   \
-                       ( EXACT == (X) )   ? EXACT :        \
-                       ( EXACTFU == (X) || EXACTFU_SS == (X) || EXACTFU_TRICKYFOLD == (X) ) ? EXACTFU :        \
-                       0 )
-
-                        /* dont use tail as the end marker for this traverse */
-                        for ( cur = startbranch ; cur != scan ; cur = regnext( cur ) ) {
-                            regnode * const noper = NEXTOPER( cur );
-                            U8 noper_type = OP( noper );
-                            U8 noper_trietype = TRIE_TYPE( noper_type );
-#if defined(DEBUGGING) || defined(NOJUMPTRIE)
-                            regnode * const noper_next = regnext( noper );
-                           U8 noper_next_type = (noper_next && noper_next != tail) ? OP(noper_next) : 0;
-                           U8 noper_next_trietype = (noper_next && noper_next != tail) ? TRIE_TYPE( noper_next_type ) :0;
-#endif
-
-                            DEBUG_TRIE_COMPILE_r({
-                                regprop(RExC_rx, mysv, cur);
-                                PerlIO_printf( Perl_debug_log, "%*s- %s (%d)",
-                                   (int)depth * 2 + 2,"", SvPV_nolen_const( mysv ), REG_NODE_NUM(cur) );
-
-                                regprop(RExC_rx, mysv, noper);
-                                PerlIO_printf( Perl_debug_log, " -> %s",
-                                    SvPV_nolen_const(mysv));
-
-                                if ( noper_next ) {
-                                  regprop(RExC_rx, mysv, noper_next );
-                                  PerlIO_printf( Perl_debug_log,"\t=> %s\t",
-                                    SvPV_nolen_const(mysv));
-                                }
-                                PerlIO_printf( Perl_debug_log, "(First==%d,Last==%d,Cur==%d,tt==%s,nt==%s,nnt==%s)\n",
-                                   REG_NODE_NUM(first), REG_NODE_NUM(last), REG_NODE_NUM(cur),
-                                  PL_reg_name[trietype], PL_reg_name[noper_trietype], PL_reg_name[noper_next_trietype] 
-                               );
-                            });
-
-                            /* Is noper a trieable nodetype that can be merged with the
-                             * current trie (if there is one)? */
-                            if ( noper_trietype
-                                  &&
-                                  (
-                                        ( noper_trietype == NOTHING)
-                                        || ( trietype == NOTHING )
-                                        || ( trietype == noper_trietype )
-                                  )
-#ifdef NOJUMPTRIE
-                                  && noper_next == tail
-#endif
-                                  && count < U16_MAX)
-                            {
-                                /* Handle mergable triable node
-                                 * Either we are the first node in a new trieable sequence,
-                                 * in which case we do some bookkeeping, otherwise we update
-                                 * the end pointer. */
-                                if ( !first ) {
-                                    first = cur;
-                                   if ( noper_trietype == NOTHING ) {
-#if !defined(DEBUGGING) && !defined(NOJUMPTRIE)
-                                       regnode * const noper_next = regnext( noper );
-                                        U8 noper_next_type = (noper_next && noper_next!=tail) ? OP(noper_next) : 0;
-                                       U8 noper_next_trietype = noper_next_type ? TRIE_TYPE( noper_next_type ) :0;
-#endif
-
-                                        if ( noper_next_trietype ) {
-                                           trietype = noper_next_trietype;
-                                        } else if (noper_next_type)  {
-                                            /* a NOTHING regop is 1 regop wide. We need at least two
-                                             * for a trie so we can't merge this in */
-                                            first = NULL;
-                                        }
-                                    } else {
-                                        trietype = noper_trietype;
-                                    }
-                                } else {
-                                    if ( trietype == NOTHING )
-                                        trietype = noper_trietype;
-                                    last = cur;
-                                }
-                               if (first)
-                                   count++;
-                            } /* end handle mergable triable node */
-                            else {
-                                /* handle unmergable node -
-                                 * noper may either be a triable node which can not be tried
-                                 * together with the current trie, or a non triable node */
-                                if ( last ) {
-                                    /* If last is set and trietype is not NOTHING then we have found
-                                     * at least two triable branch sequences in a row of a similar
-                                     * trietype so we can turn them into a trie. If/when we
-                                     * allow NOTHING to start a trie sequence this condition will be
-                                     * required, and it isn't expensive so we leave it in for now. */
-                                    if ( trietype && trietype != NOTHING )
-                                        make_trie( pRExC_state,
-                                                startbranch, first, cur, tail, count,
-                                                trietype, depth+1 );
-                                    last = NULL; /* note: we clear/update first, trietype etc below, so we dont do it here */
-                                }
-                                if ( noper_trietype
-#ifdef NOJUMPTRIE
-                                     && noper_next == tail
-#endif
-                                ){
-                                    /* noper is triable, so we can start a new trie sequence */
-                                    count = 1;
-                                    first = cur;
-                                    trietype = noper_trietype;
-                                } else if (first) {
-                                    /* if we already saw a first but the current node is not triable then we have
-                                     * to reset the first information. */
-                                    count = 0;
-                                    first = NULL;
-                                    trietype = 0;
-                                }
-                            } /* end handle unmergable node */
-                        } /* loop over branches */
-                        DEBUG_TRIE_COMPILE_r({
-                            regprop(RExC_rx, mysv, cur);
-                            PerlIO_printf( Perl_debug_log,
-                              "%*s- %s (%d) <SCAN FINISHED>\n", (int)depth * 2 + 2,
-                              "", SvPV_nolen_const( mysv ),REG_NODE_NUM(cur));
-
-                        });
-                        if ( last && trietype ) {
-                            if ( trietype != NOTHING ) {
-                                /* the last branch of the sequence was part of a trie,
-                                 * so we have to construct it here outside of the loop
-                                 */
-                                made= make_trie( pRExC_state, startbranch, first, scan, tail, count, trietype, depth+1 );
-#ifdef TRIE_STUDY_OPT
-                                if ( ((made == MADE_EXACT_TRIE &&
-                                     startbranch == first)
-                                     || ( first_non_open == first )) &&
-                                     depth==0 ) {
-                                    flags |= SCF_TRIE_RESTUDY;
-                                    if ( startbranch == first
-                                         && scan == tail )
-                                    {
-                                        RExC_seen &=~REG_TOP_LEVEL_BRANCHES;
-                                    }
-                                }
-#endif
-                            } else {
-                                /* at this point we know whatever we have is a NOTHING sequence/branch
-                                 * AND if 'startbranch' is 'first' then we can turn the whole thing into a NOTHING
-                                 */
-                                if ( startbranch == first ) {
-                                    regnode *opt;
-                                    /* the entire thing is a NOTHING sequence, something like this:
-                                     * (?:|) So we can turn it into a plain NOTHING op. */
-                                    DEBUG_TRIE_COMPILE_r({
-                                        regprop(RExC_rx, mysv, cur);
-                                        PerlIO_printf( Perl_debug_log,
-                                          "%*s- %s (%d) <NOTHING BRANCH SEQUENCE>\n", (int)depth * 2 + 2,
-                                          "", SvPV_nolen_const( mysv ),REG_NODE_NUM(cur));
-
-                                    });
-                                    OP(startbranch)= NOTHING;
-                                    NEXT_OFF(startbranch)= tail - startbranch;
-                                    for ( opt= startbranch + 1; opt < tail ; opt++ )
-                                        OP(opt)= OPTIMIZED;
-                                }
-                            }
-                        } /* end if ( last) */
-                    } /* TRIE_MAXBUF is non zero */
-                    
-                } /* do trie */
-                
-           }
-           else if ( code == BRANCHJ ) {  /* single branch is optimized. */
-               scan = NEXTOPER(NEXTOPER(scan));
-           } else                      /* single branch is optimized. */
-               scan = NEXTOPER(scan);
-           continue;
-       } else if (OP(scan) == SUSPEND || OP(scan) == GOSUB || OP(scan) == GOSTART) {
-           scan_frame *newframe = NULL;
-           I32 paren;
-           regnode *start;
-           regnode *end;
-
-           if (OP(scan) != SUSPEND) {
-           /* set the pointer */
-               if (OP(scan) == GOSUB) {
-                   paren = ARG(scan);
-                   RExC_recurse[ARG2L(scan)] = scan;
-                    start = RExC_open_parens[paren-1];
-                    end   = RExC_close_parens[paren-1];
-                } else {
-                    paren = 0;
-                    start = RExC_rxi->program + 1;
-                    end   = RExC_opend;
-                }
-                if (!recursed) {
-                    Newxz(recursed, (((RExC_npar)>>3) +1), U8);
-                    SAVEFREEPV(recursed);
-                }
-                if (!PAREN_TEST(recursed,paren+1)) {
-                   PAREN_SET(recursed,paren+1);
-                    Newx(newframe,1,scan_frame);
-                } else {
-                    if (flags & SCF_DO_SUBSTR) {
-                        SCAN_COMMIT(pRExC_state,data,minlenp);
-                        data->longest = &(data->longest_float);
-                    }
-                    is_inf = is_inf_internal = 1;
-                    if (flags & SCF_DO_STCLASS_OR) /* Allow everything */
-                        cl_anything(pRExC_state, data->start_class);
-                    flags &= ~SCF_DO_STCLASS;
-               }
-            } else {
-               Newx(newframe,1,scan_frame);
-               paren = stopparen;
-               start = scan+2;
-               end = regnext(scan);
-           }
-           if (newframe) {
-                assert(start);
-                assert(end);
-               SAVEFREEPV(newframe);
-               newframe->next = regnext(scan);
-               newframe->last = last;
-               newframe->stop = stopparen;
-               newframe->prev = frame;
-
-               frame = newframe;
-               scan =  start;
-               stopparen = paren;
-               last = end;
-
-               continue;
-           }
-       }
-       else if (OP(scan) == EXACT) {
-           I32 l = STR_LEN(scan);
-           UV uc;
-           if (UTF) {
-               const U8 * const s = (U8*)STRING(scan);
-               uc = utf8_to_uvchr_buf(s, s + l, NULL);
-               l = utf8_length(s, s + l);
-           } else {
-               uc = *((U8*)STRING(scan));
-           }
-           min += l;
-           if (flags & SCF_DO_SUBSTR) { /* Update longest substr. */
-               /* The code below prefers earlier match for fixed
-                  offset, later match for variable offset.  */
-               if (data->last_end == -1) { /* Update the start info. */
-                   data->last_start_min = data->pos_min;
-                   data->last_start_max = is_inf
-                       ? I32_MAX : data->pos_min + data->pos_delta;
-               }
-               sv_catpvn(data->last_found, STRING(scan), STR_LEN(scan));
-               if (UTF)
-                   SvUTF8_on(data->last_found);
-               {
-                   SV * const sv = data->last_found;
-                   MAGIC * const mg = SvUTF8(sv) && SvMAGICAL(sv) ?
-                       mg_find(sv, PERL_MAGIC_utf8) : NULL;
-                   if (mg && mg->mg_len >= 0)
-                       mg->mg_len += utf8_length((U8*)STRING(scan),
-                                                 (U8*)STRING(scan)+STR_LEN(scan));
-               }
-               data->last_end = data->pos_min + l;
-               data->pos_min += l; /* As in the first entry. */
-               data->flags &= ~SF_BEFORE_EOL;
-           }
-           if (flags & SCF_DO_STCLASS_AND) {
-               /* Check whether it is compatible with what we know already! */
-               int compat = 1;
-
-
-               /* If compatible, we or it in below.  It is compatible if is
-                * in the bitmp and either 1) its bit or its fold is set, or 2)
-                * it's for a locale.  Even if there isn't unicode semantics
-                * here, at runtime there may be because of matching against a
-                * utf8 string, so accept a possible false positive for
-                * latin1-range folds */
-               if (uc >= 0x100 ||
-                   (!(data->start_class->flags & (ANYOF_CLASS | ANYOF_LOCALE))
-                   && !ANYOF_BITMAP_TEST(data->start_class, uc)
-                   && (!(data->start_class->flags & ANYOF_LOC_FOLD)
-                       || !ANYOF_BITMAP_TEST(data->start_class, PL_fold_latin1[uc])))
-                    )
-               {
-                   compat = 0;
-               }
-               ANYOF_CLASS_ZERO(data->start_class);
-               ANYOF_BITMAP_ZERO(data->start_class);
-               if (compat)
-                   ANYOF_BITMAP_SET(data->start_class, uc);
-               else if (uc >= 0x100) {
-                   int i;
-
-                   /* Some Unicode code points fold to the Latin1 range; as
-                    * XXX temporary code, instead of figuring out if this is
-                    * one, just assume it is and set all the start class bits
-                    * that could be some such above 255 code point's fold
-                    * which will generate fals positives.  As the code
-                    * elsewhere that does compute the fold settles down, it
-                    * can be extracted out and re-used here */
-                   for (i = 0; i < 256; i++){
-                       if (HAS_NONLATIN1_FOLD_CLOSURE(i)) {
-                           ANYOF_BITMAP_SET(data->start_class, i);
-                       }
-                   }
-               }
-               data->start_class->flags &= ~ANYOF_EOS;
-               if (uc < 0x100)
-                 data->start_class->flags &= ~ANYOF_UNICODE_ALL;
-           }
-           else if (flags & SCF_DO_STCLASS_OR) {
-               /* false positive possible if the class is case-folded */
-               if (uc < 0x100)
-                   ANYOF_BITMAP_SET(data->start_class, uc);
-               else
-                   data->start_class->flags |= ANYOF_UNICODE_ALL;
-               data->start_class->flags &= ~ANYOF_EOS;
-               cl_and(data->start_class, and_withp);
-           }
-           flags &= ~SCF_DO_STCLASS;
-       }
-       else if (PL_regkind[OP(scan)] == EXACT) { /* But OP != EXACT! */
-           I32 l = STR_LEN(scan);
-           UV uc = *((U8*)STRING(scan));
-
-           /* Search for fixed substrings supports EXACT only. */
-           if (flags & SCF_DO_SUBSTR) {
-               assert(data);
-               SCAN_COMMIT(pRExC_state, data, minlenp);
-           }
-           if (UTF) {
-               const U8 * const s = (U8 *)STRING(scan);
-               uc = utf8_to_uvchr_buf(s, s + l, NULL);
-               l = utf8_length(s, s + l);
-           }
-           if (has_exactf_sharp_s) {
-               RExC_seen |= REG_SEEN_EXACTF_SHARP_S;
-           }
-           min += l - min_subtract;
-            assert (min >= 0);
-            delta += min_subtract;
-           if (flags & SCF_DO_SUBSTR) {
-               data->pos_min += l - min_subtract;
-               if (data->pos_min < 0) {
-                    data->pos_min = 0;
-                }
-                data->pos_delta += min_subtract;
-               if (min_subtract) {
-                   data->longest = &(data->longest_float);
-               }
-           }
-           if (flags & SCF_DO_STCLASS_AND) {
-               /* Check whether it is compatible with what we know already! */
-               int compat = 1;
-               if (uc >= 0x100 ||
-                (!(data->start_class->flags & (ANYOF_CLASS | ANYOF_LOCALE))
-                 && !ANYOF_BITMAP_TEST(data->start_class, uc)
-                 && !ANYOF_BITMAP_TEST(data->start_class, PL_fold_latin1[uc])))
-               {
-                   compat = 0;
-               }
-               ANYOF_CLASS_ZERO(data->start_class);
-               ANYOF_BITMAP_ZERO(data->start_class);
-               if (compat) {
-                   ANYOF_BITMAP_SET(data->start_class, uc);
-                   data->start_class->flags &= ~ANYOF_EOS;
-                   if (OP(scan) == EXACTFL) {
-                       /* XXX This set is probably no longer necessary, and
-                        * probably wrong as LOCALE now is on in the initial
-                        * state */
-                       data->start_class->flags |= ANYOF_LOCALE|ANYOF_LOC_FOLD;
-                   }
-                   else {
-
-                       /* Also set the other member of the fold pair.  In case
-                        * that unicode semantics is called for at runtime, use
-                        * the full latin1 fold.  (Can't do this for locale,
-                        * because not known until runtime) */
-                       ANYOF_BITMAP_SET(data->start_class, PL_fold_latin1[uc]);
-
-                        /* All other (EXACTFL handled above) folds except under
-                         * /iaa that include s, S, and sharp_s also may include
-                         * the others */
-                       if (OP(scan) != EXACTFA) {
-                           if (uc == 's' || uc == 'S') {
-                               ANYOF_BITMAP_SET(data->start_class,
-                                                LATIN_SMALL_LETTER_SHARP_S);
-                           }
-                           else if (uc == LATIN_SMALL_LETTER_SHARP_S) {
-                               ANYOF_BITMAP_SET(data->start_class, 's');
-                               ANYOF_BITMAP_SET(data->start_class, 'S');
-                           }
-                       }
-                   }
-               }
-               else if (uc >= 0x100) {
-                   int i;
-                   for (i = 0; i < 256; i++){
-                       if (_HAS_NONLATIN1_FOLD_CLOSURE_ONLY_FOR_USE_BY_REGCOMP_DOT_C_AND_REGEXEC_DOT_C(i)) {
-                           ANYOF_BITMAP_SET(data->start_class, i);
-                       }
-                   }
-               }
-           }
-           else if (flags & SCF_DO_STCLASS_OR) {
-               if (data->start_class->flags & ANYOF_LOC_FOLD) {
-                   /* false positive possible if the class is case-folded.
-                      Assume that the locale settings are the same... */
-                   if (uc < 0x100) {
-                       ANYOF_BITMAP_SET(data->start_class, uc);
-                        if (OP(scan) != EXACTFL) {
-
-                            /* And set the other member of the fold pair, but
-                             * can't do that in locale because not known until
-                             * run-time */
-                            ANYOF_BITMAP_SET(data->start_class,
-                                            PL_fold_latin1[uc]);
-
-                           /* All folds except under /iaa that include s, S,
-                            * and sharp_s also may include the others */
-                           if (OP(scan) != EXACTFA) {
-                               if (uc == 's' || uc == 'S') {
-                                   ANYOF_BITMAP_SET(data->start_class,
-                                                  LATIN_SMALL_LETTER_SHARP_S);
-                               }
-                               else if (uc == LATIN_SMALL_LETTER_SHARP_S) {
-                                   ANYOF_BITMAP_SET(data->start_class, 's');
-                                   ANYOF_BITMAP_SET(data->start_class, 'S');
-                               }
-                           }
-                        }
-                   }
-                   data->start_class->flags &= ~ANYOF_EOS;
-               }
-               cl_and(data->start_class, and_withp);
-           }
-           flags &= ~SCF_DO_STCLASS;
-       }
-       else if (REGNODE_VARIES(OP(scan))) {
-           I32 mincount, maxcount, minnext, deltanext, fl = 0;
-           I32 f = flags, pos_before = 0;
-           regnode * const oscan = scan;
-           struct regnode_charclass_class this_class;
-           struct regnode_charclass_class *oclass = NULL;
-           I32 next_is_eval = 0;
-
-           switch (PL_regkind[OP(scan)]) {
-           case WHILEM:                /* End of (?:...)* . */
-               scan = NEXTOPER(scan);
-               goto finish;
-           case PLUS:
-               if (flags & (SCF_DO_SUBSTR | SCF_DO_STCLASS)) {
-                   next = NEXTOPER(scan);
-                   if (OP(next) == EXACT || (flags & SCF_DO_STCLASS)) {
-                       mincount = 1;
-                       maxcount = REG_INFTY;
-                       next = regnext(scan);
-                       scan = NEXTOPER(scan);
-                       goto do_curly;
-                   }
-               }
-               if (flags & SCF_DO_SUBSTR)
-                   data->pos_min++;
-               min++;
-               /* Fall through. */
-           case STAR:
-               if (flags & SCF_DO_STCLASS) {
-                   mincount = 0;
-                   maxcount = REG_INFTY;
-                   next = regnext(scan);
-                   scan = NEXTOPER(scan);
-                   goto do_curly;
-               }
-               is_inf = is_inf_internal = 1;
-               scan = regnext(scan);
-               if (flags & SCF_DO_SUBSTR) {
-                   SCAN_COMMIT(pRExC_state, data, minlenp); /* Cannot extend fixed substrings */
-                   data->longest = &(data->longest_float);
-               }
-               goto optimize_curly_tail;
-           case CURLY:
-               if (stopparen>0 && (OP(scan)==CURLYN || OP(scan)==CURLYM)
-                   && (scan->flags == stopparen))
-               {
-                   mincount = 1;
-                   maxcount = 1;
-               } else {
-                   mincount = ARG1(scan);
-                   maxcount = ARG2(scan);
-               }
-               next = regnext(scan);
-               if (OP(scan) == CURLYX) {
-                   I32 lp = (data ? *(data->last_closep) : 0);
-                   scan->flags = ((lp <= (I32)U8_MAX) ? (U8)lp : U8_MAX);
-               }
-               scan = NEXTOPER(scan) + EXTRA_STEP_2ARGS;
-               next_is_eval = (OP(scan) == EVAL);
-             do_curly:
-               if (flags & SCF_DO_SUBSTR) {
-                   if (mincount == 0) SCAN_COMMIT(pRExC_state,data,minlenp); /* Cannot extend fixed substrings */
-                   pos_before = data->pos_min;
-               }
-               if (data) {
-                   fl = data->flags;
-                   data->flags &= ~(SF_HAS_PAR|SF_IN_PAR|SF_HAS_EVAL);
-                   if (is_inf)
-                       data->flags |= SF_IS_INF;
-               }
-               if (flags & SCF_DO_STCLASS) {
-                   cl_init(pRExC_state, &this_class);
-                   oclass = data->start_class;
-                   data->start_class = &this_class;
-                   f |= SCF_DO_STCLASS_AND;
-                   f &= ~SCF_DO_STCLASS_OR;
-               }
-               /* Exclude from super-linear cache processing any {n,m}
-                  regops for which the combination of input pos and regex
-                  pos is not enough information to determine if a match
-                  will be possible.
-
-                  For example, in the regex /foo(bar\s*){4,8}baz/ with the
-                  regex pos at the \s*, the prospects for a match depend not
-                  only on the input position but also on how many (bar\s*)
-                  repeats into the {4,8} we are. */
-               if ((mincount > 1) || (maxcount > 1 && maxcount != REG_INFTY))
-                   f &= ~SCF_WHILEM_VISITED_POS;
-
-               /* This will finish on WHILEM, setting scan, or on NULL: */
-               minnext = study_chunk(pRExC_state, &scan, minlenp, &deltanext, 
-                                     last, data, stopparen, recursed, NULL,
-                                     (mincount == 0
-                                       ? (f & ~SCF_DO_SUBSTR) : f),depth+1);
-
-               if (flags & SCF_DO_STCLASS)
-                   data->start_class = oclass;
-               if (mincount == 0 || minnext == 0) {
-                   if (flags & SCF_DO_STCLASS_OR) {
-                       cl_or(pRExC_state, data->start_class, &this_class);
-                   }
-                   else if (flags & SCF_DO_STCLASS_AND) {
-                       /* Switch to OR mode: cache the old value of
-                        * data->start_class */
-                       INIT_AND_WITHP;
-                       StructCopy(data->start_class, and_withp,
-                                  struct regnode_charclass_class);
-                       flags &= ~SCF_DO_STCLASS_AND;
-                       StructCopy(&this_class, data->start_class,
-                                  struct regnode_charclass_class);
-                       flags |= SCF_DO_STCLASS_OR;
-                       data->start_class->flags |= ANYOF_EOS;
-                   }
-               } else {                /* Non-zero len */
-                   if (flags & SCF_DO_STCLASS_OR) {
-                       cl_or(pRExC_state, data->start_class, &this_class);
-                       cl_and(data->start_class, and_withp);
-                   }
-                   else if (flags & SCF_DO_STCLASS_AND)
-                       cl_and(data->start_class, &this_class);
-                   flags &= ~SCF_DO_STCLASS;
-               }
-               if (!scan)              /* It was not CURLYX, but CURLY. */
-                   scan = next;
-               if ( /* ? quantifier ok, except for (?{ ... }) */
-                   (next_is_eval || !(mincount == 0 && maxcount == 1))
-                   && (minnext == 0) && (deltanext == 0)
-                   && data && !(data->flags & (SF_HAS_PAR|SF_IN_PAR))
-                   && maxcount <= REG_INFTY/3) /* Complement check for big count */
-               {
-                   /* Fatal warnings may leak the regexp without this: */
-                   SAVEFREESV(RExC_rx_sv);
-                   ckWARNreg(RExC_parse,
-                             "Quantifier unexpected on zero-length expression");
-                   (void)ReREFCNT_inc(RExC_rx_sv);
-               }
-
-               min += minnext * mincount;
-               is_inf_internal |= ((maxcount == REG_INFTY
-                                    && (minnext + deltanext) > 0)
-                                   || deltanext == I32_MAX);
-               is_inf |= is_inf_internal;
-               delta += (minnext + deltanext) * maxcount - minnext * mincount;
-
-               /* Try powerful optimization CURLYX => CURLYN. */
-               if (  OP(oscan) == CURLYX && data
-                     && data->flags & SF_IN_PAR
-                     && !(data->flags & SF_HAS_EVAL)
-                     && !deltanext && minnext == 1 ) {
-                   /* Try to optimize to CURLYN.  */
-                   regnode *nxt = NEXTOPER(oscan) + EXTRA_STEP_2ARGS;
-                   regnode * const nxt1 = nxt;
-#ifdef DEBUGGING
-                   regnode *nxt2;
-#endif
-
-                   /* Skip open. */
-                   nxt = regnext(nxt);
-                   if (!REGNODE_SIMPLE(OP(nxt))
-                       && !(PL_regkind[OP(nxt)] == EXACT
-                            && STR_LEN(nxt) == 1))
-                       goto nogo;
-#ifdef DEBUGGING
-                   nxt2 = nxt;
-#endif
-                   nxt = regnext(nxt);
-                   if (OP(nxt) != CLOSE)
-                       goto nogo;
-                   if (RExC_open_parens) {
-                       RExC_open_parens[ARG(nxt1)-1]=oscan; /*open->CURLYM*/
-                       RExC_close_parens[ARG(nxt1)-1]=nxt+2; /*close->while*/
-                   }
-                   /* Now we know that nxt2 is the only contents: */
-                   oscan->flags = (U8)ARG(nxt);
-                   OP(oscan) = CURLYN;
-                   OP(nxt1) = NOTHING; /* was OPEN. */
-
-#ifdef DEBUGGING
-                   OP(nxt1 + 1) = OPTIMIZED; /* was count. */
-                   NEXT_OFF(nxt1+ 1) = 0; /* just for consistency. */
-                   NEXT_OFF(nxt2) = 0; /* just for consistency with CURLY. */
-                   OP(nxt) = OPTIMIZED;        /* was CLOSE. */
-                   OP(nxt + 1) = OPTIMIZED; /* was count. */
-                   NEXT_OFF(nxt+ 1) = 0; /* just for consistency. */
-#endif
-               }
-             nogo:
-
-               /* Try optimization CURLYX => CURLYM. */
-               if (  OP(oscan) == CURLYX && data
-                     && !(data->flags & SF_HAS_PAR)
-                     && !(data->flags & SF_HAS_EVAL)
-                     && !deltanext     /* atom is fixed width */
-                     && minnext != 0   /* CURLYM can't handle zero width */
-                      && ! (RExC_seen & REG_SEEN_EXACTF_SHARP_S) /* Nor \xDF */
-               ) {
-                   /* XXXX How to optimize if data == 0? */
-                   /* Optimize to a simpler form.  */
-                   regnode *nxt = NEXTOPER(oscan) + EXTRA_STEP_2ARGS; /* OPEN */
-                   regnode *nxt2;
-
-                   OP(oscan) = CURLYM;
-                   while ( (nxt2 = regnext(nxt)) /* skip over embedded stuff*/
-                           && (OP(nxt2) != WHILEM))
-                       nxt = nxt2;
-                   OP(nxt2)  = SUCCEED; /* Whas WHILEM */
-                   /* Need to optimize away parenths. */
-                   if ((data->flags & SF_IN_PAR) && OP(nxt) == CLOSE) {
-                       /* Set the parenth number.  */
-                       regnode *nxt1 = NEXTOPER(oscan) + EXTRA_STEP_2ARGS; /* OPEN*/
-
-                       oscan->flags = (U8)ARG(nxt);
-                       if (RExC_open_parens) {
-                           RExC_open_parens[ARG(nxt1)-1]=oscan; /*open->CURLYM*/
-                           RExC_close_parens[ARG(nxt1)-1]=nxt2+1; /*close->NOTHING*/
-                       }
-                       OP(nxt1) = OPTIMIZED;   /* was OPEN. */
-                       OP(nxt) = OPTIMIZED;    /* was CLOSE. */
-
-#ifdef DEBUGGING
-                       OP(nxt1 + 1) = OPTIMIZED; /* was count. */
-                       OP(nxt + 1) = OPTIMIZED; /* was count. */
-                       NEXT_OFF(nxt1 + 1) = 0; /* just for consistency. */
-                       NEXT_OFF(nxt + 1) = 0; /* just for consistency. */
-#endif
-#if 0
-                       while ( nxt1 && (OP(nxt1) != WHILEM)) {
-                           regnode *nnxt = regnext(nxt1);
-                           if (nnxt == nxt) {
-                               if (reg_off_by_arg[OP(nxt1)])
-                                   ARG_SET(nxt1, nxt2 - nxt1);
-                               else if (nxt2 - nxt1 < U16_MAX)
-                                   NEXT_OFF(nxt1) = nxt2 - nxt1;
-                               else
-                                   OP(nxt) = NOTHING;  /* Cannot beautify */
-                           }
-                           nxt1 = nnxt;
-                       }
-#endif
-                       /* Optimize again: */
-                       study_chunk(pRExC_state, &nxt1, minlenp, &deltanext, nxt,
-                                   NULL, stopparen, recursed, NULL, 0,depth+1);
-                   }
-                   else
-                       oscan->flags = 0;
-               }
-               else if ((OP(oscan) == CURLYX)
-                        && (flags & SCF_WHILEM_VISITED_POS)
-                        /* See the comment on a similar expression above.
-                           However, this time it's not a subexpression
-                           we care about, but the expression itself. */
-                        && (maxcount == REG_INFTY)
-                        && data && ++data->whilem_c < 16) {
-                   /* This stays as CURLYX, we can put the count/of pair. */
-                   /* Find WHILEM (as in regexec.c) */
-                   regnode *nxt = oscan + NEXT_OFF(oscan);
-
-                   if (OP(PREVOPER(nxt)) == NOTHING) /* LONGJMP */
-                       nxt += ARG(nxt);
-                   PREVOPER(nxt)->flags = (U8)(data->whilem_c
-                       | (RExC_whilem_seen << 4)); /* On WHILEM */
-               }
-               if (data && fl & (SF_HAS_PAR|SF_IN_PAR))
-                   pars++;
-               if (flags & SCF_DO_SUBSTR) {
-                   SV *last_str = NULL;
-                   int counted = mincount != 0;
-
-                   if (data->last_end > 0 && mincount != 0) { /* Ends with a string. */
-#if defined(SPARC64_GCC_WORKAROUND)
-                       I32 b = 0;
-                       STRLEN l = 0;
-                       const char *s = NULL;
-                       I32 old = 0;
-
-                       if (pos_before >= data->last_start_min)
-                           b = pos_before;
-                       else
-                           b = data->last_start_min;
-
-                       l = 0;
-                       s = SvPV_const(data->last_found, l);
-                       old = b - data->last_start_min;
-
-#else
-                       I32 b = pos_before >= data->last_start_min
-                           ? pos_before : data->last_start_min;
-                       STRLEN l;
-                       const char * const s = SvPV_const(data->last_found, l);
-                       I32 old = b - data->last_start_min;
-#endif
-
-                       if (UTF)
-                           old = utf8_hop((U8*)s, old) - (U8*)s;
-                       l -= old;
-                       /* Get the added string: */
-                       last_str = newSVpvn_utf8(s  + old, l, UTF);
-                       if (deltanext == 0 && pos_before == b) {
-                           /* What was added is a constant string */
-                           if (mincount > 1) {
-                               SvGROW(last_str, (mincount * l) + 1);
-                               repeatcpy(SvPVX(last_str) + l,
-                                         SvPVX_const(last_str), l, mincount - 1);
-                               SvCUR_set(last_str, SvCUR(last_str) * mincount);
-                               /* Add additional parts. */
-                               SvCUR_set(data->last_found,
-                                         SvCUR(data->last_found) - l);
-                               sv_catsv(data->last_found, last_str);
-                               {
-                                   SV * sv = data->last_found;
-                                   MAGIC *mg =
-                                       SvUTF8(sv) && SvMAGICAL(sv) ?
-                                       mg_find(sv, PERL_MAGIC_utf8) : NULL;
-                                   if (mg && mg->mg_len >= 0)
-                                       mg->mg_len += CHR_SVLEN(last_str) - l;
-                               }
-                               data->last_end += l * (mincount - 1);
-                           }
-                       } else {
-                           /* start offset must point into the last copy */
-                           data->last_start_min += minnext * (mincount - 1);
-                           data->last_start_max += is_inf ? I32_MAX
-                               : (maxcount - 1) * (minnext + data->pos_delta);
-                       }
-                   }
-                   /* It is counted once already... */
-                   data->pos_min += minnext * (mincount - counted);
-                   data->pos_delta += - counted * deltanext +
-                       (minnext + deltanext) * maxcount - minnext * mincount;
-                   if (mincount != maxcount) {
-                        /* Cannot extend fixed substrings found inside
-                           the group.  */
-                       SCAN_COMMIT(pRExC_state,data,minlenp);
-                       if (mincount && last_str) {
-                           SV * const sv = data->last_found;
-                           MAGIC * const mg = SvUTF8(sv) && SvMAGICAL(sv) ?
-                               mg_find(sv, PERL_MAGIC_utf8) : NULL;
-
-                           if (mg)
-                               mg->mg_len = -1;
-                           sv_setsv(sv, last_str);
-                           data->last_end = data->pos_min;
-                           data->last_start_min =
-                               data->pos_min - CHR_SVLEN(last_str);
-                           data->last_start_max = is_inf
-                               ? I32_MAX
-                               : data->pos_min + data->pos_delta
-                               - CHR_SVLEN(last_str);
-                       }
-                       data->longest = &(data->longest_float);
-                   }
-                   SvREFCNT_dec(last_str);
-               }
-               if (data && (fl & SF_HAS_EVAL))
-                   data->flags |= SF_HAS_EVAL;
-             optimize_curly_tail:
-               if (OP(oscan) != CURLYX) {
-                   while (PL_regkind[OP(next = regnext(oscan))] == NOTHING
-                          && NEXT_OFF(next))
-                       NEXT_OFF(oscan) += NEXT_OFF(next);
-               }
-               continue;
-           default:                    /* REF, ANYOFV, and CLUMP only? */
-               if (flags & SCF_DO_SUBSTR) {
-                   SCAN_COMMIT(pRExC_state,data,minlenp);      /* Cannot expect anything... */
-                   data->longest = &(data->longest_float);
-               }
-               is_inf = is_inf_internal = 1;
-               if (flags & SCF_DO_STCLASS_OR)
-                   cl_anything(pRExC_state, data->start_class);
-               flags &= ~SCF_DO_STCLASS;
-               break;
-           }
-       }
-       else if (OP(scan) == LNBREAK) {
-           if (flags & SCF_DO_STCLASS) {
-               int value = 0;
-               data->start_class->flags &= ~ANYOF_EOS; /* No match on empty */
-               if (flags & SCF_DO_STCLASS_AND) {
-                    for (value = 0; value < 256; value++)
-                        if (!is_VERTWS_cp(value))
-                            ANYOF_BITMAP_CLEAR(data->start_class, value);
-                }
-                else {
-                    for (value = 0; value < 256; value++)
-                        if (is_VERTWS_cp(value))
-                            ANYOF_BITMAP_SET(data->start_class, value);
-                }
-                if (flags & SCF_DO_STCLASS_OR)
-                   cl_and(data->start_class, and_withp);
-               flags &= ~SCF_DO_STCLASS;
-            }
-           min++;
-           delta++;    /* Because of the 2 char string cr-lf */
-            if (flags & SCF_DO_SUBSTR) {
-               SCAN_COMMIT(pRExC_state,data,minlenp);  /* Cannot expect anything... */
-               data->pos_min += 1;
-               data->pos_delta += 1;
-               data->longest = &(data->longest_float);
-           }
-       }
-       else if (REGNODE_SIMPLE(OP(scan))) {
-           int value = 0;
-
-           if (flags & SCF_DO_SUBSTR) {
-               SCAN_COMMIT(pRExC_state,data,minlenp);
-               data->pos_min++;
-           }
-           min++;
-           if (flags & SCF_DO_STCLASS) {
-               data->start_class->flags &= ~ANYOF_EOS; /* No match on empty */
-
-               /* Some of the logic below assumes that switching
-                  locale on will only add false positives. */
-               switch (PL_regkind[OP(scan)]) {
-               case SANY:
-               default:
-                 do_default:
-                   /* Perl_croak(aTHX_ "panic: unexpected simple REx opcode %d", OP(scan)); */
-                   if (flags & SCF_DO_STCLASS_OR) /* Allow everything */
-                       cl_anything(pRExC_state, data->start_class);
-                   break;
-               case REG_ANY:
-                   if (OP(scan) == SANY)
-                       goto do_default;
-                   if (flags & SCF_DO_STCLASS_OR) { /* Everything but \n */
-                       value = (ANYOF_BITMAP_TEST(data->start_class,'\n')
-                                || ANYOF_CLASS_TEST_ANY_SET(data->start_class));
-                       cl_anything(pRExC_state, data->start_class);
-                   }
-                   if (flags & SCF_DO_STCLASS_AND || !value)
-                       ANYOF_BITMAP_CLEAR(data->start_class,'\n');
-                   break;
-               case ANYOF:
-                   if (flags & SCF_DO_STCLASS_AND)
-                       cl_and(data->start_class,
-                              (struct regnode_charclass_class*)scan);
-                   else
-                       cl_or(pRExC_state, data->start_class,
-                             (struct regnode_charclass_class*)scan);
-                   break;
-               case ALNUM:
-                   if (flags & SCF_DO_STCLASS_AND) {
-                       if (!(data->start_class->flags & ANYOF_LOCALE)) {
-                           ANYOF_CLASS_CLEAR(data->start_class,ANYOF_NWORDCHAR);
-                            if (OP(scan) == ALNUMU) {
-                                for (value = 0; value < 256; value++) {
-                                    if (!isWORDCHAR_L1(value)) {
-                                        ANYOF_BITMAP_CLEAR(data->start_class, value);
-                                    }
-                                }
-                            } else {
-                                for (value = 0; value < 256; value++) {
-                                    if (!isALNUM(value)) {
-                                        ANYOF_BITMAP_CLEAR(data->start_class, value);
-                                    }
-                                }
-                            }
-                       }
-                   }
-                   else {
-                       if (data->start_class->flags & ANYOF_LOCALE)
-                           ANYOF_CLASS_SET(data->start_class,ANYOF_WORDCHAR);
-
-                       /* Even if under locale, set the bits for non-locale
-                        * in case it isn't a true locale-node.  This will
-                        * create false positives if it truly is locale */
-                        if (OP(scan) == ALNUMU) {
-                            for (value = 0; value < 256; value++) {
-                                if (isWORDCHAR_L1(value)) {
-                                    ANYOF_BITMAP_SET(data->start_class, value);
-                                }
-                            }
-                        } else {
-                            for (value = 0; value < 256; value++) {
-                                if (isALNUM(value)) {
-                                    ANYOF_BITMAP_SET(data->start_class, value);
-                                }
-                            }
-                        }
-                   }
-                   break;
-               case NALNUM:
-                   if (flags & SCF_DO_STCLASS_AND) {
-                       if (!(data->start_class->flags & ANYOF_LOCALE)) {
-                           ANYOF_CLASS_CLEAR(data->start_class,ANYOF_WORDCHAR);
-                            if (OP(scan) == NALNUMU) {
-                                for (value = 0; value < 256; value++) {
-                                    if (isWORDCHAR_L1(value)) {
-                                        ANYOF_BITMAP_CLEAR(data->start_class, value);
-                                    }
-                                }
-                            } else {
-                                for (value = 0; value < 256; value++) {
-                                    if (isALNUM(value)) {
-                                        ANYOF_BITMAP_CLEAR(data->start_class, value);
-                                    }
-                                }
-                           }
-                       }
-                   }
-                   else {
-                       if (data->start_class->flags & ANYOF_LOCALE)
-                           ANYOF_CLASS_SET(data->start_class,ANYOF_NWORDCHAR);
-
-                       /* Even if under locale, set the bits for non-locale in
-                        * case it isn't a true locale-node.  This will create
-                        * false positives if it truly is locale */
-                       if (OP(scan) == NALNUMU) {
-                           for (value = 0; value < 256; value++) {
-                               if (! isWORDCHAR_L1(value)) {
-                                   ANYOF_BITMAP_SET(data->start_class, value);
-                               }
-                           }
-                       } else {
-                           for (value = 0; value < 256; value++) {
-                               if (! isALNUM(value)) {
-                                   ANYOF_BITMAP_SET(data->start_class, value);
-                               }
-                           }
-                       }
-                   }
-                   break;
-               case SPACE:
-                   if (flags & SCF_DO_STCLASS_AND) {
-                       if (!(data->start_class->flags & ANYOF_LOCALE)) {
-                           ANYOF_CLASS_CLEAR(data->start_class,ANYOF_NSPACE);
-                           if (OP(scan) == SPACEU) {
-                                for (value = 0; value < 256; value++) {
-                                    if (!isSPACE_L1(value)) {
-                                        ANYOF_BITMAP_CLEAR(data->start_class, value);
-                                    }
-                                }
-                            } else {
-                                for (value = 0; value < 256; value++) {
-                                    if (!isSPACE(value)) {
-                                        ANYOF_BITMAP_CLEAR(data->start_class, value);
-                                    }
-                                }
-                            }
-                       }
-                   }
-                   else {
-                        if (data->start_class->flags & ANYOF_LOCALE) {
-                           ANYOF_CLASS_SET(data->start_class,ANYOF_SPACE);
-                        }
-                        if (OP(scan) == SPACEU) {
-                            for (value = 0; value < 256; value++) {
-                                if (isSPACE_L1(value)) {
-                                    ANYOF_BITMAP_SET(data->start_class, value);
-                                }
-                            }
-                        } else {
-                            for (value = 0; value < 256; value++) {
-                                if (isSPACE(value)) {
-                                    ANYOF_BITMAP_SET(data->start_class, value);
-                                }
-                            }
-                       }
-                   }
-                   break;
-               case NSPACE:
-                   if (flags & SCF_DO_STCLASS_AND) {
-                       if (!(data->start_class->flags & ANYOF_LOCALE)) {
-                           ANYOF_CLASS_CLEAR(data->start_class,ANYOF_SPACE);
-                            if (OP(scan) == NSPACEU) {
-                                for (value = 0; value < 256; value++) {
-                                    if (isSPACE_L1(value)) {
-                                        ANYOF_BITMAP_CLEAR(data->start_class, value);
-                                    }
-                                }
-                            } else {
-                                for (value = 0; value < 256; value++) {
-                                    if (isSPACE(value)) {
-                                        ANYOF_BITMAP_CLEAR(data->start_class, value);
-                                    }
-                                }
-                            }
-                       }
-                   }
-                   else {
-                       if (data->start_class->flags & ANYOF_LOCALE)
-                           ANYOF_CLASS_SET(data->start_class,ANYOF_NSPACE);
-                        if (OP(scan) == NSPACEU) {
-                            for (value = 0; value < 256; value++) {
-                                if (!isSPACE_L1(value)) {
-                                    ANYOF_BITMAP_SET(data->start_class, value);
-                                }
-                            }
-                        }
-                        else {
-                            for (value = 0; value < 256; value++) {
-                                if (!isSPACE(value)) {
-                                    ANYOF_BITMAP_SET(data->start_class, value);
-                                }
-                            }
-                        }
-                   }
-                   break;
-               case DIGIT:
-                   if (flags & SCF_DO_STCLASS_AND) {
-                       if (!(data->start_class->flags & ANYOF_LOCALE)) {
-                            ANYOF_CLASS_CLEAR(data->start_class,ANYOF_NDIGIT);
-                           for (value = 0; value < 256; value++)
-                               if (!isDIGIT(value))
-                                   ANYOF_BITMAP_CLEAR(data->start_class, value);
-                       }
-                   }
-                   else {
-                       if (data->start_class->flags & ANYOF_LOCALE)
-                           ANYOF_CLASS_SET(data->start_class,ANYOF_DIGIT);
-                       for (value = 0; value < 256; value++)
-                           if (isDIGIT(value))
-                               ANYOF_BITMAP_SET(data->start_class, value);
-                   }
-                   break;
-               case NDIGIT:
-                   if (flags & SCF_DO_STCLASS_AND) {
-                       if (!(data->start_class->flags & ANYOF_LOCALE))
-                            ANYOF_CLASS_CLEAR(data->start_class,ANYOF_DIGIT);
-                       for (value = 0; value < 256; value++)
-                           if (isDIGIT(value))
-                               ANYOF_BITMAP_CLEAR(data->start_class, value);
-                   }
-                   else {
-                       if (data->start_class->flags & ANYOF_LOCALE)
-                           ANYOF_CLASS_SET(data->start_class,ANYOF_NDIGIT);
-                       for (value = 0; value < 256; value++)
-                           if (!isDIGIT(value))
-                               ANYOF_BITMAP_SET(data->start_class, value);
-                   }
-                   break;
-               CASE_SYNST_FNC(VERTWS);
-               CASE_SYNST_FNC(HORIZWS);
-
-               }
-               if (flags & SCF_DO_STCLASS_OR)
-                   cl_and(data->start_class, and_withp);
-               flags &= ~SCF_DO_STCLASS;
-           }
-       }
-       else if (PL_regkind[OP(scan)] == EOL && flags & SCF_DO_SUBSTR) {
-           data->flags |= (OP(scan) == MEOL
-                           ? SF_BEFORE_MEOL
-                           : SF_BEFORE_SEOL);
-           SCAN_COMMIT(pRExC_state, data, minlenp);
-
-       }
-       else if (  PL_regkind[OP(scan)] == BRANCHJ
-                /* Lookbehind, or need to calculate parens/evals/stclass: */
-                  && (scan->flags || data || (flags & SCF_DO_STCLASS))
-                  && (OP(scan) == IFMATCH || OP(scan) == UNLESSM)) {
-            if ( OP(scan) == UNLESSM &&
-                 scan->flags == 0 &&
-                 OP(NEXTOPER(NEXTOPER(scan))) == NOTHING &&
-                 OP(regnext(NEXTOPER(NEXTOPER(scan)))) == SUCCEED
-            ) {
-                regnode *opt;
-                regnode *upto= regnext(scan);
-                DEBUG_PARSE_r({
-                    SV * const mysv_val=sv_newmortal();
-                    DEBUG_STUDYDATA("OPFAIL",data,depth);
-
-                    /*DEBUG_PARSE_MSG("opfail");*/
-                    regprop(RExC_rx, mysv_val, upto);
-                    PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log, "~ replace with OPFAIL pointed at %s (%"IVdf") offset %"IVdf"\n",
-                                  SvPV_nolen_const(mysv_val),
-                                  (IV)REG_NODE_NUM(upto),
-                                  (IV)(upto - scan)
-                    );
-                });
-                OP(scan) = OPFAIL;
-                NEXT_OFF(scan) = upto - scan;
-                for (opt= scan + 1; opt < upto ; opt++)
-                    OP(opt) = OPTIMIZED;
-                scan= upto;
-                continue;
-            }
-            if ( !PERL_ENABLE_POSITIVE_ASSERTION_STUDY 
-                || OP(scan) == UNLESSM )
-            {
-                /* Negative Lookahead/lookbehind
-                   In this case we can't do fixed string optimisation.
-                */
-
-                I32 deltanext, minnext, fake = 0;
-                regnode *nscan;
-                struct regnode_charclass_class intrnl;
-                int f = 0;
-
-                data_fake.flags = 0;
-                if (data) {
-                    data_fake.whilem_c = data->whilem_c;
-                    data_fake.last_closep = data->last_closep;
-               }
-                else
-                    data_fake.last_closep = &fake;
-               data_fake.pos_delta = delta;
-                if ( flags & SCF_DO_STCLASS && !scan->flags
-                     && OP(scan) == IFMATCH ) { /* Lookahead */
-                    cl_init(pRExC_state, &intrnl);
-                    data_fake.start_class = &intrnl;
-                    f |= SCF_DO_STCLASS_AND;
-               }
-                if (flags & SCF_WHILEM_VISITED_POS)
-                    f |= SCF_WHILEM_VISITED_POS;
-                next = regnext(scan);
-                nscan = NEXTOPER(NEXTOPER(scan));
-                minnext = study_chunk(pRExC_state, &nscan, minlenp, &deltanext, 
-                    last, &data_fake, stopparen, recursed, NULL, f, depth+1);
-                if (scan->flags) {
-                    if (deltanext) {
-                       FAIL("Variable length lookbehind not implemented");
-                    }
-                    else if (minnext > (I32)U8_MAX) {
-                       FAIL2("Lookbehind longer than %"UVuf" not implemented", (UV)U8_MAX);
-                    }
-                    scan->flags = (U8)minnext;
-                }
-                if (data) {
-                    if (data_fake.flags & (SF_HAS_PAR|SF_IN_PAR))
-                        pars++;
-                    if (data_fake.flags & SF_HAS_EVAL)
-                        data->flags |= SF_HAS_EVAL;
-                    data->whilem_c = data_fake.whilem_c;
-                }
-                if (f & SCF_DO_STCLASS_AND) {
-                   if (flags & SCF_DO_STCLASS_OR) {
-                       /* OR before, AND after: ideally we would recurse with
-                        * data_fake to get the AND applied by study of the
-                        * remainder of the pattern, and then derecurse;
-                        * *** HACK *** for now just treat as "no information".
-                        * See [perl #56690].
-                        */
-                       cl_init(pRExC_state, data->start_class);
-                   }  else {
-                       /* AND before and after: combine and continue */
-                       const int was = (data->start_class->flags & ANYOF_EOS);
-
-                       cl_and(data->start_class, &intrnl);
-                       if (was)
-                           data->start_class->flags |= ANYOF_EOS;
-                   }
-                }
-           }
-#if PERL_ENABLE_POSITIVE_ASSERTION_STUDY
-            else {
-                /* Positive Lookahead/lookbehind
-                   In this case we can do fixed string optimisation,
-                   but we must be careful about it. Note in the case of
-                   lookbehind the positions will be offset by the minimum
-                   length of the pattern, something we won't know about
-                   until after the recurse.
-                */
-                I32 deltanext, fake = 0;
-                regnode *nscan;
-                struct regnode_charclass_class intrnl;
-                int f = 0;
-                /* We use SAVEFREEPV so that when the full compile 
-                    is finished perl will clean up the allocated 
-                    minlens when it's all done. This way we don't
-                    have to worry about freeing them when we know
-                    they wont be used, which would be a pain.
-                 */
-                I32 *minnextp;
-                Newx( minnextp, 1, I32 );
-                SAVEFREEPV(minnextp);
-
-                if (data) {
-                    StructCopy(data, &data_fake, scan_data_t);
-                    if ((flags & SCF_DO_SUBSTR) && data->last_found) {
-                        f |= SCF_DO_SUBSTR;
-                        if (scan->flags) 
-                            SCAN_COMMIT(pRExC_state, &data_fake,minlenp);
-                        data_fake.last_found=newSVsv(data->last_found);
-                    }
-                }
-                else
-                    data_fake.last_closep = &fake;
-                data_fake.flags = 0;
-               data_fake.pos_delta = delta;
-                if (is_inf)
-                   data_fake.flags |= SF_IS_INF;
-                if ( flags & SCF_DO_STCLASS && !scan->flags
-                     && OP(scan) == IFMATCH ) { /* Lookahead */
-                    cl_init(pRExC_state, &intrnl);
-                    data_fake.start_class = &intrnl;
-                    f |= SCF_DO_STCLASS_AND;
-                }
-                if (flags & SCF_WHILEM_VISITED_POS)
-                    f |= SCF_WHILEM_VISITED_POS;
-                next = regnext(scan);
-                nscan = NEXTOPER(NEXTOPER(scan));
-
-                *minnextp = study_chunk(pRExC_state, &nscan, minnextp, &deltanext, 
-                    last, &data_fake, stopparen, recursed, NULL, f,depth+1);
-                if (scan->flags) {
-                    if (deltanext) {
-                       FAIL("Variable length lookbehind not implemented");
-                    }
-                    else if (*minnextp > (I32)U8_MAX) {
-                       FAIL2("Lookbehind longer than %"UVuf" not implemented", (UV)U8_MAX);
-                    }
-                    scan->flags = (U8)*minnextp;
-                }
-
-                *minnextp += min;
-
-                if (f & SCF_DO_STCLASS_AND) {
-                    const int was = (data->start_class->flags & ANYOF_EOS);
-
-                    cl_and(data->start_class, &intrnl);
-                    if (was)
-                        data->start_class->flags |= ANYOF_EOS;
-                }
-                if (data) {
-                    if (data_fake.flags & (SF_HAS_PAR|SF_IN_PAR))
-                        pars++;
-                    if (data_fake.flags & SF_HAS_EVAL)
-                        data->flags |= SF_HAS_EVAL;
-                    data->whilem_c = data_fake.whilem_c;
-                    if ((flags & SCF_DO_SUBSTR) && data_fake.last_found) {
-                        if (RExC_rx->minlen<*minnextp)
-                            RExC_rx->minlen=*minnextp;
-                        SCAN_COMMIT(pRExC_state, &data_fake, minnextp);
-                        SvREFCNT_dec(data_fake.last_found);
-                        
-                        if ( data_fake.minlen_fixed != minlenp ) 
-                        {
-                            data->offset_fixed= data_fake.offset_fixed;
-                            data->minlen_fixed= data_fake.minlen_fixed;
-                            data->lookbehind_fixed+= scan->flags;
-                        }
-                        if ( data_fake.minlen_float != minlenp )
-                        {
-                            data->minlen_float= data_fake.minlen_float;
-                            data->offset_float_min=data_fake.offset_float_min;
-                            data->offset_float_max=data_fake.offset_float_max;
-                            data->lookbehind_float+= scan->flags;
-                        }
-                    }
-                }
-           }
-#endif
-       }
-       else if (OP(scan) == OPEN) {
-           if (stopparen != (I32)ARG(scan))
-               pars++;
-       }
-       else if (OP(scan) == CLOSE) {
-           if (stopparen == (I32)ARG(scan)) {
-               break;
-           }
-           if ((I32)ARG(scan) == is_par) {
-               next = regnext(scan);
-
-               if ( next && (OP(next) != WHILEM) && next < last)
-                   is_par = 0;         /* Disable optimization */
-           }
-           if (data)
-               *(data->last_closep) = ARG(scan);
-       }
-       else if (OP(scan) == EVAL) {
-               if (data)
-                   data->flags |= SF_HAS_EVAL;
-       }
-       else if ( PL_regkind[OP(scan)] == ENDLIKE ) {
-           if (flags & SCF_DO_SUBSTR) {
-               SCAN_COMMIT(pRExC_state,data,minlenp);
-               flags &= ~SCF_DO_SUBSTR;
-           }
-           if (data && OP(scan)==ACCEPT) {
-               data->flags |= SCF_SEEN_ACCEPT;
-               if (stopmin > min)
-                   stopmin = min;
-           }
-       }
-       else if (OP(scan) == LOGICAL && scan->flags == 2) /* Embedded follows */
-       {
-               if (flags & SCF_DO_SUBSTR) {
-                   SCAN_COMMIT(pRExC_state,data,minlenp);
-                   data->longest = &(data->longest_float);
-               }
-               is_inf = is_inf_internal = 1;
-               if (flags & SCF_DO_STCLASS_OR) /* Allow everything */
-                   cl_anything(pRExC_state, data->start_class);
-               flags &= ~SCF_DO_STCLASS;
-       }
-       else if (OP(scan) == GPOS) {
-           if (!(RExC_rx->extflags & RXf_GPOS_FLOAT) &&
-               !(delta || is_inf || (data && data->pos_delta))) 
-           {
-               if (!(RExC_rx->extflags & RXf_ANCH) && (flags & SCF_DO_SUBSTR))
-                   RExC_rx->extflags |= RXf_ANCH_GPOS;
-               if (RExC_rx->gofs < (U32)min)
-                   RExC_rx->gofs = min;
-            } else {
-                RExC_rx->extflags |= RXf_GPOS_FLOAT;
-                RExC_rx->gofs = 0;
-            }      
-       }
-#ifdef TRIE_STUDY_OPT
-#ifdef FULL_TRIE_STUDY
-        else if (PL_regkind[OP(scan)] == TRIE) {
-            /* NOTE - There is similar code to this block above for handling
-               BRANCH nodes on the initial study.  If you change stuff here
-               check there too. */
-            regnode *trie_node= scan;
-            regnode *tail= regnext(scan);
-            reg_trie_data *trie = (reg_trie_data*)RExC_rxi->data->data[ ARG(scan) ];
-            I32 max1 = 0, min1 = I32_MAX;
-            struct regnode_charclass_class accum;
-
-            if (flags & SCF_DO_SUBSTR) /* XXXX Add !SUSPEND? */
-                SCAN_COMMIT(pRExC_state, data,minlenp); /* Cannot merge strings after this. */
-            if (flags & SCF_DO_STCLASS)
-                cl_init_zero(pRExC_state, &accum);
-                
-            if (!trie->jump) {
-                min1= trie->minlen;
-                max1= trie->maxlen;
-            } else {
-                const regnode *nextbranch= NULL;
-                U32 word;
-                
-                for ( word=1 ; word <= trie->wordcount ; word++) 
-                {
-                    I32 deltanext=0, minnext=0, f = 0, fake;
-                    struct regnode_charclass_class this_class;
-                    
-                    data_fake.flags = 0;
-                    if (data) {
-                        data_fake.whilem_c = data->whilem_c;
-                        data_fake.last_closep = data->last_closep;
-                    }
-                    else
-                        data_fake.last_closep = &fake;
-                   data_fake.pos_delta = delta;
-                    if (flags & SCF_DO_STCLASS) {
-                        cl_init(pRExC_state, &this_class);
-                        data_fake.start_class = &this_class;
-                        f = SCF_DO_STCLASS_AND;
-                    }
-                    if (flags & SCF_WHILEM_VISITED_POS)
-                        f |= SCF_WHILEM_VISITED_POS;
-    
-                    if (trie->jump[word]) {
-                        if (!nextbranch)
-                            nextbranch = trie_node + trie->jump[0];
-                        scan= trie_node + trie->jump[word];
-                        /* We go from the jump point to the branch that follows
-                           it. Note this means we need the vestigal unused branches
-                           even though they arent otherwise used.
-                         */
-                        minnext = study_chunk(pRExC_state, &scan, minlenp, 
-                            &deltanext, (regnode *)nextbranch, &data_fake, 
-                            stopparen, recursed, NULL, f,depth+1);
-                    }
-                    if (nextbranch && PL_regkind[OP(nextbranch)]==BRANCH)
-                        nextbranch= regnext((regnode*)nextbranch);
-                    
-                    if (min1 > (I32)(minnext + trie->minlen))
-                        min1 = minnext + trie->minlen;
-                    if (max1 < (I32)(minnext + deltanext + trie->maxlen))
-                        max1 = minnext + deltanext + trie->maxlen;
-                    if (deltanext == I32_MAX)
-                        is_inf = is_inf_internal = 1;
-                    
-                    if (data_fake.flags & (SF_HAS_PAR|SF_IN_PAR))
-                        pars++;
-                    if (data_fake.flags & SCF_SEEN_ACCEPT) {
-                        if ( stopmin > min + min1) 
-                           stopmin = min + min1;
-                       flags &= ~SCF_DO_SUBSTR;
-                       if (data)
-                           data->flags |= SCF_SEEN_ACCEPT;
-                   }
-                    if (data) {
-                        if (data_fake.flags & SF_HAS_EVAL)
-                            data->flags |= SF_HAS_EVAL;
-                        data->whilem_c = data_fake.whilem_c;
-                    }
-                    if (flags & SCF_DO_STCLASS)
-                        cl_or(pRExC_state, &accum, &this_class);
-                }
-            }
-            if (flags & SCF_DO_SUBSTR) {
-                data->pos_min += min1;
-                data->pos_delta += max1 - min1;
-                if (max1 != min1 || is_inf)
-                    data->longest = &(data->longest_float);
-            }
-            min += min1;
-            delta += max1 - min1;
-            if (flags & SCF_DO_STCLASS_OR) {
-                cl_or(pRExC_state, data->start_class, &accum);
-                if (min1) {
-                    cl_and(data->start_class, and_withp);
-                    flags &= ~SCF_DO_STCLASS;
-                }
-            }
-            else if (flags & SCF_DO_STCLASS_AND) {
-                if (min1) {
-                    cl_and(data->start_class, &accum);
-                    flags &= ~SCF_DO_STCLASS;
-                }
-                else {
-                    /* Switch to OR mode: cache the old value of
-                     * data->start_class */
-                   INIT_AND_WITHP;
-                    StructCopy(data->start_class, and_withp,
-                               struct regnode_charclass_class);
-                    flags &= ~SCF_DO_STCLASS_AND;
-                    StructCopy(&accum, data->start_class,
-                               struct regnode_charclass_class);
-                    flags |= SCF_DO_STCLASS_OR;
-                    data->start_class->flags |= ANYOF_EOS;
-                }
-            }
-            scan= tail;
-            continue;
-        }
-#else
-       else if (PL_regkind[OP(scan)] == TRIE) {
-           reg_trie_data *trie = (reg_trie_data*)RExC_rxi->data->data[ ARG(scan) ];
-           U8*bang=NULL;
-           
-           min += trie->minlen;
-           delta += (trie->maxlen - trie->minlen);
-           flags &= ~SCF_DO_STCLASS; /* xxx */
-            if (flags & SCF_DO_SUBSTR) {
-               SCAN_COMMIT(pRExC_state,data,minlenp);  /* Cannot expect anything... */
-               data->pos_min += trie->minlen;
-               data->pos_delta += (trie->maxlen - trie->minlen);
-               if (trie->maxlen != trie->minlen)
-                   data->longest = &(data->longest_float);
-           }
-           if (trie->jump) /* no more substrings -- for now /grr*/
-               flags &= ~SCF_DO_SUBSTR; 
-       }
-#endif /* old or new */
-#endif /* TRIE_STUDY_OPT */
-
-       /* Else: zero-length, ignore. */
-       scan = regnext(scan);
-    }
-    if (frame) {
-        last = frame->last;
-        scan = frame->next;
-        stopparen = frame->stop;
-        frame = frame->prev;
-        goto fake_study_recurse;
-    }
-
-  finish:
-    assert(!frame);
-    DEBUG_STUDYDATA("pre-fin:",data,depth);
-
-    *scanp = scan;
-    *deltap = is_inf_internal ? I32_MAX : delta;
-    if (flags & SCF_DO_SUBSTR && is_inf)
-       data->pos_delta = I32_MAX - data->pos_min;
-    if (is_par > (I32)U8_MAX)
-       is_par = 0;
-    if (is_par && pars==1 && data) {
-       data->flags |= SF_IN_PAR;
-       data->flags &= ~SF_HAS_PAR;
-    }
-    else if (pars && data) {
-       data->flags |= SF_HAS_PAR;
-       data->flags &= ~SF_IN_PAR;
-    }
-    if (flags & SCF_DO_STCLASS_OR)
-       cl_and(data->start_class, and_withp);
-    if (flags & SCF_TRIE_RESTUDY)
-        data->flags |=         SCF_TRIE_RESTUDY;
-    
-    DEBUG_STUDYDATA("post-fin:",data,depth);
-    
-    return min < stopmin ? min : stopmin;
-}
-
-STATIC U32
-S_add_data(RExC_state_t *pRExC_state, U32 n, const char *s)
-{
-    U32 count = RExC_rxi->data ? RExC_rxi->data->count : 0;
-
-    PERL_ARGS_ASSERT_ADD_DATA;
-
-    Renewc(RExC_rxi->data,
-          sizeof(*RExC_rxi->data) + sizeof(void*) * (count + n - 1),
-          char, struct reg_data);
-    if(count)
-       Renew(RExC_rxi->data->what, count + n, U8);
-    else
-       Newx(RExC_rxi->data->what, n, U8);
-    RExC_rxi->data->count = count + n;
-    Copy(s, RExC_rxi->data->what + count, n, U8);
-    return count;
-}
-
-/*XXX: todo make this not included in a non debugging perl */
-#ifndef PERL_IN_XSUB_RE
-void
-Perl_reginitcolors(pTHX)
-{
-    dVAR;
-    const char * const s = PerlEnv_getenv("PERL_RE_COLORS");
-    if (s) {
-       char *t = savepv(s);
-       int i = 0;
-       PL_colors[0] = t;
-       while (++i < 6) {
-           t = strchr(t, '\t');
-           if (t) {
-               *t = '\0';
-               PL_colors[i] = ++t;
-           }
-           else
-               PL_colors[i] = t = (char *)"";
-       }
-    } else {
-       int i = 0;
-       while (i < 6)
-           PL_colors[i++] = (char *)"";
-    }
-    PL_colorset = 1;
-}
-#endif
-
-
-#ifdef TRIE_STUDY_OPT
-#define CHECK_RESTUDY_GOTO_butfirst(dOsomething)            \
-    STMT_START {                                            \
-        if (                                                \
-              (data.flags & SCF_TRIE_RESTUDY)               \
-              && ! restudied++                              \
-        ) {                                                 \
-            dOsomething;                                    \
-            goto reStudy;                                   \
-        }                                                   \
-    } STMT_END
-#else
-#define CHECK_RESTUDY_GOTO_butfirst
-#endif        
-
-/*
- * pregcomp - compile a regular expression into internal code
- *
- * Decides which engine's compiler to call based on the hint currently in
- * scope
- */
-
-#ifndef PERL_IN_XSUB_RE 
-
-/* return the currently in-scope regex engine (or the default if none)  */
-
-regexp_engine const *
-Perl_current_re_engine(pTHX)
-{
-    dVAR;
-
-    if (IN_PERL_COMPILETIME) {
-       HV * const table = GvHV(PL_hintgv);
-       SV **ptr;
-
-       if (!table)
-           return &reh_regexp_engine;
-       ptr = hv_fetchs(table, "regcomp", FALSE);
-       if ( !(ptr && SvIOK(*ptr) && SvIV(*ptr)))
-           return &reh_regexp_engine;
-       return INT2PTR(regexp_engine*,SvIV(*ptr));
-    }
-    else {
-       SV *ptr;
-       if (!PL_curcop->cop_hints_hash)
-           return &reh_regexp_engine;
-       ptr = cop_hints_fetch_pvs(PL_curcop, "regcomp", 0);
-       if ( !(ptr && SvIOK(ptr) && SvIV(ptr)))
-           return &reh_regexp_engine;
-       return INT2PTR(regexp_engine*,SvIV(ptr));
-    }
-}
-
-
-REGEXP *
-Perl_pregcomp(pTHX_ SV * const pattern, const U32 flags)
-{
-    dVAR;
-    regexp_engine const *eng = current_re_engine();
-    GET_RE_DEBUG_FLAGS_DECL;
-
-    PERL_ARGS_ASSERT_PREGCOMP;
-
-    /* Dispatch a request to compile a regexp to correct regexp engine. */
-    DEBUG_COMPILE_r({
-       PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log, "Using engine %"UVxf"\n",
-                       PTR2UV(eng));
-    });
-    return CALLREGCOMP_ENG(eng, pattern, flags);
-}
-#endif
-
-/* public(ish) entry point for the perl core's own regex compiling code.
- * It's actually a wrapper for Perl_re_op_compile that only takes an SV
- * pattern rather than a list of OPs, and uses the internal engine rather
- * than the current one */
-
-REGEXP *
-Perl_re_compile(pTHX_ SV * const pattern, U32 rx_flags)
-{
-    SV *pat = pattern; /* defeat constness! */
-    PERL_ARGS_ASSERT_RE_COMPILE;
-    return Perl_re_op_compile(aTHX_ &pat, 1, NULL,
-#ifdef PERL_IN_XSUB_RE
-                                &my_reg_engine,
-#else
-                                &reh_regexp_engine,
-#endif
-                                NULL, NULL, rx_flags, 0);
-}
-
-/* see if there are any run-time code blocks in the pattern.
- * False positives are allowed */
-
-static bool
-S_has_runtime_code(pTHX_ RExC_state_t * const pRExC_state, OP *expr,
-                   U32 pm_flags, char *pat, STRLEN plen)
-{
-    int n = 0;
-    STRLEN s;
-
-    /* avoid infinitely recursing when we recompile the pattern parcelled up
-     * as qr'...'. A single constant qr// string can't have have any
-     * run-time component in it, and thus, no runtime code. (A non-qr
-     * string, however, can, e.g. $x =~ '(?{})') */
-    if  ((pm_flags & PMf_IS_QR) && expr && expr->op_type == OP_CONST)
-       return 0;
-
-    for (s = 0; s < plen; s++) {
-       if (n < pRExC_state->num_code_blocks
-           && s == pRExC_state->code_blocks[n].start)
-       {
-           s = pRExC_state->code_blocks[n].end;
-           n++;
-           continue;
-       }
-       /* TODO ideally should handle [..], (#..), /#.../x to reduce false
-        * positives here */
-       if (pat[s] == '(' && pat[s+1] == '?' &&
-           (pat[s+2] == '{' || (pat[s+2] == '?' && pat[s+3] == '{'))
-       )
-           return 1;
-    }
-    return 0;
-}
-
-/* Handle run-time code blocks. We will already have compiled any direct
- * or indirect literal code blocks. Now, take the pattern 'pat' and make a
- * copy of it, but with any literal code blocks blanked out and
- * appropriate chars escaped; then feed it into
- *
- *    eval "qr'modified_pattern'"
- *
- * For example,
- *
- *       a\bc(?{"this was literal"})def'ghi\\jkl(?{"this is runtime"})mno
- *
- * becomes
- *
- *    qr'a\\bc_______________________def\'ghi\\\\jkl(?{"this is runtime"})mno'
- *
- * After eval_sv()-ing that, grab any new code blocks from the returned qr
- * and merge them with any code blocks of the original regexp.
- *
- * If the pat is non-UTF8, while the evalled qr is UTF8, don't merge;
- * instead, just save the qr and return FALSE; this tells our caller that
- * the original pattern needs upgrading to utf8.
- */
-
-static bool
-S_compile_runtime_code(pTHX_ RExC_state_t * const pRExC_state,
-    char *pat, STRLEN plen)
-{
-    SV *qr;
-
-    GET_RE_DEBUG_FLAGS_DECL;
-
-    if (pRExC_state->runtime_code_qr) {
-       /* this is the second time we've been called; this should
-        * only happen if the main pattern got upgraded to utf8
-        * during compilation; re-use the qr we compiled first time
-        * round (which should be utf8 too)
-        */
-       qr = pRExC_state->runtime_code_qr;
-       pRExC_state->runtime_code_qr = NULL;
-       assert(RExC_utf8 && SvUTF8(qr));
-    }
-    else {
-       int n = 0;
-       STRLEN s;
-       char *p, *newpat;
-       int newlen = plen + 6; /* allow for "qr''x\0" extra chars */
-       SV *sv, *qr_ref;
-       dSP;
-
-       /* determine how many extra chars we need for ' and \ escaping */
-       for (s = 0; s < plen; s++) {
-           if (pat[s] == '\'' || pat[s] == '\\')
-               newlen++;
-       }
-
-       Newx(newpat, newlen, char);
-       p = newpat;
-       *p++ = 'q'; *p++ = 'r'; *p++ = '\'';
-
-       for (s = 0; s < plen; s++) {
-           if (n < pRExC_state->num_code_blocks
-               && s == pRExC_state->code_blocks[n].start)
-           {
-               /* blank out literal code block */
-               assert(pat[s] == '(');
-               while (s <= pRExC_state->code_blocks[n].end) {
-                   *p++ = '_';
-                   s++;
-               }
-               s--;
-               n++;
-               continue;
-           }
-           if (pat[s] == '\'' || pat[s] == '\\')
-               *p++ = '\\';
-           *p++ = pat[s];
-       }
-       *p++ = '\'';
-       if (pRExC_state->pm_flags & RXf_PMf_EXTENDED)
-           *p++ = 'x';
-       *p++ = '\0';
-       DEBUG_COMPILE_r({
-           PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log,
-               "%sre-parsing pattern for runtime code:%s %s\n",
-               PL_colors[4],PL_colors[5],newpat);
-       });
-
-       sv = newSVpvn_flags(newpat, p-newpat-1, RExC_utf8 ? SVf_UTF8 : 0);
-       Safefree(newpat);
-
-       ENTER;
-       SAVETMPS;
-       save_re_context();
-       PUSHSTACKi(PERLSI_REQUIRE);
-       /* this causes the toker to collapse \\ into \ when parsing
-        * qr''; normally only q'' does this. It also alters hints
-        * handling */
-       PL_reg_state.re_reparsing = TRUE;
-       eval_sv(sv, G_SCALAR);
-       SvREFCNT_dec(sv);
-       SPAGAIN;
-       qr_ref = POPs;
-       PUTBACK;
-       {
-           SV * const errsv = ERRSV;
-           if (SvTRUE_NN(errsv))
-           {
-               Safefree(pRExC_state->code_blocks);
-                /* use croak_sv ? */
-               Perl_croak_nocontext("%s", SvPV_nolen_const(errsv));
-           }
-       }
-       assert(SvROK(qr_ref));
-       qr = SvRV(qr_ref);
-       assert(SvTYPE(qr) == SVt_REGEXP && RX_ENGINE((REGEXP*)qr)->op_comp);
-       /* the leaving below frees the tmp qr_ref.
-        * Give qr a life of its own */
-       SvREFCNT_inc(qr);
-       POPSTACK;
-       FREETMPS;
-       LEAVE;
-
-    }
-
-    if (!RExC_utf8 && SvUTF8(qr)) {
-       /* first time through; the pattern got upgraded; save the
-        * qr for the next time through */
-       assert(!pRExC_state->runtime_code_qr);
-       pRExC_state->runtime_code_qr = qr;
-       return 0;
-    }
-
-
-    /* extract any code blocks within the returned qr//  */
-
-
-    /* merge the main (r1) and run-time (r2) code blocks into one */
-    {
-       RXi_GET_DECL(ReANY((REGEXP *)qr), r2);
-       struct reg_code_block *new_block, *dst;
-       RExC_state_t * const r1 = pRExC_state; /* convenient alias */
-       int i1 = 0, i2 = 0;
-
-       if (!r2->num_code_blocks) /* we guessed wrong */
-       {
-           SvREFCNT_dec(qr);
-           return 1;
-       }
-
-       Newx(new_block,
-           r1->num_code_blocks + r2->num_code_blocks,
-           struct reg_code_block);
-       dst = new_block;
-
-       while (    i1 < r1->num_code_blocks
-               || i2 < r2->num_code_blocks)
-       {
-           struct reg_code_block *src;
-           bool is_qr = 0;
-
-           if (i1 == r1->num_code_blocks) {
-               src = &r2->code_blocks[i2++];
-               is_qr = 1;
-           }
-           else if (i2 == r2->num_code_blocks)
-               src = &r1->code_blocks[i1++];
-           else if (  r1->code_blocks[i1].start
-                    < r2->code_blocks[i2].start)
-           {
-               src = &r1->code_blocks[i1++];
-               assert(src->end < r2->code_blocks[i2].start);
-           }
-           else {
-               assert(  r1->code_blocks[i1].start
-                      > r2->code_blocks[i2].start);
-               src = &r2->code_blocks[i2++];
-               is_qr = 1;
-               assert(src->end < r1->code_blocks[i1].start);
-           }
-
-           assert(pat[src->start] == '(');
-           assert(pat[src->end]   == ')');
-           dst->start      = src->start;
-           dst->end        = src->end;
-           dst->block      = src->block;
-           dst->src_regex  = is_qr ? (REGEXP*) SvREFCNT_inc( (SV*) qr)
-                                   : src->src_regex;
-           dst++;
-       }
-       r1->num_code_blocks += r2->num_code_blocks;
-       Safefree(r1->code_blocks);
-       r1->code_blocks = new_block;
-    }
-
-    SvREFCNT_dec(qr);
-    return 1;
-}
-
-
-STATIC bool
-S_setup_longest(pTHX_ RExC_state_t *pRExC_state, SV* sv_longest, SV** rx_utf8, SV** rx_substr, I32* rx_end_shift, I32 lookbehind, I32 offset, I32 *minlen, STRLEN longest_length, bool eol, bool meol)
-{
-    /* This is the common code for setting up the floating and fixed length
-     * string data extracted from Perlre_op_compile() below.  Returns a boolean
-     * as to whether succeeded or not */
-
-    I32 t,ml;
-
-    if (! (longest_length
-           || (eol /* Can't have SEOL and MULTI */
-               && (! meol || (RExC_flags & RXf_PMf_MULTILINE)))
-          )
-            /* See comments for join_exact for why REG_SEEN_EXACTF_SHARP_S */
-        || (RExC_seen & REG_SEEN_EXACTF_SHARP_S))
-    {
-        return FALSE;
-    }
-
-    /* copy the information about the longest from the reg_scan_data
-        over to the program. */
-    if (SvUTF8(sv_longest)) {
-        *rx_utf8 = sv_longest;
-        *rx_substr = NULL;
-    } else {
-        *rx_substr = sv_longest;
-        *rx_utf8 = NULL;
-    }
-    /* end_shift is how many chars that must be matched that
-        follow this item. We calculate it ahead of time as once the
-        lookbehind offset is added in we lose the ability to correctly
-        calculate it.*/
-    ml = minlen ? *(minlen) : (I32)longest_length;
-    *rx_end_shift = ml - offset
-        - longest_length + (SvTAIL(sv_longest) != 0)
-        + lookbehind;
-
-    t = (eol/* Can't have SEOL and MULTI */
-         && (! meol || (RExC_flags & RXf_PMf_MULTILINE)));
-    fbm_compile(sv_longest, t ? FBMcf_TAIL : 0);
-
-    return TRUE;
-}
-
-/*
- * Perl_re_op_compile - the perl internal RE engine's function to compile a
- * regular expression into internal code.
- * The pattern may be passed either as:
- *    a list of SVs (patternp plus pat_count)
- *    a list of OPs (expr)
- * If both are passed, the SV list is used, but the OP list indicates
- * which SVs are actually pre-compiled code blocks
- *
- * The SVs in the list have magic and qr overloading applied to them (and
- * the list may be modified in-place with replacement SVs in the latter
- * case).
- *
- * If the pattern hasn't changed from old_re, then old_re will be
- * returned.
- *
- * eng is the current engine. If that engine has an op_comp method, then
- * handle directly (i.e. we assume that op_comp was us); otherwise, just
- * do the initial concatenation of arguments and pass on to the external
- * engine.
- *
- * If is_bare_re is not null, set it to a boolean indicating whether the
- * arg list reduced (after overloading) to a single bare regex which has
- * been returned (i.e. /$qr/).
- *
- * orig_rx_flags contains RXf_* flags. See perlreapi.pod for more details.
- *
- * pm_flags contains the PMf_* flags, typically based on those from the
- * pm_flags field of the related PMOP. Currently we're only interested in
- * PMf_HAS_CV, PMf_IS_QR, PMf_USE_RE_EVAL.
- *
- * We can't allocate space until we know how big the compiled form will be,
- * but we can't compile it (and thus know how big it is) until we've got a
- * place to put the code.  So we cheat:  we compile it twice, once with code
- * generation turned off and size counting turned on, and once "for real".
- * This also means that we don't allocate space until we are sure that the
- * thing really will compile successfully, and we never have to move the
- * code and thus invalidate pointers into it.  (Note that it has to be in
- * one piece because free() must be able to free it all.) [NB: not true in perl]
- *
- * Beware that the optimization-preparation code in here knows about some
- * of the structure of the compiled regexp.  [I'll say.]
- */
-
-REGEXP *
-Perl_re_op_compile(pTHX_ SV ** const patternp, int pat_count,
-                   OP *expr, const regexp_engine* eng, REGEXP *VOL old_re,
-                    bool *is_bare_re, U32 orig_rx_flags, U32 pm_flags)
-{
-    dVAR;
-    REGEXP *rx;
-    struct regexp *r;
-    regexp_internal *ri;
-    STRLEN plen;
-    char  * VOL exp;
-    char* xend;
-    regnode *scan;
-    I32 flags;
-    I32 minlen = 0;
-    U32 rx_flags;
-    SV * VOL pat;
-    SV * VOL code_blocksv = NULL;
-
-    /* these are all flags - maybe they should be turned
-     * into a single int with different bit masks */
-    I32 sawlookahead = 0;
-    I32 sawplus = 0;
-    I32 sawopen = 0;
-    bool used_setjump = FALSE;
-    regex_charset initial_charset = get_regex_charset(orig_rx_flags);
-    bool code_is_utf8 = 0;
-    bool VOL recompile = 0;
-    bool runtime_code = 0;
-    U8 jump_ret = 0;
-    dJMPENV;
-    scan_data_t data;
-    RExC_state_t RExC_state;
-    RExC_state_t * const pRExC_state = &RExC_state;
-#ifdef TRIE_STUDY_OPT    
-    int restudied;
-    RExC_state_t copyRExC_state;
-#endif    
-    GET_RE_DEBUG_FLAGS_DECL;
-
-    PERL_ARGS_ASSERT_RE_OP_COMPILE;
-
-    DEBUG_r(if (!PL_colorset) reginitcolors());
-
-#ifndef PERL_IN_XSUB_RE
-    /* Initialize these here instead of as-needed, as is quick and avoids
-     * having to test them each time otherwise */
-    if (! PL_AboveLatin1) {
-       PL_AboveLatin1 = _new_invlist_C_array(AboveLatin1_invlist);
-       PL_ASCII = _new_invlist_C_array(ASCII_invlist);
-       PL_Latin1 = _new_invlist_C_array(Latin1_invlist);
-
-       PL_L1PosixAlnum = _new_invlist_C_array(L1PosixAlnum_invlist);
-       PL_PosixAlnum = _new_invlist_C_array(PosixAlnum_invlist);
-
-       PL_L1PosixAlpha = _new_invlist_C_array(L1PosixAlpha_invlist);
-       PL_PosixAlpha = _new_invlist_C_array(PosixAlpha_invlist);
-
-       PL_PosixBlank = _new_invlist_C_array(PosixBlank_invlist);
-       PL_XPosixBlank = _new_invlist_C_array(XPosixBlank_invlist);
-
-       PL_L1Cased = _new_invlist_C_array(L1Cased_invlist);
-
-       PL_PosixCntrl = _new_invlist_C_array(PosixCntrl_invlist);
-       PL_XPosixCntrl = _new_invlist_C_array(XPosixCntrl_invlist);
-
-       PL_PosixDigit = _new_invlist_C_array(PosixDigit_invlist);
-
-       PL_L1PosixGraph = _new_invlist_C_array(L1PosixGraph_invlist);
-       PL_PosixGraph = _new_invlist_C_array(PosixGraph_invlist);
-
-       PL_L1PosixLower = _new_invlist_C_array(L1PosixLower_invlist);
-       PL_PosixLower = _new_invlist_C_array(PosixLower_invlist);
-
-       PL_L1PosixPrint = _new_invlist_C_array(L1PosixPrint_invlist);
-       PL_PosixPrint = _new_invlist_C_array(PosixPrint_invlist);
-
-       PL_L1PosixPunct = _new_invlist_C_array(L1PosixPunct_invlist);
-       PL_PosixPunct = _new_invlist_C_array(PosixPunct_invlist);
-
-       PL_PerlSpace = _new_invlist_C_array(PerlSpace_invlist);
-       PL_XPerlSpace = _new_invlist_C_array(XPerlSpace_invlist);
-
-       PL_PosixSpace = _new_invlist_C_array(PosixSpace_invlist);
-       PL_XPosixSpace = _new_invlist_C_array(XPosixSpace_invlist);
-
-       PL_L1PosixUpper = _new_invlist_C_array(L1PosixUpper_invlist);
-       PL_PosixUpper = _new_invlist_C_array(PosixUpper_invlist);
-
-       PL_VertSpace = _new_invlist_C_array(VertSpace_invlist);
-
-       PL_PosixWord = _new_invlist_C_array(PosixWord_invlist);
-       PL_L1PosixWord = _new_invlist_C_array(L1PosixWord_invlist);
-
-       PL_PosixXDigit = _new_invlist_C_array(PosixXDigit_invlist);
-       PL_XPosixXDigit = _new_invlist_C_array(XPosixXDigit_invlist);
-
-        PL_HasMultiCharFold = _new_invlist_C_array(_Perl_Multi_Char_Folds_invlist);
-    }
-#endif
-
-    pRExC_state->code_blocks = NULL;
-    pRExC_state->num_code_blocks = 0;
-
-    if (is_bare_re)
-       *is_bare_re = FALSE;
-
-    if (expr && (expr->op_type == OP_LIST ||
-               (expr->op_type == OP_NULL && expr->op_targ == OP_LIST))) {
-
-       /* is the source UTF8, and how many code blocks are there? */
-       OP *o;
-       int ncode = 0;
-
-       for (o = cLISTOPx(expr)->op_first; o; o = o->op_sibling) {
-           if (o->op_type == OP_CONST && SvUTF8(cSVOPo_sv))
-               code_is_utf8 = 1;
-           else if (o->op_type == OP_NULL && (o->op_flags & OPf_SPECIAL))
-               /* count of DO blocks */
-               ncode++;
-       }
-       if (ncode) {
-           pRExC_state->num_code_blocks = ncode;
-           Newx(pRExC_state->code_blocks, ncode, struct reg_code_block);
-       }
-    }
-
-    if (pat_count) {
-       /* handle a list of SVs */
-
-       SV **svp;
-
-       /* apply magic and RE overloading to each arg */
-       for (svp = patternp; svp < patternp + pat_count; svp++) {
-           SV *rx = *svp;
-           SvGETMAGIC(rx);
-           if (SvROK(rx) && SvAMAGIC(rx)) {
-               SV *sv = AMG_CALLunary(rx, regexp_amg);
-               if (sv) {
-                   if (SvROK(sv))
-                       sv = SvRV(sv);
-                   if (SvTYPE(sv) != SVt_REGEXP)
-                       Perl_croak(aTHX_ "Overloaded qr did not return a REGEXP");
-                   *svp = sv;
-               }
-           }
-       }
-
-       if (pat_count > 1) {
-           /* concat multiple args and find any code block indexes */
-
-           OP *o = NULL;
-           int n = 0;
-           bool utf8 = 0;
-            STRLEN orig_patlen = 0;
-
-           if (pRExC_state->num_code_blocks) {
-               o = cLISTOPx(expr)->op_first;
-               assert(   o->op_type == OP_PUSHMARK
-                       || (o->op_type == OP_NULL && o->op_targ == OP_PUSHMARK)
-                       || o->op_type == OP_PADRANGE);
-               o = o->op_sibling;
-           }
-
-           pat = newSVpvn("", 0);
-           SAVEFREESV(pat);
-
-           /* determine if the pattern is going to be utf8 (needed
-            * in advance to align code block indices correctly).
-            * XXX This could fail to be detected for an arg with
-            * overloading but not concat overloading; but the main effect
-            * in this obscure case is to need a 'use re eval' for a
-            * literal code block */
-           for (svp = patternp; svp < patternp + pat_count; svp++) {
-               if (SvUTF8(*svp))
-                   utf8 = 1;
-           }
-           if (utf8)
-               SvUTF8_on(pat);
-
-           for (svp = patternp; svp < patternp + pat_count; svp++) {
-               SV *sv, *msv = *svp;
-               SV *rx;
-               bool code = 0;
-                /* we make the assumption here that each op in the list of
-                 * op_siblings maps to one SV pushed onto the stack,
-                 * except for code blocks, with have both an OP_NULL and
-                 * and OP_CONST.
-                 * This allows us to match up the list of SVs against the
-                 * list of OPs to find the next code block.
-                 *
-                 * Note that       PUSHMARK PADSV PADSV ..
-                 * is optimised to
-                 *                 PADRANGE NULL  NULL  ..
-                 * so the alignment still works. */
-               if (o) {
-                   if (o->op_type == OP_NULL && (o->op_flags & OPf_SPECIAL)) {
-                       assert(n < pRExC_state->num_code_blocks);
-                       pRExC_state->code_blocks[n].start = SvCUR(pat);
-                       pRExC_state->code_blocks[n].block = o;
-                       pRExC_state->code_blocks[n].src_regex = NULL;
-                       n++;
-                       code = 1;
-                       o = o->op_sibling; /* skip CONST */
-                       assert(o);
-                   }
-                   o = o->op_sibling;;
-               }
-
-               if ((SvAMAGIC(pat) || SvAMAGIC(msv)) &&
-                       (sv = amagic_call(pat, msv, concat_amg, AMGf_assign)))
-               {
-                   sv_setsv(pat, sv);
-                   /* overloading involved: all bets are off over literal
-                    * code. Pretend we haven't seen it */
-                   pRExC_state->num_code_blocks -= n;
-                   n = 0;
-                    rx = NULL;
-
-               }
-               else  {
-                    while (SvAMAGIC(msv)
-                            && (sv = AMG_CALLunary(msv, string_amg))
-                            && sv != msv
-                            &&  !(   SvROK(msv)
-                                  && SvROK(sv)
-                                  && SvRV(msv) == SvRV(sv))
-                    ) {
-                        msv = sv;
-                        SvGETMAGIC(msv);
-                    }
-                    if (SvROK(msv) && SvTYPE(SvRV(msv)) == SVt_REGEXP)
-                        msv = SvRV(msv);
-                    orig_patlen = SvCUR(pat);
-                    sv_catsv_nomg(pat, msv);
-                    rx = msv;
-                    if (code)
-                        pRExC_state->code_blocks[n-1].end = SvCUR(pat)-1;
-                }
-
-               /* extract any code blocks within any embedded qr//'s */
-               if (rx && SvTYPE(rx) == SVt_REGEXP
-                   && RX_ENGINE((REGEXP*)rx)->op_comp)
-               {
-
-                   RXi_GET_DECL(ReANY((REGEXP *)rx), ri);
-                   if (ri->num_code_blocks) {
-                       int i;
-                       /* the presence of an embedded qr// with code means
-                        * we should always recompile: the text of the
-                        * qr// may not have changed, but it may be a
-                        * different closure than last time */
-                       recompile = 1;
-                       Renew(pRExC_state->code_blocks,
-                           pRExC_state->num_code_blocks + ri->num_code_blocks,
-                           struct reg_code_block);
-                       pRExC_state->num_code_blocks += ri->num_code_blocks;
-                       for (i=0; i < ri->num_code_blocks; i++) {
-                           struct reg_code_block *src, *dst;
-                           STRLEN offset =  orig_patlen
-                               + ReANY((REGEXP *)rx)->pre_prefix;
-                           assert(n < pRExC_state->num_code_blocks);
-                           src = &ri->code_blocks[i];
-                           dst = &pRExC_state->code_blocks[n];
-                           dst->start      = src->start + offset;
-                           dst->end        = src->end   + offset;
-                           dst->block      = src->block;
-                           dst->src_regex  = (REGEXP*) SvREFCNT_inc( (SV*)
-                                                   src->src_regex
-                                                       ? src->src_regex
-                                                       : (REGEXP*)rx);
-                           n++;
-                       }
-                   }
-               }
-           }
-           SvSETMAGIC(pat);
-       }
-       else {
-            SV *sv;
-           pat = *patternp;
-            while (SvAMAGIC(pat)
-                    && (sv = AMG_CALLunary(pat, string_amg))
-                    && sv != pat)
-            {
-                pat = sv;
-                SvGETMAGIC(pat);
-            }
-        }
-
-       /* handle bare regex: foo =~ $re */
-       {
-           SV *re = pat;
-           if (SvROK(re))
-               re = SvRV(re);
-           if (SvTYPE(re) == SVt_REGEXP) {
-               if (is_bare_re)
-                   *is_bare_re = TRUE;
-               SvREFCNT_inc(re);
-               Safefree(pRExC_state->code_blocks);
-               return (REGEXP*)re;
-           }
-       }
-    }
-    else {
-       /* not a list of SVs, so must be a list of OPs */
-       assert(expr);
-       if (expr->op_type == OP_LIST) {
-           int i = -1;
-           bool is_code = 0;
-           OP *o;
-
-           pat = newSVpvn("", 0);
-           SAVEFREESV(pat);
-           if (code_is_utf8)
-               SvUTF8_on(pat);
-
-           /* given a list of CONSTs and DO blocks in expr, append all
-            * the CONSTs to pat, and record the start and end of each
-            * code block in code_blocks[] (each DO{} op is followed by an
-            * OP_CONST containing the corresponding literal '(?{...})
-            * text)
-            */
-           for (o = cLISTOPx(expr)->op_first; o; o = o->op_sibling) {
-               if (o->op_type == OP_CONST) {
-                   sv_catsv(pat, cSVOPo_sv);
-                   if (is_code) {
-                       pRExC_state->code_blocks[i].end = SvCUR(pat)-1;
-                       is_code = 0;
-                   }
-               }
-               else if (o->op_type == OP_NULL && (o->op_flags & OPf_SPECIAL)) {
-                   assert(i+1 < pRExC_state->num_code_blocks);
-                   pRExC_state->code_blocks[++i].start = SvCUR(pat);
-                   pRExC_state->code_blocks[i].block = o;
-                   pRExC_state->code_blocks[i].src_regex = NULL;
-                   is_code = 1;
-               }
-           }
-       }
-       else {
-           assert(expr->op_type == OP_CONST);
-           pat = cSVOPx_sv(expr);
-       }
-    }
-
-    exp = SvPV_nomg(pat, plen);
-
-    if (!eng->op_comp) {
-       if ((SvUTF8(pat) && IN_BYTES)
-               || SvGMAGICAL(pat) || SvAMAGIC(pat))
-       {
-           /* make a temporary copy; either to convert to bytes,
-            * or to avoid repeating get-magic / overloaded stringify */
-           pat = newSVpvn_flags(exp, plen, SVs_TEMP |
-                                       (IN_BYTES ? 0 : SvUTF8(pat)));
-       }
-       Safefree(pRExC_state->code_blocks);
-       return CALLREGCOMP_ENG(eng, pat, orig_rx_flags);
-    }
-
-    /* ignore the utf8ness if the pattern is 0 length */
-    RExC_utf8 = RExC_orig_utf8 = (plen == 0 || IN_BYTES) ? 0 : SvUTF8(pat);
-    RExC_uni_semantics = 0;
-    RExC_contains_locale = 0;
-    pRExC_state->runtime_code_qr = NULL;
-
-    /****************** LONG JUMP TARGET HERE***********************/
-    /* Longjmp back to here if have to switch in midstream to utf8 */
-    if (! RExC_orig_utf8) {
-       JMPENV_PUSH(jump_ret);
-       used_setjump = TRUE;
-    }
-
-    if (jump_ret == 0) {    /* First time through */
-       xend = exp + plen;
-
-        DEBUG_COMPILE_r({
-            SV *dsv= sv_newmortal();
-            RE_PV_QUOTED_DECL(s, RExC_utf8,
-                dsv, exp, plen, 60);
-            PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log, "%sCompiling REx%s %s\n",
-                           PL_colors[4],PL_colors[5],s);
-        });
-    }
-    else {  /* longjumped back */
-       U8 *src, *dst;
-       int n=0;
-       STRLEN s = 0, d = 0;
-       bool do_end = 0;
-
-        /* If the cause for the longjmp was other than changing to utf8, pop
-         * our own setjmp, and longjmp to the correct handler */
-       if (jump_ret != UTF8_LONGJMP) {
-           JMPENV_POP;
-           JMPENV_JUMP(jump_ret);
-       }
-
-       GET_RE_DEBUG_FLAGS;
-
-        /* It's possible to write a regexp in ascii that represents Unicode
-        codepoints outside of the byte range, such as via \x{100}. If we
-        detect such a sequence we have to convert the entire pattern to utf8
-        and then recompile, as our sizing calculation will have been based
-        on 1 byte == 1 character, but we will need to use utf8 to encode
-        at least some part of the pattern, and therefore must convert the whole
-        thing.
-        -- dmq */
-        DEBUG_PARSE_r(PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log,
-           "UTF8 mismatch! Converting to utf8 for resizing and compile\n"));
-
-       /* upgrade pattern to UTF8, and if there are code blocks,
-        * recalculate the indices.
-        * This is essentially an unrolled Perl_bytes_to_utf8() */
-
-       src = (U8*)SvPV_nomg(pat, plen);
-       Newx(dst, plen * 2 + 1, U8);
-
-       while (s < plen) {
-           const UV uv = NATIVE_TO_ASCII(src[s]);
-           if (UNI_IS_INVARIANT(uv))
-               dst[d]   = (U8)UTF_TO_NATIVE(uv);
-           else {
-               dst[d++] = (U8)UTF8_EIGHT_BIT_HI(uv);
-               dst[d]   = (U8)UTF8_EIGHT_BIT_LO(uv);
-           }
-           if (n < pRExC_state->num_code_blocks) {
-               if (!do_end && pRExC_state->code_blocks[n].start == s) {
-                   pRExC_state->code_blocks[n].start = d;
-                   assert(dst[d] == '(');
-                   do_end = 1;
-               }
-               else if (do_end && pRExC_state->code_blocks[n].end == s) {
-                   pRExC_state->code_blocks[n].end = d;
-                   assert(dst[d] == ')');
-                   do_end = 0;
-                   n++;
-               }
-           }
-           s++;
-           d++;
-       }
-       dst[d] = '\0';
-       plen = d;
-       exp = (char*) dst;
-       xend = exp + plen;
-       SAVEFREEPV(exp);
-       RExC_orig_utf8 = RExC_utf8 = 1;
-    }
-
-    /* return old regex if pattern hasn't changed */
-
-    if (   old_re
-        && !recompile
-       && !!RX_UTF8(old_re) == !!RExC_utf8
-       && RX_PRECOMP(old_re)
-       && RX_PRELEN(old_re) == plen
-       && memEQ(RX_PRECOMP(old_re), exp, plen))
-    {
-       /* with runtime code, always recompile */
-       runtime_code = S_has_runtime_code(aTHX_ pRExC_state, expr, pm_flags,
-                                           exp, plen);
-       if (!runtime_code) {
-           if (used_setjump) {
-               JMPENV_POP;
-           }
-           Safefree(pRExC_state->code_blocks);
-           return old_re;
-       }
-    }
-    else if ((pm_flags & PMf_USE_RE_EVAL)
-               /* this second condition covers the non-regex literal case,
-                * i.e.  $foo =~ '(?{})'. */
-               || ( !PL_reg_state.re_reparsing && IN_PERL_COMPILETIME
-                   && (PL_hints & HINT_RE_EVAL))
-    )
-       runtime_code = S_has_runtime_code(aTHX_ pRExC_state, expr, pm_flags,
-                           exp, plen);
-
-#ifdef TRIE_STUDY_OPT
-    restudied = 0;
-#endif
-
-    rx_flags = orig_rx_flags;
-
-    if (initial_charset == REGEX_LOCALE_CHARSET) {
-       RExC_contains_locale = 1;
-    }
-    else if (RExC_utf8 && initial_charset == REGEX_DEPENDS_CHARSET) {
-
-       /* Set to use unicode semantics if the pattern is in utf8 and has the
-        * 'depends' charset specified, as it means unicode when utf8  */
-       set_regex_charset(&rx_flags, REGEX_UNICODE_CHARSET);
-    }
-
-    RExC_precomp = exp;
-    RExC_flags = rx_flags;
-    RExC_pm_flags = pm_flags;
-
-    if (runtime_code) {
-       if (TAINTING_get && TAINT_get)
-           Perl_croak(aTHX_ "Eval-group in insecure regular expression");
-
-       if (!S_compile_runtime_code(aTHX_ pRExC_state, exp, plen)) {
-           /* whoops, we have a non-utf8 pattern, whilst run-time code
-            * got compiled as utf8. Try again with a utf8 pattern */
-            JMPENV_JUMP(UTF8_LONGJMP);
-       }
-    }
-    assert(!pRExC_state->runtime_code_qr);
-
-    RExC_sawback = 0;
-
-    RExC_seen = 0;
-    RExC_in_lookbehind = 0;
-    RExC_seen_zerolen = *exp == '^' ? -1 : 0;
-    RExC_extralen = 0;
-    RExC_override_recoding = 0;
-    RExC_in_multi_char_class = 0;
-
-    /* First pass: determine size, legality. */
-    RExC_parse = exp;
-    RExC_start = exp;
-    RExC_end = xend;
-    RExC_naughty = 0;
-    RExC_npar = 1;
-    RExC_nestroot = 0;
-    RExC_size = 0L;
-    RExC_emit = &PL_regdummy;
-    RExC_whilem_seen = 0;
-    RExC_open_parens = NULL;
-    RExC_close_parens = NULL;
-    RExC_opend = NULL;
-    RExC_paren_names = NULL;
-#ifdef DEBUGGING
-    RExC_paren_name_list = NULL;
-#endif
-    RExC_recurse = NULL;
-    RExC_recurse_count = 0;
-    pRExC_state->code_index = 0;
-
-#if 0 /* REGC() is (currently) a NOP at the first pass.
-       * Clever compilers notice this and complain. --jhi */
-    REGC((U8)REG_MAGIC, (char*)RExC_emit);
-#endif
-    DEBUG_PARSE_r(
-       PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log, "Starting first pass (sizing)\n");
-        RExC_lastnum=0;
-        RExC_lastparse=NULL;
-    );
-    /* reg may croak on us, not giving us a chance to free
-       pRExC_state->code_blocks.  We cannot SAVEFREEPV it now, as we may
-       need it to survive as long as the regexp (qr/(?{})/).
-       We must check that code_blocksv is not already set, because we may
-       have longjmped back. */
-    if (pRExC_state->code_blocks && !code_blocksv) {
-       code_blocksv = newSV_type(SVt_PV);
-       SAVEFREESV(code_blocksv);
-       SvPV_set(code_blocksv, (char *)pRExC_state->code_blocks);
-       SvLEN_set(code_blocksv, 1); /*sufficient to make sv_clear free it*/
-    }
-    if (reg(pRExC_state, 0, &flags,1) == NULL) {
-       RExC_precomp = NULL;
-       return(NULL);
-    }
-    if (code_blocksv)
-       SvLEN_set(code_blocksv,0); /* no you can't have it, sv_clear */
-
-    /* Here, finished first pass.  Get rid of any added setjmp */
-    if (used_setjump) {
-       JMPENV_POP;
-    }
-
-    DEBUG_PARSE_r({
-        PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log, 
-            "Required size %"IVdf" nodes\n"
-            "Starting second pass (creation)\n", 
-            (IV)RExC_size);
-        RExC_lastnum=0; 
-        RExC_lastparse=NULL; 
-    });
-
-    /* The first pass could have found things that force Unicode semantics */
-    if ((RExC_utf8 || RExC_uni_semantics)
-        && get_regex_charset(rx_flags) == REGEX_DEPENDS_CHARSET)
-    {
-       set_regex_charset(&rx_flags, REGEX_UNICODE_CHARSET);
-    }
-
-    /* Small enough for pointer-storage convention?
-       If extralen==0, this means that we will not need long jumps. */
-    if (RExC_size >= 0x10000L && RExC_extralen)
-        RExC_size += RExC_extralen;
-    else
-       RExC_extralen = 0;
-    if (RExC_whilem_seen > 15)
-       RExC_whilem_seen = 15;
-
-    /* Allocate space and zero-initialize. Note, the two step process 
-       of zeroing when in debug mode, thus anything assigned has to 
-       happen after that */
-    rx = (REGEXP*) newSV_type(SVt_REGEXP);
-    r = ReANY(rx);
-    Newxc(ri, sizeof(regexp_internal) + (unsigned)RExC_size * sizeof(regnode),
-        char, regexp_internal);
-    if ( r == NULL || ri == NULL )
-       FAIL("Regexp out of space");
-#ifdef DEBUGGING
-    /* avoid reading uninitialized memory in DEBUGGING code in study_chunk() */
-    Zero(ri, sizeof(regexp_internal) + (unsigned)RExC_size * sizeof(regnode), char);
-#else 
-    /* bulk initialize base fields with 0. */
-    Zero(ri, sizeof(regexp_internal), char);        
-#endif
-
-    /* non-zero initialization begins here */
-    RXi_SET( r, ri );
-    r->engine= eng;
-    r->extflags = rx_flags;
-    if (pm_flags & PMf_IS_QR) {
-       ri->code_blocks = pRExC_state->code_blocks;
-       ri->num_code_blocks = pRExC_state->num_code_blocks;
-    }
-    else
-    {
-       int n;
-       for (n = 0; n < pRExC_state->num_code_blocks; n++)
-           if (pRExC_state->code_blocks[n].src_regex)
-               SAVEFREESV(pRExC_state->code_blocks[n].src_regex);
-       SAVEFREEPV(pRExC_state->code_blocks);
-    }
-
-    {
-        bool has_p     = ((r->extflags & RXf_PMf_KEEPCOPY) == RXf_PMf_KEEPCOPY);
-        bool has_charset = (get_regex_charset(r->extflags) != REGEX_DEPENDS_CHARSET);
-
-        /* The caret is output if there are any defaults: if not all the STD
-         * flags are set, or if no character set specifier is needed */
-        bool has_default =
-                    (((r->extflags & RXf_PMf_STD_PMMOD) != RXf_PMf_STD_PMMOD)
-                    || ! has_charset);
-       bool has_runon = ((RExC_seen & REG_SEEN_RUN_ON_COMMENT)==REG_SEEN_RUN_ON_COMMENT);
-       U16 reganch = (U16)((r->extflags & RXf_PMf_STD_PMMOD)
-                           >> RXf_PMf_STD_PMMOD_SHIFT);
-       const char *fptr = STD_PAT_MODS;        /*"msix"*/
-       char *p;
-        /* Allocate for the worst case, which is all the std flags are turned
-         * on.  If more precision is desired, we could do a population count of
-         * the flags set.  This could be done with a small lookup table, or by
-         * shifting, masking and adding, or even, when available, assembly
-         * language for a machine-language population count.
-         * We never output a minus, as all those are defaults, so are
-         * covered by the caret */
-       const STRLEN wraplen = plen + has_p + has_runon
-            + has_default       /* If needs a caret */
-
-               /* If needs a character set specifier */
-           + ((has_charset) ? MAX_CHARSET_NAME_LENGTH : 0)
-            + (sizeof(STD_PAT_MODS) - 1)
-            + (sizeof("(?:)") - 1);
-
-        Newx(p, wraplen + 1, char); /* +1 for the ending NUL */
-       r->xpv_len_u.xpvlenu_pv = p;
-       if (RExC_utf8)
-           SvFLAGS(rx) |= SVf_UTF8;
-        *p++='('; *p++='?';
-
-        /* If a default, cover it using the caret */
-        if (has_default) {
-            *p++= DEFAULT_PAT_MOD;
-        }
-        if (has_charset) {
-           STRLEN len;
-           const char* const name = get_regex_charset_name(r->extflags, &len);
-           Copy(name, p, len, char);
-           p += len;
-        }
-        if (has_p)
-            *p++ = KEEPCOPY_PAT_MOD; /*'p'*/
-        {
-            char ch;
-            while((ch = *fptr++)) {
-                if(reganch & 1)
-                    *p++ = ch;
-                reganch >>= 1;
-            }
-        }
-
-        *p++ = ':';
-        Copy(RExC_precomp, p, plen, char);
-       assert ((RX_WRAPPED(rx) - p) < 16);
-       r->pre_prefix = p - RX_WRAPPED(rx);
-        p += plen;
-        if (has_runon)
-            *p++ = '\n';
-        *p++ = ')';
-        *p = 0;
-       SvCUR_set(rx, p - RX_WRAPPED(rx));
-    }
-
-    r->intflags = 0;
-    r->nparens = RExC_npar - 1;        /* set early to validate backrefs */
-    
-    if (RExC_seen & REG_SEEN_RECURSE) {
-        Newxz(RExC_open_parens, RExC_npar,regnode *);
-        SAVEFREEPV(RExC_open_parens);
-        Newxz(RExC_close_parens,RExC_npar,regnode *);
-        SAVEFREEPV(RExC_close_parens);
-    }
-
-    /* Useful during FAIL. */
-#ifdef RE_TRACK_PATTERN_OFFSETS
-    Newxz(ri->u.offsets, 2*RExC_size+1, U32); /* MJD 20001228 */
-    DEBUG_OFFSETS_r(PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log,
-                          "%s %"UVuf" bytes for offset annotations.\n",
-                          ri->u.offsets ? "Got" : "Couldn't get",
-                          (UV)((2*RExC_size+1) * sizeof(U32))));
-#endif
-    SetProgLen(ri,RExC_size);
-    RExC_rx_sv = rx;
-    RExC_rx = r;
-    RExC_rxi = ri;
-    REH_CALL_COMP_BEGIN_HOOK(pRExC_state->rx);
-
-    /* Second pass: emit code. */
-    RExC_flags = rx_flags;     /* don't let top level (?i) bleed */
-    RExC_pm_flags = pm_flags;
-    RExC_parse = exp;
-    RExC_end = xend;
-    RExC_naughty = 0;
-    RExC_npar = 1;
-    RExC_emit_start = ri->program;
-    RExC_emit = ri->program;
-    RExC_emit_bound = ri->program + RExC_size + 1;
-    pRExC_state->code_index = 0;
-
-    REGC((U8)REG_MAGIC, (char*) RExC_emit++);
-    if (reg(pRExC_state, 0, &flags,1) == NULL) {
-       ReREFCNT_dec(rx);   
-       return(NULL);
-    }
-    /* XXXX To minimize changes to RE engine we always allocate
-       3-units-long substrs field. */
-    Newx(r->substrs, 1, struct reg_substr_data);
-    if (RExC_recurse_count) {
-        Newxz(RExC_recurse,RExC_recurse_count,regnode *);
-        SAVEFREEPV(RExC_recurse);
-    }
-
-reStudy:
-    r->minlen = minlen = sawlookahead = sawplus = sawopen = 0;
-    Zero(r->substrs, 1, struct reg_substr_data);
-
-#ifdef TRIE_STUDY_OPT
-    if (!restudied) {
-        StructCopy(&zero_scan_data, &data, scan_data_t);
-        copyRExC_state = RExC_state;
-    } else {
-        U32 seen=RExC_seen;
-        DEBUG_OPTIMISE_r(PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log,"Restudying\n"));
-        
-        RExC_state = copyRExC_state;
-        if (seen & REG_TOP_LEVEL_BRANCHES) 
-            RExC_seen |= REG_TOP_LEVEL_BRANCHES;
-        else
-            RExC_seen &= ~REG_TOP_LEVEL_BRANCHES;
-       StructCopy(&zero_scan_data, &data, scan_data_t);
-    }
-#else
-    StructCopy(&zero_scan_data, &data, scan_data_t);
-#endif    
-
-    /* Dig out information for optimizations. */
-    r->extflags = RExC_flags; /* was pm_op */
-    /*dmq: removed as part of de-PMOP: pm->op_pmflags = RExC_flags; */
-    if (UTF)
-       SvUTF8_on(rx);  /* Unicode in it? */
-    ri->regstclass = NULL;
-    if (RExC_naughty >= 10)    /* Probably an expensive pattern. */
-       r->intflags |= PREGf_NAUGHTY;
-    scan = ri->program + 1;            /* First BRANCH. */
-
-    /* testing for BRANCH here tells us whether there is "must appear"
-       data in the pattern. If there is then we can use it for optimisations */
-    if (!(RExC_seen & REG_TOP_LEVEL_BRANCHES)) { /*  Only one top-level choice. */
-       I32 fake;
-       STRLEN longest_float_length, longest_fixed_length;
-       struct regnode_charclass_class ch_class; /* pointed to by data */
-       int stclass_flag;
-       I32 last_close = 0; /* pointed to by data */
-        regnode *first= scan;
-        regnode *first_next= regnext(first);
-       /*
-        * Skip introductions and multiplicators >= 1
-        * so that we can extract the 'meat' of the pattern that must 
-        * match in the large if() sequence following.
-        * NOTE that EXACT is NOT covered here, as it is normally
-        * picked up by the optimiser separately. 
-        *
-        * This is unfortunate as the optimiser isnt handling lookahead
-        * properly currently.
-        *
-        */
-       while ((OP(first) == OPEN && (sawopen = 1)) ||
-              /* An OR of *one* alternative - should not happen now. */
-           (OP(first) == BRANCH && OP(first_next) != BRANCH) ||
-           /* for now we can't handle lookbehind IFMATCH*/
-           (OP(first) == IFMATCH && !first->flags && (sawlookahead = 1)) ||
-           (OP(first) == PLUS) ||
-           (OP(first) == MINMOD) ||
-              /* An {n,m} with n>0 */
-           (PL_regkind[OP(first)] == CURLY && ARG1(first) > 0) ||
-           (OP(first) == NOTHING && PL_regkind[OP(first_next)] != END ))
-       {
-               /* 
-                * the only op that could be a regnode is PLUS, all the rest
-                * will be regnode_1 or regnode_2.
-                *
-                */
-               if (OP(first) == PLUS)
-                   sawplus = 1;
-               else
-                   first += regarglen[OP(first)];
-
-               first = NEXTOPER(first);
-               first_next= regnext(first);
-       }
-
-       /* Starting-point info. */
-      again:
-        DEBUG_PEEP("first:",first,0);
-        /* Ignore EXACT as we deal with it later. */
-       if (PL_regkind[OP(first)] == EXACT) {
-           if (OP(first) == EXACT)
-               NOOP;   /* Empty, get anchored substr later. */
-           else
-               ri->regstclass = first;
-       }
-#ifdef TRIE_STCLASS
-       else if (PL_regkind[OP(first)] == TRIE &&
-               ((reg_trie_data *)ri->data->data[ ARG(first) ])->minlen>0) 
-       {
-           regnode *trie_op;
-           /* this can happen only on restudy */
-           if ( OP(first) == TRIE ) {
-                struct regnode_1 *trieop = (struct regnode_1 *)
-                   PerlMemShared_calloc(1, sizeof(struct regnode_1));
-                StructCopy(first,trieop,struct regnode_1);
-                trie_op=(regnode *)trieop;
-            } else {
-                struct regnode_charclass *trieop = (struct regnode_charclass *)
-                   PerlMemShared_calloc(1, sizeof(struct regnode_charclass));
-                StructCopy(first,trieop,struct regnode_charclass);
-                trie_op=(regnode *)trieop;
-            }
-            OP(trie_op)+=2;
-            make_trie_failtable(pRExC_state, (regnode *)first, trie_op, 0);
-           ri->regstclass = trie_op;
-       }
-#endif
-       else if (REGNODE_SIMPLE(OP(first)))
-           ri->regstclass = first;
-       else if (PL_regkind[OP(first)] == BOUND ||
-                PL_regkind[OP(first)] == NBOUND)
-           ri->regstclass = first;
-       else if (PL_regkind[OP(first)] == BOL) {
-           r->extflags |= (OP(first) == MBOL
-                          ? RXf_ANCH_MBOL
-                          : (OP(first) == SBOL
-                             ? RXf_ANCH_SBOL
-                             : RXf_ANCH_BOL));
-           first = NEXTOPER(first);
-           goto again;
-       }
-       else if (OP(first) == GPOS) {
-           r->extflags |= RXf_ANCH_GPOS;
-           first = NEXTOPER(first);
-           goto again;
-       }
-       else if ((!sawopen || !RExC_sawback) &&
-           (OP(first) == STAR &&
-           PL_regkind[OP(NEXTOPER(first))] == REG_ANY) &&
-           !(r->extflags & RXf_ANCH) && !pRExC_state->num_code_blocks)
-       {
-           /* turn .* into ^.* with an implied $*=1 */
-           const int type =
-               (OP(NEXTOPER(first)) == REG_ANY)
-                   ? RXf_ANCH_MBOL
-                   : RXf_ANCH_SBOL;
-           r->extflags |= type;
-           r->intflags |= PREGf_IMPLICIT;
-           first = NEXTOPER(first);
-           goto again;
-       }
-       if (sawplus && !sawlookahead && (!sawopen || !RExC_sawback)
-           && !pRExC_state->num_code_blocks) /* May examine pos and $& */
-           /* x+ must match at the 1st pos of run of x's */
-           r->intflags |= PREGf_SKIP;
-
-       /* Scan is after the zeroth branch, first is atomic matcher. */
-#ifdef TRIE_STUDY_OPT
-       DEBUG_PARSE_r(
-           if (!restudied)
-               PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log, "first at %"IVdf"\n",
-                             (IV)(first - scan + 1))
-        );
-#else
-       DEBUG_PARSE_r(
-           PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log, "first at %"IVdf"\n",
-               (IV)(first - scan + 1))
-        );
-#endif
-
-
-       /*
-       * If there's something expensive in the r.e., find the
-       * longest literal string that must appear and make it the
-       * regmust.  Resolve ties in favor of later strings, since
-       * the regstart check works with the beginning of the r.e.
-       * and avoiding duplication strengthens checking.  Not a
-       * strong reason, but sufficient in the absence of others.
-       * [Now we resolve ties in favor of the earlier string if
-       * it happens that c_offset_min has been invalidated, since the
-       * earlier string may buy us something the later one won't.]
-       */
-
-       data.longest_fixed = newSVpvs("");
-       data.longest_float = newSVpvs("");
-       data.last_found = newSVpvs("");
-       data.longest = &(data.longest_fixed);
-       ENTER_with_name("study_chunk");
-       SAVEFREESV(data.longest_fixed);
-       SAVEFREESV(data.longest_float);
-       SAVEFREESV(data.last_found);
-       first = scan;
-       if (!ri->regstclass) {
-           cl_init(pRExC_state, &ch_class);
-           data.start_class = &ch_class;
-           stclass_flag = SCF_DO_STCLASS_AND;
-       } else                          /* XXXX Check for BOUND? */
-           stclass_flag = 0;
-       data.last_closep = &last_close;
-        
-       minlen = study_chunk(pRExC_state, &first, &minlen, &fake, scan + RExC_size, /* Up to end */
-            &data, -1, NULL, NULL,
-            SCF_DO_SUBSTR | SCF_WHILEM_VISITED_POS | stclass_flag,0);
-
-
-        CHECK_RESTUDY_GOTO_butfirst(LEAVE_with_name("study_chunk"));
-
-
-       if ( RExC_npar == 1 && data.longest == &(data.longest_fixed)
-            && data.last_start_min == 0 && data.last_end > 0
-            && !RExC_seen_zerolen
-            && !(RExC_seen & REG_SEEN_VERBARG)
-            && (!(RExC_seen & REG_SEEN_GPOS) || (r->extflags & RXf_ANCH_GPOS)))
-           r->extflags |= RXf_CHECK_ALL;
-       scan_commit(pRExC_state, &data,&minlen,0);
-
-       longest_float_length = CHR_SVLEN(data.longest_float);
-
-        if (! ((SvCUR(data.longest_fixed)  /* ok to leave SvCUR */
-                   && data.offset_fixed == data.offset_float_min
-                   && SvCUR(data.longest_fixed) == SvCUR(data.longest_float)))
-            && S_setup_longest (aTHX_ pRExC_state,
-                                    data.longest_float,
-                                    &(r->float_utf8),
-                                    &(r->float_substr),
-                                    &(r->float_end_shift),
-                                    data.lookbehind_float,
-                                    data.offset_float_min,
-                                    data.minlen_float,
-                                    longest_float_length,
-                                    data.flags & SF_FL_BEFORE_EOL,
-                                    data.flags & SF_FL_BEFORE_MEOL))
-        {
-           r->float_min_offset = data.offset_float_min - data.lookbehind_float;
-           r->float_max_offset = data.offset_float_max;
-           if (data.offset_float_max < I32_MAX) /* Don't offset infinity */
-               r->float_max_offset -= data.lookbehind_float;
-           SvREFCNT_inc_simple_void_NN(data.longest_float);
-       }
-       else {
-           r->float_substr = r->float_utf8 = NULL;
-           longest_float_length = 0;
-       }
-
-       longest_fixed_length = CHR_SVLEN(data.longest_fixed);
-
-        if (S_setup_longest (aTHX_ pRExC_state,
-                                data.longest_fixed,
-                                &(r->anchored_utf8),
-                                &(r->anchored_substr),
-                                &(r->anchored_end_shift),
-                                data.lookbehind_fixed,
-                                data.offset_fixed,
-                                data.minlen_fixed,
-                                longest_fixed_length,
-                                data.flags & SF_FIX_BEFORE_EOL,
-                                data.flags & SF_FIX_BEFORE_MEOL))
-        {
-           r->anchored_offset = data.offset_fixed - data.lookbehind_fixed;
-           SvREFCNT_inc_simple_void_NN(data.longest_fixed);
-       }
-       else {
-           r->anchored_substr = r->anchored_utf8 = NULL;
-           longest_fixed_length = 0;
-       }
-       LEAVE_with_name("study_chunk");
-
-       if (ri->regstclass
-           && (OP(ri->regstclass) == REG_ANY || OP(ri->regstclass) == SANY))
-           ri->regstclass = NULL;
-
-       if ((!(r->anchored_substr || r->anchored_utf8) || r->anchored_offset)
-           && stclass_flag
-           && !(data.start_class->flags & ANYOF_EOS)
-           && !cl_is_anything(data.start_class))
-       {
-           const U32 n = add_data(pRExC_state, 1, "f");
-           data.start_class->flags |= ANYOF_IS_SYNTHETIC;
-
-           Newx(RExC_rxi->data->data[n], 1,
-               struct regnode_charclass_class);
-           StructCopy(data.start_class,
-                      (struct regnode_charclass_class*)RExC_rxi->data->data[n],
-                      struct regnode_charclass_class);
-           ri->regstclass = (regnode*)RExC_rxi->data->data[n];
-           r->intflags &= ~PREGf_SKIP; /* Used in find_byclass(). */
-           DEBUG_COMPILE_r({ SV *sv = sv_newmortal();
-                     regprop(r, sv, (regnode*)data.start_class);
-                     PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log,
-                                   "synthetic stclass \"%s\".\n",
-                                   SvPVX_const(sv));});
-       }
-
-       /* A temporary algorithm prefers floated substr to fixed one to dig more info. */
-       if (longest_fixed_length > longest_float_length) {
-           r->check_end_shift = r->anchored_end_shift;
-           r->check_substr = r->anchored_substr;
-           r->check_utf8 = r->anchored_utf8;
-           r->check_offset_min = r->check_offset_max = r->anchored_offset;
-           if (r->extflags & RXf_ANCH_SINGLE)
-               r->extflags |= RXf_NOSCAN;
-       }
-       else {
-           r->check_end_shift = r->float_end_shift;
-           r->check_substr = r->float_substr;
-           r->check_utf8 = r->float_utf8;
-           r->check_offset_min = r->float_min_offset;
-           r->check_offset_max = r->float_max_offset;
-       }
-       /* XXXX Currently intuiting is not compatible with ANCH_GPOS.
-          This should be changed ASAP!  */
-       if ((r->check_substr || r->check_utf8) && !(r->extflags & RXf_ANCH_GPOS)) {
-           r->extflags |= RXf_USE_INTUIT;
-           if (SvTAIL(r->check_substr ? r->check_substr : r->check_utf8))
-               r->extflags |= RXf_INTUIT_TAIL;
-       }
-       /* XXX Unneeded? dmq (shouldn't as this is handled elsewhere)
-       if ( (STRLEN)minlen < longest_float_length )
-            minlen= longest_float_length;
-        if ( (STRLEN)minlen < longest_fixed_length )
-            minlen= longest_fixed_length;     
-        */
-    }
-    else {
-       /* Several toplevels. Best we can is to set minlen. */
-       I32 fake;
-       struct regnode_charclass_class ch_class;
-       I32 last_close = 0;
-
-       DEBUG_PARSE_r(PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log, "\nMulti Top Level\n"));
-
-       scan = ri->program + 1;
-       cl_init(pRExC_state, &ch_class);
-       data.start_class = &ch_class;
-       data.last_closep = &last_close;
-
-        
-       minlen = study_chunk(pRExC_state, &scan, &minlen, &fake, scan + RExC_size,
-           &data, -1, NULL, NULL, SCF_DO_STCLASS_AND|SCF_WHILEM_VISITED_POS,0);
-        
-        CHECK_RESTUDY_GOTO_butfirst(NOOP);
-
-       r->check_substr = r->check_utf8 = r->anchored_substr = r->anchored_utf8
-               = r->float_substr = r->float_utf8 = NULL;
-
-       if (!(data.start_class->flags & ANYOF_EOS)
-           && !cl_is_anything(data.start_class))
-       {
-           const U32 n = add_data(pRExC_state, 1, "f");
-           data.start_class->flags |= ANYOF_IS_SYNTHETIC;
-
-           Newx(RExC_rxi->data->data[n], 1,
-               struct regnode_charclass_class);
-           StructCopy(data.start_class,
-                      (struct regnode_charclass_class*)RExC_rxi->data->data[n],
-                      struct regnode_charclass_class);
-           ri->regstclass = (regnode*)RExC_rxi->data->data[n];
-           r->intflags &= ~PREGf_SKIP; /* Used in find_byclass(). */
-           DEBUG_COMPILE_r({ SV* sv = sv_newmortal();
-                     regprop(r, sv, (regnode*)data.start_class);
-                     PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log,
-                                   "synthetic stclass \"%s\".\n",
-                                   SvPVX_const(sv));});
-       }
-    }
-
-    /* Guard against an embedded (?=) or (?<=) with a longer minlen than
-       the "real" pattern. */
-    DEBUG_OPTIMISE_r({
-       PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log,"minlen: %"IVdf" r->minlen:%"IVdf"\n",
-                     (IV)minlen, (IV)r->minlen);
-    });
-    r->minlenret = minlen;
-    if (r->minlen < minlen) 
-        r->minlen = minlen;
-    
-    if (RExC_seen & REG_SEEN_GPOS)
-       r->extflags |= RXf_GPOS_SEEN;
-    if (RExC_seen & REG_SEEN_LOOKBEHIND)
-       r->extflags |= RXf_LOOKBEHIND_SEEN;
-    if (pRExC_state->num_code_blocks)
-       r->extflags |= RXf_EVAL_SEEN;
-    if (RExC_seen & REG_SEEN_CANY)
-       r->extflags |= RXf_CANY_SEEN;
-    if (RExC_seen & REG_SEEN_VERBARG)
-    {
-       r->intflags |= PREGf_VERBARG_SEEN;
-       r->extflags |= RXf_MODIFIES_VARS;
-    }
-    if (RExC_seen & REG_SEEN_CUTGROUP)
-       r->intflags |= PREGf_CUTGROUP_SEEN;
-    if (pm_flags & PMf_USE_RE_EVAL)
-       r->intflags |= PREGf_USE_RE_EVAL;
-    if (RExC_paren_names)
-        RXp_PAREN_NAMES(r) = MUTABLE_HV(SvREFCNT_inc(RExC_paren_names));
-    else
-        RXp_PAREN_NAMES(r) = NULL;
-
-#ifdef STUPID_PATTERN_CHECKS            
-    if (RX_PRELEN(rx) == 0)
-        r->extflags |= RXf_NULL;
-    if (RX_PRELEN(rx) == 3 && memEQ("\\s+", RX_PRECOMP(rx), 3))
-        r->extflags |= RXf_WHITE;
-    else if (RX_PRELEN(rx) == 1 && RXp_PRECOMP(rx)[0] == '^')
-        r->extflags |= RXf_START_ONLY;
-#else
-    {
-        regnode *first = ri->program + 1;
-        U8 fop = OP(first);
-
-        if (PL_regkind[fop] == NOTHING && OP(NEXTOPER(first)) == END)
-            r->extflags |= RXf_NULL;
-        else if (PL_regkind[fop] == BOL && OP(NEXTOPER(first)) == END)
-            r->extflags |= RXf_START_ONLY;
-        else if (fop == PLUS && OP(NEXTOPER(first)) == SPACE
-                            && OP(regnext(first)) == END)
-            r->extflags |= RXf_WHITE;    
-    }
-#endif
-#ifdef DEBUGGING
-    if (RExC_paren_names) {
-        ri->name_list_idx = add_data( pRExC_state, 1, "a" );
-        ri->data->data[ri->name_list_idx] = (void*)SvREFCNT_inc(RExC_paren_name_list);
-    } else
-#endif
-        ri->name_list_idx = 0;
-
-    if (RExC_recurse_count) {
-        for ( ; RExC_recurse_count ; RExC_recurse_count-- ) {
-            const regnode *scan = RExC_recurse[RExC_recurse_count-1];
-            ARG2L_SET( scan, RExC_open_parens[ARG(scan)-1] - scan );
-        }
-    }
-    Newxz(r->offs, RExC_npar, regexp_paren_pair);
-    /* assume we don't need to swap parens around before we match */
-
-    DEBUG_DUMP_r({
-        PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log,"Final program:\n");
-        regdump(r);
-    });
-#ifdef RE_TRACK_PATTERN_OFFSETS
-    DEBUG_OFFSETS_r(if (ri->u.offsets) {
-        const U32 len = ri->u.offsets[0];
-        U32 i;
-        GET_RE_DEBUG_FLAGS_DECL;
-        PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log, "Offsets: [%"UVuf"]\n\t", (UV)ri->u.offsets[0]);
-        for (i = 1; i <= len; i++) {
-            if (ri->u.offsets[i*2-1] || ri->u.offsets[i*2])
-                PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log, "%"UVuf":%"UVuf"[%"UVuf"] ",
-                (UV)i, (UV)ri->u.offsets[i*2-1], (UV)ri->u.offsets[i*2]);
-            }
-        PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log, "\n");
-    });
-#endif
-    return rx;
-}
-
-
-SV*
-Perl_reg_named_buff(pTHX_ REGEXP * const rx, SV * const key, SV * const value,
-                    const U32 flags)
-{
-    PERL_ARGS_ASSERT_REG_NAMED_BUFF;
-
-    PERL_UNUSED_ARG(value);
-
-    if (flags & RXapif_FETCH) {
-        return reg_named_buff_fetch(rx, key, flags);
-    } else if (flags & (RXapif_STORE | RXapif_DELETE | RXapif_CLEAR)) {
-        Perl_croak_no_modify();
-        return NULL;
-    } else if (flags & RXapif_EXISTS) {
-        return reg_named_buff_exists(rx, key, flags)
-            ? &PL_sv_yes
-            : &PL_sv_no;
-    } else if (flags & RXapif_REGNAMES) {
-        return reg_named_buff_all(rx, flags);
-    } else if (flags & (RXapif_SCALAR | RXapif_REGNAMES_COUNT)) {
-        return reg_named_buff_scalar(rx, flags);
-    } else {
-        Perl_croak(aTHX_ "panic: Unknown flags %d in named_buff", (int)flags);
-        return NULL;
-    }
-}
-
-SV*
-Perl_reg_named_buff_iter(pTHX_ REGEXP * const rx, const SV * const lastkey,
-                         const U32 flags)
-{
-    PERL_ARGS_ASSERT_REG_NAMED_BUFF_ITER;
-    PERL_UNUSED_ARG(lastkey);
-
-    if (flags & RXapif_FIRSTKEY)
-        return reg_named_buff_firstkey(rx, flags);
-    else if (flags & RXapif_NEXTKEY)
-        return reg_named_buff_nextkey(rx, flags);
-    else {
-        Perl_croak(aTHX_ "panic: Unknown flags %d in named_buff_iter", (int)flags);
-        return NULL;
-    }
-}
-
-SV*
-Perl_reg_named_buff_fetch(pTHX_ REGEXP * const r, SV * const namesv,
-                         const U32 flags)
-{
-    AV *retarray = NULL;
-    SV *ret;
-    struct regexp *const rx = ReANY(r);
-
-    PERL_ARGS_ASSERT_REG_NAMED_BUFF_FETCH;
-
-    if (flags & RXapif_ALL)
-        retarray=newAV();
-
-    if (rx && RXp_PAREN_NAMES(rx)) {
-        HE *he_str = hv_fetch_ent( RXp_PAREN_NAMES(rx), namesv, 0, 0 );
-        if (he_str) {
-            IV i;
-            SV* sv_dat=HeVAL(he_str);
-            I32 *nums=(I32*)SvPVX(sv_dat);
-            for ( i=0; i<SvIVX(sv_dat); i++ ) {
-                if ((I32)(rx->nparens) >= nums[i]
-                    && rx->offs[nums[i]].start != -1
-                    && rx->offs[nums[i]].end != -1)
-                {
-                    ret = newSVpvs("");
-                    CALLREG_NUMBUF_FETCH(r,nums[i],ret);
-                    if (!retarray)
-                        return ret;
-                } else {
-                    if (retarray)
-                        ret = newSVsv(&PL_sv_undef);
-                }
-                if (retarray)
-                    av_push(retarray, ret);
-            }
-            if (retarray)
-                return newRV_noinc(MUTABLE_SV(retarray));
-        }
-    }
-    return NULL;
-}
-
-bool
-Perl_reg_named_buff_exists(pTHX_ REGEXP * const r, SV * const key,
-                           const U32 flags)
-{
-    struct regexp *const rx = ReANY(r);
-
-    PERL_ARGS_ASSERT_REG_NAMED_BUFF_EXISTS;
-
-    if (rx && RXp_PAREN_NAMES(rx)) {
-        if (flags & RXapif_ALL) {
-            return hv_exists_ent(RXp_PAREN_NAMES(rx), key, 0);
-        } else {
-           SV *sv = CALLREG_NAMED_BUFF_FETCH(r, key, flags);
-            if (sv) {
-               SvREFCNT_dec(sv);
-                return TRUE;
-            } else {
-                return FALSE;
-            }
-        }
-    } else {
-        return FALSE;
-    }
-}
-
-SV*
-Perl_reg_named_buff_firstkey(pTHX_ REGEXP * const r, const U32 flags)
-{
-    struct regexp *const rx = ReANY(r);
-
-    PERL_ARGS_ASSERT_REG_NAMED_BUFF_FIRSTKEY;
-
-    if ( rx && RXp_PAREN_NAMES(rx) ) {
-       (void)hv_iterinit(RXp_PAREN_NAMES(rx));
-
-       return CALLREG_NAMED_BUFF_NEXTKEY(r, NULL, flags & ~RXapif_FIRSTKEY);
-    } else {
-       return FALSE;
-    }
-}
-
-SV*
-Perl_reg_named_buff_nextkey(pTHX_ REGEXP * const r, const U32 flags)
-{
-    struct regexp *const rx = ReANY(r);
-    GET_RE_DEBUG_FLAGS_DECL;
-
-    PERL_ARGS_ASSERT_REG_NAMED_BUFF_NEXTKEY;
-
-    if (rx && RXp_PAREN_NAMES(rx)) {
-        HV *hv = RXp_PAREN_NAMES(rx);
-        HE *temphe;
-        while ( (temphe = hv_iternext_flags(hv,0)) ) {
-            IV i;
-            IV parno = 0;
-            SV* sv_dat = HeVAL(temphe);
-            I32 *nums = (I32*)SvPVX(sv_dat);
-            for ( i = 0; i < SvIVX(sv_dat); i++ ) {
-                if ((I32)(rx->lastparen) >= nums[i] &&
-                    rx->offs[nums[i]].start != -1 &&
-                    rx->offs[nums[i]].end != -1)
-                {
-                    parno = nums[i];
-                    break;
-                }
-            }
-            if (parno || flags & RXapif_ALL) {
-               return newSVhek(HeKEY_hek(temphe));
-            }
-        }
-    }
-    return NULL;
-}
-
-SV*
-Perl_reg_named_buff_scalar(pTHX_ REGEXP * const r, const U32 flags)
-{
-    SV *ret;
-    AV *av;
-    I32 length;
-    struct regexp *const rx = ReANY(r);
-
-    PERL_ARGS_ASSERT_REG_NAMED_BUFF_SCALAR;
-
-    if (rx && RXp_PAREN_NAMES(rx)) {
-        if (flags & (RXapif_ALL | RXapif_REGNAMES_COUNT)) {
-            return newSViv(HvTOTALKEYS(RXp_PAREN_NAMES(rx)));
-        } else if (flags & RXapif_ONE) {
-            ret = CALLREG_NAMED_BUFF_ALL(r, (flags | RXapif_REGNAMES));
-            av = MUTABLE_AV(SvRV(ret));
-            length = av_len(av);
-           SvREFCNT_dec(ret);
-            return newSViv(length + 1);
-        } else {
-            Perl_croak(aTHX_ "panic: Unknown flags %d in named_buff_scalar", (int)flags);
-            return NULL;
-        }
-    }
-    return &PL_sv_undef;
-}
-
-SV*
-Perl_reg_named_buff_all(pTHX_ REGEXP * const r, const U32 flags)
-{
-    struct regexp *const rx = ReANY(r);
-    AV *av = newAV();
-
-    PERL_ARGS_ASSERT_REG_NAMED_BUFF_ALL;
-
-    if (rx && RXp_PAREN_NAMES(rx)) {
-        HV *hv= RXp_PAREN_NAMES(rx);
-        HE *temphe;
-        (void)hv_iterinit(hv);
-        while ( (temphe = hv_iternext_flags(hv,0)) ) {
-            IV i;
-            IV parno = 0;
-            SV* sv_dat = HeVAL(temphe);
-            I32 *nums = (I32*)SvPVX(sv_dat);
-            for ( i = 0; i < SvIVX(sv_dat); i++ ) {
-                if ((I32)(rx->lastparen) >= nums[i] &&
-                    rx->offs[nums[i]].start != -1 &&
-                    rx->offs[nums[i]].end != -1)
-                {
-                    parno = nums[i];
-                    break;
-                }
-            }
-            if (parno || flags & RXapif_ALL) {
-                av_push(av, newSVhek(HeKEY_hek(temphe)));
-            }
-        }
-    }
-
-    return newRV_noinc(MUTABLE_SV(av));
-}
-
-void
-Perl_reg_numbered_buff_fetch(pTHX_ REGEXP * const r, const I32 paren,
-                            SV * const sv)
-{
-    struct regexp *const rx = ReANY(r);
-    char *s = NULL;
-    I32 i = 0;
-    I32 s1, t1;
-    I32 n = paren;
-
-    PERL_ARGS_ASSERT_REG_NUMBERED_BUFF_FETCH;
-        
-    if ( (    n == RX_BUFF_IDX_CARET_PREMATCH
-           || n == RX_BUFF_IDX_CARET_FULLMATCH
-           || n == RX_BUFF_IDX_CARET_POSTMATCH
-         )
-         && !(rx->extflags & RXf_PMf_KEEPCOPY)
-    )
-        goto ret_undef;
-
-    if (!rx->subbeg)
-        goto ret_undef;
-
-    if (n == RX_BUFF_IDX_CARET_FULLMATCH)
-        /* no need to distinguish between them any more */
-        n = RX_BUFF_IDX_FULLMATCH;
-
-    if ((n == RX_BUFF_IDX_PREMATCH || n == RX_BUFF_IDX_CARET_PREMATCH)
-        && rx->offs[0].start != -1)
-    {
-        /* $`, ${^PREMATCH} */
-       i = rx->offs[0].start;
-       s = rx->subbeg;
-    }
-    else 
-    if ((n == RX_BUFF_IDX_POSTMATCH || n == RX_BUFF_IDX_CARET_POSTMATCH)
-        && rx->offs[0].end != -1)
-    {
-        /* $', ${^POSTMATCH} */
-       s = rx->subbeg - rx->suboffset + rx->offs[0].end;
-       i = rx->sublen + rx->suboffset - rx->offs[0].end;
-    } 
-    else
-    if ( 0 <= n && n <= (I32)rx->nparens &&
-        (s1 = rx->offs[n].start) != -1 &&
-        (t1 = rx->offs[n].end) != -1)
-    {
-        /* $&, ${^MATCH},  $1 ... */
-        i = t1 - s1;
-        s = rx->subbeg + s1 - rx->suboffset;
-    } else {
-        goto ret_undef;
-    }          
-
-    assert(s >= rx->subbeg);
-    assert(rx->sublen >= (s - rx->subbeg) + i );
-    if (i >= 0) {
-#if NO_TAINT_SUPPORT
-        sv_setpvn(sv, s, i);
-#else
-        const int oldtainted = TAINT_get;
-        TAINT_NOT;
-        sv_setpvn(sv, s, i);
-        TAINT_set(oldtainted);
-#endif
-        if ( (rx->extflags & RXf_CANY_SEEN)
-            ? (RXp_MATCH_UTF8(rx)
-                        && (!i || is_utf8_string((U8*)s, i)))
-            : (RXp_MATCH_UTF8(rx)) )
-        {
-            SvUTF8_on(sv);
-        }
-        else
-            SvUTF8_off(sv);
-        if (TAINTING_get) {
-            if (RXp_MATCH_TAINTED(rx)) {
-                if (SvTYPE(sv) >= SVt_PVMG) {
-                    MAGIC* const mg = SvMAGIC(sv);
-                    MAGIC* mgt;
-                    TAINT;
-                    SvMAGIC_set(sv, mg->mg_moremagic);
-                    SvTAINT(sv);
-                    if ((mgt = SvMAGIC(sv))) {
-                        mg->mg_moremagic = mgt;
-                        SvMAGIC_set(sv, mg);
-                    }
-                } else {
-                    TAINT;
-                    SvTAINT(sv);
-                }
-            } else 
-                SvTAINTED_off(sv);
-        }
-    } else {
-      ret_undef:
-        sv_setsv(sv,&PL_sv_undef);
-        return;
-    }
-}
-
-void
-Perl_reg_numbered_buff_store(pTHX_ REGEXP * const rx, const I32 paren,
-                                                        SV const * const value)
-{
-    PERL_ARGS_ASSERT_REG_NUMBERED_BUFF_STORE;
-
-    PERL_UNUSED_ARG(rx);
-    PERL_UNUSED_ARG(paren);
-    PERL_UNUSED_ARG(value);
-
-    if (!PL_localizing)
-        Perl_croak_no_modify();
-}
-
-I32
-Perl_reg_numbered_buff_length(pTHX_ REGEXP * const r, const SV * const sv,
-                              const I32 paren)
-{
-    struct regexp *const rx = ReANY(r);
-    I32 i;
-    I32 s1, t1;
-
-    PERL_ARGS_ASSERT_REG_NUMBERED_BUFF_LENGTH;
-
-    /* Some of this code was originally in C<Perl_magic_len> in F<mg.c> */
-    switch (paren) {
-      case RX_BUFF_IDX_CARET_PREMATCH: /* ${^PREMATCH} */
-         if (!(rx->extflags & RXf_PMf_KEEPCOPY))
-            goto warn_undef;
-        /*FALLTHROUGH*/
-
-      case RX_BUFF_IDX_PREMATCH:       /* $` */
-        if (rx->offs[0].start != -1) {
-                       i = rx->offs[0].start;
-                       if (i > 0) {
-                               s1 = 0;
-                               t1 = i;
-                               goto getlen;
-                       }
-           }
-        return 0;
-
-      case RX_BUFF_IDX_CARET_POSTMATCH: /* ${^POSTMATCH} */
-         if (!(rx->extflags & RXf_PMf_KEEPCOPY))
-            goto warn_undef;
-      case RX_BUFF_IDX_POSTMATCH:       /* $' */
-           if (rx->offs[0].end != -1) {
-                       i = rx->sublen - rx->offs[0].end;
-                       if (i > 0) {
-                               s1 = rx->offs[0].end;
-                               t1 = rx->sublen;
-                               goto getlen;
-                       }
-           }
-        return 0;
-
-      case RX_BUFF_IDX_CARET_FULLMATCH: /* ${^MATCH} */
-         if (!(rx->extflags & RXf_PMf_KEEPCOPY))
-            goto warn_undef;
-        /*FALLTHROUGH*/
-
-      /* $& / ${^MATCH}, $1, $2, ... */
-      default:
-           if (paren <= (I32)rx->nparens &&
-            (s1 = rx->offs[paren].start) != -1 &&
-            (t1 = rx->offs[paren].end) != -1)
-           {
-            i = t1 - s1;
-            goto getlen;
-        } else {
-          warn_undef:
-            if (ckWARN(WARN_UNINITIALIZED))
-                report_uninit((const SV *)sv);
-            return 0;
-        }
-    }
-  getlen:
-    if (i > 0 && RXp_MATCH_UTF8(rx)) {
-        const char * const s = rx->subbeg - rx->suboffset + s1;
-        const U8 *ep;
-        STRLEN el;
-
-        i = t1 - s1;
-        if (is_utf8_string_loclen((U8*)s, i, &ep, &el))
-                       i = el;
-    }
-    return i;
-}
-
-SV*
-Perl_reg_qr_package(pTHX_ REGEXP * const rx)
-{
-    PERL_ARGS_ASSERT_REG_QR_PACKAGE;
-       PERL_UNUSED_ARG(rx);
-       if (0)
-           return NULL;
-       else
-           return newSVpvs("Regexp");
-}
-
-/* Scans the name of a named buffer from the pattern.
- * If flags is REG_RSN_RETURN_NULL returns null.
- * If flags is REG_RSN_RETURN_NAME returns an SV* containing the name
- * If flags is REG_RSN_RETURN_DATA returns the data SV* corresponding
- * to the parsed name as looked up in the RExC_paren_names hash.
- * If there is an error throws a vFAIL().. type exception.
- */
-
-#define REG_RSN_RETURN_NULL    0
-#define REG_RSN_RETURN_NAME    1
-#define REG_RSN_RETURN_DATA    2
-
-STATIC SV*
-S_reg_scan_name(pTHX_ RExC_state_t *pRExC_state, U32 flags)
-{
-    char *name_start = RExC_parse;
-
-    PERL_ARGS_ASSERT_REG_SCAN_NAME;
-
-    if (isIDFIRST_lazy_if(RExC_parse, UTF)) {
-        /* skip IDFIRST by using do...while */
-       if (UTF)
-           do {
-               RExC_parse += UTF8SKIP(RExC_parse);
-           } while (isALNUM_utf8((U8*)RExC_parse));
-       else
-           do {
-               RExC_parse++;
-           } while (isALNUM(*RExC_parse));
-    } else {
-       RExC_parse++; /* so the <- from the vFAIL is after the offending character */
-        vFAIL("Group name must start with a non-digit word character");
-    }
-    if ( flags ) {
-        SV* sv_name
-           = newSVpvn_flags(name_start, (int)(RExC_parse - name_start),
-                            SVs_TEMP | (UTF ? SVf_UTF8 : 0));
-        if ( flags == REG_RSN_RETURN_NAME)
-            return sv_name;
-        else if (flags==REG_RSN_RETURN_DATA) {
-            HE *he_str = NULL;
-            SV *sv_dat = NULL;
-            if ( ! sv_name )      /* should not happen*/
-                Perl_croak(aTHX_ "panic: no svname in reg_scan_name");
-            if (RExC_paren_names)
-                he_str = hv_fetch_ent( RExC_paren_names, sv_name, 0, 0 );
-            if ( he_str )
-                sv_dat = HeVAL(he_str);
-            if ( ! sv_dat )
-                vFAIL("Reference to nonexistent named group");
-            return sv_dat;
-        }
-        else {
-            Perl_croak(aTHX_ "panic: bad flag %lx in reg_scan_name",
-                      (unsigned long) flags);
-        }
-        assert(0); /* NOT REACHED */
-    }
-    return NULL;
-}
-
-#define DEBUG_PARSE_MSG(funcname)     DEBUG_PARSE_r({           \
-    int rem=(int)(RExC_end - RExC_parse);                       \
-    int cut;                                                    \
-    int num;                                                    \
-    int iscut=0;                                                \
-    if (rem>10) {                                               \
-        rem=10;                                                 \
-        iscut=1;                                                \
-    }                                                           \
-    cut=10-rem;                                                 \
-    if (RExC_lastparse!=RExC_parse)                             \
-        PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log," >%.*s%-*s",              \
-            rem, RExC_parse,                                    \
-            cut + 4,                                            \
-            iscut ? "..." : "<"                                 \
-        );                                                      \
-    else                                                        \
-        PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log,"%16s","");                \
-                                                                \
-    if (SIZE_ONLY)                                              \
-       num = RExC_size + 1;                                     \
-    else                                                        \
-       num=REG_NODE_NUM(RExC_emit);                             \
-    if (RExC_lastnum!=num)                                      \
-       PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log,"|%4d",num);                \
-    else                                                        \
-       PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log,"|%4s","");                 \
-    PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log,"|%*s%-4s",                    \
-        (int)((depth*2)), "",                                   \
-        (funcname)                                              \
-    );                                                          \
-    RExC_lastnum=num;                                           \
-    RExC_lastparse=RExC_parse;                                  \
-})
-
-
-
-#define DEBUG_PARSE(funcname)     DEBUG_PARSE_r({           \
-    DEBUG_PARSE_MSG((funcname));                            \
-    PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log,"%4s","\n");               \
-})
-#define DEBUG_PARSE_FMT(funcname,fmt,args)     DEBUG_PARSE_r({           \
-    DEBUG_PARSE_MSG((funcname));                            \
-    PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log,fmt "\n",args);               \
-})
-
-/* This section of code defines the inversion list object and its methods.  The
- * interfaces are highly subject to change, so as much as possible is static to
- * this file.  An inversion list is here implemented as a malloc'd C UV array
- * with some added info that is placed as UVs at the beginning in a header
- * portion.  An inversion list for Unicode is an array of code points, sorted
- * by ordinal number.  The zeroth element is the first code point in the list.
- * The 1th element is the first element beyond that not in the list.  In other
- * words, the first range is
- *  invlist[0]..(invlist[1]-1)
- * The other ranges follow.  Thus every element whose index is divisible by two
- * marks the beginning of a range that is in the list, and every element not
- * divisible by two marks the beginning of a range not in the list.  A single
- * element inversion list that contains the single code point N generally
- * consists of two elements
- *  invlist[0] == N
- *  invlist[1] == N+1
- * (The exception is when N is the highest representable value on the
- * machine, in which case the list containing just it would be a single
- * element, itself.  By extension, if the last range in the list extends to
- * infinity, then the first element of that range will be in the inversion list
- * at a position that is divisible by two, and is the final element in the
- * list.)
- * Taking the complement (inverting) an inversion list is quite simple, if the
- * first element is 0, remove it; otherwise add a 0 element at the beginning.
- * This implementation reserves an element at the beginning of each inversion
- * list to contain 0 when the list contains 0, and contains 1 otherwise.  The
- * actual beginning of the list is either that element if 0, or the next one if
- * 1.
- *
- * More about inversion lists can be found in "Unicode Demystified"
- * Chapter 13 by Richard Gillam, published by Addison-Wesley.
- * More will be coming when functionality is added later.
- *
- * The inversion list data structure is currently implemented as an SV pointing
- * to an array of UVs that the SV thinks are bytes.  This allows us to have an
- * array of UV whose memory management is automatically handled by the existing
- * facilities for SV's.
- *
- * Some of the methods should always be private to the implementation, and some
- * should eventually be made public */
-
-/* The header definitions are in F<inline_invlist.c> */
-
-#define TO_INTERNAL_SIZE(x) ((x + HEADER_LENGTH) * sizeof(UV))
-#define FROM_INTERNAL_SIZE(x) ((x / sizeof(UV)) - HEADER_LENGTH)
-
-#define INVLIST_INITIAL_LEN 10
-
-PERL_STATIC_INLINE UV*
-S__invlist_array_init(pTHX_ SV* const invlist, const bool will_have_0)
-{
-    /* Returns a pointer to the first element in the inversion list's array.
-     * This is called upon initialization of an inversion list.  Where the
-     * array begins depends on whether the list has the code point U+0000
-     * in it or not.  The other parameter tells it whether the code that
-     * follows this call is about to put a 0 in the inversion list or not.
-     * The first element is either the element with 0, if 0, or the next one,
-     * if 1 */
-
-    UV* zero = get_invlist_zero_addr(invlist);
-
-    PERL_ARGS_ASSERT__INVLIST_ARRAY_INIT;
-
-    /* Must be empty */
-    assert(! *_get_invlist_len_addr(invlist));
-
-    /* 1^1 = 0; 1^0 = 1 */
-    *zero = 1 ^ will_have_0;
-    return zero + *zero;
-}
-
-PERL_STATIC_INLINE UV*
-S_invlist_array(pTHX_ SV* const invlist)
-{
-    /* Returns the pointer to the inversion list's array.  Every time the
-     * length changes, this needs to be called in case malloc or realloc moved
-     * it */
-
-    PERL_ARGS_ASSERT_INVLIST_ARRAY;
-
-    /* Must not be empty.  If these fail, you probably didn't check for <len>
-     * being non-zero before trying to get the array */
-    assert(*_get_invlist_len_addr(invlist));
-    assert(*get_invlist_zero_addr(invlist) == 0
-          || *get_invlist_zero_addr(invlist) == 1);
-
-    /* The array begins either at the element reserved for zero if the
-     * list contains 0 (that element will be set to 0), or otherwise the next
-     * element (in which case the reserved element will be set to 1). */
-    return (UV *) (get_invlist_zero_addr(invlist)
-                  + *get_invlist_zero_addr(invlist));
-}
-
-PERL_STATIC_INLINE void
-S_invlist_set_len(pTHX_ SV* const invlist, const UV len)
-{
-    /* Sets the current number of elements stored in the inversion list */
-
-    PERL_ARGS_ASSERT_INVLIST_SET_LEN;
-
-    *_get_invlist_len_addr(invlist) = len;
-
-    assert(len <= SvLEN(invlist));
-
-    SvCUR_set(invlist, TO_INTERNAL_SIZE(len));
-    /* If the list contains U+0000, that element is part of the header,
-     * and should not be counted as part of the array.  It will contain
-     * 0 in that case, and 1 otherwise.  So we could flop 0=>1, 1=>0 and
-     * subtract:
-     * SvCUR_set(invlist,
-     *           TO_INTERNAL_SIZE(len
-     *                            - (*get_invlist_zero_addr(inv_list) ^ 1)));
-     * But, this is only valid if len is not 0.  The consequences of not doing
-     * this is that the memory allocation code may think that 1 more UV is
-     * being used than actually is, and so might do an unnecessary grow.  That
-     * seems worth not bothering to make this the precise amount.
-     *
-     * Note that when inverting, SvCUR shouldn't change */
-}
-
-PERL_STATIC_INLINE IV*
-S_get_invlist_previous_index_addr(pTHX_ SV* invlist)
-{
-    /* Return the address of the UV that is reserved to hold the cached index
-     * */
-
-    PERL_ARGS_ASSERT_GET_INVLIST_PREVIOUS_INDEX_ADDR;
-
-    return (IV *) (SvPVX(invlist) + (INVLIST_PREVIOUS_INDEX_OFFSET * sizeof (UV)));
-}
-
-PERL_STATIC_INLINE IV
-S_invlist_previous_index(pTHX_ SV* const invlist)
-{
-    /* Returns cached index of previous search */
-
-    PERL_ARGS_ASSERT_INVLIST_PREVIOUS_INDEX;
-
-    return *get_invlist_previous_index_addr(invlist);
-}
-
-PERL_STATIC_INLINE void
-S_invlist_set_previous_index(pTHX_ SV* const invlist, const IV index)
-{
-    /* Caches <index> for later retrieval */
-
-    PERL_ARGS_ASSERT_INVLIST_SET_PREVIOUS_INDEX;
-
-    assert(index == 0 || index < (int) _invlist_len(invlist));
-
-    *get_invlist_previous_index_addr(invlist) = index;
-}
-
-PERL_STATIC_INLINE UV
-S_invlist_max(pTHX_ SV* const invlist)
-{
-    /* Returns the maximum number of elements storable in the inversion list's
-     * array, without having to realloc() */
-
-    PERL_ARGS_ASSERT_INVLIST_MAX;
-
-    return FROM_INTERNAL_SIZE(SvLEN(invlist));
-}
-
-PERL_STATIC_INLINE UV*
-S_get_invlist_zero_addr(pTHX_ SV* invlist)
-{
-    /* Return the address of the UV that is reserved to hold 0 if the inversion
-     * list contains 0.  This has to be the last element of the heading, as the
-     * list proper starts with either it if 0, or the next element if not.
-     * (But we force it to contain either 0 or 1) */
-
-    PERL_ARGS_ASSERT_GET_INVLIST_ZERO_ADDR;
-
-    return (UV *) (SvPVX(invlist) + (INVLIST_ZERO_OFFSET * sizeof (UV)));
-}
-
-#ifndef PERL_IN_XSUB_RE
-SV*
-Perl__new_invlist(pTHX_ IV initial_size)
-{
-
-    /* Return a pointer to a newly constructed inversion list, with enough
-     * space to store 'initial_size' elements.  If that number is negative, a
-     * system default is used instead */
-
-    SV* new_list;
-
-    if (initial_size < 0) {
-       initial_size = INVLIST_INITIAL_LEN;
-    }
-
-    /* Allocate the initial space */
-    new_list = newSV(TO_INTERNAL_SIZE(initial_size));
-    invlist_set_len(new_list, 0);
-
-    /* Force iterinit() to be used to get iteration to work */
-    *get_invlist_iter_addr(new_list) = UV_MAX;
-
-    /* This should force a segfault if a method doesn't initialize this
-     * properly */
-    *get_invlist_zero_addr(new_list) = UV_MAX;
-
-    *get_invlist_previous_index_addr(new_list) = 0;
-    *get_invlist_version_id_addr(new_list) = INVLIST_VERSION_ID;
-#if HEADER_LENGTH != 5
-#   error Need to regenerate VERSION_ID by running perl -E 'say int(rand 2**31-1)', and then changing the #if to the new length
-#endif
-
-    return new_list;
-}
-#endif
-
-STATIC SV*
-S__new_invlist_C_array(pTHX_ UV* list)
-{
-    /* Return a pointer to a newly constructed inversion list, initialized to
-     * point to <list>, which has to be in the exact correct inversion list
-     * form, including internal fields.  Thus this is a dangerous routine that
-     * should not be used in the wrong hands */
-
-    SV* invlist = newSV_type(SVt_PV);
-
-    PERL_ARGS_ASSERT__NEW_INVLIST_C_ARRAY;
-
-    SvPV_set(invlist, (char *) list);
-    SvLEN_set(invlist, 0);  /* Means we own the contents, and the system
-                              shouldn't touch it */
-    SvCUR_set(invlist, TO_INTERNAL_SIZE(_invlist_len(invlist)));
-
-    if (*get_invlist_version_id_addr(invlist) != INVLIST_VERSION_ID) {
-        Perl_croak(aTHX_ "panic: Incorrect version for previously generated inversion list");
-    }
-
-    return invlist;
-}
-
-STATIC void
-S_invlist_extend(pTHX_ SV* const invlist, const UV new_max)
-{
-    /* Grow the maximum size of an inversion list */
-
-    PERL_ARGS_ASSERT_INVLIST_EXTEND;
-
-    SvGROW((SV *)invlist, TO_INTERNAL_SIZE(new_max));
-}
-
-PERL_STATIC_INLINE void
-S_invlist_trim(pTHX_ SV* const invlist)
-{
-    PERL_ARGS_ASSERT_INVLIST_TRIM;
-
-    /* Change the length of the inversion list to how many entries it currently
-     * has */
-
-    SvPV_shrink_to_cur((SV *) invlist);
-}
-
-#define _invlist_union_complement_2nd(a, b, output) _invlist_union_maybe_complement_2nd(a, b, TRUE, output)
-
-STATIC void
-S__append_range_to_invlist(pTHX_ SV* const invlist, const UV start, const UV end)
-{
-   /* Subject to change or removal.  Append the range from 'start' to 'end' at
-    * the end of the inversion list.  The range must be above any existing
-    * ones. */
-
-    UV* array;
-    UV max = invlist_max(invlist);
-    UV len = _invlist_len(invlist);
-
-    PERL_ARGS_ASSERT__APPEND_RANGE_TO_INVLIST;
-
-    if (len == 0) { /* Empty lists must be initialized */
-        array = _invlist_array_init(invlist, start == 0);
-    }
-    else {
-       /* Here, the existing list is non-empty. The current max entry in the
-        * list is generally the first value not in the set, except when the
-        * set extends to the end of permissible values, in which case it is
-        * the first entry in that final set, and so this call is an attempt to
-        * append out-of-order */
-
-       UV final_element = len - 1;
-       array = invlist_array(invlist);
-       if (array[final_element] > start
-           || ELEMENT_RANGE_MATCHES_INVLIST(final_element))
-       {
-           Perl_croak(aTHX_ "panic: attempting to append to an inversion list, but wasn't at the end of the list, final=%"UVuf", start=%"UVuf", match=%c",
-                      array[final_element], start,
-                      ELEMENT_RANGE_MATCHES_INVLIST(final_element) ? 't' : 'f');
-       }
-
-       /* Here, it is a legal append.  If the new range begins with the first
-        * value not in the set, it is extending the set, so the new first
-        * value not in the set is one greater than the newly extended range.
-        * */
-       if (array[final_element] == start) {
-           if (end != UV_MAX) {
-               array[final_element] = end + 1;
-           }
-           else {
-               /* But if the end is the maximum representable on the machine,
-                * just let the range that this would extend to have no end */
-               invlist_set_len(invlist, len - 1);
-           }
-           return;
-       }
-    }
-
-    /* Here the new range doesn't extend any existing set.  Add it */
-
-    len += 2;  /* Includes an element each for the start and end of range */
-
-    /* If overflows the existing space, extend, which may cause the array to be
-     * moved */
-    if (max < len) {
-       invlist_extend(invlist, len);
-       invlist_set_len(invlist, len);  /* Have to set len here to avoid assert
-                                          failure in invlist_array() */
-       array = invlist_array(invlist);
-    }
-    else {
-       invlist_set_len(invlist, len);
-    }
-
-    /* The next item on the list starts the range, the one after that is
-     * one past the new range.  */
-    array[len - 2] = start;
-    if (end != UV_MAX) {
-       array[len - 1] = end + 1;
-    }
-    else {
-       /* But if the end is the maximum representable on the machine, just let
-        * the range have no end */
-       invlist_set_len(invlist, len - 1);
-    }
-}
-
-#ifndef PERL_IN_XSUB_RE
-
-IV
-Perl__invlist_search(pTHX_ SV* const invlist, const UV cp)
-{
-    /* Searches the inversion list for the entry that contains the input code
-     * point <cp>.  If <cp> is not in the list, -1 is returned.  Otherwise, the
-     * return value is the index into the list's array of the range that
-     * contains <cp> */
-
-    IV low = 0;
-    IV mid;
-    IV high = _invlist_len(invlist);
-    const IV highest_element = high - 1;
-    const UV* array;
-
-    PERL_ARGS_ASSERT__INVLIST_SEARCH;
-
-    /* If list is empty, return failure. */
-    if (high == 0) {
-       return -1;
-    }
-
-    /* If the code point is before the first element, return failure.  (We
-     * can't combine this with the test above, because we can't get the array
-     * unless we know the list is non-empty) */
-    array = invlist_array(invlist);
-
-    mid = invlist_previous_index(invlist);
-    assert(mid >=0 && mid <= highest_element);
-
-    /* <mid> contains the cache of the result of the previous call to this
-     * function (0 the first time).  See if this call is for the same result,
-     * or if it is for mid-1.  This is under the theory that calls to this
-     * function will often be for related code points that are near each other.
-     * And benchmarks show that caching gives better results.  We also test
-     * here if the code point is within the bounds of the list.  These tests
-     * replace others that would have had to be made anyway to make sure that
-     * the array bounds were not exceeded, and these give us extra information
-     * at the same time */
-    if (cp >= array[mid]) {
-        if (cp >= array[highest_element]) {
-            return highest_element;
-        }
-
-        /* Here, array[mid] <= cp < array[highest_element].  This means that
-         * the final element is not the answer, so can exclude it; it also
-         * means that <mid> is not the final element, so can refer to 'mid + 1'
-         * safely */
-        if (cp < array[mid + 1]) {
-            return mid;
-        }
-        high--;
-        low = mid + 1;
-    }
-    else { /* cp < aray[mid] */
-        if (cp < array[0]) { /* Fail if outside the array */
-            return -1;
-        }
-        high = mid;
-        if (cp >= array[mid - 1]) {
-            goto found_entry;
-        }
-    }
-
-    /* Binary search.  What we are looking for is <i> such that
-     * array[i] <= cp < array[i+1]
-     * The loop below converges on the i+1.  Note that there may not be an
-     * (i+1)th element in the array, and things work nonetheless */
-    while (low < high) {
-       mid = (low + high) / 2;
-        assert(mid <= highest_element);
-       if (array[mid] <= cp) { /* cp >= array[mid] */
-           low = mid + 1;
-
-           /* We could do this extra test to exit the loop early.
-           if (cp < array[low]) {
-               return mid;
-           }
-           */
-       }
-       else { /* cp < array[mid] */
-           high = mid;
-       }
-    }
-
-  found_entry:
-    high--;
-    invlist_set_previous_index(invlist, high);
-    return high;
-}
-
-void
-Perl__invlist_populate_swatch(pTHX_ SV* const invlist, const UV start, const UV end, U8* swatch)
-{
-    /* populates a swatch of a swash the same way swatch_get() does in utf8.c,
-     * but is used when the swash has an inversion list.  This makes this much
-     * faster, as it uses a binary search instead of a linear one.  This is
-     * intimately tied to that function, and perhaps should be in utf8.c,
-     * except it is intimately tied to inversion lists as well.  It assumes
-     * that <swatch> is all 0's on input */
-
-    UV current = start;
-    const IV len = _invlist_len(invlist);
-    IV i;
-    const UV * array;
-
-    PERL_ARGS_ASSERT__INVLIST_POPULATE_SWATCH;
-
-    if (len == 0) { /* Empty inversion list */
-        return;
-    }
-
-    array = invlist_array(invlist);
-
-    /* Find which element it is */
-    i = _invlist_search(invlist, start);
-
-    /* We populate from <start> to <end> */
-    while (current < end) {
-        UV upper;
-
-       /* The inversion list gives the results for every possible code point
-        * after the first one in the list.  Only those ranges whose index is
-        * even are ones that the inversion list matches.  For the odd ones,
-        * and if the initial code point is not in the list, we have to skip
-        * forward to the next element */
-        if (i == -1 || ! ELEMENT_RANGE_MATCHES_INVLIST(i)) {
-            i++;
-            if (i >= len) { /* Finished if beyond the end of the array */
-                return;
-            }
-            current = array[i];
-           if (current >= end) {   /* Finished if beyond the end of what we
-                                      are populating */
-                if (LIKELY(end < UV_MAX)) {
-                    return;
-                }
-
-                /* We get here when the upper bound is the maximum
-                 * representable on the machine, and we are looking for just
-                 * that code point.  Have to special case it */
-                i = len;
-                goto join_end_of_list;
-            }
-        }
-        assert(current >= start);
-
-       /* The current range ends one below the next one, except don't go past
-        * <end> */
-        i++;
-        upper = (i < len && array[i] < end) ? array[i] : end;
-
-       /* Here we are in a range that matches.  Populate a bit in the 3-bit U8
-        * for each code point in it */
-        for (; current < upper; current++) {
-            const STRLEN offset = (STRLEN)(current - start);
-            swatch[offset >> 3] |= 1 << (offset & 7);
-        }
-
-    join_end_of_list:
-
-       /* Quit if at the end of the list */
-        if (i >= len) {
-
-           /* But first, have to deal with the highest possible code point on
-            * the platform.  The previous code assumes that <end> is one
-            * beyond where we want to populate, but that is impossible at the
-            * platform's infinity, so have to handle it specially */
-            if (UNLIKELY(end == UV_MAX && ELEMENT_RANGE_MATCHES_INVLIST(len-1)))
-           {
-                const STRLEN offset = (STRLEN)(end - start);
-                swatch[offset >> 3] |= 1 << (offset & 7);
-            }
-            return;
-        }
-
-       /* Advance to the next range, which will be for code points not in the
-        * inversion list */
-        current = array[i];
-    }
-
-    return;
-}
-
-void
-Perl__invlist_union_maybe_complement_2nd(pTHX_ SV* const a, SV* const b, bool complement_b, SV** output)
-{
-    /* Take the union of two inversion lists and point <output> to it.  *output
-     * should be defined upon input, and if it points to one of the two lists,
-     * the reference count to that list will be decremented.  The first list,
-     * <a>, may be NULL, in which case a copy of the second list is returned.
-     * If <complement_b> is TRUE, the union is taken of the complement
-     * (inversion) of <b> instead of b itself.
-     *
-     * The basis for this comes from "Unicode Demystified" Chapter 13 by
-     * Richard Gillam, published by Addison-Wesley, and explained at some
-     * length there.  The preface says to incorporate its examples into your
-     * code at your own risk.
-     *
-     * The algorithm is like a merge sort.
-     *
-     * XXX A potential performance improvement is to keep track as we go along
-     * if only one of the inputs contributes to the result, meaning the other
-     * is a subset of that one.  In that case, we can skip the final copy and
-     * return the larger of the input lists, but then outside code might need
-     * to keep track of whether to free the input list or not */
-
-    UV* array_a;    /* a's array */
-    UV* array_b;
-    UV len_a;      /* length of a's array */
-    UV len_b;
-
-    SV* u;                     /* the resulting union */
-    UV* array_u;
-    UV len_u;
-
-    UV i_a = 0;                    /* current index into a's array */
-    UV i_b = 0;
-    UV i_u = 0;
-
-    /* running count, as explained in the algorithm source book; items are
-     * stopped accumulating and are output when the count changes to/from 0.
-     * The count is incremented when we start a range that's in the set, and
-     * decremented when we start a range that's not in the set.  So its range
-     * is 0 to 2.  Only when the count is zero is something not in the set.
-     */
-    UV count = 0;
-
-    PERL_ARGS_ASSERT__INVLIST_UNION_MAYBE_COMPLEMENT_2ND;
-    assert(a != b);
-
-    /* If either one is empty, the union is the other one */
-    if (a == NULL || ((len_a = _invlist_len(a)) == 0)) {
-       if (*output == a) {
-            if (a != NULL) {
-                SvREFCNT_dec(a);
-            }
-       }
-       if (*output != b) {
-           *output = invlist_clone(b);
-            if (complement_b) {
-                _invlist_invert(*output);
-            }
-       } /* else *output already = b; */
-       return;
-    }
-    else if ((len_b = _invlist_len(b)) == 0) {
-       if (*output == b) {
-           SvREFCNT_dec(b);
-       }
-
-        /* The complement of an empty list is a list that has everything in it,
-         * so the union with <a> includes everything too */
-        if (complement_b) {
-            if (a == *output) {
-                SvREFCNT_dec(a);
-            }
-            *output = _new_invlist(1);
-            _append_range_to_invlist(*output, 0, UV_MAX);
-        }
-        else if (*output != a) {
-            *output = invlist_clone(a);
-        }
-        /* else *output already = a; */
-       return;
-    }
-
-    /* Here both lists exist and are non-empty */
-    array_a = invlist_array(a);
-    array_b = invlist_array(b);
-
-    /* If are to take the union of 'a' with the complement of b, set it
-     * up so are looking at b's complement. */
-    if (complement_b) {
-
-       /* To complement, we invert: if the first element is 0, remove it.  To
-        * do this, we just pretend the array starts one later, and clear the
-        * flag as we don't have to do anything else later */
-        if (array_b[0] == 0) {
-            array_b++;
-            len_b--;
-            complement_b = FALSE;
-        }
-        else {
-
-            /* But if the first element is not zero, we unshift a 0 before the
-             * array.  The data structure reserves a space for that 0 (which
-             * should be a '1' right now), so physical shifting is unneeded,
-             * but temporarily change that element to 0.  Before exiting the
-             * routine, we must restore the element to '1' */
-            array_b--;
-            len_b++;
-            array_b[0] = 0;
-        }
-    }
-
-    /* Size the union for the worst case: that the sets are completely
-     * disjoint */
-    u = _new_invlist(len_a + len_b);
-
-    /* Will contain U+0000 if either component does */
-    array_u = _invlist_array_init(u, (len_a > 0 && array_a[0] == 0)
-                                     || (len_b > 0 && array_b[0] == 0));
-
-    /* Go through each list item by item, stopping when exhausted one of
-     * them */
-    while (i_a < len_a && i_b < len_b) {
-       UV cp;      /* The element to potentially add to the union's array */
-       bool cp_in_set;   /* is it in the the input list's set or not */
-
-       /* We need to take one or the other of the two inputs for the union.
-        * Since we are merging two sorted lists, we take the smaller of the
-        * next items.  In case of a tie, we take the one that is in its set
-        * first.  If we took one not in the set first, it would decrement the
-        * count, possibly to 0 which would cause it to be output as ending the
-        * range, and the next time through we would take the same number, and
-        * output it again as beginning the next range.  By doing it the
-        * opposite way, there is no possibility that the count will be
-        * momentarily decremented to 0, and thus the two adjoining ranges will
-        * be seamlessly merged.  (In a tie and both are in the set or both not
-        * in the set, it doesn't matter which we take first.) */
-       if (array_a[i_a] < array_b[i_b]
-           || (array_a[i_a] == array_b[i_b]
-               && ELEMENT_RANGE_MATCHES_INVLIST(i_a)))
-       {
-           cp_in_set = ELEMENT_RANGE_MATCHES_INVLIST(i_a);
-           cp= array_a[i_a++];
-       }
-       else {
-           cp_in_set = ELEMENT_RANGE_MATCHES_INVLIST(i_b);
-           cp= array_b[i_b++];
-       }
-
-       /* Here, have chosen which of the two inputs to look at.  Only output
-        * if the running count changes to/from 0, which marks the
-        * beginning/end of a range in that's in the set */
-       if (cp_in_set) {
-           if (count == 0) {
-               array_u[i_u++] = cp;
-           }
-           count++;
-       }
-       else {
-           count--;
-           if (count == 0) {
-               array_u[i_u++] = cp;
-           }
-       }
-    }
-
-    /* Here, we are finished going through at least one of the lists, which
-     * means there is something remaining in at most one.  We check if the list
-     * that hasn't been exhausted is positioned such that we are in the middle
-     * of a range in its set or not.  (i_a and i_b point to the element beyond
-     * the one we care about.) If in the set, we decrement 'count'; if 0, there
-     * is potentially more to output.
-     * There are four cases:
-     * 1) Both weren't in their sets, count is 0, and remains 0.  What's left
-     *    in the union is entirely from the non-exhausted set.
-     * 2) Both were in their sets, count is 2.  Nothing further should
-     *    be output, as everything that remains will be in the exhausted
-     *    list's set, hence in the union; decrementing to 1 but not 0 insures
-     *    that
-     * 3) the exhausted was in its set, non-exhausted isn't, count is 1.
-     *    Nothing further should be output because the union includes
-     *    everything from the exhausted set.  Not decrementing ensures that.
-     * 4) the exhausted wasn't in its set, non-exhausted is, count is 1;
-     *    decrementing to 0 insures that we look at the remainder of the
-     *    non-exhausted set */
-    if ((i_a != len_a && PREV_RANGE_MATCHES_INVLIST(i_a))
-       || (i_b != len_b && PREV_RANGE_MATCHES_INVLIST(i_b)))
-    {
-       count--;
-    }
-
-    /* The final length is what we've output so far, plus what else is about to
-     * be output.  (If 'count' is non-zero, then the input list we exhausted
-     * has everything remaining up to the machine's limit in its set, and hence
-     * in the union, so there will be no further output. */
-    len_u = i_u;
-    if (count == 0) {
-       /* At most one of the subexpressions will be non-zero */
-       len_u += (len_a - i_a) + (len_b - i_b);
-    }
-
-    /* Set result to final length, which can change the pointer to array_u, so
-     * re-find it */
-    if (len_u != _invlist_len(u)) {
-       invlist_set_len(u, len_u);
-       invlist_trim(u);
-       array_u = invlist_array(u);
-    }
-
-    /* When 'count' is 0, the list that was exhausted (if one was shorter than
-     * the other) ended with everything above it not in its set.  That means
-     * that the remaining part of the union is precisely the same as the
-     * non-exhausted list, so can just copy it unchanged.  (If both list were
-     * exhausted at the same time, then the operations below will be both 0.)
-     */
-    if (count == 0) {
-       IV copy_count; /* At most one will have a non-zero copy count */
-       if ((copy_count = len_a - i_a) > 0) {
-           Copy(array_a + i_a, array_u + i_u, copy_count, UV);
-       }
-       else if ((copy_count = len_b - i_b) > 0) {
-           Copy(array_b + i_b, array_u + i_u, copy_count, UV);
-       }
-    }
-
-    /*  We may be removing a reference to one of the inputs */
-    if (a == *output || b == *output) {
-       SvREFCNT_dec(*output);
-    }
-
-    /* If we've changed b, restore it */
-    if (complement_b) {
-        array_b[0] = 1;
-    }
-
-    *output = u;
-    return;
-}
-
-void
-Perl__invlist_intersection_maybe_complement_2nd(pTHX_ SV* const a, SV* const b, bool complement_b, SV** i)
-{
-    /* Take the intersection of two inversion lists and point <i> to it.  *i
-     * should be defined upon input, and if it points to one of the two lists,
-     * the reference count to that list will be decremented.
-     * If <complement_b> is TRUE, the result will be the intersection of <a>
-     * and the complement (or inversion) of <b> instead of <b> directly.
-     *
-     * The basis for this comes from "Unicode Demystified" Chapter 13 by
-     * Richard Gillam, published by Addison-Wesley, and explained at some
-     * length there.  The preface says to incorporate its examples into your
-     * code at your own risk.  In fact, it had bugs
-     *
-     * The algorithm is like a merge sort, and is essentially the same as the
-     * union above
-     */
-
-    UV* array_a;               /* a's array */
-    UV* array_b;
-    UV len_a;  /* length of a's array */
-    UV len_b;
-
-    SV* r;                  /* the resulting intersection */
-    UV* array_r;
-    UV len_r;
-
-    UV i_a = 0;                    /* current index into a's array */
-    UV i_b = 0;
-    UV i_r = 0;
-
-    /* running count, as explained in the algorithm source book; items are
-     * stopped accumulating and are output when the count changes to/from 2.
-     * The count is incremented when we start a range that's in the set, and
-     * decremented when we start a range that's not in the set.  So its range
-     * is 0 to 2.  Only when the count is 2 is something in the intersection.
-     */
-    UV count = 0;
-
-    PERL_ARGS_ASSERT__INVLIST_INTERSECTION_MAYBE_COMPLEMENT_2ND;
-    assert(a != b);
-
-    /* Special case if either one is empty */
-    len_a = _invlist_len(a);
-    if ((len_a == 0) || ((len_b = _invlist_len(b)) == 0)) {
-
-        if (len_a != 0 && complement_b) {
-
-            /* Here, 'a' is not empty, therefore from the above 'if', 'b' must
-             * be empty.  Here, also we are using 'b's complement, which hence
-             * must be every possible code point.  Thus the intersection is
-             * simply 'a'. */
-            if (*i != a) {
-                *i = invlist_clone(a);
-
-                if (*i == b) {
-                    SvREFCNT_dec(b);
-                }
-            }
-            /* else *i is already 'a' */
-            return;
-        }
-
-        /* Here, 'a' or 'b' is empty and not using the complement of 'b'.  The
-         * intersection must be empty */
-       if (*i == a) {
-           SvREFCNT_dec(a);
-       }
-       else if (*i == b) {
-           SvREFCNT_dec(b);
-       }
-       *i = _new_invlist(0);
-       return;
-    }
-
-    /* Here both lists exist and are non-empty */
-    array_a = invlist_array(a);
-    array_b = invlist_array(b);
-
-    /* If are to take the intersection of 'a' with the complement of b, set it
-     * up so are looking at b's complement. */
-    if (complement_b) {
-
-       /* To complement, we invert: if the first element is 0, remove it.  To
-        * do this, we just pretend the array starts one later, and clear the
-        * flag as we don't have to do anything else later */
-        if (array_b[0] == 0) {
-            array_b++;
-            len_b--;
-            complement_b = FALSE;
-        }
-        else {
-
-            /* But if the first element is not zero, we unshift a 0 before the
-             * array.  The data structure reserves a space for that 0 (which
-             * should be a '1' right now), so physical shifting is unneeded,
-             * but temporarily change that element to 0.  Before exiting the
-             * routine, we must restore the element to '1' */
-            array_b--;
-            len_b++;
-            array_b[0] = 0;
-        }
-    }
-
-    /* Size the intersection for the worst case: that the intersection ends up
-     * fragmenting everything to be completely disjoint */
-    r= _new_invlist(len_a + len_b);
-
-    /* Will contain U+0000 iff both components do */
-    array_r = _invlist_array_init(r, len_a > 0 && array_a[0] == 0
-                                    && len_b > 0 && array_b[0] == 0);
-
-    /* Go through each list item by item, stopping when exhausted one of
-     * them */
-    while (i_a < len_a && i_b < len_b) {
-       UV cp;      /* The element to potentially add to the intersection's
-                      array */
-       bool cp_in_set; /* Is it in the input list's set or not */
-
-       /* We need to take one or the other of the two inputs for the
-        * intersection.  Since we are merging two sorted lists, we take the
-        * smaller of the next items.  In case of a tie, we take the one that
-        * is not in its set first (a difference from the union algorithm).  If
-        * we took one in the set first, it would increment the count, possibly
-        * to 2 which would cause it to be output as starting a range in the
-        * intersection, and the next time through we would take that same
-        * number, and output it again as ending the set.  By doing it the
-        * opposite of this, there is no possibility that the count will be
-        * momentarily incremented to 2.  (In a tie and both are in the set or
-        * both not in the set, it doesn't matter which we take first.) */
-       if (array_a[i_a] < array_b[i_b]
-           || (array_a[i_a] == array_b[i_b]
-               && ! ELEMENT_RANGE_MATCHES_INVLIST(i_a)))
-       {
-           cp_in_set = ELEMENT_RANGE_MATCHES_INVLIST(i_a);
-           cp= array_a[i_a++];
-       }
-       else {
-           cp_in_set = ELEMENT_RANGE_MATCHES_INVLIST(i_b);
-           cp= array_b[i_b++];
-       }
-
-       /* Here, have chosen which of the two inputs to look at.  Only output
-        * if the running count changes to/from 2, which marks the
-        * beginning/end of a range that's in the intersection */
-       if (cp_in_set) {
-           count++;
-           if (count == 2) {
-               array_r[i_r++] = cp;
-           }
-       }
-       else {
-           if (count == 2) {
-               array_r[i_r++] = cp;
-           }
-           count--;
-       }
-    }
-
-    /* Here, we are finished going through at least one of the lists, which
-     * means there is something remaining in at most one.  We check if the list
-     * that has been exhausted is positioned such that we are in the middle
-     * of a range in its set or not.  (i_a and i_b point to elements 1 beyond
-     * the ones we care about.)  There are four cases:
-     * 1) Both weren't in their sets, count is 0, and remains 0.  There's
-     *    nothing left in the intersection.
-     * 2) Both were in their sets, count is 2 and perhaps is incremented to
-     *    above 2.  What should be output is exactly that which is in the
-     *    non-exhausted set, as everything it has is also in the intersection
-     *    set, and everything it doesn't have can't be in the intersection
-     * 3) The exhausted was in its set, non-exhausted isn't, count is 1, and
-     *    gets incremented to 2.  Like the previous case, the intersection is
-     *    everything that remains in the non-exhausted set.
-     * 4) the exhausted wasn't in its set, non-exhausted is, count is 1, and
-     *    remains 1.  And the intersection has nothing more. */
-    if ((i_a == len_a && PREV_RANGE_MATCHES_INVLIST(i_a))
-       || (i_b == len_b && PREV_RANGE_MATCHES_INVLIST(i_b)))
-    {
-       count++;
-    }
-
-    /* The final length is what we've output so far plus what else is in the
-     * intersection.  At most one of the subexpressions below will be non-zero */
-    len_r = i_r;
-    if (count >= 2) {
-       len_r += (len_a - i_a) + (len_b - i_b);
-    }
-
-    /* Set result to final length, which can change the pointer to array_r, so
-     * re-find it */
-    if (len_r != _invlist_len(r)) {
-       invlist_set_len(r, len_r);
-       invlist_trim(r);
-       array_r = invlist_array(r);
-    }
-
-    /* Finish outputting any remaining */
-    if (count >= 2) { /* At most one will have a non-zero copy count */
-       IV copy_count;
-       if ((copy_count = len_a - i_a) > 0) {
-           Copy(array_a + i_a, array_r + i_r, copy_count, UV);
-       }
-       else if ((copy_count = len_b - i_b) > 0) {
-           Copy(array_b + i_b, array_r + i_r, copy_count, UV);
-       }
-    }
-
-    /*  We may be removing a reference to one of the inputs */
-    if (a == *i || b == *i) {
-       SvREFCNT_dec(*i);
-    }
-
-    /* If we've changed b, restore it */
-    if (complement_b) {
-        array_b[0] = 1;
-    }
-
-    *i = r;
-    return;
-}
-
-SV*
-Perl__add_range_to_invlist(pTHX_ SV* invlist, const UV start, const UV end)
-{
-    /* Add the range from 'start' to 'end' inclusive to the inversion list's
-     * set.  A pointer to the inversion list is returned.  This may actually be
-     * a new list, in which case the passed in one has been destroyed.  The
-     * passed in inversion list can be NULL, in which case a new one is created
-     * with just the one range in it */
-
-    SV* range_invlist;
-    UV len;
-
-    if (invlist == NULL) {
-       invlist = _new_invlist(2);
-       len = 0;
-    }
-    else {
-       len = _invlist_len(invlist);
-    }
-
-    /* If comes after the final entry, can just append it to the end */
-    if (len == 0
-       || start >= invlist_array(invlist)
-                                   [_invlist_len(invlist) - 1])
-    {
-       _append_range_to_invlist(invlist, start, end);
-       return invlist;
-    }
-
-    /* Here, can't just append things, create and return a new inversion list
-     * which is the union of this range and the existing inversion list */
-    range_invlist = _new_invlist(2);
-    _append_range_to_invlist(range_invlist, start, end);
-
-    _invlist_union(invlist, range_invlist, &invlist);
-
-    /* The temporary can be freed */
-    SvREFCNT_dec(range_invlist);
-
-    return invlist;
-}
-
-#endif
-
-PERL_STATIC_INLINE SV*
-S_add_cp_to_invlist(pTHX_ SV* invlist, const UV cp) {
-    return _add_range_to_invlist(invlist, cp, cp);
-}
-
-#ifndef PERL_IN_XSUB_RE
-void
-Perl__invlist_invert(pTHX_ SV* const invlist)
-{
-    /* Complement the input inversion list.  This adds a 0 if the list didn't
-     * have a zero; removes it otherwise.  As described above, the data
-     * structure is set up so that this is very efficient */
-
-    UV* len_pos = _get_invlist_len_addr(invlist);
-
-    PERL_ARGS_ASSERT__INVLIST_INVERT;
-
-    /* The inverse of matching nothing is matching everything */
-    if (*len_pos == 0) {
-       _append_range_to_invlist(invlist, 0, UV_MAX);
-       return;
-    }
-
-    /* The exclusive or complents 0 to 1; and 1 to 0.  If the result is 1, the
-     * zero element was a 0, so it is being removed, so the length decrements
-     * by 1; and vice-versa.  SvCUR is unaffected */
-    if (*get_invlist_zero_addr(invlist) ^= 1) {
-       (*len_pos)--;
-    }
-    else {
-       (*len_pos)++;
-    }
-}
-
-void
-Perl__invlist_invert_prop(pTHX_ SV* const invlist)
-{
-    /* Complement the input inversion list (which must be a Unicode property,
-     * all of which don't match above the Unicode maximum code point.)  And
-     * Perl has chosen to not have the inversion match above that either.  This
-     * adds a 0x110000 if the list didn't end with it, and removes it if it did
-     */
-
-    UV len;
-    UV* array;
-
-    PERL_ARGS_ASSERT__INVLIST_INVERT_PROP;
-
-    _invlist_invert(invlist);
-
-    len = _invlist_len(invlist);
-
-    if (len != 0) { /* If empty do nothing */
-       array = invlist_array(invlist);
-       if (array[len - 1] != PERL_UNICODE_MAX + 1) {
-           /* Add 0x110000.  First, grow if necessary */
-           len++;
-           if (invlist_max(invlist) < len) {
-               invlist_extend(invlist, len);
-               array = invlist_array(invlist);
-           }
-           invlist_set_len(invlist, len);
-           array[len - 1] = PERL_UNICODE_MAX + 1;
-       }
-       else {  /* Remove the 0x110000 */
-           invlist_set_len(invlist, len - 1);
-       }
-    }
-
-    return;
-}
-#endif
-
-PERL_STATIC_INLINE SV*
-S_invlist_clone(pTHX_ SV* const invlist)
-{
-
-    /* Return a new inversion list that is a copy of the input one, which is
-     * unchanged */
-
-    /* Need to allocate extra space to accommodate Perl's addition of a
-     * trailing NUL to SvPV's, since it thinks they are always strings */
-    SV* new_invlist = _new_invlist(_invlist_len(invlist) + 1);
-    STRLEN length = SvCUR(invlist);
-
-    PERL_ARGS_ASSERT_INVLIST_CLONE;
-
-    SvCUR_set(new_invlist, length); /* This isn't done automatically */
-    Copy(SvPVX(invlist), SvPVX(new_invlist), length, char);
-
-    return new_invlist;
-}
-
-PERL_STATIC_INLINE UV*
-S_get_invlist_iter_addr(pTHX_ SV* invlist)
-{
-    /* Return the address of the UV that contains the current iteration
-     * position */
-
-    PERL_ARGS_ASSERT_GET_INVLIST_ITER_ADDR;
-
-    return (UV *) (SvPVX(invlist) + (INVLIST_ITER_OFFSET * sizeof (UV)));
-}
-
-PERL_STATIC_INLINE UV*
-S_get_invlist_version_id_addr(pTHX_ SV* invlist)
-{
-    /* Return the address of the UV that contains the version id. */
-
-    PERL_ARGS_ASSERT_GET_INVLIST_VERSION_ID_ADDR;
-
-    return (UV *) (SvPVX(invlist) + (INVLIST_VERSION_ID_OFFSET * sizeof (UV)));
-}
-
-PERL_STATIC_INLINE void
-S_invlist_iterinit(pTHX_ SV* invlist)  /* Initialize iterator for invlist */
-{
-    PERL_ARGS_ASSERT_INVLIST_ITERINIT;
-
-    *get_invlist_iter_addr(invlist) = 0;
-}
-
-STATIC bool
-S_invlist_iternext(pTHX_ SV* invlist, UV* start, UV* end)
-{
-    /* An C<invlist_iterinit> call on <invlist> must be used to set this up.
-     * This call sets in <*start> and <*end>, the next range in <invlist>.
-     * Returns <TRUE> if successful and the next call will return the next
-     * range; <FALSE> if was already at the end of the list.  If the latter,
-     * <*start> and <*end> are unchanged, and the next call to this function
-     * will start over at the beginning of the list */
-
-    UV* pos = get_invlist_iter_addr(invlist);
-    UV len = _invlist_len(invlist);
-    UV *array;
-
-    PERL_ARGS_ASSERT_INVLIST_ITERNEXT;
-
-    if (*pos >= len) {
-       *pos = UV_MAX;  /* Force iternit() to be required next time */
-       return FALSE;
-    }
-
-    array = invlist_array(invlist);
-
-    *start = array[(*pos)++];
-
-    if (*pos >= len) {
-       *end = UV_MAX;
-    }
-    else {
-       *end = array[(*pos)++] - 1;
-    }
-
-    return TRUE;
-}
-
-PERL_STATIC_INLINE UV
-S_invlist_highest(pTHX_ SV* const invlist)
-{
-    /* Returns the highest code point that matches an inversion list.  This API
-     * has an ambiguity, as it returns 0 under either the highest is actually
-     * 0, or if the list is empty.  If this distinction matters to you, check
-     * for emptiness before calling this function */
-
-    UV len = _invlist_len(invlist);
-    UV *array;
-
-    PERL_ARGS_ASSERT_INVLIST_HIGHEST;
-
-    if (len == 0) {
-       return 0;
-    }
-
-    array = invlist_array(invlist);
-
-    /* The last element in the array in the inversion list always starts a
-     * range that goes to infinity.  That range may be for code points that are
-     * matched in the inversion list, or it may be for ones that aren't
-     * matched.  In the latter case, the highest code point in the set is one
-     * less than the beginning of this range; otherwise it is the final element
-     * of this range: infinity */
-    return (ELEMENT_RANGE_MATCHES_INVLIST(len - 1))
-           ? UV_MAX
-           : array[len - 1] - 1;
-}
-
-#ifndef PERL_IN_XSUB_RE
-SV *
-Perl__invlist_contents(pTHX_ SV* const invlist)
-{
-    /* Get the contents of an inversion list into a string SV so that they can
-     * be printed out.  It uses the format traditionally done for debug tracing
-     */
-
-    UV start, end;
-    SV* output = newSVpvs("\n");
-
-    PERL_ARGS_ASSERT__INVLIST_CONTENTS;
-
-    invlist_iterinit(invlist);
-    while (invlist_iternext(invlist, &start, &end)) {
-       if (end == UV_MAX) {
-           Perl_sv_catpvf(aTHX_ output, "%04"UVXf"\tINFINITY\n", start);
-       }
-       else if (end != start) {
-           Perl_sv_catpvf(aTHX_ output, "%04"UVXf"\t%04"UVXf"\n",
-                   start,       end);
-       }
-       else {
-           Perl_sv_catpvf(aTHX_ output, "%04"UVXf"\n", start);
-       }
-    }
-
-    return output;
-}
-#endif
-
-#ifdef PERL_ARGS_ASSERT__INVLIST_DUMP
-void
-Perl__invlist_dump(pTHX_ SV* const invlist, const char * const header)
-{
-    /* Dumps out the ranges in an inversion list.  The string 'header'
-     * if present is output on a line before the first range */
-
-    UV start, end;
-
-    PERL_ARGS_ASSERT__INVLIST_DUMP;
-
-    if (header && strlen(header)) {
-       PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log, "%s\n", header);
-    }
-    invlist_iterinit(invlist);
-    while (invlist_iternext(invlist, &start, &end)) {
-       if (end == UV_MAX) {
-           PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log, "0x%04"UVXf" .. INFINITY\n", start);
-       }
-       else if (end != start) {
-           PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log, "0x%04"UVXf" .. 0x%04"UVXf"\n",
-                                                start,         end);
-       }
-       else {
-           PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log, "0x%04"UVXf"\n", start);
-       }
-    }
-}
-#endif
-
-#if 0
-bool
-S__invlistEQ(pTHX_ SV* const a, SV* const b, bool complement_b)
-{
-    /* Return a boolean as to if the two passed in inversion lists are
-     * identical.  The final argument, if TRUE, says to take the complement of
-     * the second inversion list before doing the comparison */
-
-    UV* array_a = invlist_array(a);
-    UV* array_b = invlist_array(b);
-    UV len_a = _invlist_len(a);
-    UV len_b = _invlist_len(b);
-
-    UV i = 0;              /* current index into the arrays */
-    bool retval = TRUE;     /* Assume are identical until proven otherwise */
-
-    PERL_ARGS_ASSERT__INVLISTEQ;
-
-    /* If are to compare 'a' with the complement of b, set it
-     * up so are looking at b's complement. */
-    if (complement_b) {
-
-        /* The complement of nothing is everything, so <a> would have to have
-         * just one element, starting at zero (ending at infinity) */
-        if (len_b == 0) {
-            return (len_a == 1 && array_a[0] == 0);
-        }
-        else if (array_b[0] == 0) {
-
-            /* Otherwise, to complement, we invert.  Here, the first element is
-             * 0, just remove it.  To do this, we just pretend the array starts
-             * one later, and clear the flag as we don't have to do anything
-             * else later */
-
-            array_b++;
-            len_b--;
-            complement_b = FALSE;
-        }
-        else {
-
-            /* But if the first element is not zero, we unshift a 0 before the
-             * array.  The data structure reserves a space for that 0 (which
-             * should be a '1' right now), so physical shifting is unneeded,
-             * but temporarily change that element to 0.  Before exiting the
-             * routine, we must restore the element to '1' */
-            array_b--;
-            len_b++;
-            array_b[0] = 0;
-        }
-    }
-
-    /* Make sure that the lengths are the same, as well as the final element
-     * before looping through the remainder.  (Thus we test the length, final,
-     * and first elements right off the bat) */
-    if (len_a != len_b || array_a[len_a-1] != array_b[len_a-1]) {
-        retval = FALSE;
-    }
-    else for (i = 0; i < len_a - 1; i++) {
-        if (array_a[i] != array_b[i]) {
-            retval = FALSE;
-            break;
-        }
-    }
-
-    if (complement_b) {
-        array_b[0] = 1;
-    }
-    return retval;
-}
-#endif
-
-#undef HEADER_LENGTH
-#undef INVLIST_INITIAL_LENGTH
-#undef TO_INTERNAL_SIZE
-#undef FROM_INTERNAL_SIZE
-#undef INVLIST_LEN_OFFSET
-#undef INVLIST_ZERO_OFFSET
-#undef INVLIST_ITER_OFFSET
-#undef INVLIST_VERSION_ID
-
-/* End of inversion list object */
-
-/*
- - reg - regular expression, i.e. main body or parenthesized thing
- *
- * Caller must absorb opening parenthesis.
- *
- * Combining parenthesis handling with the base level of regular expression
- * is a trifle forced, but the need to tie the tails of the branches to what
- * follows makes it hard to avoid.
- */
-#define REGTAIL(x,y,z) regtail((x),(y),(z),depth+1)
-#ifdef DEBUGGING
-#define REGTAIL_STUDY(x,y,z) regtail_study((x),(y),(z),depth+1)
-#else
-#define REGTAIL_STUDY(x,y,z) regtail((x),(y),(z),depth+1)
-#endif
-
-STATIC regnode *
-S_reg(pTHX_ RExC_state_t *pRExC_state, I32 paren, I32 *flagp,U32 depth)
-    /* paren: Parenthesized? 0=top, 1=(, inside: changed to letter. */
-{
-    dVAR;
-    regnode *ret;              /* Will be the head of the group. */
-    regnode *br;
-    regnode *lastbr;
-    regnode *ender = NULL;
-    I32 parno = 0;
-    I32 flags;
-    U32 oregflags = RExC_flags;
-    bool have_branch = 0;
-    bool is_open = 0;
-    I32 freeze_paren = 0;
-    I32 after_freeze = 0;
-
-    /* for (?g), (?gc), and (?o) warnings; warning
-       about (?c) will warn about (?g) -- japhy    */
-
-#define WASTED_O  0x01
-#define WASTED_G  0x02
-#define WASTED_C  0x04
-#define WASTED_GC (0x02|0x04)
-    I32 wastedflags = 0x00;
-
-    char * parse_start = RExC_parse; /* MJD */
-    char * const oregcomp_parse = RExC_parse;
-
-    GET_RE_DEBUG_FLAGS_DECL;
-
-    PERL_ARGS_ASSERT_REG;
-    DEBUG_PARSE("reg ");
-
-    *flagp = 0;                                /* Tentatively. */
-
-
-    /* Make an OPEN node, if parenthesized. */
-    if (paren) {
-        if ( *RExC_parse == '*') { /* (*VERB:ARG) */
-           char *start_verb = RExC_parse;
-           STRLEN verb_len = 0;
-           char *start_arg = NULL;
-           unsigned char op = 0;
-           int argok = 1;
-           int internal_argval = 0; /* internal_argval is only useful if !argok */
-           while ( *RExC_parse && *RExC_parse != ')' ) {
-               if ( *RExC_parse == ':' ) {
-                   start_arg = RExC_parse + 1;
-                   break;
-               }
-               RExC_parse++;
-           }
-           ++start_verb;
-           verb_len = RExC_parse - start_verb;
-           if ( start_arg ) {
-               RExC_parse++;
-               while ( *RExC_parse && *RExC_parse != ')' ) 
-                   RExC_parse++;
-               if ( *RExC_parse != ')' ) 
-                   vFAIL("Unterminated verb pattern argument");
-               if ( RExC_parse == start_arg )
-                   start_arg = NULL;
-           } else {
-               if ( *RExC_parse != ')' )
-                   vFAIL("Unterminated verb pattern");
-           }
-           
-           switch ( *start_verb ) {
-            case 'A':  /* (*ACCEPT) */
-                if ( memEQs(start_verb,verb_len,"ACCEPT") ) {
-                   op = ACCEPT;
-                   internal_argval = RExC_nestroot;
-               }
-               break;
-            case 'C':  /* (*COMMIT) */
-                if ( memEQs(start_verb,verb_len,"COMMIT") )
-                    op = COMMIT;
-                break;
-            case 'F':  /* (*FAIL) */
-                if ( verb_len==1 || memEQs(start_verb,verb_len,"FAIL") ) {
-                   op = OPFAIL;
-                   argok = 0;
-               }
-               break;
-            case ':':  /* (*:NAME) */
-           case 'M':  /* (*MARK:NAME) */
-               if ( verb_len==0 || memEQs(start_verb,verb_len,"MARK") ) {
-                    op = MARKPOINT;
-                    argok = -1;
-                }
-                break;
-            case 'P':  /* (*PRUNE) */
-                if ( memEQs(start_verb,verb_len,"PRUNE") )
-                    op = PRUNE;
-                break;
-            case 'S':   /* (*SKIP) */  
-                if ( memEQs(start_verb,verb_len,"SKIP") ) 
-                    op = SKIP;
-                break;
-            case 'T':  /* (*THEN) */
-                /* [19:06] <TimToady> :: is then */
-                if ( memEQs(start_verb,verb_len,"THEN") ) {
-                    op = CUTGROUP;
-                    RExC_seen |= REG_SEEN_CUTGROUP;
-                }
-                break;
-           }
-           if ( ! op ) {
-               RExC_parse++;
-               vFAIL3("Unknown verb pattern '%.*s'",
-                   verb_len, start_verb);
-           }
-           if ( argok ) {
-                if ( start_arg && internal_argval ) {
-                   vFAIL3("Verb pattern '%.*s' may not have an argument",
-                       verb_len, start_verb); 
-               } else if ( argok < 0 && !start_arg ) {
-                    vFAIL3("Verb pattern '%.*s' has a mandatory argument",
-                       verb_len, start_verb);    
-               } else {
-                   ret = reganode(pRExC_state, op, internal_argval);
-                   if ( ! internal_argval && ! SIZE_ONLY ) {
-                        if (start_arg) {
-                            SV *sv = newSVpvn( start_arg, RExC_parse - start_arg);
-                            ARG(ret) = add_data( pRExC_state, 1, "S" );
-                            RExC_rxi->data->data[ARG(ret)]=(void*)sv;
-                            ret->flags = 0;
-                        } else {
-                            ret->flags = 1; 
-                        }
-                    }              
-               }
-               if (!internal_argval)
-                   RExC_seen |= REG_SEEN_VERBARG;
-           } else if ( start_arg ) {
-               vFAIL3("Verb pattern '%.*s' may not have an argument",
-                       verb_len, start_verb);    
-           } else {
-               ret = reg_node(pRExC_state, op);
-           }
-           nextchar(pRExC_state);
-           return ret;
-        } else 
-       if (*RExC_parse == '?') { /* (?...) */
-           bool is_logical = 0;
-           const char * const seqstart = RExC_parse;
-            bool has_use_defaults = FALSE;
-
-           RExC_parse++;
-           paren = *RExC_parse++;
-           ret = NULL;                 /* For look-ahead/behind. */
-           switch (paren) {
-
-           case 'P':   /* (?P...) variants for those used to PCRE/Python */
-               paren = *RExC_parse++;
-               if ( paren == '<')         /* (?P<...>) named capture */
-                   goto named_capture;
-                else if (paren == '>') {   /* (?P>name) named recursion */
-                    goto named_recursion;
-                }
-                else if (paren == '=') {   /* (?P=...)  named backref */
-                    /* this pretty much dupes the code for \k<NAME> in regatom(), if
-                       you change this make sure you change that */
-                    char* name_start = RExC_parse;
-                   U32 num = 0;
-                    SV *sv_dat = reg_scan_name(pRExC_state,
-                        SIZE_ONLY ? REG_RSN_RETURN_NULL : REG_RSN_RETURN_DATA);
-                    if (RExC_parse == name_start || *RExC_parse != ')')
-                        vFAIL2("Sequence %.3s... not terminated",parse_start);
-
-                    if (!SIZE_ONLY) {
-                        num = add_data( pRExC_state, 1, "S" );
-                        RExC_rxi->data->data[num]=(void*)sv_dat;
-                        SvREFCNT_inc_simple_void(sv_dat);
-                    }
-                    RExC_sawback = 1;
-                   ret = reganode(pRExC_state,
-                                  ((! FOLD)
-                                    ? NREF
-                                    : (ASCII_FOLD_RESTRICTED)
-                                      ? NREFFA
-                                       : (AT_LEAST_UNI_SEMANTICS)
-                                         ? NREFFU
-                                         : (LOC)
-                                           ? NREFFL
-                                           : NREFF),
-                                   num);
-                    *flagp |= HASWIDTH;
-
-                    Set_Node_Offset(ret, parse_start+1);
-                    Set_Node_Cur_Length(ret); /* MJD */
-
-                    nextchar(pRExC_state);
-                    return ret;
-                }
-                RExC_parse++;
-               vFAIL3("Sequence (%.*s...) not recognized", RExC_parse-seqstart, seqstart);
-               /*NOTREACHED*/
-            case '<':           /* (?<...) */
-               if (*RExC_parse == '!')
-                   paren = ',';
-               else if (*RExC_parse != '=') 
-              named_capture:
-               {               /* (?<...>) */
-                   char *name_start;
-                   SV *svname;
-                   paren= '>';
-            case '\'':          /* (?'...') */
-                   name_start= RExC_parse;
-                   svname = reg_scan_name(pRExC_state,
-                       SIZE_ONLY ?  /* reverse test from the others */
-                       REG_RSN_RETURN_NAME : 
-                       REG_RSN_RETURN_NULL);
-                   if (RExC_parse == name_start) {
-                       RExC_parse++;
-                       vFAIL3("Sequence (%.*s...) not recognized", RExC_parse-seqstart, seqstart);
-                       /*NOTREACHED*/
-                    }
-                   if (*RExC_parse != paren)
-                       vFAIL2("Sequence (?%c... not terminated",
-                           paren=='>' ? '<' : paren);
-                   if (SIZE_ONLY) {
-                       HE *he_str;
-                       SV *sv_dat = NULL;
-                        if (!svname) /* shouldn't happen */
-                            Perl_croak(aTHX_
-                                "panic: reg_scan_name returned NULL");
-                        if (!RExC_paren_names) {
-                            RExC_paren_names= newHV();
-                            sv_2mortal(MUTABLE_SV(RExC_paren_names));
-#ifdef DEBUGGING
-                            RExC_paren_name_list= newAV();
-                            sv_2mortal(MUTABLE_SV(RExC_paren_name_list));
-#endif
-                        }
-                        he_str = hv_fetch_ent( RExC_paren_names, svname, 1, 0 );
-                        if ( he_str )
-                            sv_dat = HeVAL(he_str);
-                        if ( ! sv_dat ) {
-                            /* croak baby croak */
-                            Perl_croak(aTHX_
-                                "panic: paren_name hash element allocation failed");
-                        } else if ( SvPOK(sv_dat) ) {
-                            /* (?|...) can mean we have dupes so scan to check
-                               its already been stored. Maybe a flag indicating
-                               we are inside such a construct would be useful,
-                               but the arrays are likely to be quite small, so
-                               for now we punt -- dmq */
-                            IV count = SvIV(sv_dat);
-                            I32 *pv = (I32*)SvPVX(sv_dat);
-                            IV i;
-                            for ( i = 0 ; i < count ; i++ ) {
-                                if ( pv[i] == RExC_npar ) {
-                                    count = 0;
-                                    break;
-                                }
-                            }
-                            if ( count ) {
-                                pv = (I32*)SvGROW(sv_dat, SvCUR(sv_dat) + sizeof(I32)+1);
-                                SvCUR_set(sv_dat, SvCUR(sv_dat) + sizeof(I32));
-                                pv[count] = RExC_npar;
-                                SvIV_set(sv_dat, SvIVX(sv_dat) + 1);
-                            }
-                        } else {
-                            (void)SvUPGRADE(sv_dat,SVt_PVNV);
-                            sv_setpvn(sv_dat, (char *)&(RExC_npar), sizeof(I32));
-                            SvIOK_on(sv_dat);
-                            SvIV_set(sv_dat, 1);
-                        }
-#ifdef DEBUGGING
-                       /* Yes this does cause a memory leak in debugging Perls */
-                        if (!av_store(RExC_paren_name_list, RExC_npar, SvREFCNT_inc(svname)))
-                            SvREFCNT_dec(svname);
-#endif
-
-                        /*sv_dump(sv_dat);*/
-                    }
-                    nextchar(pRExC_state);
-                   paren = 1;
-                   goto capturing_parens;
-               }
-                RExC_seen |= REG_SEEN_LOOKBEHIND;
-               RExC_in_lookbehind++;
-               RExC_parse++;
-           case '=':           /* (?=...) */
-               RExC_seen_zerolen++;
-                break;
-           case '!':           /* (?!...) */
-               RExC_seen_zerolen++;
-               if (*RExC_parse == ')') {
-                   ret=reg_node(pRExC_state, OPFAIL);
-                   nextchar(pRExC_state);
-                   return ret;
-               }
-               break;
-           case '|':           /* (?|...) */
-               /* branch reset, behave like a (?:...) except that
-                  buffers in alternations share the same numbers */
-               paren = ':'; 
-               after_freeze = freeze_paren = RExC_npar;
-               break;
-           case ':':           /* (?:...) */
-           case '>':           /* (?>...) */
-               break;
-           case '$':           /* (?$...) */
-           case '@':           /* (?@...) */
-               vFAIL2("Sequence (?%c...) not implemented", (int)paren);
-               break;
-           case '#':           /* (?#...) */
-               while (*RExC_parse && *RExC_parse != ')')
-                   RExC_parse++;
-               if (*RExC_parse != ')')
-                   FAIL("Sequence (?#... not terminated");
-               nextchar(pRExC_state);
-               *flagp = TRYAGAIN;
-               return NULL;
-           case '0' :           /* (?0) */
-           case 'R' :           /* (?R) */
-               if (*RExC_parse != ')')
-                   FAIL("Sequence (?R) not terminated");
-               ret = reg_node(pRExC_state, GOSTART);
-               *flagp |= POSTPONED;
-               nextchar(pRExC_state);
-               return ret;
-               /*notreached*/
-            { /* named and numeric backreferences */
-                I32 num;
-            case '&':            /* (?&NAME) */
-                parse_start = RExC_parse - 1;
-              named_recursion:
-                {
-                   SV *sv_dat = reg_scan_name(pRExC_state,
-                       SIZE_ONLY ? REG_RSN_RETURN_NULL : REG_RSN_RETURN_DATA);
-                    num = sv_dat ? *((I32 *)SvPVX(sv_dat)) : 0;
-                }
-                goto gen_recurse_regop;
-                assert(0); /* NOT REACHED */
-            case '+':
-                if (!(RExC_parse[0] >= '1' && RExC_parse[0] <= '9')) {
-                    RExC_parse++;
-                    vFAIL("Illegal pattern");
-                }
-                goto parse_recursion;
-                /* NOT REACHED*/
-            case '-': /* (?-1) */
-                if (!(RExC_parse[0] >= '1' && RExC_parse[0] <= '9')) {
-                    RExC_parse--; /* rewind to let it be handled later */
-                    goto parse_flags;
-                } 
-                /*FALLTHROUGH */
-            case '1': case '2': case '3': case '4': /* (?1) */
-           case '5': case '6': case '7': case '8': case '9':
-               RExC_parse--;
-              parse_recursion:
-               num = atoi(RExC_parse);
-               parse_start = RExC_parse - 1; /* MJD */
-               if (*RExC_parse == '-')
-                   RExC_parse++;
-               while (isDIGIT(*RExC_parse))
-                       RExC_parse++;
-               if (*RExC_parse!=')') 
-                   vFAIL("Expecting close bracket");
-
-              gen_recurse_regop:
-                if ( paren == '-' ) {
-                    /*
-                    Diagram of capture buffer numbering.
-                    Top line is the normal capture buffer numbers
-                    Bottom line is the negative indexing as from
-                    the X (the (?-2))
-
-                    +   1 2    3 4 5 X          6 7
-                       /(a(x)y)(a(b(c(?-2)d)e)f)(g(h))/
-                    -   5 4    3 2 1 X          x x
-
-                    */
-                    num = RExC_npar + num;
-                    if (num < 1)  {
-                        RExC_parse++;
-                        vFAIL("Reference to nonexistent group");
-                    }
-                } else if ( paren == '+' ) {
-                    num = RExC_npar + num - 1;
-                }
-
-                ret = reganode(pRExC_state, GOSUB, num);
-                if (!SIZE_ONLY) {
-                   if (num > (I32)RExC_rx->nparens) {
-                       RExC_parse++;
-                       vFAIL("Reference to nonexistent group");
-                   }
-                   ARG2L_SET( ret, RExC_recurse_count++);
-                    RExC_emit++;
-                   DEBUG_OPTIMISE_MORE_r(PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log,
-                       "Recurse #%"UVuf" to %"IVdf"\n", (UV)ARG(ret), (IV)ARG2L(ret)));
-               } else {
-                   RExC_size++;
-               }
-               RExC_seen |= REG_SEEN_RECURSE;
-                Set_Node_Length(ret, 1 + regarglen[OP(ret)]); /* MJD */
-               Set_Node_Offset(ret, parse_start); /* MJD */
-
-                *flagp |= POSTPONED;
-                nextchar(pRExC_state);
-                return ret;
-            } /* named and numeric backreferences */
-            assert(0); /* NOT REACHED */
-
-           case '?':           /* (??...) */
-               is_logical = 1;
-               if (*RExC_parse != '{') {
-                   RExC_parse++;
-                   vFAIL3("Sequence (%.*s...) not recognized", RExC_parse-seqstart, seqstart);
-                   /*NOTREACHED*/
-               }
-               *flagp |= POSTPONED;
-               paren = *RExC_parse++;
-               /* FALL THROUGH */
-           case '{':           /* (?{...}) */
-           {
-               U32 n = 0;
-               struct reg_code_block *cb;
-
-               RExC_seen_zerolen++;
-
-               if (   !pRExC_state->num_code_blocks
-                   || pRExC_state->code_index >= pRExC_state->num_code_blocks
-                   || pRExC_state->code_blocks[pRExC_state->code_index].start
-                       != (STRLEN)((RExC_parse -3 - (is_logical ? 1 : 0))
-                           - RExC_start)
-               ) {
-                   if (RExC_pm_flags & PMf_USE_RE_EVAL)
-                       FAIL("panic: Sequence (?{...}): no code block found\n");
-                   FAIL("Eval-group not allowed at runtime, use re 'eval'");
-               }
-               /* this is a pre-compiled code block (?{...}) */
-               cb = &pRExC_state->code_blocks[pRExC_state->code_index];
-               RExC_parse = RExC_start + cb->end;
-               if (!SIZE_ONLY) {
-                   OP *o = cb->block;
-                   if (cb->src_regex) {
-                       n = add_data(pRExC_state, 2, "rl");
-                       RExC_rxi->data->data[n] =
-                           (void*)SvREFCNT_inc((SV*)cb->src_regex);
-                       RExC_rxi->data->data[n+1] = (void*)o;
-                   }
-                   else {
-                       n = add_data(pRExC_state, 1,
-                              (RExC_pm_flags & PMf_HAS_CV) ? "L" : "l");
-                       RExC_rxi->data->data[n] = (void*)o;
-                   }
-               }
-               pRExC_state->code_index++;
-               nextchar(pRExC_state);
-
-               if (is_logical) {
-                    regnode *eval;
-                   ret = reg_node(pRExC_state, LOGICAL);
-                    eval = reganode(pRExC_state, EVAL, n);
-                   if (!SIZE_ONLY) {
-                       ret->flags = 2;
-                        /* for later propagation into (??{}) return value */
-                        eval->flags = (U8) (RExC_flags & RXf_PMf_COMPILETIME);
-                    }
-                    REGTAIL(pRExC_state, ret, eval);
-                    /* deal with the length of this later - MJD */
-                   return ret;
-               }
-               ret = reganode(pRExC_state, EVAL, n);
-               Set_Node_Length(ret, RExC_parse - parse_start + 1);
-               Set_Node_Offset(ret, parse_start);
-               return ret;
-           }
-           case '(':           /* (?(?{...})...) and (?(?=...)...) */
-           {
-               int is_define= 0;
-               if (RExC_parse[0] == '?') {        /* (?(?...)) */
-                   if (RExC_parse[1] == '=' || RExC_parse[1] == '!'
-                       || RExC_parse[1] == '<'
-                       || RExC_parse[1] == '{') { /* Lookahead or eval. */
-                       I32 flag;
-
-                       ret = reg_node(pRExC_state, LOGICAL);
-                       if (!SIZE_ONLY)
-                           ret->flags = 1;
-                        REGTAIL(pRExC_state, ret, reg(pRExC_state, 1, &flag,depth+1));
-                       goto insert_if;
-                   }
-               }
-               else if ( RExC_parse[0] == '<'     /* (?(<NAME>)...) */
-                        || RExC_parse[0] == '\'' ) /* (?('NAME')...) */
-               {
-                   char ch = RExC_parse[0] == '<' ? '>' : '\'';
-                   char *name_start= RExC_parse++;
-                   U32 num = 0;
-                   SV *sv_dat=reg_scan_name(pRExC_state,
-                       SIZE_ONLY ? REG_RSN_RETURN_NULL : REG_RSN_RETURN_DATA);
-                   if (RExC_parse == name_start || *RExC_parse != ch)
-                        vFAIL2("Sequence (?(%c... not terminated",
-                            (ch == '>' ? '<' : ch));
-                    RExC_parse++;
-                   if (!SIZE_ONLY) {
-                        num = add_data( pRExC_state, 1, "S" );
-                        RExC_rxi->data->data[num]=(void*)sv_dat;
-                        SvREFCNT_inc_simple_void(sv_dat);
-                    }
-                    ret = reganode(pRExC_state,NGROUPP,num);
-                    goto insert_if_check_paren;
-               }
-               else if (RExC_parse[0] == 'D' &&
-                        RExC_parse[1] == 'E' &&
-                        RExC_parse[2] == 'F' &&
-                        RExC_parse[3] == 'I' &&
-                        RExC_parse[4] == 'N' &&
-                        RExC_parse[5] == 'E')
-               {
-                   ret = reganode(pRExC_state,DEFINEP,0);
-                   RExC_parse +=6 ;
-                   is_define = 1;
-                   goto insert_if_check_paren;
-               }
-               else if (RExC_parse[0] == 'R') {
-                   RExC_parse++;
-                   parno = 0;
-                   if (RExC_parse[0] >= '1' && RExC_parse[0] <= '9' ) {
-                       parno = atoi(RExC_parse++);
-                       while (isDIGIT(*RExC_parse))
-                           RExC_parse++;
-                   } else if (RExC_parse[0] == '&') {
-                       SV *sv_dat;
-                       RExC_parse++;
-                       sv_dat = reg_scan_name(pRExC_state,
-                           SIZE_ONLY ? REG_RSN_RETURN_NULL : REG_RSN_RETURN_DATA);
-                       parno = sv_dat ? *((I32 *)SvPVX(sv_dat)) : 0;
-                   }
-                   ret = reganode(pRExC_state,INSUBP,parno); 
-                   goto insert_if_check_paren;
-               }
-               else if (RExC_parse[0] >= '1' && RExC_parse[0] <= '9' ) {
-                    /* (?(1)...) */
-                   char c;
-                   parno = atoi(RExC_parse++);
-
-                   while (isDIGIT(*RExC_parse))
-                       RExC_parse++;
-                    ret = reganode(pRExC_state, GROUPP, parno);
-
-                 insert_if_check_paren:
-                   if ((c = *nextchar(pRExC_state)) != ')')
-                       vFAIL("Switch condition not recognized");
-                 insert_if:
-                    REGTAIL(pRExC_state, ret, reganode(pRExC_state, IFTHEN, 0));
-                    br = regbranch(pRExC_state, &flags, 1,depth+1);
-                   if (br == NULL)
-                       br = reganode(pRExC_state, LONGJMP, 0);
-                   else
-                        REGTAIL(pRExC_state, br, reganode(pRExC_state, LONGJMP, 0));
-                   c = *nextchar(pRExC_state);
-                   if (flags&HASWIDTH)
-                       *flagp |= HASWIDTH;
-                   if (c == '|') {
-                       if (is_define) 
-                           vFAIL("(?(DEFINE)....) does not allow branches");
-                       lastbr = reganode(pRExC_state, IFTHEN, 0); /* Fake one for optimizer. */
-                        regbranch(pRExC_state, &flags, 1,depth+1);
-                        REGTAIL(pRExC_state, ret, lastbr);
-                       if (flags&HASWIDTH)
-                           *flagp |= HASWIDTH;
-                       c = *nextchar(pRExC_state);
-                   }
-                   else
-                       lastbr = NULL;
-                   if (c != ')')
-                       vFAIL("Switch (?(condition)... contains too many branches");
-                   ender = reg_node(pRExC_state, TAIL);
-                    REGTAIL(pRExC_state, br, ender);
-                   if (lastbr) {
-                        REGTAIL(pRExC_state, lastbr, ender);
-                        REGTAIL(pRExC_state, NEXTOPER(NEXTOPER(lastbr)), ender);
-                   }
-                   else
-                        REGTAIL(pRExC_state, ret, ender);
-                    RExC_size++; /* XXX WHY do we need this?!!
-                                    For large programs it seems to be required
-                                    but I can't figure out why. -- dmq*/
-                   return ret;
-               }
-               else {
-                   vFAIL2("Unknown switch condition (?(%.2s", RExC_parse);
-               }
-           }
-            case 0:
-               RExC_parse--; /* for vFAIL to print correctly */
-                vFAIL("Sequence (? incomplete");
-                break;
-            case DEFAULT_PAT_MOD:   /* Use default flags with the exceptions
-                                      that follow */
-                has_use_defaults = TRUE;
-                STD_PMMOD_FLAGS_CLEAR(&RExC_flags);
-               set_regex_charset(&RExC_flags, (RExC_utf8 || RExC_uni_semantics)
-                                               ? REGEX_UNICODE_CHARSET
-                                               : REGEX_DEPENDS_CHARSET);
-                goto parse_flags;
-           default:
-               --RExC_parse;
-               parse_flags:      /* (?i) */  
-           {
-                U32 posflags = 0, negflags = 0;
-               U32 *flagsp = &posflags;
-                char has_charset_modifier = '\0';
-               regex_charset cs = get_regex_charset(RExC_flags);
-               if (cs == REGEX_DEPENDS_CHARSET
-                   && (RExC_utf8 || RExC_uni_semantics))
-               {
-                   cs = REGEX_UNICODE_CHARSET;
-               }
-
-               while (*RExC_parse) {
-                   /* && strchr("iogcmsx", *RExC_parse) */
-                   /* (?g), (?gc) and (?o) are useless here
-                      and must be globally applied -- japhy */
-                    switch (*RExC_parse) {
-                   CASE_STD_PMMOD_FLAGS_PARSE_SET(flagsp);
-                    case LOCALE_PAT_MOD:
-                        if (has_charset_modifier) {
-                           goto excess_modifier;
-                       }
-                       else if (flagsp == &negflags) {
-                            goto neg_modifier;
-                        }
-                       cs = REGEX_LOCALE_CHARSET;
-                        has_charset_modifier = LOCALE_PAT_MOD;
-                       RExC_contains_locale = 1;
-                        break;
-                    case UNICODE_PAT_MOD:
-                        if (has_charset_modifier) {
-                           goto excess_modifier;
-                       }
-                       else if (flagsp == &negflags) {
-                            goto neg_modifier;
-                        }
-                       cs = REGEX_UNICODE_CHARSET;
-                        has_charset_modifier = UNICODE_PAT_MOD;
-                        break;
-                    case ASCII_RESTRICT_PAT_MOD:
-                        if (flagsp == &negflags) {
-                            goto neg_modifier;
-                        }
-                        if (has_charset_modifier) {
-                            if (cs != REGEX_ASCII_RESTRICTED_CHARSET) {
-                                goto excess_modifier;
-                            }
-                           /* Doubled modifier implies more restricted */
-                            cs = REGEX_ASCII_MORE_RESTRICTED_CHARSET;
-                        }
-                       else {
-                           cs = REGEX_ASCII_RESTRICTED_CHARSET;
-                       }
-                        has_charset_modifier = ASCII_RESTRICT_PAT_MOD;
-                        break;
-                    case DEPENDS_PAT_MOD:
-                        if (has_use_defaults) {
-                            goto fail_modifiers;
-                       }
-                       else if (flagsp == &negflags) {
-                            goto neg_modifier;
-                       }
-                       else if (has_charset_modifier) {
-                           goto excess_modifier;
-                        }
-
-                       /* The dual charset means unicode semantics if the
-                        * pattern (or target, not known until runtime) are
-                        * utf8, or something in the pattern indicates unicode
-                        * semantics */
-                       cs = (RExC_utf8 || RExC_uni_semantics)
-                            ? REGEX_UNICODE_CHARSET
-                            : REGEX_DEPENDS_CHARSET;
-                        has_charset_modifier = DEPENDS_PAT_MOD;
-                        break;
-                   excess_modifier:
-                       RExC_parse++;
-                       if (has_charset_modifier == ASCII_RESTRICT_PAT_MOD) {
-                           vFAIL2("Regexp modifier \"%c\" may appear a maximum of twice", ASCII_RESTRICT_PAT_MOD);
-                       }
-                       else if (has_charset_modifier == *(RExC_parse - 1)) {
-                           vFAIL2("Regexp modifier \"%c\" may not appear twice", *(RExC_parse - 1));
-                       }
-                       else {
-                           vFAIL3("Regexp modifiers \"%c\" and \"%c\" are mutually exclusive", has_charset_modifier, *(RExC_parse - 1));
-                       }
-                       /*NOTREACHED*/
-                   neg_modifier:
-                       RExC_parse++;
-                       vFAIL2("Regexp modifier \"%c\" may not appear after the \"-\"", *(RExC_parse - 1));
-                       /*NOTREACHED*/
-                    case ONCE_PAT_MOD: /* 'o' */
-                    case GLOBAL_PAT_MOD: /* 'g' */
-                       if (SIZE_ONLY && ckWARN(WARN_REGEXP)) {
-                           const I32 wflagbit = *RExC_parse == 'o' ? WASTED_O : WASTED_G;
-                           if (! (wastedflags & wflagbit) ) {
-                               wastedflags |= wflagbit;
-                               vWARN5(
-                                   RExC_parse + 1,
-                                   "Useless (%s%c) - %suse /%c modifier",
-                                   flagsp == &negflags ? "?-" : "?",
-                                   *RExC_parse,
-                                   flagsp == &negflags ? "don't " : "",
-                                   *RExC_parse
-                               );
-                           }
-                       }
-                       break;
-                       
-                   case CONTINUE_PAT_MOD: /* 'c' */
-                       if (SIZE_ONLY && ckWARN(WARN_REGEXP)) {
-                           if (! (wastedflags & WASTED_C) ) {
-                               wastedflags |= WASTED_GC;
-                               vWARN3(
-                                   RExC_parse + 1,
-                                   "Useless (%sc) - %suse /gc modifier",
-                                   flagsp == &negflags ? "?-" : "?",
-                                   flagsp == &negflags ? "don't " : ""
-                               );
-                           }
-                       }
-                       break;
-                   case KEEPCOPY_PAT_MOD: /* 'p' */
-                        if (flagsp == &negflags) {
-                            if (SIZE_ONLY)
-                                ckWARNreg(RExC_parse + 1,"Useless use of (?-p)");
-                        } else {
-                            *flagsp |= RXf_PMf_KEEPCOPY;
-                        }
-                       break;
-                    case '-':
-                        /* A flag is a default iff it is following a minus, so
-                         * if there is a minus, it means will be trying to
-                         * re-specify a default which is an error */
-                        if (has_use_defaults || flagsp == &negflags) {
-            fail_modifiers:
-                            RExC_parse++;
-                           vFAIL3("Sequence (%.*s...) not recognized", RExC_parse-seqstart, seqstart);
-                           /*NOTREACHED*/
-                       }
-                       flagsp = &negflags;
-                       wastedflags = 0;  /* reset so (?g-c) warns twice */
-                       break;
-                    case ':':
-                       paren = ':';
-                       /*FALLTHROUGH*/
-                    case ')':
-                        RExC_flags |= posflags;
-                        RExC_flags &= ~negflags;
-                       set_regex_charset(&RExC_flags, cs);
-                        if (paren != ':') {
-                            oregflags |= posflags;
-                            oregflags &= ~negflags;
-                           set_regex_charset(&oregflags, cs);
-                        }
-                        nextchar(pRExC_state);
-                       if (paren != ':') {
-                           *flagp = TRYAGAIN;
-                           return NULL;
-                       } else {
-                            ret = NULL;
-                           goto parse_rest;
-                       }
-                       /*NOTREACHED*/
-                    default:
-                       RExC_parse++;
-                       vFAIL3("Sequence (%.*s...) not recognized", RExC_parse-seqstart, seqstart);
-                       /*NOTREACHED*/
-                    }                           
-                   ++RExC_parse;
-               }
-           }} /* one for the default block, one for the switch */
-       }
-       else {                  /* (...) */
-         capturing_parens:
-           parno = RExC_npar;
-           RExC_npar++;
-           
-           ret = reganode(pRExC_state, OPEN, parno);
-           if (!SIZE_ONLY ){
-               if (!RExC_nestroot) 
-                   RExC_nestroot = parno;
-               if (RExC_seen & REG_SEEN_RECURSE
-                   && !RExC_open_parens[parno-1])
-               {
-                   DEBUG_OPTIMISE_MORE_r(PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log,
-                       "Setting open paren #%"IVdf" to %d\n", 
-                       (IV)parno, REG_NODE_NUM(ret)));
-                   RExC_open_parens[parno-1]= ret;
-               }
-           }
-            Set_Node_Length(ret, 1); /* MJD */
-            Set_Node_Offset(ret, RExC_parse); /* MJD */
-           is_open = 1;
-       }
-    }
-    else                        /* ! paren */
-       ret = NULL;
-   
-   parse_rest:
-    /* Pick up the branches, linking them together. */
-    parse_start = RExC_parse;   /* MJD */
-    br = regbranch(pRExC_state, &flags, 1,depth+1);
-
-    /*     branch_len = (paren != 0); */
-
-    if (br == NULL)
-       return(NULL);
-    if (*RExC_parse == '|') {
-       if (!SIZE_ONLY && RExC_extralen) {
-           reginsert(pRExC_state, BRANCHJ, br, depth+1);
-       }
-       else {                  /* MJD */
-           reginsert(pRExC_state, BRANCH, br, depth+1);
-            Set_Node_Length(br, paren != 0);
-            Set_Node_Offset_To_R(br-RExC_emit_start, parse_start-RExC_start);
-        }
-       have_branch = 1;
-       if (SIZE_ONLY)
-           RExC_extralen += 1;         /* For BRANCHJ-BRANCH. */
-    }
-    else if (paren == ':') {
-       *flagp |= flags&SIMPLE;
-    }
-    if (is_open) {                             /* Starts with OPEN. */
-        REGTAIL(pRExC_state, ret, br);          /* OPEN -> first. */
-    }
-    else if (paren != '?')             /* Not Conditional */
-       ret = br;
-    *flagp |= flags & (SPSTART | HASWIDTH | POSTPONED);
-    lastbr = br;
-    while (*RExC_parse == '|') {
-       if (!SIZE_ONLY && RExC_extralen) {
-           ender = reganode(pRExC_state, LONGJMP,0);
-            REGTAIL(pRExC_state, NEXTOPER(NEXTOPER(lastbr)), ender); /* Append to the previous. */
-       }
-       if (SIZE_ONLY)
-           RExC_extralen += 2;         /* Account for LONGJMP. */
-       nextchar(pRExC_state);
-       if (freeze_paren) {
-           if (RExC_npar > after_freeze)
-               after_freeze = RExC_npar;
-            RExC_npar = freeze_paren;      
-        }
-        br = regbranch(pRExC_state, &flags, 0, depth+1);
-
-       if (br == NULL)
-           return(NULL);
-        REGTAIL(pRExC_state, lastbr, br);               /* BRANCH -> BRANCH. */
-       lastbr = br;
-       *flagp |= flags & (SPSTART | HASWIDTH | POSTPONED);
-    }
-
-    if (have_branch || paren != ':') {
-       /* Make a closing node, and hook it on the end. */
-       switch (paren) {
-       case ':':
-           ender = reg_node(pRExC_state, TAIL);
-           break;
-       case 1:
-           ender = reganode(pRExC_state, CLOSE, parno);
-           if (!SIZE_ONLY && RExC_seen & REG_SEEN_RECURSE) {
-               DEBUG_OPTIMISE_MORE_r(PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log,
-                       "Setting close paren #%"IVdf" to %d\n", 
-                       (IV)parno, REG_NODE_NUM(ender)));
-               RExC_close_parens[parno-1]= ender;
-               if (RExC_nestroot == parno) 
-                   RExC_nestroot = 0;
-           }       
-            Set_Node_Offset(ender,RExC_parse+1); /* MJD */
-            Set_Node_Length(ender,1); /* MJD */
-           break;
-       case '<':
-       case ',':
-       case '=':
-       case '!':
-           *flagp &= ~HASWIDTH;
-           /* FALL THROUGH */
-       case '>':
-           ender = reg_node(pRExC_state, SUCCEED);
-           break;
-       case 0:
-           ender = reg_node(pRExC_state, END);
-           if (!SIZE_ONLY) {
-                assert(!RExC_opend); /* there can only be one! */
-                RExC_opend = ender;
-            }
-           break;
-       }
-        DEBUG_PARSE_r(if (!SIZE_ONLY) {
-            SV * const mysv_val1=sv_newmortal();
-            SV * const mysv_val2=sv_newmortal();
-            DEBUG_PARSE_MSG("lsbr");
-            regprop(RExC_rx, mysv_val1, lastbr);
-            regprop(RExC_rx, mysv_val2, ender);
-            PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log, "~ tying lastbr %s (%"IVdf") to ender %s (%"IVdf") offset %"IVdf"\n",
-                          SvPV_nolen_const(mysv_val1),
-                          (IV)REG_NODE_NUM(lastbr),
-                          SvPV_nolen_const(mysv_val2),
-                          (IV)REG_NODE_NUM(ender),
-                          (IV)(ender - lastbr)
-            );
-        });
-        REGTAIL(pRExC_state, lastbr, ender);
-
-       if (have_branch && !SIZE_ONLY) {
-            char is_nothing= 1;
-           if (depth==1)
-               RExC_seen |= REG_TOP_LEVEL_BRANCHES;
-
-           /* Hook the tails of the branches to the closing node. */
-           for (br = ret; br; br = regnext(br)) {
-               const U8 op = PL_regkind[OP(br)];
-               if (op == BRANCH) {
-                    REGTAIL_STUDY(pRExC_state, NEXTOPER(br), ender);
-                    if (OP(NEXTOPER(br)) != NOTHING || regnext(NEXTOPER(br)) != ender)
-                        is_nothing= 0;
-               }
-               else if (op == BRANCHJ) {
-                    REGTAIL_STUDY(pRExC_state, NEXTOPER(NEXTOPER(br)), ender);
-                    /* for now we always disable this optimisation * /
-                    if (OP(NEXTOPER(NEXTOPER(br))) != NOTHING || regnext(NEXTOPER(NEXTOPER(br))) != ender)
-                    */
-                        is_nothing= 0;
-               }
-           }
-            if (is_nothing) {
-                br= PL_regkind[OP(ret)] != BRANCH ? regnext(ret) : ret;
-                DEBUG_PARSE_r(if (!SIZE_ONLY) {
-                    SV * const mysv_val1=sv_newmortal();
-                    SV * const mysv_val2=sv_newmortal();
-                    DEBUG_PARSE_MSG("NADA");
-                    regprop(RExC_rx, mysv_val1, ret);
-                    regprop(RExC_rx, mysv_val2, ender);
-                    PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log, "~ converting ret %s (%"IVdf") to ender %s (%"IVdf") offset %"IVdf"\n",
-                                  SvPV_nolen_const(mysv_val1),
-                                  (IV)REG_NODE_NUM(ret),
-                                  SvPV_nolen_const(mysv_val2),
-                                  (IV)REG_NODE_NUM(ender),
-                                  (IV)(ender - ret)
-                    );
-                });
-                OP(br)= NOTHING;
-                if (OP(ender) == TAIL) {
-                    NEXT_OFF(br)= 0;
-                    RExC_emit= br + 1;
-                } else {
-                    regnode *opt;
-                    for ( opt= br + 1; opt < ender ; opt++ )
-                        OP(opt)= OPTIMIZED;
-                    NEXT_OFF(br)= ender - br;
-                }
-            }
-       }
-    }
-
-    {
-        const char *p;
-        static const char parens[] = "=!<,>";
-
-       if (paren && (p = strchr(parens, paren))) {
-           U8 node = ((p - parens) % 2) ? UNLESSM : IFMATCH;
-           int flag = (p - parens) > 1;
-
-           if (paren == '>')
-               node = SUSPEND, flag = 0;
-           reginsert(pRExC_state, node,ret, depth+1);
-           Set_Node_Cur_Length(ret);
-           Set_Node_Offset(ret, parse_start + 1);
-           ret->flags = flag;
-            REGTAIL_STUDY(pRExC_state, ret, reg_node(pRExC_state, TAIL));
-       }
-    }
-
-    /* Check for proper termination. */
-    if (paren) {
-       RExC_flags = oregflags;
-       if (RExC_parse >= RExC_end || *nextchar(pRExC_state) != ')') {
-           RExC_parse = oregcomp_parse;
-           vFAIL("Unmatched (");
-       }
-    }
-    else if (!paren && RExC_parse < RExC_end) {
-       if (*RExC_parse == ')') {
-           RExC_parse++;
-           vFAIL("Unmatched )");
-       }
-       else
-           FAIL("Junk on end of regexp");      /* "Can't happen". */
-       assert(0); /* NOTREACHED */
-    }
-
-    if (RExC_in_lookbehind) {
-       RExC_in_lookbehind--;
-    }
-    if (after_freeze > RExC_npar)
-        RExC_npar = after_freeze;
-    return(ret);
-}
-
-/*
- - regbranch - one alternative of an | operator
- *
- * Implements the concatenation operator.
- */
-STATIC regnode *
-S_regbranch(pTHX_ RExC_state_t *pRExC_state, I32 *flagp, I32 first, U32 depth)
-{
-    dVAR;
-    regnode *ret;
-    regnode *chain = NULL;
-    regnode *latest;
-    I32 flags = 0, c = 0;
-    GET_RE_DEBUG_FLAGS_DECL;
-
-    PERL_ARGS_ASSERT_REGBRANCH;
-
-    DEBUG_PARSE("brnc");
-
-    if (first)
-       ret = NULL;
-    else {
-       if (!SIZE_ONLY && RExC_extralen)
-           ret = reganode(pRExC_state, BRANCHJ,0);
-       else {
-           ret = reg_node(pRExC_state, BRANCH);
-            Set_Node_Length(ret, 1);
-        }
-    }
-
-    if (!first && SIZE_ONLY)
-       RExC_extralen += 1;                     /* BRANCHJ */
-
-    *flagp = WORST;                    /* Tentatively. */
-
-    RExC_parse--;
-    nextchar(pRExC_state);
-    while (RExC_parse < RExC_end && *RExC_parse != '|' && *RExC_parse != ')') {
-       flags &= ~TRYAGAIN;
-        latest = regpiece(pRExC_state, &flags,depth+1);
-       if (latest == NULL) {
-           if (flags & TRYAGAIN)
-               continue;
-           return(NULL);
-       }
-       else if (ret == NULL)
-           ret = latest;
-       *flagp |= flags&(HASWIDTH|POSTPONED);
-       if (chain == NULL)      /* First piece. */
-           *flagp |= flags&SPSTART;
-       else {
-           RExC_naughty++;
-            REGTAIL(pRExC_state, chain, latest);
-       }
-       chain = latest;
-       c++;
-    }
-    if (chain == NULL) {       /* Loop ran zero times. */
-       chain = reg_node(pRExC_state, NOTHING);
-       if (ret == NULL)
-           ret = chain;
-    }
-    if (c == 1) {
-       *flagp |= flags&SIMPLE;
-    }
-
-    return ret;
-}
-
-/*
- - regpiece - something followed by possible [*+?]
- *
- * Note that the branching code sequences used for ? and the general cases
- * of * and + are somewhat optimized:  they use the same NOTHING node as
- * both the endmarker for their branch list and the body of the last branch.
- * It might seem that this node could be dispensed with entirely, but the
- * endmarker role is not redundant.
- */
-STATIC regnode *
-S_regpiece(pTHX_ RExC_state_t *pRExC_state, I32 *flagp, U32 depth)
-{
-    dVAR;
-    regnode *ret;
-    char op;
-    char *next;
-    I32 flags;
-    const char * const origparse = RExC_parse;
-    I32 min;
-    I32 max = REG_INFTY;
-#ifdef RE_TRACK_PATTERN_OFFSETS
-    char *parse_start;
-#endif
-    const char *maxpos = NULL;
-
-    /* Save the original in case we change the emitted regop to a FAIL. */
-    regnode * const orig_emit = RExC_emit;
-
-    GET_RE_DEBUG_FLAGS_DECL;
-
-    PERL_ARGS_ASSERT_REGPIECE;
-
-    DEBUG_PARSE("piec");
-
-    ret = regatom(pRExC_state, &flags,depth+1);
-    if (ret == NULL) {
-       if (flags & TRYAGAIN)
-           *flagp |= TRYAGAIN;
-       return(NULL);
-    }
-
-    op = *RExC_parse;
-
-    if (op == '{' && regcurly(RExC_parse)) {
-       maxpos = NULL;
-#ifdef RE_TRACK_PATTERN_OFFSETS
-        parse_start = RExC_parse; /* MJD */
-#endif
-       next = RExC_parse + 1;
-       while (isDIGIT(*next) || *next == ',') {
-           if (*next == ',') {
-               if (maxpos)
-                   break;
-               else
-                   maxpos = next;
-           }
-           next++;
-       }
-       if (*next == '}') {             /* got one */
-           if (!maxpos)
-               maxpos = next;
-           RExC_parse++;
-           min = atoi(RExC_parse);
-           if (*maxpos == ',')
-               maxpos++;
-           else
-               maxpos = RExC_parse;
-           max = atoi(maxpos);
-           if (!max && *maxpos != '0')
-               max = REG_INFTY;                /* meaning "infinity" */
-           else if (max >= REG_INFTY)
-               vFAIL2("Quantifier in {,} bigger than %d", REG_INFTY - 1);
-           RExC_parse = next;
-           nextchar(pRExC_state);
-            if (max < min) {    /* If can't match, warn and optimize to fail
-                                   unconditionally */
-                if (SIZE_ONLY) {
-                    ckWARNreg(RExC_parse, "Quantifier {n,m} with n > m can't match");
-
-                    /* We can't back off the size because we have to reserve
-                     * enough space for all the things we are about to throw
-                     * away, but we can shrink it by the ammount we are about
-                     * to re-use here */
-                    RExC_size = PREVOPER(RExC_size) - regarglen[(U8)OPFAIL];
-                }
-                else {
-                    RExC_emit = orig_emit;
-                }
-                ret = reg_node(pRExC_state, OPFAIL);
-                return ret;
-            }
-
-       do_curly:
-           if ((flags&SIMPLE)) {
-               RExC_naughty += 2 + RExC_naughty / 2;
-               reginsert(pRExC_state, CURLY, ret, depth+1);
-                Set_Node_Offset(ret, parse_start+1); /* MJD */
-                Set_Node_Cur_Length(ret);
-           }
-           else {
-               regnode * const w = reg_node(pRExC_state, WHILEM);
-
-               w->flags = 0;
-                REGTAIL(pRExC_state, ret, w);
-               if (!SIZE_ONLY && RExC_extralen) {
-                   reginsert(pRExC_state, LONGJMP,ret, depth+1);
-                   reginsert(pRExC_state, NOTHING,ret, depth+1);
-                   NEXT_OFF(ret) = 3;  /* Go over LONGJMP. */
-               }
-               reginsert(pRExC_state, CURLYX,ret, depth+1);
-                                /* MJD hk */
-                Set_Node_Offset(ret, parse_start+1);
-                Set_Node_Length(ret,
-                                op == '{' ? (RExC_parse - parse_start) : 1);
-
-               if (!SIZE_ONLY && RExC_extralen)
-                   NEXT_OFF(ret) = 3;  /* Go over NOTHING to LONGJMP. */
-                REGTAIL(pRExC_state, ret, reg_node(pRExC_state, NOTHING));
-               if (SIZE_ONLY)
-                   RExC_whilem_seen++, RExC_extralen += 3;
-               RExC_naughty += 4 + RExC_naughty;       /* compound interest */
-           }
-           ret->flags = 0;
-
-           if (min > 0)
-               *flagp = WORST;
-           if (max > 0)
-               *flagp |= HASWIDTH;
-           if (!SIZE_ONLY) {
-               ARG1_SET(ret, (U16)min);
-               ARG2_SET(ret, (U16)max);
-           }
-
-           goto nest_check;
-       }
-    }
-
-    if (!ISMULT1(op)) {
-       *flagp = flags;
-       return(ret);
-    }
-
-#if 0                          /* Now runtime fix should be reliable. */
-
-    /* if this is reinstated, don't forget to put this back into perldiag:
-
-           =item Regexp *+ operand could be empty at {#} in regex m/%s/
-
-          (F) The part of the regexp subject to either the * or + quantifier
-           could match an empty string. The {#} shows in the regular
-           expression about where the problem was discovered.
-
-    */
-
-    if (!(flags&HASWIDTH) && op != '?')
-      vFAIL("Regexp *+ operand could be empty");
-#endif
-
-#ifdef RE_TRACK_PATTERN_OFFSETS
-    parse_start = RExC_parse;
-#endif
-    nextchar(pRExC_state);
-
-    *flagp = (op != '+') ? (WORST|SPSTART|HASWIDTH) : (WORST|HASWIDTH);
-
-    if (op == '*' && (flags&SIMPLE)) {
-       reginsert(pRExC_state, STAR, ret, depth+1);
-       ret->flags = 0;
-       RExC_naughty += 4;
-    }
-    else if (op == '*') {
-       min = 0;
-       goto do_curly;
-    }
-    else if (op == '+' && (flags&SIMPLE)) {
-       reginsert(pRExC_state, PLUS, ret, depth+1);
-       ret->flags = 0;
-       RExC_naughty += 3;
-    }
-    else if (op == '+') {
-       min = 1;
-       goto do_curly;
-    }
-    else if (op == '?') {
-       min = 0; max = 1;
-       goto do_curly;
-    }
-  nest_check:
-    if (!SIZE_ONLY && !(flags&(HASWIDTH|POSTPONED)) && max > REG_INFTY/3) {
-       SAVEFREESV(RExC_rx_sv); /* in case of fatal warnings */
-       ckWARN3reg(RExC_parse,
-                  "%.*s matches null string many times",
-                  (int)(RExC_parse >= origparse ? RExC_parse - origparse : 0),
-                  origparse);
-       (void)ReREFCNT_inc(RExC_rx_sv);
-    }
-
-    if (RExC_parse < RExC_end && *RExC_parse == '?') {
-       nextchar(pRExC_state);
-       reginsert(pRExC_state, MINMOD, ret, depth+1);
-        REGTAIL(pRExC_state, ret, ret + NODE_STEP_REGNODE);
-    }
-#ifndef REG_ALLOW_MINMOD_SUSPEND
-    else
-#endif
-    if (RExC_parse < RExC_end && *RExC_parse == '+') {
-        regnode *ender;
-        nextchar(pRExC_state);
-        ender = reg_node(pRExC_state, SUCCEED);
-        REGTAIL(pRExC_state, ret, ender);
-        reginsert(pRExC_state, SUSPEND, ret, depth+1);
-        ret->flags = 0;
-        ender = reg_node(pRExC_state, TAIL);
-        REGTAIL(pRExC_state, ret, ender);
-        /*ret= ender;*/
-    }
-
-    if (RExC_parse < RExC_end && ISMULT2(RExC_parse)) {
-       RExC_parse++;
-       vFAIL("Nested quantifiers");
-    }
-
-    return(ret);
-}
-
-STATIC bool
-S_grok_bslash_N(pTHX_ RExC_state_t *pRExC_state, regnode** node_p, UV *valuep, I32 *flagp, U32 depth, bool in_char_class)
-{
-   
- /* This is expected to be called by a parser routine that has recognized '\N'
-   and needs to handle the rest. RExC_parse is expected to point at the first
-   char following the N at the time of the call.  On successful return,
-   RExC_parse has been updated to point to just after the sequence identified
-   by this routine, and <*flagp> has been updated.
-
-   The \N may be inside (indicated by the boolean <in_char_class>) or outside a
-   character class.
-
-   \N may begin either a named sequence, or if outside a character class, mean
-   to match a non-newline.  For non single-quoted regexes, the tokenizer has
-   attempted to decide which, and in the case of a named sequence, converted it
-   into one of the forms: \N{} (if the sequence is null), or \N{U+c1.c2...},
-   where c1... are the characters in the sequence.  For single-quoted regexes,
-   the tokenizer passes the \N sequence through unchanged; this code will not
-   attempt to determine this nor expand those, instead raising a syntax error.
-   The net effect is that if the beginning of the passed-in pattern isn't '{U+'
-   or there is no '}', it signals that this \N occurrence means to match a
-   non-newline.
-
-   Only the \N{U+...} form should occur in a character class, for the same
-   reason that '.' inside a character class means to just match a period: it
-   just doesn't make sense.
-
-   The function raises an error (via vFAIL), and doesn't return for various
-   syntax errors.  Otherwise it returns TRUE and sets <node_p> or <valuep> on
-   success; it returns FALSE otherwise.
-
-   If <valuep> is non-null, it means the caller can accept an input sequence
-   consisting of a just a single code point; <*valuep> is set to that value
-   if the input is such.
-
-   If <node_p> is non-null it signifies that the caller can accept any other
-   legal sequence (i.e., one that isn't just a single code point).  <*node_p>
-   is set as follows:
-    1) \N means not-a-NL: points to a newly created REG_ANY node;
-    2) \N{}:              points to a new NOTHING node;
-    3) otherwise:         points to a new EXACT node containing the resolved
-                          string.
-   Note that FALSE is returned for single code point sequences if <valuep> is
-   null.
- */
-
-    char * endbrace;    /* '}' following the name */
-    char* p;
-    char *endchar;     /* Points to '.' or '}' ending cur char in the input
-                           stream */
-    bool has_multiple_chars; /* true if the input stream contains a sequence of
-                                more than one character */
-
-    GET_RE_DEBUG_FLAGS_DECL;
-    PERL_ARGS_ASSERT_GROK_BSLASH_N;
-
-    GET_RE_DEBUG_FLAGS;
-
-    assert(cBOOL(node_p) ^ cBOOL(valuep));  /* Exactly one should be set */
-
-    /* The [^\n] meaning of \N ignores spaces and comments under the /x
-     * modifier.  The other meaning does not */
-    p = (RExC_flags & RXf_PMf_EXTENDED)
-       ? regwhite( pRExC_state, RExC_parse )
-       : RExC_parse;
-
-    /* Disambiguate between \N meaning a named character versus \N meaning
-     * [^\n].  The former is assumed when it can't be the latter. */
-    if (*p != '{' || regcurly(p)) {
-       RExC_parse = p;
-       if (! node_p) {
-           /* no bare \N in a charclass */
-            if (in_char_class) {
-                vFAIL("\\N in a character class must be a named character: \\N{...}");
-            }
-            return FALSE;
-        }
-       nextchar(pRExC_state);
-       *node_p = reg_node(pRExC_state, REG_ANY);
-       *flagp |= HASWIDTH|SIMPLE;
-       RExC_naughty++;
-       RExC_parse--;
-        Set_Node_Length(*node_p, 1); /* MJD */
-       return TRUE;
-    }
-
-    /* Here, we have decided it should be a named character or sequence */
-
-    /* The test above made sure that the next real character is a '{', but
-     * under the /x modifier, it could be separated by space (or a comment and
-     * \n) and this is not allowed (for consistency with \x{...} and the
-     * tokenizer handling of \N{NAME}). */
-    if (*RExC_parse != '{') {
-       vFAIL("Missing braces on \\N{}");
-    }
-
-    RExC_parse++;      /* Skip past the '{' */
-
-    if (! (endbrace = strchr(RExC_parse, '}')) /* no trailing brace */
-       || ! (endbrace == RExC_parse            /* nothing between the {} */
-             || (endbrace - RExC_parse >= 2    /* U+ (bad hex is checked below */
-                 && strnEQ(RExC_parse, "U+", 2)))) /* for a better error msg) */
-    {
-       if (endbrace) RExC_parse = endbrace;    /* position msg's '<--HERE' */
-       vFAIL("\\N{NAME} must be resolved by the lexer");
-    }
-
-    if (endbrace == RExC_parse) {   /* empty: \N{} */
-        bool ret = TRUE;
-       if (node_p) {
-           *node_p = reg_node(pRExC_state,NOTHING);
-       }
-        else if (in_char_class) {
-            if (SIZE_ONLY && in_char_class) {
-                ckWARNreg(RExC_parse,
-                        "Ignoring zero length \\N{} in character class"
-                );
-            }
-            ret = FALSE;
-       }
-        else {
-            return FALSE;
-        }
-        nextchar(pRExC_state);
-        return ret;
-    }
-
-    RExC_uni_semantics = 1; /* Unicode named chars imply Unicode semantics */
-    RExC_parse += 2;   /* Skip past the 'U+' */
-
-    endchar = RExC_parse + strcspn(RExC_parse, ".}");
-
-    /* Code points are separated by dots.  If none, there is only one code
-     * point, and is terminated by the brace */
-    has_multiple_chars = (endchar < endbrace);
-
-    if (valuep && (! has_multiple_chars || in_char_class)) {
-       /* We only pay attention to the first char of
-        multichar strings being returned in char classes. I kinda wonder
-       if this makes sense as it does change the behaviour
-       from earlier versions, OTOH that behaviour was broken
-       as well. XXX Solution is to recharacterize as
-       [rest-of-class]|multi1|multi2... */
-
-       STRLEN length_of_hex = (STRLEN)(endchar - RExC_parse);
-       I32 grok_hex_flags = PERL_SCAN_ALLOW_UNDERSCORES
-           | PERL_SCAN_DISALLOW_PREFIX
-           | (SIZE_ONLY ? PERL_SCAN_SILENT_ILLDIGIT : 0);
-
-       *valuep = grok_hex(RExC_parse, &length_of_hex, &grok_hex_flags, NULL);
-
-       /* The tokenizer should have guaranteed validity, but it's possible to
-        * bypass it by using single quoting, so check */
-       if (length_of_hex == 0
-           || length_of_hex != (STRLEN)(endchar - RExC_parse) )
-       {
-           RExC_parse += length_of_hex;        /* Includes all the valid */
-           RExC_parse += (RExC_orig_utf8)      /* point to after 1st invalid */
-                           ? UTF8SKIP(RExC_parse)
-                           : 1;
-           /* Guard against malformed utf8 */
-           if (RExC_parse >= endchar) {
-                RExC_parse = endchar;
-            }
-           vFAIL("Invalid hexadecimal number in \\N{U+...}");
-       }
-
-        if (in_char_class && has_multiple_chars) {
-           ckWARNreg(endchar, "Using just the first character returned by \\N{} in character class");
-        }
-
-        RExC_parse = endbrace + 1;
-    }
-    else if (! node_p || ! has_multiple_chars) {
-
-        /* Here, the input is legal, but not according to the caller's
-         * options.  We fail without advancing the parse, so that the
-         * caller can try again */
-        RExC_parse = p;
-        return FALSE;
-    }
-    else {
-
-       /* What is done here is to convert this to a sub-pattern of the form
-        * (?:\x{char1}\x{char2}...)
-        * and then call reg recursively.  That way, it retains its atomicness,
-        * while not having to worry about special handling that some code
-        * points may have.  toke.c has converted the original Unicode values
-        * to native, so that we can just pass on the hex values unchanged.  We
-        * do have to set a flag to keep recoding from happening in the
-        * recursion */
-
-       SV * substitute_parse = newSVpvn_flags("?:", 2, SVf_UTF8|SVs_TEMP);
-       STRLEN len;
-       char *orig_end = RExC_end;
-        I32 flags;
-
-       while (RExC_parse < endbrace) {
-
-           /* Convert to notation the rest of the code understands */
-           sv_catpv(substitute_parse, "\\x{");
-           sv_catpvn(substitute_parse, RExC_parse, endchar - RExC_parse);
-           sv_catpv(substitute_parse, "}");
-
-           /* Point to the beginning of the next character in the sequence. */
-           RExC_parse = endchar + 1;
-           endchar = RExC_parse + strcspn(RExC_parse, ".}");
-       }
-       sv_catpv(substitute_parse, ")");
-
-       RExC_parse = SvPV(substitute_parse, len);
-
-       /* Don't allow empty number */
-       if (len < 8) {
-           vFAIL("Invalid hexadecimal number in \\N{U+...}");
-       }
-       RExC_end = RExC_parse + len;
-
-       /* The values are Unicode, and therefore not subject to recoding */
-       RExC_override_recoding = 1;
-
-       *node_p = reg(pRExC_state, 1, &flags, depth+1);
-       *flagp |= flags&(HASWIDTH|SPSTART|SIMPLE|POSTPONED);
-
-       RExC_parse = endbrace;
-       RExC_end = orig_end;
-       RExC_override_recoding = 0;
-
-        nextchar(pRExC_state);
-    }
-
-    return TRUE;
-}
-
-
-/*
- * reg_recode
- *
- * It returns the code point in utf8 for the value in *encp.
- *    value: a code value in the source encoding
- *    encp:  a pointer to an Encode object
- *
- * If the result from Encode is not a single character,
- * it returns U+FFFD (Replacement character) and sets *encp to NULL.
- */
-STATIC UV
-S_reg_recode(pTHX_ const char value, SV **encp)
-{
-    STRLEN numlen = 1;
-    SV * const sv = newSVpvn_flags(&value, numlen, SVs_TEMP);
-    const char * const s = *encp ? sv_recode_to_utf8(sv, *encp) : SvPVX(sv);
-    const STRLEN newlen = SvCUR(sv);
-    UV uv = UNICODE_REPLACEMENT;
-
-    PERL_ARGS_ASSERT_REG_RECODE;
-
-    if (newlen)
-       uv = SvUTF8(sv)
-            ? utf8n_to_uvchr((U8*)s, newlen, &numlen, UTF8_ALLOW_DEFAULT)
-            : *(U8*)s;
-
-    if (!newlen || numlen != newlen) {
-       uv = UNICODE_REPLACEMENT;
-       *encp = NULL;
-    }
-    return uv;
-}
-
-PERL_STATIC_INLINE U8
-S_compute_EXACTish(pTHX_ RExC_state_t *pRExC_state)
-{
-    U8 op;
-
-    PERL_ARGS_ASSERT_COMPUTE_EXACTISH;
-
-    if (! FOLD) {
-        return EXACT;
-    }
-
-    op = get_regex_charset(RExC_flags);
-    if (op >= REGEX_ASCII_RESTRICTED_CHARSET) {
-        op--; /* /a is same as /u, and map /aa's offset to what /a's would have
-                 been, so there is no hole */
-    }
-
-    return op + EXACTF;
-}
-
-PERL_STATIC_INLINE void
-S_alloc_maybe_populate_EXACT(pTHX_ RExC_state_t *pRExC_state, regnode *node, I32* flagp, STRLEN len, UV code_point)
-{
-    /* This knows the details about sizing an EXACTish node, setting flags for
-     * it (by setting <*flagp>, and potentially populating it with a single
-     * character.
-     *
-     * If <len> (the length in bytes) is non-zero, this function assumes that
-     * the node has already been populated, and just does the sizing.  In this
-     * case <code_point> should be the final code point that has already been
-     * placed into the node.  This value will be ignored except that under some
-     * circumstances <*flagp> is set based on it.
-     *
-     * If <len> is zero, the function assumes that the node is to contain only
-     * the single character given by <code_point> and calculates what <len>
-     * should be.  In pass 1, it sizes the node appropriately.  In pass 2, it
-     * additionally will populate the node's STRING with <code_point>, if <len>
-     * is 0.  In both cases <*flagp> is appropriately set
-     *
-     * It knows that under FOLD, UTF characters and the Latin Sharp S must be
-     * folded (the latter only when the rules indicate it can match 'ss') */
-
-    bool len_passed_in = cBOOL(len != 0);
-    U8 character[UTF8_MAXBYTES_CASE+1];
-
-    PERL_ARGS_ASSERT_ALLOC_MAYBE_POPULATE_EXACT;
-
-    if (! len_passed_in) {
-        if (UTF) {
-            if (FOLD) {
-                to_uni_fold(NATIVE_TO_UNI(code_point), character, &len);
-            }
-            else {
-                uvchr_to_utf8( character, code_point);
-                len = UTF8SKIP(character);
-            }
-        }
-        else if (! FOLD
-                 || code_point != LATIN_SMALL_LETTER_SHARP_S
-                 || ASCII_FOLD_RESTRICTED
-                 || ! AT_LEAST_UNI_SEMANTICS)
-        {
-            *character = (U8) code_point;
-            len = 1;
-        }
-        else {
-            *character = 's';
-            *(character + 1) = 's';
-            len = 2;
-        }
-    }
-
-    if (SIZE_ONLY) {
-        RExC_size += STR_SZ(len);
-    }
-    else {
-        RExC_emit += STR_SZ(len);
-        STR_LEN(node) = len;
-        if (! len_passed_in) {
-            Copy((char *) character, STRING(node), len, char);
-        }
-    }
-
-    *flagp |= HASWIDTH;
-
-    /* A single character node is SIMPLE, except for the special-cased SHARP S
-     * under /di. */
-    if ((len == 1 || (UTF && len == UNISKIP(code_point)))
-        && (code_point != LATIN_SMALL_LETTER_SHARP_S
-            || ! FOLD || ! DEPENDS_SEMANTICS))
-    {
-        *flagp |= SIMPLE;
-    }
-}
-
-/*
- - regatom - the lowest level
-
-   Try to identify anything special at the start of the pattern. If there
-   is, then handle it as required. This may involve generating a single regop,
-   such as for an assertion; or it may involve recursing, such as to
-   handle a () structure.
-
-   If the string doesn't start with something special then we gobble up
-   as much literal text as we can.
-
-   Once we have been able to handle whatever type of thing started the
-   sequence, we return.
-
-   Note: we have to be careful with escapes, as they can be both literal
-   and special, and in the case of \10 and friends, context determines which.
-
-   A summary of the code structure is:
-
-   switch (first_byte) {
-       cases for each special:
-           handle this special;
-           break;
-       case '\\':
-           switch (2nd byte) {
-               cases for each unambiguous special:
-                   handle this special;
-                   break;
-               cases for each ambigous special/literal:
-                   disambiguate;
-                   if (special)  handle here
-                   else goto defchar;
-               default: // unambiguously literal:
-                   goto defchar;
-           }
-       default:  // is a literal char
-           // FALL THROUGH
-       defchar:
-           create EXACTish node for literal;
-           while (more input and node isn't full) {
-               switch (input_byte) {
-                  cases for each special;
-                       make sure parse pointer is set so that the next call to
-                           regatom will see this special first
-                       goto loopdone; // EXACTish node terminated by prev. char
-                  default:
-                      append char to EXACTISH node;
-               }
-               get next input byte;
-           }
-        loopdone:
-   }
-   return the generated node;
-
-   Specifically there are two separate switches for handling
-   escape sequences, with the one for handling literal escapes requiring
-   a dummy entry for all of the special escapes that are actually handled
-   by the other.
-*/
-
-STATIC regnode *
-S_regatom(pTHX_ RExC_state_t *pRExC_state, I32 *flagp, U32 depth)
-{
-    dVAR;
-    regnode *ret = NULL;
-    I32 flags;
-    char *parse_start = RExC_parse;
-    U8 op;
-    GET_RE_DEBUG_FLAGS_DECL;
-    DEBUG_PARSE("atom");
-    *flagp = WORST;            /* Tentatively. */
-
-    PERL_ARGS_ASSERT_REGATOM;
-
-tryagain:
-    switch ((U8)*RExC_parse) {
-    case '^':
-       RExC_seen_zerolen++;
-       nextchar(pRExC_state);
-       if (RExC_flags & RXf_PMf_MULTILINE)
-           ret = reg_node(pRExC_state, MBOL);
-       else if (RExC_flags & RXf_PMf_SINGLELINE)
-           ret = reg_node(pRExC_state, SBOL);
-       else
-           ret = reg_node(pRExC_state, BOL);
-        Set_Node_Length(ret, 1); /* MJD */
-       break;
-    case '$':
-       nextchar(pRExC_state);
-       if (*RExC_parse)
-           RExC_seen_zerolen++;
-       if (RExC_flags & RXf_PMf_MULTILINE)
-           ret = reg_node(pRExC_state, MEOL);
-       else if (RExC_flags & RXf_PMf_SINGLELINE)
-           ret = reg_node(pRExC_state, SEOL);
-       else
-           ret = reg_node(pRExC_state, EOL);
-        Set_Node_Length(ret, 1); /* MJD */
-       break;
-    case '.':
-       nextchar(pRExC_state);
-       if (RExC_flags & RXf_PMf_SINGLELINE)
-           ret = reg_node(pRExC_state, SANY);
-       else
-           ret = reg_node(pRExC_state, REG_ANY);
-       *flagp |= HASWIDTH|SIMPLE;
-       RExC_naughty++;
-        Set_Node_Length(ret, 1); /* MJD */
-       break;
-    case '[':
-    {
-       char * const oregcomp_parse = ++RExC_parse;
-        ret = regclass(pRExC_state, flagp,depth+1);
-       if (*RExC_parse != ']') {
-           RExC_parse = oregcomp_parse;
-           vFAIL("Unmatched [");
-       }
-       nextchar(pRExC_state);
-        Set_Node_Length(ret, RExC_parse - oregcomp_parse + 1); /* MJD */
-       break;
-    }
-    case '(':
-       nextchar(pRExC_state);
-        ret = reg(pRExC_state, 1, &flags,depth+1);
-       if (ret == NULL) {
-               if (flags & TRYAGAIN) {
-                   if (RExC_parse == RExC_end) {
-                        /* Make parent create an empty node if needed. */
-                       *flagp |= TRYAGAIN;
-                       return(NULL);
-                   }
-                   goto tryagain;
-               }
-               return(NULL);
-       }
-       *flagp |= flags&(HASWIDTH|SPSTART|SIMPLE|POSTPONED);
-       break;
-    case '|':
-    case ')':
-       if (flags & TRYAGAIN) {
-           *flagp |= TRYAGAIN;
-           return NULL;
-       }
-       vFAIL("Internal urp");
-                               /* Supposed to be caught earlier. */
-       break;
-    case '?':
-    case '+':
-    case '*':
-       RExC_parse++;
-       vFAIL("Quantifier follows nothing");
-       break;
-    case '\\':
-       /* Special Escapes
-
-          This switch handles escape sequences that resolve to some kind
-          of special regop and not to literal text. Escape sequnces that
-          resolve to literal text are handled below in the switch marked
-          "Literal Escapes".
-
-          Every entry in this switch *must* have a corresponding entry
-          in the literal escape switch. However, the opposite is not
-          required, as the default for this switch is to jump to the
-          literal text handling code.
-       */
-       switch ((U8)*++RExC_parse) {
-       /* Special Escapes */
-       case 'A':
-           RExC_seen_zerolen++;
-           ret = reg_node(pRExC_state, SBOL);
-           *flagp |= SIMPLE;
-           goto finish_meta_pat;
-       case 'G':
-           ret = reg_node(pRExC_state, GPOS);
-           RExC_seen |= REG_SEEN_GPOS;
-           *flagp |= SIMPLE;
-           goto finish_meta_pat;
-       case 'K':
-           RExC_seen_zerolen++;
-           ret = reg_node(pRExC_state, KEEPS);
-           *flagp |= SIMPLE;
-           /* XXX:dmq : disabling in-place substitution seems to
-            * be necessary here to avoid cases of memory corruption, as
-            * with: C<$_="x" x 80; s/x\K/y/> -- rgs
-            */
-           RExC_seen |= REG_SEEN_LOOKBEHIND;
-           goto finish_meta_pat;
-       case 'Z':
-           ret = reg_node(pRExC_state, SEOL);
-           *flagp |= SIMPLE;
-           RExC_seen_zerolen++;                /* Do not optimize RE away */
-           goto finish_meta_pat;
-       case 'z':
-           ret = reg_node(pRExC_state, EOS);
-           *flagp |= SIMPLE;
-           RExC_seen_zerolen++;                /* Do not optimize RE away */
-           goto finish_meta_pat;
-       case 'C':
-           ret = reg_node(pRExC_state, CANY);
-           RExC_seen |= REG_SEEN_CANY;
-           *flagp |= HASWIDTH|SIMPLE;
-           goto finish_meta_pat;
-       case 'X':
-           ret = reg_node(pRExC_state, CLUMP);
-           *flagp |= HASWIDTH;
-           goto finish_meta_pat;
-       case 'w':
-           op = ALNUM + get_regex_charset(RExC_flags);
-            if (op > ALNUMA) {  /* /aa is same as /a */
-                op = ALNUMA;
-            }
-           ret = reg_node(pRExC_state, op);
-           *flagp |= HASWIDTH|SIMPLE;
-           goto finish_meta_pat;
-       case 'W':
-           op = NALNUM + get_regex_charset(RExC_flags);
-            if (op > NALNUMA) { /* /aa is same as /a */
-                op = NALNUMA;
-            }
-           ret = reg_node(pRExC_state, op);
-           *flagp |= HASWIDTH|SIMPLE;
-           goto finish_meta_pat;
-       case 'b':
-           RExC_seen_zerolen++;
-           RExC_seen |= REG_SEEN_LOOKBEHIND;
-           op = BOUND + get_regex_charset(RExC_flags);
-            if (op > BOUNDA) {  /* /aa is same as /a */
-                op = BOUNDA;
-            }
-           ret = reg_node(pRExC_state, op);
-           FLAGS(ret) = get_regex_charset(RExC_flags);
-           *flagp |= SIMPLE;
-           goto finish_meta_pat;
-       case 'B':
-           RExC_seen_zerolen++;
-           RExC_seen |= REG_SEEN_LOOKBEHIND;
-           op = NBOUND + get_regex_charset(RExC_flags);
-            if (op > NBOUNDA) { /* /aa is same as /a */
-                op = NBOUNDA;
-            }
-           ret = reg_node(pRExC_state, op);
-           FLAGS(ret) = get_regex_charset(RExC_flags);
-           *flagp |= SIMPLE;
-           goto finish_meta_pat;
-       case 's':
-           op = SPACE + get_regex_charset(RExC_flags);
-            if (op > SPACEA) {  /* /aa is same as /a */
-                op = SPACEA;
-            }
-           ret = reg_node(pRExC_state, op);
-           *flagp |= HASWIDTH|SIMPLE;
-           goto finish_meta_pat;
-       case 'S':
-           op = NSPACE + get_regex_charset(RExC_flags);
-            if (op > NSPACEA) { /* /aa is same as /a */
-                op = NSPACEA;
-            }
-           ret = reg_node(pRExC_state, op);
-           *flagp |= HASWIDTH|SIMPLE;
-           goto finish_meta_pat;
-       case 'D':
-            op = NDIGIT;
-            goto join_D_and_d;
-       case 'd':
-            op = DIGIT;
-        join_D_and_d:
-            {
-                U8 offset = get_regex_charset(RExC_flags);
-                if (offset == REGEX_UNICODE_CHARSET) {
-                    offset = REGEX_DEPENDS_CHARSET;
-                }
-                else if (offset == REGEX_ASCII_MORE_RESTRICTED_CHARSET) {
-                    offset = REGEX_ASCII_RESTRICTED_CHARSET;
-                }
-                op += offset;
-            }
-           ret = reg_node(pRExC_state, op);
-           *flagp |= HASWIDTH|SIMPLE;
-           goto finish_meta_pat;
-       case 'R':
-           ret = reg_node(pRExC_state, LNBREAK);
-           *flagp |= HASWIDTH|SIMPLE;
-           goto finish_meta_pat;
-       case 'h':
-           ret = reg_node(pRExC_state, HORIZWS);
-           *flagp |= HASWIDTH|SIMPLE;
-           goto finish_meta_pat;
-       case 'H':
-           ret = reg_node(pRExC_state, NHORIZWS);
-           *flagp |= HASWIDTH|SIMPLE;
-           goto finish_meta_pat;
-       case 'v':
-           ret = reg_node(pRExC_state, VERTWS);
-           *flagp |= HASWIDTH|SIMPLE;
-           goto finish_meta_pat;
-       case 'V':
-           ret = reg_node(pRExC_state, NVERTWS);
-           *flagp |= HASWIDTH|SIMPLE;
-         finish_meta_pat:          
-           nextchar(pRExC_state);
-            Set_Node_Length(ret, 2); /* MJD */
-           break;          
-       case 'p':
-       case 'P':
-           {
-               char* const oldregxend = RExC_end;
-#ifdef DEBUGGING
-               char* parse_start = RExC_parse - 2;
-#endif
-
-               if (RExC_parse[1] == '{') {
-                 /* a lovely hack--pretend we saw [\pX] instead */
-                   RExC_end = strchr(RExC_parse, '}');
-                   if (!RExC_end) {
-                       const U8 c = (U8)*RExC_parse;
-                       RExC_parse += 2;
-                       RExC_end = oldregxend;
-                       vFAIL2("Missing right brace on \\%c{}", c);
-                   }
-                   RExC_end++;
-               }
-               else {
-                   RExC_end = RExC_parse + 2;
-                   if (RExC_end > oldregxend)
-                       RExC_end = oldregxend;
-               }
-               RExC_parse--;
-
-                ret = regclass(pRExC_state, flagp,depth+1);
-
-               RExC_end = oldregxend;
-               RExC_parse--;
-
-               Set_Node_Offset(ret, parse_start + 2);
-               Set_Node_Cur_Length(ret);
-               nextchar(pRExC_state);
-           }
-           break;
-        case 'N': 
-            /* Handle \N and \N{NAME} with multiple code points here and not
-             * below because it can be multicharacter. join_exact() will join
-             * them up later on.  Also this makes sure that things like
-             * /\N{BLAH}+/ and \N{BLAH} being multi char Just Happen. dmq.
-             * The options to the grok function call causes it to fail if the
-             * sequence is just a single code point.  We then go treat it as
-             * just another character in the current EXACT node, and hence it
-             * gets uniform treatment with all the other characters.  The
-             * special treatment for quantifiers is not needed for such single
-             * character sequences */
-            ++RExC_parse;
-            if (! grok_bslash_N(pRExC_state, &ret, NULL, flagp, depth, FALSE)) {
-                RExC_parse--;
-                goto defchar;
-            }
-            break;
-       case 'k':    /* Handle \k<NAME> and \k'NAME' */
-       parse_named_seq:
-        {   
-            char ch= RExC_parse[1];        
-           if (ch != '<' && ch != '\'' && ch != '{') {
-               RExC_parse++;
-               vFAIL2("Sequence %.2s... not terminated",parse_start);
-           } else {
-               /* this pretty much dupes the code for (?P=...) in reg(), if
-                   you change this make sure you change that */
-               char* name_start = (RExC_parse += 2);
-               U32 num = 0;
-                SV *sv_dat = reg_scan_name(pRExC_state,
-                    SIZE_ONLY ? REG_RSN_RETURN_NULL : REG_RSN_RETURN_DATA);
-                ch= (ch == '<') ? '>' : (ch == '{') ? '}' : '\'';
-                if (RExC_parse == name_start || *RExC_parse != ch)
-                    vFAIL2("Sequence %.3s... not terminated",parse_start);
-
-                if (!SIZE_ONLY) {
-                    num = add_data( pRExC_state, 1, "S" );
-                    RExC_rxi->data->data[num]=(void*)sv_dat;
-                    SvREFCNT_inc_simple_void(sv_dat);
-                }
-
-                RExC_sawback = 1;
-                ret = reganode(pRExC_state,
-                               ((! FOLD)
-                                 ? NREF
-                                : (ASCII_FOLD_RESTRICTED)
-                                  ? NREFFA
-                                   : (AT_LEAST_UNI_SEMANTICS)
-                                     ? NREFFU
-                                     : (LOC)
-                                       ? NREFFL
-                                       : NREFF),
-                                num);
-                *flagp |= HASWIDTH;
-
-                /* override incorrect value set in reganode MJD */
-                Set_Node_Offset(ret, parse_start+1);
-                Set_Node_Cur_Length(ret); /* MJD */
-                nextchar(pRExC_state);
-
-            }
-            break;
-       }
-       case 'g': 
-       case '1': case '2': case '3': case '4':
-       case '5': case '6': case '7': case '8': case '9':
-           {
-               I32 num;
-               bool isg = *RExC_parse == 'g';
-               bool isrel = 0; 
-               bool hasbrace = 0;
-               if (isg) {
-                   RExC_parse++;
-                   if (*RExC_parse == '{') {
-                       RExC_parse++;
-                       hasbrace = 1;
-                   }
-                   if (*RExC_parse == '-') {
-                       RExC_parse++;
-                       isrel = 1;
-                   }
-                   if (hasbrace && !isDIGIT(*RExC_parse)) {
-                       if (isrel) RExC_parse--;
-                        RExC_parse -= 2;                           
-                       goto parse_named_seq;
-               }   }
-               num = atoi(RExC_parse);
-               if (isg && num == 0)
-                   vFAIL("Reference to invalid group 0");
-                if (isrel) {
-                    num = RExC_npar - num;
-                    if (num < 1)
-                        vFAIL("Reference to nonexistent or unclosed group");
-                }
-               if (!isg && num > 9 && num >= RExC_npar)
-                    /* Probably a character specified in octal, e.g. \35 */
-                   goto defchar;
-               else {
-                   char * const parse_start = RExC_parse - 1; /* MJD */
-                   while (isDIGIT(*RExC_parse))
-                       RExC_parse++;
-                   if (parse_start == RExC_parse - 1) 
-                       vFAIL("Unterminated \\g... pattern");
-                    if (hasbrace) {
-                        if (*RExC_parse != '}') 
-                            vFAIL("Unterminated \\g{...} pattern");
-                        RExC_parse++;
-                    }    
-                   if (!SIZE_ONLY) {
-                       if (num > (I32)RExC_rx->nparens)
-                           vFAIL("Reference to nonexistent group");
-                   }
-                   RExC_sawback = 1;
-                   ret = reganode(pRExC_state,
-                                  ((! FOLD)
-                                    ? REF
-                                    : (ASCII_FOLD_RESTRICTED)
-                                      ? REFFA
-                                       : (AT_LEAST_UNI_SEMANTICS)
-                                         ? REFFU
-                                         : (LOC)
-                                           ? REFFL
-                                           : REFF),
-                                   num);
-                   *flagp |= HASWIDTH;
-
-                    /* override incorrect value set in reganode MJD */
-                    Set_Node_Offset(ret, parse_start+1);
-                    Set_Node_Cur_Length(ret); /* MJD */
-                   RExC_parse--;
-                   nextchar(pRExC_state);
-               }
-           }
-           break;
-       case '\0':
-           if (RExC_parse >= RExC_end)
-               FAIL("Trailing \\");
-           /* FALL THROUGH */
-       default:
-           /* Do not generate "unrecognized" warnings here, we fall
-              back into the quick-grab loop below */
-           parse_start--;
-           goto defchar;
-       }
-       break;
-
-    case '#':
-       if (RExC_flags & RXf_PMf_EXTENDED) {
-           if ( reg_skipcomment( pRExC_state ) )
-               goto tryagain;
-       }
-       /* FALL THROUGH */
-
-    default:
-
-            parse_start = RExC_parse - 1;
-
-           RExC_parse++;
-
-       defchar: {
-           STRLEN len = 0;
-           UV ender;
-           char *p;
-           char *s;
-#define MAX_NODE_STRING_SIZE 127
-           char foldbuf[MAX_NODE_STRING_SIZE+UTF8_MAXBYTES_CASE];
-           char *s0;
-           U8 upper_parse = MAX_NODE_STRING_SIZE;
-           STRLEN foldlen;
-            U8 node_type;
-            bool next_is_quantifier;
-            char * oldp = NULL;
-
-            /* If a folding node contains only code points that don't
-             * participate in folds, it can be changed into an EXACT node,
-             * which allows the optimizer more things to look for */
-            bool maybe_exact;
-
-           ender = 0;
-            node_type = compute_EXACTish(pRExC_state);
-           ret = reg_node(pRExC_state, node_type);
-
-            /* In pass1, folded, we use a temporary buffer instead of the
-             * actual node, as the node doesn't exist yet */
-           s = (SIZE_ONLY && FOLD) ? foldbuf : STRING(ret);
-
-            s0 = s;
-
-       reparse:
-
-            /* We do the EXACTFish to EXACT node only if folding, and not if in
-             * locale, as whether a character folds or not isn't known until
-             * runtime */
-            maybe_exact = FOLD && ! LOC;
-
-           /* XXX The node can hold up to 255 bytes, yet this only goes to
-             * 127.  I (khw) do not know why.  Keeping it somewhat less than
-             * 255 allows us to not have to worry about overflow due to
-             * converting to utf8 and fold expansion, but that value is
-             * 255-UTF8_MAXBYTES_CASE.  join_exact() may join adjacent nodes
-             * split up by this limit into a single one using the real max of
-             * 255.  Even at 127, this breaks under rare circumstances.  If
-             * folding, we do not want to split a node at a character that is a
-             * non-final in a multi-char fold, as an input string could just
-             * happen to want to match across the node boundary.  The join
-             * would solve that problem if the join actually happens.  But a
-             * series of more than two nodes in a row each of 127 would cause
-             * the first join to succeed to get to 254, but then there wouldn't
-             * be room for the next one, which could at be one of those split
-             * multi-char folds.  I don't know of any fool-proof solution.  One
-             * could back off to end with only a code point that isn't such a
-             * non-final, but it is possible for there not to be any in the
-             * entire node. */
-           for (p = RExC_parse - 1;
-                len < upper_parse && p < RExC_end;
-                len++)
-           {
-               oldp = p;
-
-               if (RExC_flags & RXf_PMf_EXTENDED)
-                   p = regwhite( pRExC_state, p );
-               switch ((U8)*p) {
-               case '^':
-               case '$':
-               case '.':
-               case '[':
-               case '(':
-               case ')':
-               case '|':
-                   goto loopdone;
-               case '\\':
-                   /* Literal Escapes Switch
-
-                      This switch is meant to handle escape sequences that
-                      resolve to a literal character.
-
-                      Every escape sequence that represents something
-                      else, like an assertion or a char class, is handled
-                      in the switch marked 'Special Escapes' above in this
-                      routine, but also has an entry here as anything that
-                      isn't explicitly mentioned here will be treated as
-                      an unescaped equivalent literal.
-                   */
-
-                   switch ((U8)*++p) {
-                   /* These are all the special escapes. */
-                   case 'A':             /* Start assertion */
-                   case 'b': case 'B':   /* Word-boundary assertion*/
-                   case 'C':             /* Single char !DANGEROUS! */
-                   case 'd': case 'D':   /* digit class */
-                   case 'g': case 'G':   /* generic-backref, pos assertion */
-                   case 'h': case 'H':   /* HORIZWS */
-                   case 'k': case 'K':   /* named backref, keep marker */
-                   case 'p': case 'P':   /* Unicode property */
-                             case 'R':   /* LNBREAK */
-                   case 's': case 'S':   /* space class */
-                   case 'v': case 'V':   /* VERTWS */
-                   case 'w': case 'W':   /* word class */
-                   case 'X':             /* eXtended Unicode "combining character sequence" */
-                   case 'z': case 'Z':   /* End of line/string assertion */
-                       --p;
-                       goto loopdone;
-
-                   /* Anything after here is an escape that resolves to a
-                      literal. (Except digits, which may or may not)
-                    */
-                   case 'n':
-                       ender = '\n';
-                       p++;
-                       break;
-                   case 'N': /* Handle a single-code point named character. */
-                        /* The options cause it to fail if a multiple code
-                         * point sequence.  Handle those in the switch() above
-                         * */
-                        RExC_parse = p + 1;
-                        if (! grok_bslash_N(pRExC_state, NULL, &ender,
-                                            flagp, depth, FALSE))
-                        {
-                            RExC_parse = p = oldp;
-                            goto loopdone;
-                        }
-                        p = RExC_parse;
-                        if (ender > 0xff) {
-                            REQUIRE_UTF8;
-                        }
-                        break;
-                   case 'r':
-                       ender = '\r';
-                       p++;
-                       break;
-                   case 't':
-                       ender = '\t';
-                       p++;
-                       break;
-                   case 'f':
-                       ender = '\f';
-                       p++;
-                       break;
-                   case 'e':
-                         ender = ASCII_TO_NATIVE('\033');
-                       p++;
-                       break;
-                   case 'a':
-                         ender = ASCII_TO_NATIVE('\007');
-                       p++;
-                       break;
-                   case 'o':
-                       {
-                           STRLEN brace_len = len;
-                           UV result;
-                           const char* error_msg;
-
-                           bool valid = grok_bslash_o(p,
-                                                      &result,
-                                                      &brace_len,
-                                                      &error_msg,
-                                                      1);
-                           p += brace_len;
-                           if (! valid) {
-                               RExC_parse = p; /* going to die anyway; point
-                                                  to exact spot of failure */
-                               vFAIL(error_msg);
-                           }
-                           else
-                           {
-                               ender = result;
-                           }
-                           if (PL_encoding && ender < 0x100) {
-                               goto recode_encoding;
-                           }
-                           if (ender > 0xff) {
-                               REQUIRE_UTF8;
-                           }
-                           break;
-                       }
-                   case 'x':
-                       {
-                           STRLEN brace_len = len;
-                           UV result;
-                           const char* error_msg;
-
-                           bool valid = grok_bslash_x(p,
-                                                      &result,
-                                                      &brace_len,
-                                                      &error_msg,
-                                                      1);
-                           p += brace_len;
-                           if (! valid) {
-                               RExC_parse = p; /* going to die anyway; point
-                                                  to exact spot of failure */
-                               vFAIL(error_msg);
-                           }
-                           else {
-                               ender = result;
-                           }
-                           if (PL_encoding && ender < 0x100) {
-                               goto recode_encoding;
-                           }
-                           if (ender > 0xff) {
-                               REQUIRE_UTF8;
-                           }
-                           break;
-                       }
-                   case 'c':
-                       p++;
-                       ender = grok_bslash_c(*p++, UTF, SIZE_ONLY);
-                       break;
-                   case '0': case '1': case '2': case '3':case '4':
-                   case '5': case '6': case '7':
-                       if (*p == '0' ||
-                           (isDIGIT(p[1]) && atoi(p) >= RExC_npar))
-                       {
-                           I32 flags = PERL_SCAN_SILENT_ILLDIGIT;
-                           STRLEN numlen = 3;
-                           ender = grok_oct(p, &numlen, &flags, NULL);
-                           if (ender > 0xff) {
-                               REQUIRE_UTF8;
-                           }
-                           p += numlen;
-                       }
-                       else {
-                           --p;
-                           goto loopdone;
-                       }
-                       if (PL_encoding && ender < 0x100)
-                           goto recode_encoding;
-                       break;
-                   recode_encoding:
-                       if (! RExC_override_recoding) {
-                           SV* enc = PL_encoding;
-                           ender = reg_recode((const char)(U8)ender, &enc);
-                           if (!enc && SIZE_ONLY)
-                               ckWARNreg(p, "Invalid escape in the specified encoding");
-                           REQUIRE_UTF8;
-                       }
-                       break;
-                   case '\0':
-                       if (p >= RExC_end)
-                           FAIL("Trailing \\");
-                       /* FALL THROUGH */
-                   default:
-                       if (!SIZE_ONLY&& isALNUMC(*p)) {
-                           ckWARN2reg(p + 1, "Unrecognized escape \\%.1s passed through", p);
-                       }
-                       goto normal_default;
-                   }
-                   break;
-               case '{':
-                   /* Currently we don't warn when the lbrace is at the start
-                    * of a construct.  This catches it in the middle of a
-                    * literal string, or when its the first thing after
-                    * something like "\b" */
-                   if (! SIZE_ONLY
-                       && (len || (p > RExC_start && isALPHA_A(*(p -1)))))
-                   {
-                       ckWARNregdep(p + 1, "Unescaped left brace in regex is deprecated, passed through");
-                   }
-                   /*FALLTHROUGH*/
-               default:
-                 normal_default:
-                   if (UTF8_IS_START(*p) && UTF) {
-                       STRLEN numlen;
-                       ender = utf8n_to_uvchr((U8*)p, RExC_end - p,
-                                              &numlen, UTF8_ALLOW_DEFAULT);
-                       p += numlen;
-                   }
-                   else
-                       ender = (U8) *p++;
-                   break;
-               } /* End of switch on the literal */
-
-               /* Here, have looked at the literal character and <ender>
-                * contains its ordinal, <p> points to the character after it
-                */
-
-               if ( RExC_flags & RXf_PMf_EXTENDED)
-                   p = regwhite( pRExC_state, p );
-
-                /* If the next thing is a quantifier, it applies to this
-                 * character only, which means that this character has to be in
-                 * its own node and can't just be appended to the string in an
-                 * existing node, so if there are already other characters in
-                 * the node, close the node with just them, and set up to do
-                 * this character again next time through, when it will be the
-                 * only thing in its new node */
-                if ((next_is_quantifier = (p < RExC_end && ISMULT2(p))) && len)
-               {
-                    p = oldp;
-                    goto loopdone;
-                }
-
-               if (FOLD) {
-                    if (UTF
-                            /* See comments for join_exact() as to why we fold
-                             * this non-UTF at compile time */
-                        || (node_type == EXACTFU
-                            && ender == LATIN_SMALL_LETTER_SHARP_S))
-                    {
-
-
-                        /* Prime the casefolded buffer.  Locale rules, which
-                         * apply only to code points < 256, aren't known until
-                         * execution, so for them, just output the original
-                         * character using utf8.  If we start to fold non-UTF
-                         * patterns, be sure to update join_exact() */
-                        if (LOC && ender < 256) {
-                            if (UNI_IS_INVARIANT(ender)) {
-                                *s = (U8) ender;
-                                foldlen = 1;
-                            } else {
-                                *s = UTF8_TWO_BYTE_HI(ender);
-                                *(s + 1) = UTF8_TWO_BYTE_LO(ender);
-                                foldlen = 2;
-                            }
-                        }
-                        else {
-                            UV folded = _to_uni_fold_flags(
-                                           ender,
-                                           (U8 *) s,
-                                           &foldlen,
-                                           FOLD_FLAGS_FULL
-                                           | ((LOC) ?  FOLD_FLAGS_LOCALE
-                                                    : (ASCII_FOLD_RESTRICTED)
-                                                      ? FOLD_FLAGS_NOMIX_ASCII
-                                                      : 0)
-                                            );
-
-                            /* If this node only contains non-folding code
-                             * points so far, see if this new one is also
-                             * non-folding */
-                            if (maybe_exact) {
-                                if (folded != ender) {
-                                    maybe_exact = FALSE;
-                                }
-                                else {
-                                    /* Here the fold is the original; we have
-                                     * to check further to see if anything
-                                     * folds to it */
-                                    if (! PL_utf8_foldable) {
-                                        SV* swash = swash_init("utf8",
-                                                           "_Perl_Any_Folds",
-                                                           &PL_sv_undef, 1, 0);
-                                        PL_utf8_foldable =
-                                                    _get_swash_invlist(swash);
-                                        SvREFCNT_dec(swash);
-                                    }
-                                    if (_invlist_contains_cp(PL_utf8_foldable,
-                                                             ender))
-                                    {
-                                        maybe_exact = FALSE;
-                                    }
-                                }
-                            }
-                            ender = folded;
-                        }
-                       s += foldlen;
-
-                       /* The loop increments <len> each time, as all but this
-                        * path (and the one just below for UTF) through it add
-                        * a single byte to the EXACTish node.  But this one
-                        * has changed len to be the correct final value, so
-                        * subtract one to cancel out the increment that
-                        * follows */
-                       len += foldlen - 1;
-                    }
-                    else {
-                        *(s++) = ender;
-                        maybe_exact &= ! IS_IN_SOME_FOLD_L1(ender);
-                    }
-               }
-               else if (UTF) {
-                    const STRLEN unilen = reguni(pRExC_state, ender, s);
-                    if (unilen > 0) {
-                       s   += unilen;
-                       len += unilen;
-                    }
-
-                   /* See comment just above for - 1 */
-                   len--;
-               }
-               else {
-                   REGC((char)ender, s++);
-                }
-
-               if (next_is_quantifier) {
-
-                    /* Here, the next input is a quantifier, and to get here,
-                     * the current character is the only one in the node.
-                     * Also, here <len> doesn't include the final byte for this
-                     * character */
-                    len++;
-                    goto loopdone;
-               }
-
-           } /* End of loop through literal characters */
-
-            /* Here we have either exhausted the input or ran out of room in
-             * the node.  (If we encountered a character that can't be in the
-             * node, transfer is made directly to <loopdone>, and so we
-             * wouldn't have fallen off the end of the loop.)  In the latter
-             * case, we artificially have to split the node into two, because
-             * we just don't have enough space to hold everything.  This
-             * creates a problem if the final character participates in a
-             * multi-character fold in the non-final position, as a match that
-             * should have occurred won't, due to the way nodes are matched,
-             * and our artificial boundary.  So back off until we find a non-
-             * problematic character -- one that isn't at the beginning or
-             * middle of such a fold.  (Either it doesn't participate in any
-             * folds, or appears only in the final position of all the folds it
-             * does participate in.)  A better solution with far fewer false
-             * positives, and that would fill the nodes more completely, would
-             * be to actually have available all the multi-character folds to
-             * test against, and to back-off only far enough to be sure that
-             * this node isn't ending with a partial one.  <upper_parse> is set
-             * further below (if we need to reparse the node) to include just
-             * up through that final non-problematic character that this code
-             * identifies, so when it is set to less than the full node, we can
-             * skip the rest of this */
-            if (FOLD && p < RExC_end && upper_parse == MAX_NODE_STRING_SIZE) {
-
-                const STRLEN full_len = len;
-
-               assert(len >= MAX_NODE_STRING_SIZE);
-
-                /* Here, <s> points to the final byte of the final character.
-                 * Look backwards through the string until find a non-
-                 * problematic character */
-
-               if (! UTF) {
-
-                    /* These two have no multi-char folds to non-UTF characters
-                     */
-                    if (ASCII_FOLD_RESTRICTED || LOC) {
-                        goto loopdone;
-                    }
-
-                    while (--s >= s0 && IS_NON_FINAL_FOLD(*s)) { }
-                    len = s - s0 + 1;
-               }
-                else {
-                    if (!  PL_NonL1NonFinalFold) {
-                        PL_NonL1NonFinalFold = _new_invlist_C_array(
-                                        NonL1_Perl_Non_Final_Folds_invlist);
-                    }
-
-                    /* Point to the first byte of the final character */
-                    s = (char *) utf8_hop((U8 *) s, -1);
-
-                    while (s >= s0) {   /* Search backwards until find
-                                           non-problematic char */
-                        if (UTF8_IS_INVARIANT(*s)) {
-
-                            /* There are no ascii characters that participate
-                             * in multi-char folds under /aa.  In EBCDIC, the
-                             * non-ascii invariants are all control characters,
-                             * so don't ever participate in any folds. */
-                            if (ASCII_FOLD_RESTRICTED
-                                || ! IS_NON_FINAL_FOLD(*s))
-                            {
-                                break;
-                            }
-                        }
-                        else if (UTF8_IS_DOWNGRADEABLE_START(*s)) {
-
-                            /* No Latin1 characters participate in multi-char
-                             * folds under /l */
-                            if (LOC
-                                || ! IS_NON_FINAL_FOLD(TWO_BYTE_UTF8_TO_UNI(
-                                                                *s, *(s+1))))
-                            {
-                                break;
-                            }
-                        }
-                        else if (! _invlist_contains_cp(
-                                        PL_NonL1NonFinalFold,
-                                        valid_utf8_to_uvchr((U8 *) s, NULL)))
-                        {
-                            break;
-                        }
-
-                        /* Here, the current character is problematic in that
-                         * it does occur in the non-final position of some
-                         * fold, so try the character before it, but have to
-                         * special case the very first byte in the string, so
-                         * we don't read outside the string */
-                        s = (s == s0) ? s -1 : (char *) utf8_hop((U8 *) s, -1);
-                    } /* End of loop backwards through the string */
-
-                    /* If there were only problematic characters in the string,
-                     * <s> will point to before s0, in which case the length
-                     * should be 0, otherwise include the length of the
-                     * non-problematic character just found */
-                    len = (s < s0) ? 0 : s - s0 + UTF8SKIP(s);
-               }
-
-                /* Here, have found the final character, if any, that is
-                 * non-problematic as far as ending the node without splitting
-                 * it across a potential multi-char fold.  <len> contains the
-                 * number of bytes in the node up-to and including that
-                 * character, or is 0 if there is no such character, meaning
-                 * the whole node contains only problematic characters.  In
-                 * this case, give up and just take the node as-is.  We can't
-                 * do any better */
-                if (len == 0) {
-                    len = full_len;
-                } else {
-
-                    /* Here, the node does contain some characters that aren't
-                     * problematic.  If one such is the final character in the
-                     * node, we are done */
-                    if (len == full_len) {
-                        goto loopdone;
-                    }
-                    else if (len + ((UTF) ? UTF8SKIP(s) : 1) == full_len) {
-
-                        /* If the final character is problematic, but the
-                         * penultimate is not, back-off that last character to
-                         * later start a new node with it */
-                        p = oldp;
-                        goto loopdone;
-                    }
-
-                    /* Here, the final non-problematic character is earlier
-                     * in the input than the penultimate character.  What we do
-                     * is reparse from the beginning, going up only as far as
-                     * this final ok one, thus guaranteeing that the node ends
-                     * in an acceptable character.  The reason we reparse is
-                     * that we know how far in the character is, but we don't
-                     * know how to correlate its position with the input parse.
-                     * An alternate implementation would be to build that
-                     * correlation as we go along during the original parse,
-                     * but that would entail extra work for every node, whereas
-                     * this code gets executed only when the string is too
-                     * large for the node, and the final two characters are
-                     * problematic, an infrequent occurrence.  Yet another
-                     * possible strategy would be to save the tail of the
-                     * string, and the next time regatom is called, initialize
-                     * with that.  The problem with this is that unless you
-                     * back off one more character, you won't be guaranteed
-                     * regatom will get called again, unless regbranch,
-                     * regpiece ... are also changed.  If you do back off that
-                     * extra character, so that there is input guaranteed to
-                     * force calling regatom, you can't handle the case where
-                     * just the first character in the node is acceptable.  I
-                     * (khw) decided to try this method which doesn't have that
-                     * pitfall; if performance issues are found, we can do a
-                     * combination of the current approach plus that one */
-                    upper_parse = len;
-                    len = 0;
-                    s = s0;
-                    goto reparse;
-                }
-           }   /* End of verifying node ends with an appropriate char */
-
-       loopdone:   /* Jumped to when encounters something that shouldn't be in
-                      the node */
-
-            /* If 'maybe_exact' is still set here, means there are no
-             * code points in the node that participate in folds */
-            if (FOLD && maybe_exact) {
-                OP(ret) = EXACT;
-            }
-
-            /* I (khw) don't know if you can get here with zero length, but the
-             * old code handled this situation by creating a zero-length EXACT
-             * node.  Might as well be NOTHING instead */
-            if (len == 0) {
-                OP(ret) = NOTHING;
-            }
-            else{
-                alloc_maybe_populate_EXACT(pRExC_state, ret, flagp, len, ender);
-            }
-
-           RExC_parse = p - 1;
-            Set_Node_Cur_Length(ret); /* MJD */
-           nextchar(pRExC_state);
-           {
-               /* len is STRLEN which is unsigned, need to copy to signed */
-               IV iv = len;
-               if (iv < 0)
-                   vFAIL("Internal disaster");
-           }
-
-       } /* End of label 'defchar:' */
-       break;
-    } /* End of giant switch on input character */
-
-    return(ret);
-}
-
-STATIC char *
-S_regwhite( RExC_state_t *pRExC_state, char *p )
-{
-    const char *e = RExC_end;
-
-    PERL_ARGS_ASSERT_REGWHITE;
-
-    while (p < e) {
-       if (isSPACE(*p))
-           ++p;
-       else if (*p == '#') {
-            bool ended = 0;
-           do {
-               if (*p++ == '\n') {
-                   ended = 1;
-                   break;
-               }
-           } while (p < e);
-           if (!ended)
-               RExC_seen |= REG_SEEN_RUN_ON_COMMENT;
-       }
-       else
-           break;
-    }
-    return p;
-}
-
-/* Parse POSIX character classes: [[:foo:]], [[=foo=]], [[.foo.]].
-   Character classes ([:foo:]) can also be negated ([:^foo:]).
-   Returns a named class id (ANYOF_XXX) if successful, -1 otherwise.
-   Equivalence classes ([=foo=]) and composites ([.foo.]) are parsed,
-   but trigger failures because they are currently unimplemented. */
-
-#define POSIXCC_DONE(c)   ((c) == ':')
-#define POSIXCC_NOTYET(c) ((c) == '=' || (c) == '.')
-#define POSIXCC(c) (POSIXCC_DONE(c) || POSIXCC_NOTYET(c))
-
-PERL_STATIC_INLINE I32
-S_regpposixcc(pTHX_ RExC_state_t *pRExC_state, I32 value, SV *free_me)
-{
-    dVAR;
-    I32 namedclass = OOB_NAMEDCLASS;
-
-    PERL_ARGS_ASSERT_REGPPOSIXCC;
-
-    if (value == '[' && RExC_parse + 1 < RExC_end &&
-       /* I smell either [: or [= or [. -- POSIX has been here, right? */
-       POSIXCC(UCHARAT(RExC_parse))) {
-       const char c = UCHARAT(RExC_parse);
-       char* const s = RExC_parse++;
-
-       while (RExC_parse < RExC_end && UCHARAT(RExC_parse) != c)
-           RExC_parse++;
-       if (RExC_parse == RExC_end)
-           /* Grandfather lone [:, [=, [. */
-           RExC_parse = s;
-       else {
-           const char* const t = RExC_parse++; /* skip over the c */
-           assert(*t == c);
-
-           if (UCHARAT(RExC_parse) == ']') {
-               const char *posixcc = s + 1;
-               RExC_parse++; /* skip over the ending ] */
-
-               if (*s == ':') {
-                   const I32 complement = *posixcc == '^' ? *posixcc++ : 0;
-                   const I32 skip = t - posixcc;
-
-                   /* Initially switch on the length of the name.  */
-                   switch (skip) {
-                   case 4:
-                       if (memEQ(posixcc, "word", 4)) /* this is not POSIX, this is the Perl \w */
-                           namedclass = ANYOF_WORDCHAR;
-                       break;
-                   case 5:
-                       /* Names all of length 5.  */
-                       /* alnum alpha ascii blank cntrl digit graph lower
-                          print punct space upper  */
-                       /* Offset 4 gives the best switch position.  */
-                       switch (posixcc[4]) {
-                       case 'a':
-                           if (memEQ(posixcc, "alph", 4)) /* alpha */
-                               namedclass = ANYOF_ALPHA;
-                           break;
-                       case 'e':
-                           if (memEQ(posixcc, "spac", 4)) /* space */
-                               namedclass = ANYOF_PSXSPC;
-                           break;
-                       case 'h':
-                           if (memEQ(posixcc, "grap", 4)) /* graph */
-                               namedclass = ANYOF_GRAPH;
-                           break;
-                       case 'i':
-                           if (memEQ(posixcc, "asci", 4)) /* ascii */
-                               namedclass = ANYOF_ASCII;
-                           break;
-                       case 'k':
-                           if (memEQ(posixcc, "blan", 4)) /* blank */
-                               namedclass = ANYOF_BLANK;
-                           break;
-                       case 'l':
-                           if (memEQ(posixcc, "cntr", 4)) /* cntrl */
-                               namedclass = ANYOF_CNTRL;
-                           break;
-                       case 'm':
-                           if (memEQ(posixcc, "alnu", 4)) /* alnum */
-                               namedclass = ANYOF_ALNUMC;
-                           break;
-                       case 'r':
-                           if (memEQ(posixcc, "lowe", 4)) /* lower */
-                               namedclass = ANYOF_LOWER;
-                           else if (memEQ(posixcc, "uppe", 4)) /* upper */
-                               namedclass = ANYOF_UPPER;
-                           break;
-                       case 't':
-                           if (memEQ(posixcc, "digi", 4)) /* digit */
-                               namedclass = ANYOF_DIGIT;
-                           else if (memEQ(posixcc, "prin", 4)) /* print */
-                               namedclass = ANYOF_PRINT;
-                           else if (memEQ(posixcc, "punc", 4)) /* punct */
-                               namedclass = ANYOF_PUNCT;
-                           break;
-                       }
-                       break;
-                   case 6:
-                       if (memEQ(posixcc, "xdigit", 6))
-                           namedclass = ANYOF_XDIGIT;
-                       break;
-                   }
-
-                   if (namedclass == OOB_NAMEDCLASS)
-                       Simple_vFAIL3("POSIX class [:%.*s:] unknown",
-                                     t - s - 1, s + 1);
-
-                    /* The #defines are structured so each complement is +1 to
-                     * the normal one */
-                    if (complement) {
-                        namedclass++;
-                    }
-                   assert (posixcc[skip] == ':');
-                   assert (posixcc[skip+1] == ']');
-               } else if (!SIZE_ONLY) {
-                   /* [[=foo=]] and [[.foo.]] are still future. */
-
-                   /* adjust RExC_parse so the warning shows after
-                      the class closes */
-                   while (UCHARAT(RExC_parse) && UCHARAT(RExC_parse) != ']')
-                       RExC_parse++;
-                   SvREFCNT_dec(free_me);
-                   vFAIL3("POSIX syntax [%c %c] is reserved for future extensions", c, c);
-               }
-           } else {
-               /* Maternal grandfather:
-                * "[:" ending in ":" but not in ":]" */
-               RExC_parse = s;
-           }
-       }
-    }
-
-    return namedclass;
-}
-
-/* Generate the code to add a full posix character <class> to the bracketed
- * character class given by <node>.  (<node> is needed only under locale rules)
- * destlist     is the inversion list for non-locale rules that this class is
- *              to be added to
- * sourcelist   is the ASCII-range inversion list to add under /a rules
- * Xsourcelist  is the full Unicode range list to use otherwise. */
-#define DO_POSIX(node, class, destlist, sourcelist, Xsourcelist)           \
-    if (LOC) {                                                             \
-       SV* scratch_list = NULL;                                           \
-                                                                           \
-        /* Set this class in the node for runtime matching */              \
-        ANYOF_CLASS_SET(node, class);                                      \
-                                                                           \
-        /* For above Latin1 code points, we use the full Unicode range */  \
-        _invlist_intersection(PL_AboveLatin1,                              \
-                              Xsourcelist,                                 \
-                              &scratch_list);                              \
-        /* And set the output to it, adding instead if there already is an \
-        * output.  Checking if <destlist> is NULL first saves an extra    \
-        * clone.  Its reference count will be decremented at the next     \
-        * union, etc, or if this is the only instance, at the end of the  \
-        * routine */                                                      \
-        if (! destlist) {                                                  \
-            destlist = scratch_list;                                       \
-        }                                                                  \
-        else {                                                             \
-            _invlist_union(destlist, scratch_list, &destlist);             \
-            SvREFCNT_dec(scratch_list);                                    \
-        }                                                                  \
-    }                                                                      \
-    else {                                                                 \
-        /* For non-locale, just add it to any existing list */             \
-        _invlist_union(destlist,                                           \
-                       (AT_LEAST_ASCII_RESTRICTED)                         \
-                           ? sourcelist                                    \
-                           : Xsourcelist,                                  \
-                       &destlist);                                         \
-    }
-
-/* Like DO_POSIX, but matches the complement of <sourcelist> and <Xsourcelist>.
- */
-#define DO_N_POSIX(node, class, destlist, sourcelist, Xsourcelist)         \
-    if (LOC) {                                                             \
-        SV* scratch_list = NULL;                                           \
-        ANYOF_CLASS_SET(node, class);                                     \
-        _invlist_subtract(PL_AboveLatin1, Xsourcelist, &scratch_list);    \
-        if (! destlist) {                                                 \
-            destlist = scratch_list;                                      \
-        }                                                                  \
-        else {                                                             \
-            _invlist_union(destlist, scratch_list, &destlist);             \
-            SvREFCNT_dec(scratch_list);                                    \
-        }                                                                  \
-    }                                                                      \
-    else {                                                                 \
-        _invlist_union_complement_2nd(destlist,                            \
-                                    (AT_LEAST_ASCII_RESTRICTED)            \
-                                        ? sourcelist                       \
-                                        : Xsourcelist,                     \
-                                    &destlist);                            \
-        /* Under /d, everything in the upper half of the Latin1 range      \
-         * matches this complement */                                      \
-        if (DEPENDS_SEMANTICS) {                                           \
-            ANYOF_FLAGS(node) |= ANYOF_NON_UTF8_LATIN1_ALL;                \
-        }                                                                  \
-    }
-
-/* Generate the code to add a posix character <class> to the bracketed
- * character class given by <node>.  (<node> is needed only under locale rules)
- * destlist       is the inversion list for non-locale rules that this class is
- *                to be added to
- * sourcelist     is the ASCII-range inversion list to add under /a rules
- * l1_sourcelist  is the Latin1 range list to use otherwise.
- * Xpropertyname  is the name to add to <run_time_list> of the property to
- *                specify the code points above Latin1 that will have to be
- *                determined at run-time
- * run_time_list  is a SV* that contains text names of properties that are to
- *                be computed at run time.  This concatenates <Xpropertyname>
- *                to it, appropriately
- * This is essentially DO_POSIX, but we know only the Latin1 values at compile
- * time */
-#define DO_POSIX_LATIN1_ONLY_KNOWN(node, class, destlist, sourcelist,      \
-                              l1_sourcelist, Xpropertyname, run_time_list) \
-       /* First, resolve whether to use the ASCII-only list or the L1     \
-        * list */                                                         \
-        DO_POSIX_LATIN1_ONLY_KNOWN_L1_RESOLVED(node, class, destlist,      \
-                ((AT_LEAST_ASCII_RESTRICTED) ? sourcelist : l1_sourcelist),\
-                Xpropertyname, run_time_list)
-
-#define DO_POSIX_LATIN1_ONLY_KNOWN_L1_RESOLVED(node, class, destlist, sourcelist, \
-                Xpropertyname, run_time_list)                              \
-    /* If not /a matching, there are going to be code points we will have  \
-     * to defer to runtime to look-up */                                   \
-    if (! AT_LEAST_ASCII_RESTRICTED) {                                     \
-        Perl_sv_catpvf(aTHX_ run_time_list, "+utf8::%s\n", Xpropertyname); \
-    }                                                                      \
-    if (LOC) {                                                             \
-        ANYOF_CLASS_SET(node, class);                                      \
-    }                                                                      \
-    else {                                                                 \
-        _invlist_union(destlist, sourcelist, &destlist);                   \
-    }
-
-/* Like DO_POSIX_LATIN1_ONLY_KNOWN, but for the complement.  A combination of
- * this and DO_N_POSIX.  Sets <matches_above_unicode> only if it can; unchanged
- * otherwise */
-#define DO_N_POSIX_LATIN1_ONLY_KNOWN(node, class, destlist, sourcelist,    \
-       l1_sourcelist, Xpropertyname, run_time_list, matches_above_unicode) \
-    if (AT_LEAST_ASCII_RESTRICTED) {                                       \
-        _invlist_union_complement_2nd(destlist, sourcelist, &destlist);    \
-    }                                                                      \
-    else {                                                                 \
-        Perl_sv_catpvf(aTHX_ run_time_list, "!utf8::%s\n", Xpropertyname); \
-        matches_above_unicode = TRUE;                                      \
-       if (LOC) {                                                         \
-            ANYOF_CLASS_SET(node, namedclass);                            \
-       }                                                                  \
-       else {                                                             \
-            SV* scratch_list = NULL;                                       \
-           _invlist_subtract(PL_Latin1, l1_sourcelist, &scratch_list);    \
-           if (! destlist) {                                              \
-               destlist = scratch_list;                                   \
-           }                                                              \
-           else {                                                         \
-               _invlist_union(destlist, scratch_list, &destlist);         \
-               SvREFCNT_dec(scratch_list);                                \
-           }                                                              \
-           if (DEPENDS_SEMANTICS) {                                       \
-               ANYOF_FLAGS(node) |= ANYOF_NON_UTF8_LATIN1_ALL;            \
-           }                                                              \
-       }                                                                  \
-    }
-
-/* The names of properties whose definitions are not known at compile time are
- * stored in this SV, after a constant heading.  So if the length has been
- * changed since initialization, then there is a run-time definition. */
-#define HAS_NONLOCALE_RUNTIME_PROPERTY_DEFINITION (SvCUR(listsv) != initial_listsv_len)
-
-/* This converts the named class defined in regcomp.h to its equivalent class
- * number defined in handy.h. */
-#define namedclass_to_classnum(class)  ((class) / 2)
-
-STATIC regnode *
-S_regclass(pTHX_ RExC_state_t *pRExC_state, I32 *flagp, U32 depth)
-{
-    /* parse a bracketed class specification.  Most of these will produce an ANYOF node;
-     * but something like [a] will produce an EXACT node; [aA], an EXACTFish
-     * node; [[:ascii:]], a POSIXA node; etc.  It is more complex under /i with
-     * multi-character folds: it will be rewritten following the paradigm of
-     * this example, where the <multi-fold>s are characters which fold to
-     * multiple character sequences:
-     *      /[abc\x{multi-fold1}def\x{multi-fold2}ghi]/i
-     * gets effectively rewritten as:
-     *      /(?:\x{multi-fold1}|\x{multi-fold2}|[abcdefghi]/i
-     * reg() gets called (recursively) on the rewritten version, and this
-     * function will return what it constructs.  (Actually the <multi-fold>s
-     * aren't physically removed from the [abcdefghi], it's just that they are
-     * ignored in the recursion by means of a flag:
-     * <RExC_in_multi_char_class>.)
-     *
-     * ANYOF nodes contain a bit map for the first 256 characters, with the
-     * corresponding bit set if that character is in the list.  For characters
-     * above 255, a range list or swash is used.  There are extra bits for \w,
-     * etc. in locale ANYOFs, as what these match is not determinable at
-     * compile time */
-
-    dVAR;
-    UV nextvalue;
-    UV prevvalue = OOB_UNICODE, save_prevvalue = OOB_UNICODE;
-    IV range = 0;
-    UV value = OOB_UNICODE, save_value = OOB_UNICODE;
-    regnode *ret;
-    STRLEN numlen;
-    IV namedclass = OOB_NAMEDCLASS;
-    char *rangebegin = NULL;
-    bool need_class = 0;
-    SV *listsv = NULL;
-    STRLEN initial_listsv_len = 0; /* Kind of a kludge to see if it is more
-                                     than just initialized.  */
-    SV* properties = NULL;    /* Code points that match \p{} \P{} */
-    SV* posixes = NULL;     /* Code points that match classes like, [:word:],
-                               extended beyond the Latin1 range */
-    UV element_count = 0;   /* Number of distinct elements in the class.
-                              Optimizations may be possible if this is tiny */
-    AV * multi_char_matches = NULL; /* Code points that fold to more than one
-                                       character; used under /i */
-    UV n;
-
-    /* Unicode properties are stored in a swash; this holds the current one
-     * being parsed.  If this swash is the only above-latin1 component of the
-     * character class, an optimization is to pass it directly on to the
-     * execution engine.  Otherwise, it is set to NULL to indicate that there
-     * are other things in the class that have to be dealt with at execution
-     * time */
-    SV* swash = NULL;          /* Code points that match \p{} \P{} */
-
-    /* Set if a component of this character class is user-defined; just passed
-     * on to the engine */
-    bool has_user_defined_property = FALSE;
-
-    /* inversion list of code points this node matches only when the target
-     * string is in UTF-8.  (Because is under /d) */
-    SV* depends_list = NULL;
-
-    /* inversion list of code points this node matches.  For much of the
-     * function, it includes only those that match regardless of the utf8ness
-     * of the target string */
-    SV* cp_list = NULL;
-
-#ifdef EBCDIC
-    /* In a range, counts how many 0-2 of the ends of it came from literals,
-     * not escapes.  Thus we can tell if 'A' was input vs \x{C1} */
-    UV literal_endpoint = 0;
-#endif
-    bool invert = FALSE;    /* Is this class to be complemented */
-
-    /* Is there any thing like \W or [:^digit:] that matches above the legal
-     * Unicode range? */
-    bool runtime_posix_matches_above_Unicode = FALSE;
-
-    regnode * const orig_emit = RExC_emit; /* Save the original RExC_emit in
-        case we need to change the emitted regop to an EXACT. */
-    const char * orig_parse = RExC_parse;
-    const I32 orig_size = RExC_size;
-    GET_RE_DEBUG_FLAGS_DECL;
-
-    PERL_ARGS_ASSERT_REGCLASS;
-#ifndef DEBUGGING
-    PERL_UNUSED_ARG(depth);
-#endif
-
-    DEBUG_PARSE("clas");
-
-    /* Assume we are going to generate an ANYOF node. */
-    ret = reganode(pRExC_state, ANYOF, 0);
-
-    if (!SIZE_ONLY) {
-       ANYOF_FLAGS(ret) = 0;
-    }
-
-    if (UCHARAT(RExC_parse) == '^') {  /* Complement of range. */
-       RExC_parse++;
-        invert = TRUE;
-        RExC_naughty++;
-    }
-
-    if (SIZE_ONLY) {
-       RExC_size += ANYOF_SKIP;
-       listsv = &PL_sv_undef; /* For code scanners: listsv always non-NULL. */
-    }
-    else {
-       RExC_emit += ANYOF_SKIP;
-       if (LOC) {
-           ANYOF_FLAGS(ret) |= ANYOF_LOCALE;
-       }
-       listsv = newSVpvs("# comment\n");
-       initial_listsv_len = SvCUR(listsv);
-    }
-
-    nextvalue = RExC_parse < RExC_end ? UCHARAT(RExC_parse) : 0;
-
-    if (!SIZE_ONLY && POSIXCC(nextvalue))
-    {
-       const char *s = RExC_parse;
-       const char  c = *s++;
-
-       while (isALNUM(*s))
-           s++;
-       if (*s && c == *s && s[1] == ']') {
-           SAVEFREESV(RExC_rx_sv);
-           SAVEFREESV(listsv);
-           ckWARN3reg(s+2,
-                      "POSIX syntax [%c %c] belongs inside character classes",
-                      c, c);
-           (void)ReREFCNT_inc(RExC_rx_sv);
-           SvREFCNT_inc_simple_void_NN(listsv);
-       }
-    }
-
-    /* allow 1st char to be ] (allowing it to be - is dealt with later) */
-    if (UCHARAT(RExC_parse) == ']')
-       goto charclassloop;
-
-parseit:
-    while (RExC_parse < RExC_end && UCHARAT(RExC_parse) != ']') {
-
-    charclassloop:
-
-       namedclass = OOB_NAMEDCLASS; /* initialize as illegal */
-        save_value = value;
-        save_prevvalue = prevvalue;
-
-       if (!range) {
-           rangebegin = RExC_parse;
-           element_count++;
-       }
-       if (UTF) {
-           value = utf8n_to_uvchr((U8*)RExC_parse,
-                                  RExC_end - RExC_parse,
-                                  &numlen, UTF8_ALLOW_DEFAULT);
-           RExC_parse += numlen;
-       }
-       else
-           value = UCHARAT(RExC_parse++);
-
-       nextvalue = RExC_parse < RExC_end ? UCHARAT(RExC_parse) : 0;
-       if (value == '[' && POSIXCC(nextvalue))
-           namedclass = regpposixcc(pRExC_state, value, listsv);
-       else if (value == '\\') {
-           if (UTF) {
-               value = utf8n_to_uvchr((U8*)RExC_parse,
-                                  RExC_end - RExC_parse,
-                                  &numlen, UTF8_ALLOW_DEFAULT);
-               RExC_parse += numlen;
-           }
-           else
-               value = UCHARAT(RExC_parse++);
-           /* Some compilers cannot handle switching on 64-bit integer
-            * values, therefore value cannot be an UV.  Yes, this will
-            * be a problem later if we want switch on Unicode.
-            * A similar issue a little bit later when switching on
-            * namedclass. --jhi */
-           switch ((I32)value) {
-           case 'w':   namedclass = ANYOF_WORDCHAR;    break;
-           case 'W':   namedclass = ANYOF_NWORDCHAR;   break;
-           case 's':   namedclass = ANYOF_SPACE;       break;
-           case 'S':   namedclass = ANYOF_NSPACE;      break;
-           case 'd':   namedclass = ANYOF_DIGIT;       break;
-           case 'D':   namedclass = ANYOF_NDIGIT;      break;
-           case 'v':   namedclass = ANYOF_VERTWS;      break;
-           case 'V':   namedclass = ANYOF_NVERTWS;     break;
-           case 'h':   namedclass = ANYOF_HORIZWS;     break;
-           case 'H':   namedclass = ANYOF_NHORIZWS;    break;
-            case 'N':  /* Handle \N{NAME} in class */
-                {
-                    /* We only pay attention to the first char of 
-                    multichar strings being returned. I kinda wonder
-                    if this makes sense as it does change the behaviour
-                    from earlier versions, OTOH that behaviour was broken
-                    as well. */
-                    if (! grok_bslash_N(pRExC_state, NULL, &value, flagp, depth,
-                                      TRUE /* => charclass */))
-                    {
-                        goto parseit;
-                    }
-                }
-                break;
-           case 'p':
-           case 'P':
-               {
-               char *e;
-
-                /* This routine will handle any undefined properties */
-                U8 swash_init_flags = _CORE_SWASH_INIT_RETURN_IF_UNDEF;
-
-               if (RExC_parse >= RExC_end)
-                   vFAIL2("Empty \\%c{}", (U8)value);
-               if (*RExC_parse == '{') {
-                   const U8 c = (U8)value;
-                   e = strchr(RExC_parse++, '}');
-                    if (!e)
-                        vFAIL2("Missing right brace on \\%c{}", c);
-                   while (isSPACE(UCHARAT(RExC_parse)))
-                       RExC_parse++;
-                    if (e == RExC_parse)
-                        vFAIL2("Empty \\%c{}", c);
-                   n = e - RExC_parse;
-                   while (isSPACE(UCHARAT(RExC_parse + n - 1)))
-                       n--;
-               }
-               else {
-                   e = RExC_parse;
-                   n = 1;
-               }
-               if (!SIZE_ONLY) {
-                    SV* invlist;
-                    char* name;
-
-                   if (UCHARAT(RExC_parse) == '^') {
-                        RExC_parse++;
-                        n--;
-                        value = value == 'p' ? 'P' : 'p'; /* toggle */
-                        while (isSPACE(UCHARAT(RExC_parse))) {
-                             RExC_parse++;
-                             n--;
-                        }
-                   }
-                    /* Try to get the definition of the property into
-                     * <invlist>.  If /i is in effect, the effective property
-                     * will have its name be <__NAME_i>.  The design is
-                     * discussed in commit
-                     * 2f833f5208e26b208886e51e09e2c072b5eabb46 */
-                    Newx(name, n + sizeof("_i__\n"), char);
-
-                    sprintf(name, "%s%.*s%s\n",
-                                    (FOLD) ? "__" : "",
-                                    (int)n,
-                                    RExC_parse,
-                                    (FOLD) ? "_i" : ""
-                    );
-
-                    /* Look up the property name, and get its swash and
-                     * inversion list, if the property is found  */
-                    if (swash) {
-                        SvREFCNT_dec(swash);
-                    }
-                    swash = _core_swash_init("utf8", name, &PL_sv_undef,
-                                             1, /* binary */
-                                             0, /* not tr/// */
-                                             NULL, /* No inversion list */
-                                             &swash_init_flags
-                                            );
-                    if (! swash || ! (invlist = _get_swash_invlist(swash))) {
-                        if (swash) {
-                            SvREFCNT_dec(swash);
-                            swash = NULL;
-                        }
-
-                        /* Here didn't find it.  It could be a user-defined
-                         * property that will be available at run-time.  Add it
-                         * to the list to look up then */
-                        Perl_sv_catpvf(aTHX_ listsv, "%cutf8::%s\n",
-                                        (value == 'p' ? '+' : '!'),
-                                        name);
-                        has_user_defined_property = TRUE;
-
-                        /* We don't know yet, so have to assume that the
-                         * property could match something in the Latin1 range,
-                         * hence something that isn't utf8.  Note that this
-                         * would cause things in <depends_list> to match
-                         * inappropriately, except that any \p{}, including
-                         * this one forces Unicode semantics, which means there
-                         * is <no depends_list> */
-                        ANYOF_FLAGS(ret) |= ANYOF_NONBITMAP_NON_UTF8;
-                    }
-                    else {
-
-                        /* Here, did get the swash and its inversion list.  If
-                         * the swash is from a user-defined property, then this
-                         * whole character class should be regarded as such */
-                        has_user_defined_property =
-                                    (swash_init_flags
-                                     & _CORE_SWASH_INIT_USER_DEFINED_PROPERTY);
-
-                        /* Invert if asking for the complement */
-                        if (value == 'P') {
-                           _invlist_union_complement_2nd(properties,
-                                                          invlist,
-                                                          &properties);
-
-                            /* The swash can't be used as-is, because we've
-                            * inverted things; delay removing it to here after
-                            * have copied its invlist above */
-                            SvREFCNT_dec(swash);
-                            swash = NULL;
-                        }
-                        else {
-                            _invlist_union(properties, invlist, &properties);
-                       }
-                   }
-                   Safefree(name);
-               }
-               RExC_parse = e + 1;
-               namedclass = ANYOF_UNIPROP;  /* no official name, but it's named */
-
-               /* \p means they want Unicode semantics */
-               RExC_uni_semantics = 1;
-               }
-               break;
-           case 'n':   value = '\n';                   break;
-           case 'r':   value = '\r';                   break;
-           case 't':   value = '\t';                   break;
-           case 'f':   value = '\f';                   break;
-           case 'b':   value = '\b';                   break;
-           case 'e':   value = ASCII_TO_NATIVE('\033');break;
-           case 'a':   value = ASCII_TO_NATIVE('\007');break;
-           case 'o':
-               RExC_parse--;   /* function expects to be pointed at the 'o' */
-               {
-                   const char* error_msg;
-                   bool valid = grok_bslash_o(RExC_parse,
-                                              &value,
-                                              &numlen,
-                                              &error_msg,
-                                              SIZE_ONLY);
-                   RExC_parse += numlen;
-                   if (! valid) {
-                       vFAIL(error_msg);
-                   }
-               }
-               if (PL_encoding && value < 0x100) {
-                   goto recode_encoding;
-               }
-               break;
-           case 'x':
-               RExC_parse--;   /* function expects to be pointed at the 'x' */
-               {
-                   const char* error_msg;
-                   bool valid = grok_bslash_x(RExC_parse,
-                                              &value,
-                                              &numlen,
-                                              &error_msg,
-                                              1);
-                   RExC_parse += numlen;
-                   if (! valid) {
-                       vFAIL(error_msg);
-                   }
-               }
-               if (PL_encoding && value < 0x100)
-                   goto recode_encoding;
-               break;
-           case 'c':
-               value = grok_bslash_c(*RExC_parse++, UTF, SIZE_ONLY);
-               break;
-           case '0': case '1': case '2': case '3': case '4':
-           case '5': case '6': case '7':
-               {
-                   /* Take 1-3 octal digits */
-                   I32 flags = PERL_SCAN_SILENT_ILLDIGIT;
-                   numlen = 3;
-                   value = grok_oct(--RExC_parse, &numlen, &flags, NULL);
-                   RExC_parse += numlen;
-                   if (PL_encoding && value < 0x100)
-                       goto recode_encoding;
-                   break;
-               }
-           recode_encoding:
-               if (! RExC_override_recoding) {
-                   SV* enc = PL_encoding;
-                   value = reg_recode((const char)(U8)value, &enc);
-                   if (!enc && SIZE_ONLY)
-                       ckWARNreg(RExC_parse,
-                                 "Invalid escape in the specified encoding");
-                   break;
-               }
-           default:
-               /* Allow \_ to not give an error */
-               if (!SIZE_ONLY && isALNUM(value) && value != '_') {
-                   SAVEFREESV(RExC_rx_sv);
-                   SAVEFREESV(listsv);
-                   ckWARN2reg(RExC_parse,
-                              "Unrecognized escape \\%c in character class passed through",
-                              (int)value);
-                   (void)ReREFCNT_inc(RExC_rx_sv);
-                   SvREFCNT_inc_simple_void_NN(listsv);
-               }
-               break;
-           }
-       } /* end of \blah */
-#ifdef EBCDIC
-       else
-           literal_endpoint++;
-#endif
-
-            /* What matches in a locale is not known until runtime.  This
-             * includes what the Posix classes (like \w, [:space:]) match.
-             * Room must be reserved (one time per class) to store such
-             * classes, either if Perl is compiled so that locale nodes always
-             * should have this space, or if there is such class info to be
-             * stored.  The space will contain a bit for each named class that
-             * is to be matched against.  This isn't needed for \p{} and
-             * pseudo-classes, as they are not affected by locale, and hence
-             * are dealt with separately */
-           if (LOC
-                && ! need_class
-                && (ANYOF_LOCALE == ANYOF_CLASS
-                    || (namedclass > OOB_NAMEDCLASS && namedclass < ANYOF_MAX)))
-            {
-               need_class = 1;
-               if (SIZE_ONLY) {
-                   RExC_size += ANYOF_CLASS_SKIP - ANYOF_SKIP;
-               }
-               else {
-                   RExC_emit += ANYOF_CLASS_SKIP - ANYOF_SKIP;
-                   ANYOF_CLASS_ZERO(ret);
-               }
-               ANYOF_FLAGS(ret) |= ANYOF_CLASS;
-           }
-
-       if (namedclass > OOB_NAMEDCLASS) { /* this is a named class \blah */
-
-           /* a bad range like a-\d, a-[:digit:].  The '-' is taken as a
-            * literal, as is the character that began the false range, i.e.
-            * the 'a' in the examples */
-           if (range) {
-               if (!SIZE_ONLY) {
-                   const int w =
-                       RExC_parse >= rangebegin ?
-                       RExC_parse - rangebegin : 0;
-                   SAVEFREESV(RExC_rx_sv); /* in case of fatal warnings */
-                   SAVEFREESV(listsv);
-                   ckWARN4reg(RExC_parse,
-                              "False [] range \"%*.*s\"",
-                              w, w, rangebegin);
-                   (void)ReREFCNT_inc(RExC_rx_sv);
-                   SvREFCNT_inc_simple_void_NN(listsv);
-                    cp_list = add_cp_to_invlist(cp_list, '-');
-                    cp_list = add_cp_to_invlist(cp_list, prevvalue);
-               }
-
-               range = 0; /* this was not a true range */
-                element_count += 2; /* So counts for three values */
-           }
-
-           if (! SIZE_ONLY) {
-               switch ((I32)namedclass) {
-
-               case ANYOF_ALNUMC: /* C's alnum, in contrast to \w */
-                   DO_POSIX_LATIN1_ONLY_KNOWN(ret, namedclass, posixes,
-                        PL_PosixAlnum, PL_L1PosixAlnum, "XPosixAlnum", listsv);
-                   break;
-               case ANYOF_NALNUMC:
-                   DO_N_POSIX_LATIN1_ONLY_KNOWN(ret, namedclass, posixes,
-                        PL_PosixAlnum, PL_L1PosixAlnum, "XPosixAlnum", listsv,
-                        runtime_posix_matches_above_Unicode);
-                   break;
-               case ANYOF_ALPHA:
-                   DO_POSIX_LATIN1_ONLY_KNOWN(ret, namedclass, posixes,
-                        PL_PosixAlpha, PL_L1PosixAlpha, "XPosixAlpha", listsv);
-                   break;
-               case ANYOF_NALPHA:
-                   DO_N_POSIX_LATIN1_ONLY_KNOWN(ret, namedclass, posixes,
-                        PL_PosixAlpha, PL_L1PosixAlpha, "XPosixAlpha", listsv,
-                        runtime_posix_matches_above_Unicode);
-                   break;
-               case ANYOF_ASCII:
-#ifdef HAS_ISASCII
-                   if (LOC) {
-                       ANYOF_CLASS_SET(ret, namedclass);
-                   }
-                    else
-#endif  /* Not isascii(); just use the hard-coded definition for it */
-                        _invlist_union(posixes, PL_ASCII, &posixes);
-                   break;
-               case ANYOF_NASCII:
-#ifdef HAS_ISASCII
-                   if (LOC) {
-                       ANYOF_CLASS_SET(ret, namedclass);
-                   }
-                    else {
-#endif
-                        _invlist_union_complement_2nd(posixes,
-                                                    PL_ASCII, &posixes);
-                        if (DEPENDS_SEMANTICS) {
-                            ANYOF_FLAGS(ret) |= ANYOF_NON_UTF8_LATIN1_ALL;
-                        }
-#ifdef HAS_ISASCII
-                    }
-#endif
-                   break;
-               case ANYOF_BLANK:
-                    if (hasISBLANK || ! LOC) {
-                        DO_POSIX(ret, namedclass, posixes,
-                                            PL_PosixBlank, PL_XPosixBlank);
-                    }
-                    else { /* There is no isblank() and we are in locale:  We
-                              use the ASCII range and the above-Latin1 range
-                              code points */
-                        SV* scratch_list = NULL;
-
-                        /* Include all above-Latin1 blanks */
-                        _invlist_intersection(PL_AboveLatin1,
-                                              PL_XPosixBlank,
-                                              &scratch_list);
-                        /* Add it to the running total of posix classes */
-                        if (! posixes) {
-                            posixes = scratch_list;
-                        }
-                        else {
-                            _invlist_union(posixes, scratch_list, &posixes);
-                            SvREFCNT_dec(scratch_list);
-                        }
-                        /* Add the ASCII-range blanks to the running total. */
-                        _invlist_union(posixes, PL_PosixBlank, &posixes);
-                    }
-                   break;
-               case ANYOF_NBLANK:
-                    if (hasISBLANK || ! LOC) {
-                        DO_N_POSIX(ret, namedclass, posixes,
-                                                PL_PosixBlank, PL_XPosixBlank);
-                    }
-                    else { /* There is no isblank() and we are in locale */
-                        SV* scratch_list = NULL;
-
-                        /* Include all above-Latin1 non-blanks */
-                        _invlist_subtract(PL_AboveLatin1, PL_XPosixBlank,
-                                          &scratch_list);
-
-                        /* Add them to the running total of posix classes */
-                        _invlist_subtract(PL_AboveLatin1, PL_XPosixBlank,
-                                          &scratch_list);
-                        if (! posixes) {
-                            posixes = scratch_list;
-                        }
-                        else {
-                            _invlist_union(posixes, scratch_list, &posixes);
-                            SvREFCNT_dec(scratch_list);
-                        }
-
-                        /* Get the list of all non-ASCII-blanks in Latin 1, and
-                         * add them to the running total */
-                        _invlist_subtract(PL_Latin1, PL_PosixBlank,
-                                          &scratch_list);
-                        _invlist_union(posixes, scratch_list, &posixes);
-                        SvREFCNT_dec(scratch_list);
-                    }
-                   break;
-               case ANYOF_CNTRL:
-                    DO_POSIX(ret, namedclass, posixes,
-                                            PL_PosixCntrl, PL_XPosixCntrl);
-                   break;
-               case ANYOF_NCNTRL:
-                    DO_N_POSIX(ret, namedclass, posixes,
-                                            PL_PosixCntrl, PL_XPosixCntrl);
-                   break;
-               case ANYOF_DIGIT:
-                   /* There are no digits in the Latin1 range outside of
-                    * ASCII, so call the macro that doesn't have to resolve
-                    * them */
-                   DO_POSIX_LATIN1_ONLY_KNOWN_L1_RESOLVED(ret, namedclass, posixes,
-                        PL_PosixDigit, "XPosixDigit", listsv);
-                   break;
-               case ANYOF_NDIGIT:
-                   DO_N_POSIX_LATIN1_ONLY_KNOWN(ret, namedclass, posixes,
-                        PL_PosixDigit, PL_PosixDigit, "XPosixDigit", listsv,
-                        runtime_posix_matches_above_Unicode);
-                   break;
-               case ANYOF_GRAPH:
-                   DO_POSIX_LATIN1_ONLY_KNOWN(ret, namedclass, posixes,
-                        PL_PosixGraph, PL_L1PosixGraph, "XPosixGraph", listsv);
-                   break;
-               case ANYOF_NGRAPH:
-                   DO_N_POSIX_LATIN1_ONLY_KNOWN(ret, namedclass, posixes,
-                        PL_PosixGraph, PL_L1PosixGraph, "XPosixGraph", listsv,
-                        runtime_posix_matches_above_Unicode);
-                   break;
-               case ANYOF_HORIZWS:
-                   /* For these, we use the cp_list, as /d doesn't make a
-                    * difference in what these match.  There would be problems
-                    * if these characters had folds other than themselves, as
-                    * cp_list is subject to folding.  It turns out that \h
-                    * is just a synonym for XPosixBlank */
-                   _invlist_union(cp_list, PL_XPosixBlank, &cp_list);
-                   break;
-               case ANYOF_NHORIZWS:
-                    _invlist_union_complement_2nd(cp_list,
-                                                 PL_XPosixBlank, &cp_list);
-                   break;
-               case ANYOF_LOWER:
-               case ANYOF_NLOWER:
-                {   /* These require special handling, as they differ under
-                      folding, matching Cased there (which in the ASCII range
-                      is the same as Alpha */
-
-                   SV* ascii_source;
-                   SV* l1_source;
-                   const char *Xname;
-
-                   if (FOLD && ! LOC) {
-                       ascii_source = PL_PosixAlpha;
-                       l1_source = PL_L1Cased;
-                       Xname = "Cased";
-                   }
-                   else {
-                       ascii_source = PL_PosixLower;
-                       l1_source = PL_L1PosixLower;
-                       Xname = "XPosixLower";
-                   }
-                   if (namedclass == ANYOF_LOWER) {
-                       DO_POSIX_LATIN1_ONLY_KNOWN(ret, namedclass, posixes,
-                                    ascii_source, l1_source, Xname, listsv);
-                   }
-                   else {
-                       DO_N_POSIX_LATIN1_ONLY_KNOWN(ret, namedclass,
-                            posixes, ascii_source, l1_source, Xname, listsv,
-                            runtime_posix_matches_above_Unicode);
-                   }
-                   break;
-               }
-               case ANYOF_PRINT:
-                   DO_POSIX_LATIN1_ONLY_KNOWN(ret, namedclass, posixes,
-                        PL_PosixPrint, PL_L1PosixPrint, "XPosixPrint", listsv);
-                   break;
-               case ANYOF_NPRINT:
-                   DO_N_POSIX_LATIN1_ONLY_KNOWN(ret, namedclass, posixes,
-                        PL_PosixPrint, PL_L1PosixPrint, "XPosixPrint", listsv,
-                        runtime_posix_matches_above_Unicode);
-                   break;
-               case ANYOF_PUNCT:
-                   DO_POSIX_LATIN1_ONLY_KNOWN(ret, namedclass, posixes,
-                        PL_PosixPunct, PL_L1PosixPunct, "XPosixPunct", listsv);
-                   break;
-               case ANYOF_NPUNCT:
-                   DO_N_POSIX_LATIN1_ONLY_KNOWN(ret, namedclass, posixes,
-                        PL_PosixPunct, PL_L1PosixPunct, "XPosixPunct", listsv,
-                        runtime_posix_matches_above_Unicode);
-                   break;
-               case ANYOF_PSXSPC:
-                    DO_POSIX(ret, namedclass, posixes,
-                                            PL_PosixSpace, PL_XPosixSpace);
-                   break;
-               case ANYOF_NPSXSPC:
-                    DO_N_POSIX(ret, namedclass, posixes,
-                                            PL_PosixSpace, PL_XPosixSpace);
-                   break;
-               case ANYOF_SPACE:
-                    DO_POSIX(ret, namedclass, posixes,
-                                            PL_PerlSpace, PL_XPerlSpace);
-                   break;
-               case ANYOF_NSPACE:
-                    DO_N_POSIX(ret, namedclass, posixes,
-                                            PL_PerlSpace, PL_XPerlSpace);
-                   break;
-               case ANYOF_UPPER:   /* Same as LOWER, above */
-               case ANYOF_NUPPER:
-               {
-                   SV* ascii_source;
-                   SV* l1_source;
-                   const char *Xname;
-
-                   if (FOLD && ! LOC) {
-                       ascii_source = PL_PosixAlpha;
-                       l1_source = PL_L1Cased;
-                       Xname = "Cased";
-                   }
-                   else {
-                       ascii_source = PL_PosixUpper;
-                       l1_source = PL_L1PosixUpper;
-                       Xname = "XPosixUpper";
-                   }
-                   if (namedclass == ANYOF_UPPER) {
-                       DO_POSIX_LATIN1_ONLY_KNOWN(ret, namedclass, posixes,
-                                    ascii_source, l1_source, Xname, listsv);
-                   }
-                   else {
-                       DO_N_POSIX_LATIN1_ONLY_KNOWN(ret, namedclass,
-                        posixes, ascii_source, l1_source, Xname, listsv,
-                        runtime_posix_matches_above_Unicode);
-                   }
-                   break;
-               }
-               case ANYOF_WORDCHAR:
-                   DO_POSIX_LATIN1_ONLY_KNOWN(ret, namedclass, posixes,
-                            PL_PosixWord, PL_L1PosixWord, "XPosixWord", listsv);
-                   break;
-               case ANYOF_NWORDCHAR:
-                   DO_N_POSIX_LATIN1_ONLY_KNOWN(ret, namedclass, posixes,
-                            PL_PosixWord, PL_L1PosixWord, "XPosixWord", listsv,
-                            runtime_posix_matches_above_Unicode);
-                   break;
-               case ANYOF_VERTWS:
-                   /* For these, we use the cp_list, as /d doesn't make a
-                    * difference in what these match.  There would be problems
-                    * if these characters had folds other than themselves, as
-                    * cp_list is subject to folding */
-                   _invlist_union(cp_list, PL_VertSpace, &cp_list);
-                   break;
-               case ANYOF_NVERTWS:
-                    _invlist_union_complement_2nd(cp_list,
-                                                    PL_VertSpace, &cp_list);
-                   break;
-               case ANYOF_XDIGIT:
-                    DO_POSIX(ret, namedclass, posixes,
-                                            PL_PosixXDigit, PL_XPosixXDigit);
-                   break;
-               case ANYOF_NXDIGIT:
-                    DO_N_POSIX(ret, namedclass, posixes,
-                                            PL_PosixXDigit, PL_XPosixXDigit);
-                   break;
-               case ANYOF_UNIPROP: /* this is to handle \p and \P */
-                   break;
-               default:
-                   vFAIL("Invalid [::] class");
-                   break;
-               }
-
-               continue;   /* Go get next character */
-           }
-       } /* end of namedclass \blah */
-
-       if (range) {
-           if (prevvalue > value) /* b-a */ {
-               const int w = RExC_parse - rangebegin;
-               Simple_vFAIL4("Invalid [] range \"%*.*s\"", w, w, rangebegin);
-               range = 0; /* not a valid range */
-           }
-       }
-       else {
-            prevvalue = value; /* save the beginning of the potential range */
-           if (RExC_parse+1 < RExC_end
-               && *RExC_parse == '-'
-               && RExC_parse[1] != ']')
-           {
-               RExC_parse++;
-
-               /* a bad range like \w-, [:word:]- ? */
-               if (namedclass > OOB_NAMEDCLASS) {
-                   if (ckWARN(WARN_REGEXP)) {
-                       const int w =
-                           RExC_parse >= rangebegin ?
-                           RExC_parse - rangebegin : 0;
-                       vWARN4(RExC_parse,
-                              "False [] range \"%*.*s\"",
-                              w, w, rangebegin);
-                   }
-                    if (!SIZE_ONLY) {
-                        cp_list = add_cp_to_invlist(cp_list, '-');
-                    }
-                    element_count++;
-               } else
-                   range = 1;  /* yeah, it's a range! */
-               continue;       /* but do it the next time */
-           }
-       }
-
-        /* Here, <prevvalue> is the beginning of the range, if any; or <value>
-         * if not */
-
-       /* non-Latin1 code point implies unicode semantics.  Must be set in
-        * pass1 so is there for the whole of pass 2 */
-       if (value > 255) {
-           RExC_uni_semantics = 1;
-       }
-
-        /* Ready to process either the single value, or the completed range.
-         * For single-valued non-inverted ranges, we consider the possibility
-         * of multi-char folds.  (We made a conscious decision to not do this
-         * for the other cases because it can often lead to non-intuitive
-         * results.  For example, you have the peculiar case that:
-         *  "s s" =~ /^[^\xDF]+$/i => Y
-         *  "ss"  =~ /^[^\xDF]+$/i => N
-         *
-         * See [perl #89750] */
-        if (FOLD && ! invert && value == prevvalue) {
-            if (value == LATIN_SMALL_LETTER_SHARP_S
-                || (value > 255 && _invlist_contains_cp(PL_HasMultiCharFold,
-                                                        value)))
-            {
-                /* Here <value> is indeed a multi-char fold.  Get what it is */
-
-                U8 foldbuf[UTF8_MAXBYTES_CASE];
-                STRLEN foldlen;
-
-                UV folded = _to_uni_fold_flags(
-                                value,
-                                foldbuf,
-                                &foldlen,
-                                FOLD_FLAGS_FULL
-                                | ((LOC) ?  FOLD_FLAGS_LOCALE
-                                            : (ASCII_FOLD_RESTRICTED)
-                                              ? FOLD_FLAGS_NOMIX_ASCII
-                                              : 0)
-                                );
-
-                /* Here, <folded> should be the first character of the
-                 * multi-char fold of <value>, with <foldbuf> containing the
-                 * whole thing.  But, if this fold is not allowed (because of
-                 * the flags), <fold> will be the same as <value>, and should
-                 * be processed like any other character, so skip the special
-                 * handling */
-                if (folded != value) {
-
-                    /* Skip if we are recursed, currently parsing the class
-                     * again.  Otherwise add this character to the list of
-                     * multi-char folds. */
-                    if (! RExC_in_multi_char_class) {
-                        AV** this_array_ptr;
-                        AV* this_array;
-                        STRLEN cp_count = utf8_length(foldbuf,
-                                                      foldbuf + foldlen);
-                        SV* multi_fold = sv_2mortal(newSVpvn("", 0));
-
-                        Perl_sv_catpvf(aTHX_ multi_fold, "\\x{%"UVXf"}", value);
-
-
-                        if (! multi_char_matches) {
-                            multi_char_matches = newAV();
-                        }
-
-                        /* <multi_char_matches> is actually an array of arrays.
-                         * There will be one or two top-level elements: [2],
-                         * and/or [3].  The [2] element is an array, each
-                         * element thereof is a character which folds to two
-                         * characters; likewise for [3].  (Unicode guarantees a
-                         * maximum of 3 characters in any fold.)  When we
-                         * rewrite the character class below, we will do so
-                         * such that the longest folds are written first, so
-                         * that it prefers the longest matching strings first.
-                         * This is done even if it turns out that any
-                         * quantifier is non-greedy, out of programmer
-                         * laziness.  Tom Christiansen has agreed that this is
-                         * ok.  This makes the test for the ligature 'ffi' come
-                         * before the test for 'ff' */
-                        if (av_exists(multi_char_matches, cp_count)) {
-                            this_array_ptr = (AV**) av_fetch(multi_char_matches,
-                                                             cp_count, FALSE);
-                            this_array = *this_array_ptr;
-                        }
-                        else {
-                            this_array = newAV();
-                            av_store(multi_char_matches, cp_count,
-                                     (SV*) this_array);
-                        }
-                        av_push(this_array, multi_fold);
-                    }
-
-                    /* This element should not be processed further in this
-                     * class */
-                    element_count--;
-                    value = save_value;
-                    prevvalue = save_prevvalue;
-                    continue;
-                }
-            }
-        }
-
-        /* Deal with this element of the class */
-       if (! SIZE_ONLY) {
-#ifndef EBCDIC
-            cp_list = _add_range_to_invlist(cp_list, prevvalue, value);
-#else
-            UV* this_range = _new_invlist(1);
-            _append_range_to_invlist(this_range, prevvalue, value);
-
-            /* In EBCDIC, the ranges 'A-Z' and 'a-z' are each not contiguous.
-             * If this range was specified using something like 'i-j', we want
-             * to include only the 'i' and the 'j', and not anything in
-             * between, so exclude non-ASCII, non-alphabetics from it.
-             * However, if the range was specified with something like
-             * [\x89-\x91] or [\x89-j], all code points within it should be
-             * included.  literal_endpoint==2 means both ends of the range used
-             * a literal character, not \x{foo} */
-           if (literal_endpoint == 2
-                && (prevvalue >= 'a' && value <= 'z')
-                    || (prevvalue >= 'A' && value <= 'Z'))
-            {
-                _invlist_intersection(this_range, PL_ASCII, &this_range, );
-                _invlist_intersection(this_range, PL_Alpha, &this_range, );
-            }
-            _invlist_union(cp_list, this_range, &cp_list);
-            literal_endpoint = 0;
-#endif
-        }
-
-       range = 0; /* this range (if it was one) is done now */
-    } /* End of loop through all the text within the brackets */
-
-    /* If anything in the class expands to more than one character, we have to
-     * deal with them by building up a substitute parse string, and recursively
-     * calling reg() on it, instead of proceeding */
-    if (multi_char_matches) {
-       SV * substitute_parse = newSVpvn_flags("?:", 2, SVs_TEMP);
-        I32 cp_count;
-       STRLEN len;
-       char *save_end = RExC_end;
-       char *save_parse = RExC_parse;
-        bool first_time = TRUE;     /* First multi-char occurrence doesn't get
-                                       a "|" */
-        I32 reg_flags;
-
-        assert(! invert);
-#if 0   /* Have decided not to deal with multi-char folds in inverted classes,
-           because too confusing */
-        if (invert) {
-            sv_catpv(substitute_parse, "(?:");
-        }
-#endif
-
-        /* Look at the longest folds first */
-        for (cp_count = av_len(multi_char_matches); cp_count > 0; cp_count--) {
-
-            if (av_exists(multi_char_matches, cp_count)) {
-                AV** this_array_ptr;
-                SV* this_sequence;
-
-                this_array_ptr = (AV**) av_fetch(multi_char_matches,
-                                                 cp_count, FALSE);
-                while ((this_sequence = av_pop(*this_array_ptr)) !=
-                                                                &PL_sv_undef)
-                {
-                    if (! first_time) {
-                        sv_catpv(substitute_parse, "|");
-                    }
-                    first_time = FALSE;
-
-                    sv_catpv(substitute_parse, SvPVX(this_sequence));
-                }
-            }
-        }
-
-        /* If the character class contains anything else besides these
-         * multi-character folds, have to include it in recursive parsing */
-        if (element_count) {
-            sv_catpv(substitute_parse, "|[");
-            sv_catpvn(substitute_parse, orig_parse, RExC_parse - orig_parse);
-            sv_catpv(substitute_parse, "]");
-        }
-
-        sv_catpv(substitute_parse, ")");
-#if 0
-        if (invert) {
-            /* This is a way to get the parse to skip forward a whole named
-             * sequence instead of matching the 2nd character when it fails the
-             * first */
-            sv_catpv(substitute_parse, "(*THEN)(*SKIP)(*FAIL)|.)");
-        }
-#endif
-
-       RExC_parse = SvPV(substitute_parse, len);
-       RExC_end = RExC_parse + len;
-        RExC_in_multi_char_class = 1;
-        RExC_emit = (regnode *)orig_emit;
-
-       ret = reg(pRExC_state, 1, &reg_flags, depth+1);
-
-       *flagp |= reg_flags&(HASWIDTH|SIMPLE|SPSTART|POSTPONED);
-
-       RExC_parse = save_parse;
-       RExC_end = save_end;
-       RExC_in_multi_char_class = 0;
-        SvREFCNT_dec(multi_char_matches);
-        SvREFCNT_dec(listsv);
-        return ret;
-    }
-
-    /* If the character class contains only a single element, it may be
-     * optimizable into another node type which is smaller and runs faster.
-     * Check if this is the case for this class */
-    if (element_count == 1) {
-        U8 op = END;
-        U8 arg = 0;
-
-        if (namedclass > OOB_NAMEDCLASS) { /* this is a named class, like \w or
-                                              [:digit:] or \p{foo} */
-
-            /* Certain named classes have equivalents that can appear outside a
-             * character class, e.g. \w, \H.  We use these instead of a
-             * character class. */
-            switch ((I32)namedclass) {
-                U8 offset;
-
-                /* The first group is for node types that depend on the charset
-                 * modifier to the regex.  We first calculate the base node
-                 * type, and if it should be inverted */
-
-                case ANYOF_NWORDCHAR:
-                    invert = ! invert;
-                    /* FALLTHROUGH */
-                case ANYOF_WORDCHAR:
-                    op = ALNUM;
-                    goto join_charset_classes;
-
-                case ANYOF_NSPACE:
-                    invert = ! invert;
-                    /* FALLTHROUGH */
-                case ANYOF_SPACE:
-                    op = SPACE;
-                    goto join_charset_classes;
-
-                case ANYOF_NDIGIT:
-                    invert = ! invert;
-                    /* FALLTHROUGH */
-                case ANYOF_DIGIT:
-                    op = DIGIT;
-
-                  join_charset_classes:
-
-                    /* Now that we have the base node type, we take advantage
-                     * of the enum ordering of the charset modifiers to get the
-                     * exact node type,  For example the base SPACE also has
-                     * SPACEL, SPACEU, and SPACEA */
-
-                    offset = get_regex_charset(RExC_flags);
-
-                    /* /aa is the same as /a for these */
-                    if (offset == REGEX_ASCII_MORE_RESTRICTED_CHARSET) {
-                        offset = REGEX_ASCII_RESTRICTED_CHARSET;
-                    }
-                    else if (op == DIGIT && offset == REGEX_UNICODE_CHARSET) {
-                        offset = REGEX_DEPENDS_CHARSET; /* There is no DIGITU */
-                    }
-
-                    op += offset;
-
-                    /* The number of varieties of each of these is the same,
-                     * hence, so is the delta between the normal and
-                     * complemented nodes */
-                    if (invert) {
-                        op += NALNUM - ALNUM;
-                    }
-                    *flagp |= HASWIDTH|SIMPLE;
-                    break;
-
-                /* The second group doesn't depend of the charset modifiers.
-                 * We just have normal and complemented */
-                case ANYOF_NHORIZWS:
-                    invert = ! invert;
-                    /* FALLTHROUGH */
-                case ANYOF_HORIZWS:
-                  is_horizws:
-                    op = (invert) ? NHORIZWS : HORIZWS;
-                    *flagp |= HASWIDTH|SIMPLE;
-                    break;
-
-                case ANYOF_NVERTWS:
-                    invert = ! invert;
-                    /* FALLTHROUGH */
-                case ANYOF_VERTWS:
-                    op = (invert) ? NVERTWS : VERTWS;
-                    *flagp |= HASWIDTH|SIMPLE;
-                    break;
-
-                case ANYOF_UNIPROP:
-                    break;
-
-                case ANYOF_NBLANK:
-                    invert = ! invert;
-                    /* FALLTHROUGH */
-                case ANYOF_BLANK:
-                    if (AT_LEAST_UNI_SEMANTICS && ! AT_LEAST_ASCII_RESTRICTED) {
-                        goto is_horizws;
-                    }
-                    /* FALLTHROUGH */
-                default:
-                    /* A generic posix class.  All the /a ones can be handled
-                     * by the POSIXA opcode.  And all are closed under folding
-                     * in the ASCII range, so FOLD doesn't matter */
-                    if (AT_LEAST_ASCII_RESTRICTED
-                        || (! LOC && namedclass == ANYOF_ASCII))
-                    {
-                        /* The odd numbered ones are the complements of the
-                         * next-lower even number one */
-                        if (namedclass % 2 == 1) {
-                            invert = ! invert;
-                            namedclass--;
-                        }
-                        arg = namedclass_to_classnum(namedclass);
-                        op = (invert) ? NPOSIXA : POSIXA;
-                    }
-                    break;
-            }
-        }
-        else if (value == prevvalue) {
-
-            /* Here, the class consists of just a single code point */
-
-            if (invert) {
-                if (! LOC && value == '\n') {
-                    op = REG_ANY; /* Optimize [^\n] */
-                    *flagp |= HASWIDTH|SIMPLE;
-                    RExC_naughty++;
-                }
-            }
-            else if (value < 256 || UTF) {
-
-                /* Optimize a single value into an EXACTish node, but not if it
-                 * would require converting the pattern to UTF-8. */
-                op = compute_EXACTish(pRExC_state);
-            }
-        } /* Otherwise is a range */
-        else if (! LOC) {   /* locale could vary these */
-            if (prevvalue == '0') {
-                if (value == '9') {
-                    op = (invert) ? NDIGITA : DIGITA;
-                    *flagp |= HASWIDTH|SIMPLE;
-                }
-            }
-        }
-
-        /* Here, we have changed <op> away from its initial value iff we found
-         * an optimization */
-        if (op != END) {
-
-            /* Throw away this ANYOF regnode, and emit the calculated one,
-             * which should correspond to the beginning, not current, state of
-             * the parse */
-            const char * cur_parse = RExC_parse;
-            RExC_parse = (char *)orig_parse;
-            if ( SIZE_ONLY) {
-                if (! LOC) {
-
-                    /* To get locale nodes to not use the full ANYOF size would
-                     * require moving the code above that writes the portions
-                     * of it that aren't in other nodes to after this point.
-                     * e.g.  ANYOF_CLASS_SET */
-                    RExC_size = orig_size;
-                }
-            }
-            else {
-                RExC_emit = (regnode *)orig_emit;
-            }
-
-            ret = reg_node(pRExC_state, op);
-
-            if (PL_regkind[op] == POSIXD || PL_regkind[op] == NPOSIXD) {
-                if (! SIZE_ONLY) {
-                    FLAGS(ret) = arg;
-                }
-                *flagp |= HASWIDTH|SIMPLE;
-            }
-            else if (PL_regkind[op] == EXACT) {
-                alloc_maybe_populate_EXACT(pRExC_state, ret, flagp, 0, value);
-            }
-
-            RExC_parse = (char *) cur_parse;
-
-            SvREFCNT_dec(posixes);
-            SvREFCNT_dec(listsv);
-            SvREFCNT_dec(cp_list);
-            return ret;
-        }
-    }
-
-    if (SIZE_ONLY)
-        return ret;
-    /****** !SIZE_ONLY (Pass 2) AFTER HERE *********/
-
-    /* If folding, we calculate all characters that could fold to or from the
-     * ones already on the list */
-    if (FOLD && cp_list) {
-       UV start, end;  /* End points of code point ranges */
-
-       SV* fold_intersection = NULL;
-
-        /* If the highest code point is within Latin1, we can use the
-         * compiled-in Alphas list, and not have to go out to disk.  This
-         * yields two false positives, the masculine and feminine ordinal
-         * indicators, which are weeded out below using the
-         * IS_IN_SOME_FOLD_L1() macro */
-        if (invlist_highest(cp_list) < 256) {
-            _invlist_intersection(PL_L1PosixAlpha, cp_list, &fold_intersection);
-        }
-        else {
-
-            /* Here, there are non-Latin1 code points, so we will have to go
-             * fetch the list of all the characters that participate in folds
-             */
-            if (! PL_utf8_foldable) {
-                SV* swash = swash_init("utf8", "_Perl_Any_Folds",
-                                       &PL_sv_undef, 1, 0);
-                PL_utf8_foldable = _get_swash_invlist(swash);
-                SvREFCNT_dec(swash);
-            }
-
-            /* This is a hash that for a particular fold gives all characters
-             * that are involved in it */
-            if (! PL_utf8_foldclosures) {
-
-                /* If we were unable to find any folds, then we likely won't be
-                 * able to find the closures.  So just create an empty list.
-                 * Folding will effectively be restricted to the non-Unicode
-                 * rules hard-coded into Perl.  (This case happens legitimately
-                 * during compilation of Perl itself before the Unicode tables
-                 * are generated) */
-                if (_invlist_len(PL_utf8_foldable) == 0) {
-                    PL_utf8_foldclosures = newHV();
-                }
-                else {
-                    /* If the folds haven't been read in, call a fold function
-                     * to force that */
-                    if (! PL_utf8_tofold) {
-                        U8 dummy[UTF8_MAXBYTES+1];
-
-                        /* This string is just a short named one above \xff */
-                        to_utf8_fold((U8*) HYPHEN_UTF8, dummy, NULL);
-                        assert(PL_utf8_tofold); /* Verify that worked */
-                    }
-                    PL_utf8_foldclosures =
-                                    _swash_inversion_hash(PL_utf8_tofold);
-                }
-            }
-
-            /* Only the characters in this class that participate in folds need
-             * be checked.  Get the intersection of this class and all the
-             * possible characters that are foldable.  This can quickly narrow
-             * down a large class */
-            _invlist_intersection(PL_utf8_foldable, cp_list,
-                                  &fold_intersection);
-        }
-
-       /* Now look at the foldable characters in this class individually */
-       invlist_iterinit(fold_intersection);
-       while (invlist_iternext(fold_intersection, &start, &end)) {
-           UV j;
-
-            /* Locale folding for Latin1 characters is deferred until runtime */
-            if (LOC && start < 256) {
-                start = 256;
-            }
-
-           /* Look at every character in the range */
-           for (j = start; j <= end; j++) {
-
-               U8 foldbuf[UTF8_MAXBYTES_CASE+1];
-               STRLEN foldlen;
-                SV** listp;
-
-                if (j < 256) {
-
-                    /* We have the latin1 folding rules hard-coded here so that
-                     * an innocent-looking character class, like /[ks]/i won't
-                     * have to go out to disk to find the possible matches.
-                     * XXX It would be better to generate these via regen, in
-                     * case a new version of the Unicode standard adds new
-                     * mappings, though that is not really likely, and may be
-                     * caught by the default: case of the switch below. */
-
-                    if (IS_IN_SOME_FOLD_L1(j)) {
-
-                        /* ASCII is always matched; non-ASCII is matched only
-                         * under Unicode rules */
-                        if (isASCII(j) || AT_LEAST_UNI_SEMANTICS) {
-                            cp_list =
-                                add_cp_to_invlist(cp_list, PL_fold_latin1[j]);
-                        }
-                        else {
-                            depends_list =
-                             add_cp_to_invlist(depends_list, PL_fold_latin1[j]);
-                        }
-                    }
-
-                    if (HAS_NONLATIN1_FOLD_CLOSURE(j)
-                        && (! isASCII(j) || ! ASCII_FOLD_RESTRICTED))
-                    {
-                        /* Certain Latin1 characters have matches outside
-                         * Latin1.  To get here, <j> is one of those
-                         * characters.   None of these matches is valid for
-                         * ASCII characters under /aa, which is why the 'if'
-                         * just above excludes those.  These matches only
-                         * happen when the target string is utf8.  The code
-                         * below adds the single fold closures for <j> to the
-                         * inversion list. */
-                        switch (j) {
-                            case 'k':
-                            case 'K':
-                                cp_list =
-                                    add_cp_to_invlist(cp_list, KELVIN_SIGN);
-                                break;
-                            case 's':
-                            case 'S':
-                                cp_list = add_cp_to_invlist(cp_list,
-                                                    LATIN_SMALL_LETTER_LONG_S);
-                                break;
-                            case MICRO_SIGN:
-                                cp_list = add_cp_to_invlist(cp_list,
-                                                    GREEK_CAPITAL_LETTER_MU);
-                                cp_list = add_cp_to_invlist(cp_list,
-                                                    GREEK_SMALL_LETTER_MU);
-                                break;
-                            case LATIN_CAPITAL_LETTER_A_WITH_RING_ABOVE:
-                            case LATIN_SMALL_LETTER_A_WITH_RING_ABOVE:
-                                cp_list =
-                                    add_cp_to_invlist(cp_list, ANGSTROM_SIGN);
-                                break;
-                            case LATIN_SMALL_LETTER_Y_WITH_DIAERESIS:
-                                cp_list = add_cp_to_invlist(cp_list,
-                                        LATIN_CAPITAL_LETTER_Y_WITH_DIAERESIS);
-                                break;
-                            case LATIN_SMALL_LETTER_SHARP_S:
-                                cp_list = add_cp_to_invlist(cp_list,
-                                                LATIN_CAPITAL_LETTER_SHARP_S);
-                                break;
-                            case 'F': case 'f':
-                            case 'I': case 'i':
-                            case 'L': case 'l':
-                            case 'T': case 't':
-                            case 'A': case 'a':
-                            case 'H': case 'h':
-                            case 'J': case 'j':
-                            case 'N': case 'n':
-                            case 'W': case 'w':
-                            case 'Y': case 'y':
-                                /* These all are targets of multi-character
-                                 * folds from code points that require UTF8 to
-                                 * express, so they can't match unless the
-                                 * target string is in UTF-8, so no action here
-                                 * is necessary, as regexec.c properly handles
-                                 * the general case for UTF-8 matching and
-                                 * multi-char folds */
-                                break;
-                            default:
-                                /* Use deprecated warning to increase the
-                                 * chances of this being output */
-                                ckWARN2regdep(RExC_parse, "Perl folding rules are not up-to-date for 0x%"UVXf"; please use the perlbug utility to report;", j);
-                                break;
-                        }
-                    }
-                    continue;
-                }
-
-                /* Here is an above Latin1 character.  We don't have the rules
-                 * hard-coded for it.  First, get its fold.  This is the simple
-                 * fold, as the multi-character folds have been handled earlier
-                 * and separated out */
-               _to_uni_fold_flags(j, foldbuf, &foldlen,
-                                               ((LOC)
-                                               ? FOLD_FLAGS_LOCALE
-                                               : (ASCII_FOLD_RESTRICTED)
-                                                  ? FOLD_FLAGS_NOMIX_ASCII
-                                                  : 0));
-
-                /* Single character fold of above Latin1.  Add everything in
-                 * its fold closure to the list that this node should match.
-                 * The fold closures data structure is a hash with the keys
-                 * being the UTF-8 of every character that is folded to, like
-                 * 'k', and the values each an array of all code points that
-                 * fold to its key.  e.g. [ 'k', 'K', KELVIN_SIGN ].
-                 * Multi-character folds are not included */
-                if ((listp = hv_fetch(PL_utf8_foldclosures,
-                                      (char *) foldbuf, foldlen, FALSE)))
-                {
-                    AV* list = (AV*) *listp;
-                    IV k;
-                    for (k = 0; k <= av_len(list); k++) {
-                        SV** c_p = av_fetch(list, k, FALSE);
-                        UV c;
-                        if (c_p == NULL) {
-                            Perl_croak(aTHX_ "panic: invalid PL_utf8_foldclosures structure");
-                        }
-                        c = SvUV(*c_p);
-
-                        /* /aa doesn't allow folds between ASCII and non-; /l
-                         * doesn't allow them between above and below 256 */
-                        if ((ASCII_FOLD_RESTRICTED
-                                  && (isASCII(c) != isASCII(j)))
-                            || (LOC && ((c < 256) != (j < 256))))
-                        {
-                            continue;
-                        }
-
-                        /* Folds involving non-ascii Latin1 characters
-                         * under /d are added to a separate list */
-                        if (isASCII(c) || c > 255 || AT_LEAST_UNI_SEMANTICS)
-                        {
-                            cp_list = add_cp_to_invlist(cp_list, c);
-                        }
-                        else {
-                          depends_list = add_cp_to_invlist(depends_list, c);
-                        }
-                    }
-                }
-            }
-       }
-       SvREFCNT_dec(fold_intersection);
-    }
-
-    /* And combine the result (if any) with any inversion list from posix
-     * classes.  The lists are kept separate up to now because we don't want to
-     * fold the classes (folding of those is automatically handled by the swash
-     * fetching code) */
-    if (posixes) {
-        if (! DEPENDS_SEMANTICS) {
-            if (cp_list) {
-                _invlist_union(cp_list, posixes, &cp_list);
-                SvREFCNT_dec(posixes);
-            }
-            else {
-                cp_list = posixes;
-            }
-        }
-        else {
-            /* Under /d, we put into a separate list the Latin1 things that
-             * match only when the target string is utf8 */
-            SV* nonascii_but_latin1_properties = NULL;
-            _invlist_intersection(posixes, PL_Latin1,
-                                  &nonascii_but_latin1_properties);
-            _invlist_subtract(nonascii_but_latin1_properties, PL_ASCII,
-                              &nonascii_but_latin1_properties);
-            _invlist_subtract(posixes, nonascii_but_latin1_properties,
-                              &posixes);
-            if (cp_list) {
-                _invlist_union(cp_list, posixes, &cp_list);
-                SvREFCNT_dec(posixes);
-            }
-            else {
-                cp_list = posixes;
-            }
-
-            if (depends_list) {
-                _invlist_union(depends_list, nonascii_but_latin1_properties,
-                               &depends_list);
-                SvREFCNT_dec(nonascii_but_latin1_properties);
-            }
-            else {
-                depends_list = nonascii_but_latin1_properties;
-            }
-        }
-    }
-
-    /* And combine the result (if any) with any inversion list from properties.
-     * The lists are kept separate up to now so that we can distinguish the two
-     * in regards to matching above-Unicode.  A run-time warning is generated
-     * if a Unicode property is matched against a non-Unicode code point. But,
-     * we allow user-defined properties to match anything, without any warning,
-     * and we also suppress the warning if there is a portion of the character
-     * class that isn't a Unicode property, and which matches above Unicode, \W
-     * or [\x{110000}] for example.
-     * (Note that in this case, unlike the Posix one above, there is no
-     * <depends_list>, because having a Unicode property forces Unicode
-     * semantics */
-    if (properties) {
-        bool warn_super = ! has_user_defined_property;
-        if (cp_list) {
-
-            /* If it matters to the final outcome, see if a non-property
-             * component of the class matches above Unicode.  If so, the
-             * warning gets suppressed.  This is true even if just a single
-             * such code point is specified, as though not strictly correct if
-             * another such code point is matched against, the fact that they
-             * are using above-Unicode code points indicates they should know
-             * the issues involved */
-            if (warn_super) {
-                bool non_prop_matches_above_Unicode =
-                            runtime_posix_matches_above_Unicode
-                            | (invlist_highest(cp_list) > PERL_UNICODE_MAX);
-                if (invert) {
-                    non_prop_matches_above_Unicode =
-                                            !  non_prop_matches_above_Unicode;
-                }
-                warn_super = ! non_prop_matches_above_Unicode;
-            }
-
-            _invlist_union(properties, cp_list, &cp_list);
-            SvREFCNT_dec(properties);
-        }
-        else {
-            cp_list = properties;
-        }
-
-        if (warn_super) {
-            ANYOF_FLAGS(ret) |= ANYOF_WARN_SUPER;
-        }
-    }
-
-    /* Here, we have calculated what code points should be in the character
-     * class.
-     *
-     * Now we can see about various optimizations.  Fold calculation (which we
-     * did above) needs to take place before inversion.  Otherwise /[^k]/i
-     * would invert to include K, which under /i would match k, which it
-     * shouldn't.  Therefore we can't invert folded locale now, as it won't be
-     * folded until runtime */
-
-    /* Optimize inverted simple patterns (e.g. [^a-z]) when everything is known
-     * at compile time.  Besides not inverting folded locale now, we can't
-     * invert if there are things such as \w, which aren't known until runtime
-     * */
-    if (invert
-        && ! (LOC && (FOLD || (ANYOF_FLAGS(ret) & ANYOF_CLASS)))
-       && ! depends_list
-       && ! HAS_NONLOCALE_RUNTIME_PROPERTY_DEFINITION)
-    {
-        _invlist_invert(cp_list);
-
-        /* Any swash can't be used as-is, because we've inverted things */
-        if (swash) {
-            SvREFCNT_dec(swash);
-            swash = NULL;
-        }
-
-       /* Clear the invert flag since have just done it here */
-       invert = FALSE;
-    }
-
-    /* If we didn't do folding, it's because some information isn't available
-     * until runtime; set the run-time fold flag for these.  (We don't have to
-     * worry about properties folding, as that is taken care of by the swash
-     * fetching) */
-    if (FOLD && LOC)
-    {
-       ANYOF_FLAGS(ret) |= ANYOF_LOC_FOLD;
-    }
-
-    /* Some character classes are equivalent to other nodes.  Such nodes take
-     * up less room and generally fewer operations to execute than ANYOF nodes.
-     * Above, we checked for and optimized into some such equivalents for
-     * certain common classes that are easy to test.  Getting to this point in
-     * the code means that the class didn't get optimized there.  Since this
-     * code is only executed in Pass 2, it is too late to save space--it has
-     * been allocated in Pass 1, and currently isn't given back.  But turning
-     * things into an EXACTish node can allow the optimizer to join it to any
-     * adjacent such nodes.  And if the class is equivalent to things like /./,
-     * expensive run-time swashes can be avoided.  Now that we have more
-     * complete information, we can find things necessarily missed by the
-     * earlier code.  I (khw) am not sure how much to look for here.  It would
-     * be easy, but perhaps too slow, to check any candidates against all the
-     * node types they could possibly match using _invlistEQ(). */
-
-    if (cp_list
-        && ! invert
-        && ! depends_list
-        && ! (ANYOF_FLAGS(ret) & ANYOF_CLASS)
-        && ! HAS_NONLOCALE_RUNTIME_PROPERTY_DEFINITION)
-    {
-       UV start, end;
-       U8 op = END;  /* The optimzation node-type */
-        const char * cur_parse= RExC_parse;
-
-       invlist_iterinit(cp_list);
-       if (! invlist_iternext(cp_list, &start, &end)) {
-
-            /* Here, the list is empty.  This happens, for example, when a
-             * Unicode property is the only thing in the character class, and
-             * it doesn't match anything.  (perluniprops.pod notes such
-             * properties) */
-            op = OPFAIL;
-            *flagp |= HASWIDTH|SIMPLE;
-        }
-        else if (start == end) {    /* The range is a single code point */
-            if (! invlist_iternext(cp_list, &start, &end)
-
-                    /* Don't do this optimization if it would require changing
-                     * the pattern to UTF-8 */
-                && (start < 256 || UTF))
-            {
-                /* Here, the list contains a single code point.  Can optimize
-                 * into an EXACT node */
-
-                value = start;
-
-                if (! FOLD) {
-                    op = EXACT;
-                }
-                else if (LOC) {
-
-                    /* A locale node under folding with one code point can be
-                     * an EXACTFL, as its fold won't be calculated until
-                     * runtime */
-                    op = EXACTFL;
-                }
-                else {
-
-                    /* Here, we are generally folding, but there is only one
-                     * code point to match.  If we have to, we use an EXACT
-                     * node, but it would be better for joining with adjacent
-                     * nodes in the optimization pass if we used the same
-                     * EXACTFish node that any such are likely to be.  We can
-                     * do this iff the code point doesn't participate in any
-                     * folds.  For example, an EXACTF of a colon is the same as
-                     * an EXACT one, since nothing folds to or from a colon. */
-                    if (value < 256) {
-                        if (IS_IN_SOME_FOLD_L1(value)) {
-                            op = EXACT;
-                        }
-                    }
-                    else {
-                        if (! PL_utf8_foldable) {
-                            SV* swash = swash_init("utf8", "_Perl_Any_Folds",
-                                                &PL_sv_undef, 1, 0);
-                            PL_utf8_foldable = _get_swash_invlist(swash);
-                            SvREFCNT_dec(swash);
-                        }
-                        if (_invlist_contains_cp(PL_utf8_foldable, value)) {
-                            op = EXACT;
-                        }
-                    }
-
-                    /* If we haven't found the node type, above, it means we
-                     * can use the prevailing one */
-                    if (op == END) {
-                        op = compute_EXACTish(pRExC_state);
-                    }
-                }
-            }
-        }
-        else if (start == 0) {
-            if (end == UV_MAX) {
-                op = SANY;
-                *flagp |= HASWIDTH|SIMPLE;
-                RExC_naughty++;
-            }
-            else if (end == '\n' - 1
-                    && invlist_iternext(cp_list, &start, &end)
-                    && start == '\n' + 1 && end == UV_MAX)
-            {
-                op = REG_ANY;
-                *flagp |= HASWIDTH|SIMPLE;
-                RExC_naughty++;
-            }
-        }
-
-        if (op != END) {
-            RExC_parse = (char *)orig_parse;
-            RExC_emit = (regnode *)orig_emit;
-
-            ret = reg_node(pRExC_state, op);
-
-            RExC_parse = (char *)cur_parse;
-
-            if (PL_regkind[op] == EXACT) {
-                alloc_maybe_populate_EXACT(pRExC_state, ret, flagp, 0, value);
-            }
-
-            SvREFCNT_dec(cp_list);
-            SvREFCNT_dec(listsv);
-            return ret;
-        }
-    }
-
-    /* Here, <cp_list> contains all the code points we can determine at
-     * compile time that match under all conditions.  Go through it, and
-     * for things that belong in the bitmap, put them there, and delete from
-     * <cp_list>.  While we are at it, see if everything above 255 is in the
-     * list, and if so, set a flag to speed up execution */
-    ANYOF_BITMAP_ZERO(ret);
-    if (cp_list) {
-
-       /* This gets set if we actually need to modify things */
-       bool change_invlist = FALSE;
-
-       UV start, end;
-
-       /* Start looking through <cp_list> */
-       invlist_iterinit(cp_list);
-       while (invlist_iternext(cp_list, &start, &end)) {
-           UV high;
-           int i;
-
-            if (end == UV_MAX && start <= 256) {
-                ANYOF_FLAGS(ret) |= ANYOF_UNICODE_ALL;
-            }
-
-           /* Quit if are above what we should change */
-           if (start > 255) {
-               break;
-           }
-
-           change_invlist = TRUE;
-
-           /* Set all the bits in the range, up to the max that we are doing */
-           high = (end < 255) ? end : 255;
-           for (i = start; i <= (int) high; i++) {
-               if (! ANYOF_BITMAP_TEST(ret, i)) {
-                   ANYOF_BITMAP_SET(ret, i);
-                   prevvalue = value;
-                   value = i;
-               }
-           }
-       }
-
-        /* Done with loop; remove any code points that are in the bitmap from
-         * <cp_list> */
-       if (change_invlist) {
-           _invlist_subtract(cp_list, PL_Latin1, &cp_list);
-       }
-
-       /* If have completely emptied it, remove it completely */
-       if (_invlist_len(cp_list) == 0) {
-           SvREFCNT_dec(cp_list);
-           cp_list = NULL;
-       }
-    }
-
-    if (invert) {
-        ANYOF_FLAGS(ret) |= ANYOF_INVERT;
-    }
-
-    /* Here, the bitmap has been populated with all the Latin1 code points that
-     * always match.  Can now add to the overall list those that match only
-     * when the target string is UTF-8 (<depends_list>). */
-    if (depends_list) {
-       if (cp_list) {
-           _invlist_union(cp_list, depends_list, &cp_list);
-           SvREFCNT_dec(depends_list);
-       }
-       else {
-           cp_list = depends_list;
-       }
-    }
-
-    /* If there is a swash and more than one element, we can't use the swash in
-     * the optimization below. */
-    if (swash && element_count > 1) {
-       SvREFCNT_dec(swash);
-       swash = NULL;
-    }
-
-    if (! cp_list
-       && ! HAS_NONLOCALE_RUNTIME_PROPERTY_DEFINITION)
-    {
-       ARG_SET(ret, ANYOF_NONBITMAP_EMPTY);
-       SvREFCNT_dec(listsv);
-    }
-    else {
-       /* av[0] stores the character class description in its textual form:
-        *       used later (regexec.c:Perl_regclass_swash()) to initialize the
-        *       appropriate swash, and is also useful for dumping the regnode.
-        * av[1] if NULL, is a placeholder to later contain the swash computed
-        *       from av[0].  But if no further computation need be done, the
-        *       swash is stored there now.
-        * av[2] stores the cp_list inversion list for use in addition or
-        *       instead of av[0]; used only if av[1] is NULL
-        * av[3] is set if any component of the class is from a user-defined
-        *       property; used only if av[1] is NULL */
-       AV * const av = newAV();
-       SV *rv;
-
-       av_store(av, 0, (HAS_NONLOCALE_RUNTIME_PROPERTY_DEFINITION)
-                       ? listsv
-                       : (SvREFCNT_dec(listsv), &PL_sv_undef));
-       if (swash) {
-           av_store(av, 1, swash);
-           SvREFCNT_dec(cp_list);
-       }
-       else {
-           av_store(av, 1, NULL);
-           if (cp_list) {
-               av_store(av, 2, cp_list);
-               av_store(av, 3, newSVuv(has_user_defined_property));
-           }
-       }
-
-       rv = newRV_noinc(MUTABLE_SV(av));
-       n = add_data(pRExC_state, 1, "s");
-       RExC_rxi->data->data[n] = (void*)rv;
-       ARG_SET(ret, n);
-    }
-
-    *flagp |= HASWIDTH|SIMPLE;
-    return ret;
-}
-#undef HAS_NONLOCALE_RUNTIME_PROPERTY_DEFINITION
-
-
-/* reg_skipcomment()
-
-   Absorbs an /x style # comments from the input stream.
-   Returns true if there is more text remaining in the stream.
-   Will set the REG_SEEN_RUN_ON_COMMENT flag if the comment
-   terminates the pattern without including a newline.
-
-   Note its the callers responsibility to ensure that we are
-   actually in /x mode
-
-*/
-
-STATIC bool
-S_reg_skipcomment(pTHX_ RExC_state_t *pRExC_state)
-{
-    bool ended = 0;
-
-    PERL_ARGS_ASSERT_REG_SKIPCOMMENT;
-
-    while (RExC_parse < RExC_end)
-        if (*RExC_parse++ == '\n') {
-            ended = 1;
-            break;
-        }
-    if (!ended) {
-        /* we ran off the end of the pattern without ending
-           the comment, so we have to add an \n when wrapping */
-        RExC_seen |= REG_SEEN_RUN_ON_COMMENT;
-        return 0;
-    } else
-        return 1;
-}
-
-/* nextchar()
-
-   Advances the parse position, and optionally absorbs
-   "whitespace" from the inputstream.
-
-   Without /x "whitespace" means (?#...) style comments only,
-   with /x this means (?#...) and # comments and whitespace proper.
-
-   Returns the RExC_parse point from BEFORE the scan occurs.
-
-   This is the /x friendly way of saying RExC_parse++.
-*/
-
-STATIC char*
-S_nextchar(pTHX_ RExC_state_t *pRExC_state)
-{
-    char* const retval = RExC_parse++;
-
-    PERL_ARGS_ASSERT_NEXTCHAR;
-
-    for (;;) {
-       if (RExC_end - RExC_parse >= 3
-           && *RExC_parse == '('
-           && RExC_parse[1] == '?'
-           && RExC_parse[2] == '#')
-       {
-           while (*RExC_parse != ')') {
-               if (RExC_parse == RExC_end)
-                   FAIL("Sequence (?#... not terminated");
-               RExC_parse++;
-           }
-           RExC_parse++;
-           continue;
-       }
-       if (RExC_flags & RXf_PMf_EXTENDED) {
-           if (isSPACE(*RExC_parse)) {
-               RExC_parse++;
-               continue;
-           }
-           else if (*RExC_parse == '#') {
-               if ( reg_skipcomment( pRExC_state ) )
-                   continue;
-           }
-       }
-       return retval;
-    }
-}
-
-/*
-- reg_node - emit a node
-*/
-STATIC regnode *                       /* Location. */
-S_reg_node(pTHX_ RExC_state_t *pRExC_state, U8 op)
-{
-    dVAR;
-    regnode *ptr;
-    regnode * const ret = RExC_emit;
-    GET_RE_DEBUG_FLAGS_DECL;
-
-    PERL_ARGS_ASSERT_REG_NODE;
-
-    if (SIZE_ONLY) {
-       SIZE_ALIGN(RExC_size);
-       RExC_size += 1;
-       return(ret);
-    }
-    if (RExC_emit >= RExC_emit_bound)
-        Perl_croak(aTHX_ "panic: reg_node overrun trying to emit %d, %p>=%p",
-                  op, RExC_emit, RExC_emit_bound);
-
-    NODE_ALIGN_FILL(ret);
-    ptr = ret;
-    FILL_ADVANCE_NODE(ptr, op);
-    REH_CALL_COMP_NODE_HOOK(pRExC_state->rx, (ptr) - 1);
-#ifdef RE_TRACK_PATTERN_OFFSETS
-    if (RExC_offsets) {         /* MJD */
-       MJD_OFFSET_DEBUG(("%s:%d: (op %s) %s %"UVuf" (len %"UVuf") (max %"UVuf").\n", 
-              "reg_node", __LINE__, 
-              PL_reg_name[op],
-              (UV)(RExC_emit - RExC_emit_start) > RExC_offsets[0] 
-               ? "Overwriting end of array!\n" : "OK",
-              (UV)(RExC_emit - RExC_emit_start),
-              (UV)(RExC_parse - RExC_start),
-              (UV)RExC_offsets[0])); 
-       Set_Node_Offset(RExC_emit, RExC_parse + (op == END));
-    }
-#endif
-    RExC_emit = ptr;
-    return(ret);
-}
-
-/*
-- reganode - emit a node with an argument
-*/
-STATIC regnode *                       /* Location. */
-S_reganode(pTHX_ RExC_state_t *pRExC_state, U8 op, U32 arg)
-{
-    dVAR;
-    regnode *ptr;
-    regnode * const ret = RExC_emit;
-    GET_RE_DEBUG_FLAGS_DECL;
-
-    PERL_ARGS_ASSERT_REGANODE;
-
-    if (SIZE_ONLY) {
-       SIZE_ALIGN(RExC_size);
-       RExC_size += 2;
-       /* 
-          We can't do this:
-          
-          assert(2==regarglen[op]+1); 
-
-          Anything larger than this has to allocate the extra amount.
-          If we changed this to be:
-          
-          RExC_size += (1 + regarglen[op]);
-          
-          then it wouldn't matter. Its not clear what side effect
-          might come from that so its not done so far.
-          -- dmq
-       */
-       return(ret);
-    }
-    if (RExC_emit >= RExC_emit_bound)
-        Perl_croak(aTHX_ "panic: reg_node overrun trying to emit %d, %p>=%p",
-                  op, RExC_emit, RExC_emit_bound);
-
-    NODE_ALIGN_FILL(ret);
-    ptr = ret;
-    FILL_ADVANCE_NODE_ARG(ptr, op, arg);
-    REH_CALL_COMP_NODE_HOOK(pRExC_state->rx, (ptr) - 2);
-#ifdef RE_TRACK_PATTERN_OFFSETS
-    if (RExC_offsets) {         /* MJD */
-       MJD_OFFSET_DEBUG(("%s(%d): (op %s) %s %"UVuf" <- %"UVuf" (max %"UVuf").\n", 
-              "reganode",
-             __LINE__,
-             PL_reg_name[op],
-              (UV)(RExC_emit - RExC_emit_start) > RExC_offsets[0] ? 
-              "Overwriting end of array!\n" : "OK",
-              (UV)(RExC_emit - RExC_emit_start),
-              (UV)(RExC_parse - RExC_start),
-              (UV)RExC_offsets[0])); 
-       Set_Cur_Node_Offset;
-    }
-#endif            
-    RExC_emit = ptr;
-    return(ret);
-}
-
-/*
-- reguni - emit (if appropriate) a Unicode character
-*/
-STATIC STRLEN
-S_reguni(pTHX_ const RExC_state_t *pRExC_state, UV uv, char* s)
-{
-    dVAR;
-
-    PERL_ARGS_ASSERT_REGUNI;
-
-    return SIZE_ONLY ? UNISKIP(uv) : (uvchr_to_utf8((U8*)s, uv) - (U8*)s);
-}
-
-/*
-- reginsert - insert an operator in front of already-emitted operand
-*
-* Means relocating the operand.
-*/
-STATIC void
-S_reginsert(pTHX_ RExC_state_t *pRExC_state, U8 op, regnode *opnd, U32 depth)
-{
-    dVAR;
-    regnode *src;
-    regnode *dst;
-    regnode *place;
-    const int offset = regarglen[(U8)op];
-    const int size = NODE_STEP_REGNODE + offset;
-    GET_RE_DEBUG_FLAGS_DECL;
-
-    PERL_ARGS_ASSERT_REGINSERT;
-    PERL_UNUSED_ARG(depth);
-/* (PL_regkind[(U8)op] == CURLY ? EXTRA_STEP_2ARGS : 0); */
-    DEBUG_PARSE_FMT("inst"," - %s",PL_reg_name[op]);
-    if (SIZE_ONLY) {
-       RExC_size += size;
-       return;
-    }
-
-    src = RExC_emit;
-    RExC_emit += size;
-    dst = RExC_emit;
-    if (RExC_open_parens) {
-        int paren;
-        /*DEBUG_PARSE_FMT("inst"," - %"IVdf, (IV)RExC_npar);*/
-        for ( paren=0 ; paren < RExC_npar ; paren++ ) {
-            if ( RExC_open_parens[paren] >= opnd ) {
-                /*DEBUG_PARSE_FMT("open"," - %d",size);*/
-                RExC_open_parens[paren] += size;
-            } else {
-                /*DEBUG_PARSE_FMT("open"," - %s","ok");*/
-            }
-            if ( RExC_close_parens[paren] >= opnd ) {
-                /*DEBUG_PARSE_FMT("close"," - %d",size);*/
-                RExC_close_parens[paren] += size;
-            } else {
-                /*DEBUG_PARSE_FMT("close"," - %s","ok");*/
-            }
-        }
-    }
-
-    while (src > opnd) {
-       StructCopy(--src, --dst, regnode);
-#ifdef RE_TRACK_PATTERN_OFFSETS
-        if (RExC_offsets) {     /* MJD 20010112 */
-           MJD_OFFSET_DEBUG(("%s(%d): (op %s) %s copy %"UVuf" -> %"UVuf" (max %"UVuf").\n",
-                  "reg_insert",
-                 __LINE__,
-                 PL_reg_name[op],
-                  (UV)(dst - RExC_emit_start) > RExC_offsets[0] 
-                   ? "Overwriting end of array!\n" : "OK",
-                  (UV)(src - RExC_emit_start),
-                  (UV)(dst - RExC_emit_start),
-                  (UV)RExC_offsets[0])); 
-           Set_Node_Offset_To_R(dst-RExC_emit_start, Node_Offset(src));
-           Set_Node_Length_To_R(dst-RExC_emit_start, Node_Length(src));
-        }
-#endif
-    }
-    
-
-    place = opnd;              /* Op node, where operand used to be. */
-#ifdef RE_TRACK_PATTERN_OFFSETS
-    if (RExC_offsets) {         /* MJD */
-       MJD_OFFSET_DEBUG(("%s(%d): (op %s) %s %"UVuf" <- %"UVuf" (max %"UVuf").\n", 
-              "reginsert",
-             __LINE__,
-             PL_reg_name[op],
-              (UV)(place - RExC_emit_start) > RExC_offsets[0] 
-              ? "Overwriting end of array!\n" : "OK",
-              (UV)(place - RExC_emit_start),
-              (UV)(RExC_parse - RExC_start),
-              (UV)RExC_offsets[0]));
-       Set_Node_Offset(place, RExC_parse);
-       Set_Node_Length(place, 1);
-    }
-#endif    
-    src = NEXTOPER(place);
-    FILL_ADVANCE_NODE(place, op);
-    REH_CALL_COMP_NODE_HOOK(pRExC_state->rx, (place) - 1);
-    Zero(src, offset, regnode);
-}
-
-/*
-- regtail - set the next-pointer at the end of a node chain of p to val.
-- SEE ALSO: regtail_study
-*/
-/* TODO: All three parms should be const */
-STATIC void
-S_regtail(pTHX_ RExC_state_t *pRExC_state, regnode *p, const regnode *val,U32 depth)
-{
-    dVAR;
-    regnode *scan;
-    GET_RE_DEBUG_FLAGS_DECL;
-
-    PERL_ARGS_ASSERT_REGTAIL;
-#ifndef DEBUGGING
-    PERL_UNUSED_ARG(depth);
-#endif
-
-    if (SIZE_ONLY)
-       return;
-
-    /* Find last node. */
-    scan = p;
-    for (;;) {
-       regnode * const temp = regnext(scan);
-        DEBUG_PARSE_r({
-            SV * const mysv=sv_newmortal();
-            DEBUG_PARSE_MSG((scan==p ? "tail" : ""));
-            regprop(RExC_rx, mysv, scan);
-            PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log, "~ %s (%d) %s %s\n",
-                SvPV_nolen_const(mysv), REG_NODE_NUM(scan),
-                    (temp == NULL ? "->" : ""),
-                    (temp == NULL ? PL_reg_name[OP(val)] : "")
-            );
-        });
-        if (temp == NULL)
-            break;
-        scan = temp;
-    }
-
-    if (reg_off_by_arg[OP(scan)]) {
-        ARG_SET(scan, val - scan);
-    }
-    else {
-        NEXT_OFF(scan) = val - scan;
-    }
-}
-
-#ifdef DEBUGGING
-/*
-- regtail_study - set the next-pointer at the end of a node chain of p to val.
-- Look for optimizable sequences at the same time.
-- currently only looks for EXACT chains.
-
-This is experimental code. The idea is to use this routine to perform 
-in place optimizations on branches and groups as they are constructed,
-with the long term intention of removing optimization from study_chunk so
-that it is purely analytical.
-
-Currently only used when in DEBUG mode. The macro REGTAIL_STUDY() is used
-to control which is which.
-
-*/
-/* TODO: All four parms should be const */
-
-STATIC U8
-S_regtail_study(pTHX_ RExC_state_t *pRExC_state, regnode *p, const regnode *val,U32 depth)
-{
-    dVAR;
-    regnode *scan;
-    U8 exact = PSEUDO;
-#ifdef EXPERIMENTAL_INPLACESCAN
-    I32 min = 0;
-#endif
-    GET_RE_DEBUG_FLAGS_DECL;
-
-    PERL_ARGS_ASSERT_REGTAIL_STUDY;
-
-
-    if (SIZE_ONLY)
-        return exact;
-
-    /* Find last node. */
-
-    scan = p;
-    for (;;) {
-        regnode * const temp = regnext(scan);
-#ifdef EXPERIMENTAL_INPLACESCAN
-        if (PL_regkind[OP(scan)] == EXACT) {
-           bool has_exactf_sharp_s;    /* Unexamined in this routine */
-            if (join_exact(pRExC_state,scan,&min, &has_exactf_sharp_s, 1,val,depth+1))
-                return EXACT;
-       }
-#endif
-        if ( exact ) {
-            switch (OP(scan)) {
-                case EXACT:
-                case EXACTF:
-                case EXACTFA:
-                case EXACTFU:
-                case EXACTFU_SS:
-                case EXACTFU_TRICKYFOLD:
-                case EXACTFL:
-                        if( exact == PSEUDO )
-                            exact= OP(scan);
-                        else if ( exact != OP(scan) )
-                            exact= 0;
-                case NOTHING:
-                    break;
-                default:
-                    exact= 0;
-            }
-        }
-        DEBUG_PARSE_r({
-            SV * const mysv=sv_newmortal();
-            DEBUG_PARSE_MSG((scan==p ? "tsdy" : ""));
-            regprop(RExC_rx, mysv, scan);
-            PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log, "~ %s (%d) -> %s\n",
-                SvPV_nolen_const(mysv),
-                REG_NODE_NUM(scan),
-                PL_reg_name[exact]);
-        });
-       if (temp == NULL)
-           break;
-       scan = temp;
-    }
-    DEBUG_PARSE_r({
-        SV * const mysv_val=sv_newmortal();
-        DEBUG_PARSE_MSG("");
-        regprop(RExC_rx, mysv_val, val);
-        PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log, "~ attach to %s (%"IVdf") offset to %"IVdf"\n",
-                     SvPV_nolen_const(mysv_val),
-                     (IV)REG_NODE_NUM(val),
-                     (IV)(val - scan)
-        );
-    });
-    if (reg_off_by_arg[OP(scan)]) {
-       ARG_SET(scan, val - scan);
-    }
-    else {
-       NEXT_OFF(scan) = val - scan;
-    }
-
-    return exact;
-}
-#endif
-
-/*
- - regdump - dump a regexp onto Perl_debug_log in vaguely comprehensible form
- */
-#ifdef DEBUGGING
-static void 
-S_regdump_extflags(pTHX_ const char *lead, const U32 flags)
-{
-    int bit;
-    int set=0;
-    regex_charset cs;
-
-    for (bit=0; bit<32; bit++) {
-        if (flags & (1<<bit)) {
-           if ((1<<bit) & RXf_PMf_CHARSET) {   /* Output separately, below */
-               continue;
-           }
-            if (!set++ && lead) 
-                PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log, "%s",lead);
-            PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log, "%s ",PL_reg_extflags_name[bit]);
-        }              
-    }     
-    if ((cs = get_regex_charset(flags)) != REGEX_DEPENDS_CHARSET) {
-            if (!set++ && lead) {
-                PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log, "%s",lead);
-            }
-            switch (cs) {
-                case REGEX_UNICODE_CHARSET:
-                    PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log, "UNICODE");
-                    break;
-                case REGEX_LOCALE_CHARSET:
-                    PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log, "LOCALE");
-                    break;
-                case REGEX_ASCII_RESTRICTED_CHARSET:
-                    PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log, "ASCII-RESTRICTED");
-                    break;
-                case REGEX_ASCII_MORE_RESTRICTED_CHARSET:
-                    PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log, "ASCII-MORE_RESTRICTED");
-                    break;
-                default:
-                    PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log, "UNKNOWN CHARACTER SET");
-                    break;
-            }
-    }
-    if (lead)  {
-        if (set) 
-            PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log, "\n");
-        else 
-            PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log, "%s[none-set]\n",lead);
-    }            
-}   
-#endif
-
-void
-Perl_regdump(pTHX_ const regexp *r)
-{
-#ifdef DEBUGGING
-    dVAR;
-    SV * const sv = sv_newmortal();
-    SV *dsv= sv_newmortal();
-    RXi_GET_DECL(r,ri);
-    GET_RE_DEBUG_FLAGS_DECL;
-
-    PERL_ARGS_ASSERT_REGDUMP;
-
-    (void)dumpuntil(r, ri->program, ri->program + 1, NULL, NULL, sv, 0, 0);
-
-    /* Header fields of interest. */
-    if (r->anchored_substr) {
-       RE_PV_QUOTED_DECL(s, 0, dsv, SvPVX_const(r->anchored_substr), 
-           RE_SV_DUMPLEN(r->anchored_substr), 30);
-       PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log,
-                     "anchored %s%s at %"IVdf" ",
-                     s, RE_SV_TAIL(r->anchored_substr),
-                     (IV)r->anchored_offset);
-    } else if (r->anchored_utf8) {
-       RE_PV_QUOTED_DECL(s, 1, dsv, SvPVX_const(r->anchored_utf8), 
-           RE_SV_DUMPLEN(r->anchored_utf8), 30);
-       PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log,
-                     "anchored utf8 %s%s at %"IVdf" ",
-                     s, RE_SV_TAIL(r->anchored_utf8),
-                     (IV)r->anchored_offset);
-    }                
-    if (r->float_substr) {
-       RE_PV_QUOTED_DECL(s, 0, dsv, SvPVX_const(r->float_substr), 
-           RE_SV_DUMPLEN(r->float_substr), 30);
-       PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log,
-                     "floating %s%s at %"IVdf"..%"UVuf" ",
-                     s, RE_SV_TAIL(r->float_substr),
-                     (IV)r->float_min_offset, (UV)r->float_max_offset);
-    } else if (r->float_utf8) {
-       RE_PV_QUOTED_DECL(s, 1, dsv, SvPVX_const(r->float_utf8), 
-           RE_SV_DUMPLEN(r->float_utf8), 30);
-       PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log,
-                     "floating utf8 %s%s at %"IVdf"..%"UVuf" ",
-                     s, RE_SV_TAIL(r->float_utf8),
-                     (IV)r->float_min_offset, (UV)r->float_max_offset);
-    }
-    if (r->check_substr || r->check_utf8)
-       PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log,
-                     (const char *)
-                     (r->check_substr == r->float_substr
-                      && r->check_utf8 == r->float_utf8
-                      ? "(checking floating" : "(checking anchored"));
-    if (r->extflags & RXf_NOSCAN)
-       PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log, " noscan");
-    if (r->extflags & RXf_CHECK_ALL)
-       PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log, " isall");
-    if (r->check_substr || r->check_utf8)
-       PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log, ") ");
-
-    if (ri->regstclass) {
-       regprop(r, sv, ri->regstclass);
-       PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log, "stclass %s ", SvPVX_const(sv));
-    }
-    if (r->extflags & RXf_ANCH) {
-       PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log, "anchored");
-       if (r->extflags & RXf_ANCH_BOL)
-           PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log, "(BOL)");
-       if (r->extflags & RXf_ANCH_MBOL)
-           PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log, "(MBOL)");
-       if (r->extflags & RXf_ANCH_SBOL)
-           PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log, "(SBOL)");
-       if (r->extflags & RXf_ANCH_GPOS)
-           PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log, "(GPOS)");
-       PerlIO_putc(Perl_debug_log, ' ');
-    }
-    if (r->extflags & RXf_GPOS_SEEN)
-       PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log, "GPOS:%"UVuf" ", (UV)r->gofs);
-    if (r->intflags & PREGf_SKIP)
-       PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log, "plus ");
-    if (r->intflags & PREGf_IMPLICIT)
-       PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log, "implicit ");
-    PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log, "minlen %"IVdf" ", (IV)r->minlen);
-    if (r->extflags & RXf_EVAL_SEEN)
-       PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log, "with eval ");
-    PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log, "\n");
-    DEBUG_FLAGS_r(regdump_extflags("r->extflags: ",r->extflags));            
-#else
-    PERL_ARGS_ASSERT_REGDUMP;
-    PERL_UNUSED_CONTEXT;
-    PERL_UNUSED_ARG(r);
-#endif /* DEBUGGING */
-}
-
-/*
-- regprop - printable representation of opcode
-*/
-#define EMIT_ANYOF_TEST_SEPARATOR(do_sep,sv,flags) \
-STMT_START { \
-        if (do_sep) {                           \
-            Perl_sv_catpvf(aTHX_ sv,"%s][%s",PL_colors[1],PL_colors[0]); \
-            if (flags & ANYOF_INVERT)           \
-                /*make sure the invert info is in each */ \
-                sv_catpvs(sv, "^");             \
-            do_sep = 0;                         \
-        }                                       \
-} STMT_END
-
-void
-Perl_regprop(pTHX_ const regexp *prog, SV *sv, const regnode *o)
-{
-#ifdef DEBUGGING
-    dVAR;
-    int k;
-
-    /* Should be synchronized with * ANYOF_ #xdefines in regcomp.h */
-    static const char * const anyofs[] = {
-#if _CC_WORDCHAR != 0 || _CC_DIGIT != 1 || _CC_ALPHA != 2 || _CC_LOWER != 3 \
-    || _CC_UPPER != 4 || _CC_PUNCT != 5 || _CC_PRINT != 6 || _CC_ALNUMC != 7 \
-    || _CC_GRAPH != 8 || _CC_SPACE != 9 || _CC_BLANK != 10 \
-    || _CC_XDIGIT != 11 || _CC_PSXSPC != 12 || _CC_CNTRL != 13 \
-    || _CC_ASCII != 14 || _CC_VERTSPACE != 15
-  #error Need to adjust order of anyofs[]
-#endif
-        "[\\w]",
-        "[\\W]",
-        "[\\d]",
-        "[\\D]",
-        "[:alpha:]",
-        "[:^alpha:]",
-        "[:lower:]",
-        "[:^lower:]",
-        "[:upper:]",
-        "[:^upper:]",
-        "[:punct:]",
-        "[:^punct:]",
-        "[:print:]",
-        "[:^print:]",
-        "[:alnum:]",
-        "[:^alnum:]",
-        "[:graph:]",
-        "[:^graph:]",
-        "[\\s]",
-        "[\\S]",
-        "[:blank:]",
-        "[:^blank:]",
-        "[:xdigit:]",
-        "[:^xdigit:]",
-        "[:space:]",
-        "[:^space:]",
-        "[:cntrl:]",
-        "[:^cntrl:]",
-        "[:ascii:]",
-        "[:^ascii:]",
-        "[\\v]",
-        "[\\V]"
-    };
-    RXi_GET_DECL(prog,progi);
-    GET_RE_DEBUG_FLAGS_DECL;
-    
-    PERL_ARGS_ASSERT_REGPROP;
-
-    sv_setpvs(sv, "");
-
-    if (OP(o) > REGNODE_MAX)           /* regnode.type is unsigned */
-       /* It would be nice to FAIL() here, but this may be called from
-          regexec.c, and it would be hard to supply pRExC_state. */
-       Perl_croak(aTHX_ "Corrupted regexp opcode %d > %d", (int)OP(o), (int)REGNODE_MAX);
-    sv_catpv(sv, PL_reg_name[OP(o)]); /* Take off const! */
-
-    k = PL_regkind[OP(o)];
-
-    if (k == EXACT) {
-       sv_catpvs(sv, " ");
-       /* Using is_utf8_string() (via PERL_PV_UNI_DETECT) 
-        * is a crude hack but it may be the best for now since 
-        * we have no flag "this EXACTish node was UTF-8" 
-        * --jhi */
-       pv_pretty(sv, STRING(o), STR_LEN(o), 60, PL_colors[0], PL_colors[1],
-                 PERL_PV_ESCAPE_UNI_DETECT |
-                 PERL_PV_ESCAPE_NONASCII   |
-                 PERL_PV_PRETTY_ELLIPSES   |
-                 PERL_PV_PRETTY_LTGT       |
-                 PERL_PV_PRETTY_NOCLEAR
-                 );
-    } else if (k == TRIE) {
-       /* print the details of the trie in dumpuntil instead, as
-        * progi->data isn't available here */
-        const char op = OP(o);
-        const U32 n = ARG(o);
-        const reg_ac_data * const ac = IS_TRIE_AC(op) ?
-               (reg_ac_data *)progi->data->data[n] :
-               NULL;
-        const reg_trie_data * const trie
-           = (reg_trie_data*)progi->data->data[!IS_TRIE_AC(op) ? n : ac->trie];
-        
-        Perl_sv_catpvf(aTHX_ sv, "-%s",PL_reg_name[o->flags]);
-        DEBUG_TRIE_COMPILE_r(
-            Perl_sv_catpvf(aTHX_ sv,
-                "<S:%"UVuf"/%"IVdf" W:%"UVuf" L:%"UVuf"/%"UVuf" C:%"UVuf"/%"UVuf">",
-                (UV)trie->startstate,
-                (IV)trie->statecount-1, /* -1 because of the unused 0 element */
-                (UV)trie->wordcount,
-                (UV)trie->minlen,
-                (UV)trie->maxlen,
-                (UV)TRIE_CHARCOUNT(trie),
-                (UV)trie->uniquecharcount
-            )
-        );
-        if ( IS_ANYOF_TRIE(op) || trie->bitmap ) {
-            int i;
-            int rangestart = -1;
-            U8* bitmap = IS_ANYOF_TRIE(op) ? (U8*)ANYOF_BITMAP(o) : (U8*)TRIE_BITMAP(trie);
-            sv_catpvs(sv, "[");
-            for (i = 0; i <= 256; i++) {
-                if (i < 256 && BITMAP_TEST(bitmap,i)) {
-                    if (rangestart == -1)
-                        rangestart = i;
-                } else if (rangestart != -1) {
-                    if (i <= rangestart + 3)
-                        for (; rangestart < i; rangestart++)
-                            put_byte(sv, rangestart);
-                    else {
-                        put_byte(sv, rangestart);
-                        sv_catpvs(sv, "-");
-                        put_byte(sv, i - 1);
-                    }
-                    rangestart = -1;
-                }
-            }
-            sv_catpvs(sv, "]");
-        } 
-        
-    } else if (k == CURLY) {
-       if (OP(o) == CURLYM || OP(o) == CURLYN || OP(o) == CURLYX)
-           Perl_sv_catpvf(aTHX_ sv, "[%d]", o->flags); /* Parenth number */
-       Perl_sv_catpvf(aTHX_ sv, " {%d,%d}", ARG1(o), ARG2(o));
-    }
-    else if (k == WHILEM && o->flags)                  /* Ordinal/of */
-       Perl_sv_catpvf(aTHX_ sv, "[%d/%d]", o->flags & 0xf, o->flags>>4);
-    else if (k == REF || k == OPEN || k == CLOSE || k == GROUPP || OP(o)==ACCEPT) {
-       Perl_sv_catpvf(aTHX_ sv, "%d", (int)ARG(o));    /* Parenth number */
-       if ( RXp_PAREN_NAMES(prog) ) {
-            if ( k != REF || (OP(o) < NREF)) {
-               AV *list= MUTABLE_AV(progi->data->data[progi->name_list_idx]);
-               SV **name= av_fetch(list, ARG(o), 0 );
-               if (name)
-                   Perl_sv_catpvf(aTHX_ sv, " '%"SVf"'", SVfARG(*name));
-            }      
-            else {
-                AV *list= MUTABLE_AV(progi->data->data[ progi->name_list_idx ]);
-                SV *sv_dat= MUTABLE_SV(progi->data->data[ ARG( o ) ]);
-                I32 *nums=(I32*)SvPVX(sv_dat);
-                SV **name= av_fetch(list, nums[0], 0 );
-                I32 n;
-                if (name) {
-                    for ( n=0; n<SvIVX(sv_dat); n++ ) {
-                        Perl_sv_catpvf(aTHX_ sv, "%s%"IVdf,
-                                   (n ? "," : ""), (IV)nums[n]);
-                    }
-                    Perl_sv_catpvf(aTHX_ sv, " '%"SVf"'", SVfARG(*name));
-                }
-            }
-        }            
-    } else if (k == GOSUB) 
-       Perl_sv_catpvf(aTHX_ sv, "%d[%+d]", (int)ARG(o),(int)ARG2L(o)); /* Paren and offset */
-    else if (k == VERB) {
-        if (!o->flags) 
-            Perl_sv_catpvf(aTHX_ sv, ":%"SVf, 
-                          SVfARG((MUTABLE_SV(progi->data->data[ ARG( o ) ]))));
-    } else if (k == LOGICAL)
-       Perl_sv_catpvf(aTHX_ sv, "[%d]", o->flags);     /* 2: embedded, otherwise 1 */
-    else if (k == ANYOF) {
-       int i, rangestart = -1;
-       const U8 flags = ANYOF_FLAGS(o);
-       int do_sep = 0;
-
-
-       if (flags & ANYOF_LOCALE)
-           sv_catpvs(sv, "{loc}");
-       if (flags & ANYOF_LOC_FOLD)
-           sv_catpvs(sv, "{i}");
-       Perl_sv_catpvf(aTHX_ sv, "[%s", PL_colors[0]);
-       if (flags & ANYOF_INVERT)
-           sv_catpvs(sv, "^");
-
-       /* output what the standard cp 0-255 bitmap matches */
-       for (i = 0; i <= 256; i++) {
-           if (i < 256 && ANYOF_BITMAP_TEST(o,i)) {
-               if (rangestart == -1)
-                   rangestart = i;
-           } else if (rangestart != -1) {
-               if (i <= rangestart + 3)
-                   for (; rangestart < i; rangestart++)
-                       put_byte(sv, rangestart);
-               else {
-                   put_byte(sv, rangestart);
-                   sv_catpvs(sv, "-");
-                   put_byte(sv, i - 1);
-               }
-               do_sep = 1;
-               rangestart = -1;
-           }
-       }
-        
-        EMIT_ANYOF_TEST_SEPARATOR(do_sep,sv,flags);
-        /* output any special charclass tests (used entirely under use locale) */
-       if (ANYOF_CLASS_TEST_ANY_SET(o))
-           for (i = 0; i < (int)(sizeof(anyofs)/sizeof(char*)); i++)
-               if (ANYOF_CLASS_TEST(o,i)) {
-                   sv_catpv(sv, anyofs[i]);
-                   do_sep = 1;
-               }
-        
-        EMIT_ANYOF_TEST_SEPARATOR(do_sep,sv,flags);
-        
-       if (flags & ANYOF_NON_UTF8_LATIN1_ALL) {
-           sv_catpvs(sv, "{non-utf8-latin1-all}");
-       }
-
-        /* output information about the unicode matching */
-       if (flags & ANYOF_UNICODE_ALL)
-           sv_catpvs(sv, "{unicode_all}");
-       else if (ANYOF_NONBITMAP(o))
-           sv_catpvs(sv, "{unicode}");
-       if (flags & ANYOF_NONBITMAP_NON_UTF8)
-           sv_catpvs(sv, "{outside bitmap}");
-
-       if (ANYOF_NONBITMAP(o)) {
-           SV *lv; /* Set if there is something outside the bit map */
-           SV * const sw = regclass_swash(prog, o, FALSE, &lv, NULL);
-            bool byte_output = FALSE;   /* If something in the bitmap has been
-                                           output */
-
-           if (lv && lv != &PL_sv_undef) {
-               if (sw) {
-                   U8 s[UTF8_MAXBYTES_CASE+1];
-
-                   for (i = 0; i <= 256; i++) { /* Look at chars in bitmap */
-                       uvchr_to_utf8(s, i);
-
-                       if (i < 256
-                            && ! ANYOF_BITMAP_TEST(o, i)    /* Don't duplicate
-                                                               things already
-                                                               output as part
-                                                               of the bitmap */
-                            && swash_fetch(sw, s, TRUE))
-                        {
-                           if (rangestart == -1)
-                               rangestart = i;
-                       } else if (rangestart != -1) {
-                            byte_output = TRUE;
-                           if (i <= rangestart + 3)
-                               for (; rangestart < i; rangestart++) {
-                                   put_byte(sv, rangestart);
-                               }
-                           else {
-                               put_byte(sv, rangestart);
-                               sv_catpvs(sv, "-");
-                               put_byte(sv, i-1);
-                           }
-                           rangestart = -1;
-                       }
-                   }
-               }
-
-               {
-                   char *s = savesvpv(lv);
-                   char * const origs = s;
-
-                   while (*s && *s != '\n')
-                       s++;
-
-                   if (*s == '\n') {
-                       const char * const t = ++s;
-
-                        if (byte_output) {
-                            sv_catpvs(sv, " ");
-                        }
-
-                       while (*s) {
-                           if (*s == '\n') {
-
-                                /* Truncate very long output */
-                               if (s - origs > 256) {
-                                   Perl_sv_catpvf(aTHX_ sv,
-                                                  "%.*s...",
-                                                  (int) (s - origs - 1),
-                                                  t);
-                                   goto out_dump;
-                               }
-                               *s = ' ';
-                           }
-                           else if (*s == '\t') {
-                               *s = '-';
-                           }
-                           s++;
-                       }
-                       if (s[-1] == ' ')
-                           s[-1] = 0;
-
-                       sv_catpv(sv, t);
-                   }
-
-               out_dump:
-
-                   Safefree(origs);
-               }
-               SvREFCNT_dec(lv);
-           }
-       }
-
-       Perl_sv_catpvf(aTHX_ sv, "%s]", PL_colors[1]);
-    }
-    else if (k == POSIXD || k == NPOSIXD) {
-        U8 index = FLAGS(o) * 2;
-        if (index > (sizeof(anyofs) / sizeof(anyofs[0]))) {
-            Perl_sv_catpvf(aTHX_ sv, "[illegal type=%d])", index);
-        }
-        else {
-            sv_catpv(sv, anyofs[index]);
-        }
-    }
-    else if (k == BRANCHJ && (OP(o) == UNLESSM || OP(o) == IFMATCH))
-       Perl_sv_catpvf(aTHX_ sv, "[%d]", -(o->flags));
-#else
-    PERL_UNUSED_CONTEXT;
-    PERL_UNUSED_ARG(sv);
-    PERL_UNUSED_ARG(o);
-    PERL_UNUSED_ARG(prog);
-#endif /* DEBUGGING */
-}
-
-SV *
-Perl_re_intuit_string(pTHX_ REGEXP * const r)
-{                              /* Assume that RE_INTUIT is set */
-    dVAR;
-    struct regexp *const prog = ReANY(r);
-    GET_RE_DEBUG_FLAGS_DECL;
-
-    PERL_ARGS_ASSERT_RE_INTUIT_STRING;
-    PERL_UNUSED_CONTEXT;
-
-    DEBUG_COMPILE_r(
-       {
-           const char * const s = SvPV_nolen_const(prog->check_substr
-                     ? prog->check_substr : prog->check_utf8);
-
-           if (!PL_colorset) reginitcolors();
-           PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log,
-                     "%sUsing REx %ssubstr:%s \"%s%.60s%s%s\"\n",
-                     PL_colors[4],
-                     prog->check_substr ? "" : "utf8 ",
-                     PL_colors[5],PL_colors[0],
-                     s,
-                     PL_colors[1],
-                     (strlen(s) > 60 ? "..." : ""));
-       } );
-
-    return prog->check_substr ? prog->check_substr : prog->check_utf8;
-}
-
-/* 
-   pregfree() 
-   
-   handles refcounting and freeing the perl core regexp structure. When 
-   it is necessary to actually free the structure the first thing it 
-   does is call the 'free' method of the regexp_engine associated to
-   the regexp, allowing the handling of the void *pprivate; member 
-   first. (This routine is not overridable by extensions, which is why 
-   the extensions free is called first.)
-   
-   See regdupe and regdupe_internal if you change anything here. 
-*/
-#ifndef PERL_IN_XSUB_RE
-void
-Perl_pregfree(pTHX_ REGEXP *r)
-{
-    SvREFCNT_dec(r);
-}
-
-void
-Perl_pregfree2(pTHX_ REGEXP *rx)
-{
-    dVAR;
-    struct regexp *const r = ReANY(rx);
-    GET_RE_DEBUG_FLAGS_DECL;
-
-    PERL_ARGS_ASSERT_PREGFREE2;
-
-    if (r->mother_re) {
-        ReREFCNT_dec(r->mother_re);
-    } else {
-        CALLREGFREE_PVT(rx); /* free the private data */
-        SvREFCNT_dec(RXp_PAREN_NAMES(r));
-       Safefree(r->xpv_len_u.xpvlenu_pv);
-    }        
-    if (r->substrs) {
-        SvREFCNT_dec(r->anchored_substr);
-        SvREFCNT_dec(r->anchored_utf8);
-        SvREFCNT_dec(r->float_substr);
-        SvREFCNT_dec(r->float_utf8);
-       Safefree(r->substrs);
-    }
-    RX_MATCH_COPY_FREE(rx);
-#ifdef PERL_ANY_COW
-    SvREFCNT_dec(r->saved_copy);
-#endif
-    Safefree(r->offs);
-    SvREFCNT_dec(r->qr_anoncv);
-    rx->sv_u.svu_rx = 0;
-}
-
-/*  reg_temp_copy()
-    
-    This is a hacky workaround to the structural issue of match results
-    being stored in the regexp structure which is in turn stored in
-    PL_curpm/PL_reg_curpm. The problem is that due to qr// the pattern
-    could be PL_curpm in multiple contexts, and could require multiple
-    result sets being associated with the pattern simultaneously, such
-    as when doing a recursive match with (??{$qr})
-    
-    The solution is to make a lightweight copy of the regexp structure 
-    when a qr// is returned from the code executed by (??{$qr}) this
-    lightweight copy doesn't actually own any of its data except for
-    the starp/end and the actual regexp structure itself. 
-    
-*/    
-    
-    
-REGEXP *
-Perl_reg_temp_copy (pTHX_ REGEXP *ret_x, REGEXP *rx)
-{
-    struct regexp *ret;
-    struct regexp *const r = ReANY(rx);
-    const bool islv = ret_x && SvTYPE(ret_x) == SVt_PVLV;
-
-    PERL_ARGS_ASSERT_REG_TEMP_COPY;
-
-    if (!ret_x)
-       ret_x = (REGEXP*) newSV_type(SVt_REGEXP);
-    else {
-       SvOK_off((SV *)ret_x);
-       if (islv) {
-           /* For PVLVs, SvANY points to the xpvlv body while sv_u points
-              to the regexp.  (For SVt_REGEXPs, sv_upgrade has already
-              made both spots point to the same regexp body.) */
-           REGEXP *temp = (REGEXP *)newSV_type(SVt_REGEXP);
-           assert(!SvPVX(ret_x));
-           ret_x->sv_u.svu_rx = temp->sv_any;
-           temp->sv_any = NULL;
-           SvFLAGS(temp) = (SvFLAGS(temp) & ~SVTYPEMASK) | SVt_NULL;
-           SvREFCNT_dec(temp);
-           /* SvCUR still resides in the xpvlv struct, so the regexp copy-
-              ing below will not set it. */
-           SvCUR_set(ret_x, SvCUR(rx));
-       }
-    }
-    /* This ensures that SvTHINKFIRST(sv) is true, and hence that
-       sv_force_normal(sv) is called.  */
-    SvFAKE_on(ret_x);
-    ret = ReANY(ret_x);
-    
-    SvFLAGS(ret_x) |= SvUTF8(rx);
-    /* We share the same string buffer as the original regexp, on which we
-       hold a reference count, incremented when mother_re is set below.
-       The string pointer is copied here, being part of the regexp struct.
-     */
-    memcpy(&(ret->xpv_cur), &(r->xpv_cur),
-          sizeof(regexp) - STRUCT_OFFSET(regexp, xpv_cur));
-    if (r->offs) {
-        const I32 npar = r->nparens+1;
-        Newx(ret->offs, npar, regexp_paren_pair);
-        Copy(r->offs, ret->offs, npar, regexp_paren_pair);
-    }
-    if (r->substrs) {
-        Newx(ret->substrs, 1, struct reg_substr_data);
-       StructCopy(r->substrs, ret->substrs, struct reg_substr_data);
-
-       SvREFCNT_inc_void(ret->anchored_substr);
-       SvREFCNT_inc_void(ret->anchored_utf8);
-       SvREFCNT_inc_void(ret->float_substr);
-       SvREFCNT_inc_void(ret->float_utf8);
-
-       /* check_substr and check_utf8, if non-NULL, point to either their
-          anchored or float namesakes, and don't hold a second reference.  */
-    }
-    RX_MATCH_COPIED_off(ret_x);
-#ifdef PERL_ANY_COW
-    ret->saved_copy = NULL;
-#endif
-    ret->mother_re = ReREFCNT_inc(r->mother_re ? r->mother_re : rx);
-    SvREFCNT_inc_void(ret->qr_anoncv);
-    
-    return ret_x;
-}
-#endif
-
-/* regfree_internal() 
-
-   Free the private data in a regexp. This is overloadable by 
-   extensions. Perl takes care of the regexp structure in pregfree(), 
-   this covers the *pprivate pointer which technically perl doesn't 
-   know about, however of course we have to handle the 
-   regexp_internal structure when no extension is in use. 
-   
-   Note this is called before freeing anything in the regexp 
-   structure. 
- */
-void
-Perl_regfree_internal(pTHX_ REGEXP * const rx)
-{
-    dVAR;
-    struct regexp *const r = ReANY(rx);
-    RXi_GET_DECL(r,ri);
-    GET_RE_DEBUG_FLAGS_DECL;
-
-    PERL_ARGS_ASSERT_REGFREE_INTERNAL;
-
-    DEBUG_COMPILE_r({
-       if (!PL_colorset)
-           reginitcolors();
-       {
-           SV *dsv= sv_newmortal();
-            RE_PV_QUOTED_DECL(s, RX_UTF8(rx),
-                dsv, RX_PRECOMP(rx), RX_PRELEN(rx), 60);
-            PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log,"%sFreeing REx:%s %s\n", 
-                PL_colors[4],PL_colors[5],s);
-        }
-    });
-#ifdef RE_TRACK_PATTERN_OFFSETS
-    if (ri->u.offsets)
-        Safefree(ri->u.offsets);             /* 20010421 MJD */
-#endif
-    if (ri->code_blocks) {
-       int n;
-       for (n = 0; n < ri->num_code_blocks; n++)
-           SvREFCNT_dec(ri->code_blocks[n].src_regex);
-       Safefree(ri->code_blocks);
-    }
-
-    if (ri->data) {
-       int n = ri->data->count;
-
-       while (--n >= 0) {
-          /* If you add a ->what type here, update the comment in regcomp.h */
-           switch (ri->data->what[n]) {
-           case 'a':
-           case 'r':
-           case 's':
-           case 'S':
-           case 'u':
-               SvREFCNT_dec(MUTABLE_SV(ri->data->data[n]));
-               break;
-           case 'f':
-               Safefree(ri->data->data[n]);
-               break;
-           case 'l':
-           case 'L':
-               break;
-            case 'T':          
-                { /* Aho Corasick add-on structure for a trie node.
-                     Used in stclass optimization only */
-                    U32 refcount;
-                    reg_ac_data *aho=(reg_ac_data*)ri->data->data[n];
-                    OP_REFCNT_LOCK;
-                    refcount = --aho->refcount;
-                    OP_REFCNT_UNLOCK;
-                    if ( !refcount ) {
-                        PerlMemShared_free(aho->states);
-                        PerlMemShared_free(aho->fail);
-                        /* do this last!!!! */
-                        PerlMemShared_free(ri->data->data[n]);
-                        PerlMemShared_free(ri->regstclass);
-                    }
-                }
-                break;
-           case 't':
-               {
-                   /* trie structure. */
-                   U32 refcount;
-                   reg_trie_data *trie=(reg_trie_data*)ri->data->data[n];
-                    OP_REFCNT_LOCK;
-                    refcount = --trie->refcount;
-                    OP_REFCNT_UNLOCK;
-                    if ( !refcount ) {
-                        PerlMemShared_free(trie->charmap);
-                        PerlMemShared_free(trie->states);
-                        PerlMemShared_free(trie->trans);
-                        if (trie->bitmap)
-                            PerlMemShared_free(trie->bitmap);
-                        if (trie->jump)
-                            PerlMemShared_free(trie->jump);
-                       PerlMemShared_free(trie->wordinfo);
-                        /* do this last!!!! */
-                        PerlMemShared_free(ri->data->data[n]);
-                   }
-               }
-               break;
-           default:
-               Perl_croak(aTHX_ "panic: regfree data code '%c'", ri->data->what[n]);
-           }
-       }
-       Safefree(ri->data->what);
-       Safefree(ri->data);
-    }
-
-    Safefree(ri);
-}
-
-#define av_dup_inc(s,t)        MUTABLE_AV(sv_dup_inc((const SV *)s,t))
-#define hv_dup_inc(s,t)        MUTABLE_HV(sv_dup_inc((const SV *)s,t))
-#define SAVEPVN(p,n)   ((p) ? savepvn(p,n) : NULL)
-
-/* 
-   re_dup - duplicate a regexp. 
-   
-   This routine is expected to clone a given regexp structure. It is only
-   compiled under USE_ITHREADS.
-
-   After all of the core data stored in struct regexp is duplicated
-   the regexp_engine.dupe method is used to copy any private data
-   stored in the *pprivate pointer. This allows extensions to handle
-   any duplication it needs to do.
-
-   See pregfree() and regfree_internal() if you change anything here. 
-*/
-#if defined(USE_ITHREADS)
-#ifndef PERL_IN_XSUB_RE
-void
-Perl_re_dup_guts(pTHX_ const REGEXP *sstr, REGEXP *dstr, CLONE_PARAMS *param)
-{
-    dVAR;
-    I32 npar;
-    const struct regexp *r = ReANY(sstr);
-    struct regexp *ret = ReANY(dstr);
-    
-    PERL_ARGS_ASSERT_RE_DUP_GUTS;
-
-    npar = r->nparens+1;
-    Newx(ret->offs, npar, regexp_paren_pair);
-    Copy(r->offs, ret->offs, npar, regexp_paren_pair);
-    if(ret->swap) {
-        /* no need to copy these */
-        Newx(ret->swap, npar, regexp_paren_pair);
-    }
-
-    if (ret->substrs) {
-       /* Do it this way to avoid reading from *r after the StructCopy().
-          That way, if any of the sv_dup_inc()s dislodge *r from the L1
-          cache, it doesn't matter.  */
-       const bool anchored = r->check_substr
-           ? r->check_substr == r->anchored_substr
-           : r->check_utf8 == r->anchored_utf8;
-        Newx(ret->substrs, 1, struct reg_substr_data);
-       StructCopy(r->substrs, ret->substrs, struct reg_substr_data);
-
-       ret->anchored_substr = sv_dup_inc(ret->anchored_substr, param);
-       ret->anchored_utf8 = sv_dup_inc(ret->anchored_utf8, param);
-       ret->float_substr = sv_dup_inc(ret->float_substr, param);
-       ret->float_utf8 = sv_dup_inc(ret->float_utf8, param);
-
-       /* check_substr and check_utf8, if non-NULL, point to either their
-          anchored or float namesakes, and don't hold a second reference.  */
-
-       if (ret->check_substr) {
-           if (anchored) {
-               assert(r->check_utf8 == r->anchored_utf8);
-               ret->check_substr = ret->anchored_substr;
-               ret->check_utf8 = ret->anchored_utf8;
-           } else {
-               assert(r->check_substr == r->float_substr);
-               assert(r->check_utf8 == r->float_utf8);
-               ret->check_substr = ret->float_substr;
-               ret->check_utf8 = ret->float_utf8;
-           }
-       } else if (ret->check_utf8) {
-           if (anchored) {
-               ret->check_utf8 = ret->anchored_utf8;
-           } else {
-               ret->check_utf8 = ret->float_utf8;
-           }
-       }
-    }
-
-    RXp_PAREN_NAMES(ret) = hv_dup_inc(RXp_PAREN_NAMES(ret), param);
-    ret->qr_anoncv = MUTABLE_CV(sv_dup_inc((const SV *)ret->qr_anoncv, param));
-
-    if (ret->pprivate)
-       RXi_SET(ret,CALLREGDUPE_PVT(dstr,param));
-
-    if (RX_MATCH_COPIED(dstr))
-       ret->subbeg  = SAVEPVN(ret->subbeg, ret->sublen);
-    else
-       ret->subbeg = NULL;
-#ifdef PERL_ANY_COW
-    ret->saved_copy = NULL;
-#endif
-
-    /* Whether mother_re be set or no, we need to copy the string.  We
-       cannot refrain from copying it when the storage points directly to
-       our mother regexp, because that's
-              1: a buffer in a different thread
-              2: something we no longer hold a reference on
-              so we need to copy it locally.  */
-    RX_WRAPPED(dstr) = SAVEPVN(RX_WRAPPED(sstr), SvCUR(sstr)+1);
-    ret->mother_re   = NULL;
-    ret->gofs = 0;
-}
-#endif /* PERL_IN_XSUB_RE */
-
-/*
-   regdupe_internal()
-   
-   This is the internal complement to regdupe() which is used to copy
-   the structure pointed to by the *pprivate pointer in the regexp.
-   This is the core version of the extension overridable cloning hook.
-   The regexp structure being duplicated will be copied by perl prior
-   to this and will be provided as the regexp *r argument, however 
-   with the /old/ structures pprivate pointer value. Thus this routine
-   may override any copying normally done by perl.
-   
-   It returns a pointer to the new regexp_internal structure.
-*/
-
-void *
-Perl_regdupe_internal(pTHX_ REGEXP * const rx, CLONE_PARAMS *param)
-{
-    dVAR;
-    struct regexp *const r = ReANY(rx);
-    regexp_internal *reti;
-    int len;
-    RXi_GET_DECL(r,ri);
-
-    PERL_ARGS_ASSERT_REGDUPE_INTERNAL;
-    
-    len = ProgLen(ri);
-    
-    Newxc(reti, sizeof(regexp_internal) + len*sizeof(regnode), char, regexp_internal);
-    Copy(ri->program, reti->program, len+1, regnode);
-
-    reti->num_code_blocks = ri->num_code_blocks;
-    if (ri->code_blocks) {
-       int n;
-       Newxc(reti->code_blocks, ri->num_code_blocks, struct reg_code_block,
-               struct reg_code_block);
-       Copy(ri->code_blocks, reti->code_blocks, ri->num_code_blocks,
-               struct reg_code_block);
-       for (n = 0; n < ri->num_code_blocks; n++)
-            reti->code_blocks[n].src_regex = (REGEXP*)
-                   sv_dup_inc((SV*)(ri->code_blocks[n].src_regex), param);
-    }
-    else
-       reti->code_blocks = NULL;
-
-    reti->regstclass = NULL;
-
-    if (ri->data) {
-       struct reg_data *d;
-        const int count = ri->data->count;
-       int i;
-
-       Newxc(d, sizeof(struct reg_data) + count*sizeof(void *),
-               char, struct reg_data);
-       Newx(d->what, count, U8);
-
-       d->count = count;
-       for (i = 0; i < count; i++) {
-           d->what[i] = ri->data->what[i];
-           switch (d->what[i]) {
-               /* see also regcomp.h and regfree_internal() */
-           case 'a': /* actually an AV, but the dup function is identical.  */
-           case 'r':
-           case 's':
-           case 'S':
-           case 'u': /* actually an HV, but the dup function is identical.  */
-               d->data[i] = sv_dup_inc((const SV *)ri->data->data[i], param);
-               break;
-           case 'f':
-               /* This is cheating. */
-               Newx(d->data[i], 1, struct regnode_charclass_class);
-               StructCopy(ri->data->data[i], d->data[i],
-                           struct regnode_charclass_class);
-               reti->regstclass = (regnode*)d->data[i];
-               break;
-           case 'T':
-               /* Trie stclasses are readonly and can thus be shared
-                * without duplication. We free the stclass in pregfree
-                * when the corresponding reg_ac_data struct is freed.
-                */
-               reti->regstclass= ri->regstclass;
-               /* Fall through */
-           case 't':
-               OP_REFCNT_LOCK;
-               ((reg_trie_data*)ri->data->data[i])->refcount++;
-               OP_REFCNT_UNLOCK;
-               /* Fall through */
-           case 'l':
-           case 'L':
-               d->data[i] = ri->data->data[i];
-               break;
-            default:
-               Perl_croak(aTHX_ "panic: re_dup unknown data code '%c'", ri->data->what[i]);
-           }
-       }
-
-       reti->data = d;
-    }
-    else
-       reti->data = NULL;
-
-    reti->name_list_idx = ri->name_list_idx;
-
-#ifdef RE_TRACK_PATTERN_OFFSETS
-    if (ri->u.offsets) {
-        Newx(reti->u.offsets, 2*len+1, U32);
-        Copy(ri->u.offsets, reti->u.offsets, 2*len+1, U32);
-    }
-#else
-    SetProgLen(reti,len);
-#endif
-
-    return (void*)reti;
-}
-
-#endif    /* USE_ITHREADS */
-
-#ifndef PERL_IN_XSUB_RE
-
-/*
- - regnext - dig the "next" pointer out of a node
- */
-regnode *
-Perl_regnext(pTHX_ regnode *p)
-{
-    dVAR;
-    I32 offset;
-
-    if (!p)
-       return(NULL);
-
-    if (OP(p) > REGNODE_MAX) {         /* regnode.type is unsigned */
-       Perl_croak(aTHX_ "Corrupted regexp opcode %d > %d", (int)OP(p), (int)REGNODE_MAX);
-    }
-
-    offset = (reg_off_by_arg[OP(p)] ? ARG(p) : NEXT_OFF(p));
-    if (offset == 0)
-       return(NULL);
-
-    return(p+offset);
-}
-#endif
-
-STATIC void
-S_re_croak2(pTHX_ const char* pat1,const char* pat2,...)
-{
-    va_list args;
-    STRLEN l1 = strlen(pat1);
-    STRLEN l2 = strlen(pat2);
-    char buf[512];
-    SV *msv;
-    const char *message;
-
-    PERL_ARGS_ASSERT_RE_CROAK2;
-
-    if (l1 > 510)
-       l1 = 510;
-    if (l1 + l2 > 510)
-       l2 = 510 - l1;
-    Copy(pat1, buf, l1 , char);
-    Copy(pat2, buf + l1, l2 , char);
-    buf[l1 + l2] = '\n';
-    buf[l1 + l2 + 1] = '\0';
-#ifdef I_STDARG
-    /* ANSI variant takes additional second argument */
-    va_start(args, pat2);
-#else
-    va_start(args);
-#endif
-    msv = vmess(buf, &args);
-    va_end(args);
-    message = SvPV_const(msv,l1);
-    if (l1 > 512)
-       l1 = 512;
-    Copy(message, buf, l1 , char);
-    buf[l1-1] = '\0';                  /* Overwrite \n */
-    Perl_croak(aTHX_ "%s", buf);
-}
-
-/* XXX Here's a total kludge.  But we need to re-enter for swash routines. */
-
-#ifndef PERL_IN_XSUB_RE
-void
-Perl_save_re_context(pTHX)
-{
-    dVAR;
-
-    struct re_save_state *state;
-
-    SAVEVPTR(PL_curcop);
-    SSGROW(SAVESTACK_ALLOC_FOR_RE_SAVE_STATE + 1);
-
-    state = (struct re_save_state *)(PL_savestack + PL_savestack_ix);
-    PL_savestack_ix += SAVESTACK_ALLOC_FOR_RE_SAVE_STATE;
-    SSPUSHUV(SAVEt_RE_STATE);
-
-    Copy(&PL_reg_state, state, 1, struct re_save_state);
-
-    PL_reg_oldsaved = NULL;
-    PL_reg_oldsavedlen = 0;
-    PL_reg_oldsavedoffset = 0;
-    PL_reg_oldsavedcoffset = 0;
-    PL_reg_maxiter = 0;
-    PL_reg_leftiter = 0;
-    PL_reg_poscache = NULL;
-    PL_reg_poscache_size = 0;
-#ifdef PERL_ANY_COW
-    PL_nrs = NULL;
-#endif
-
-    /* Save $1..$n (#18107: UTF-8 s/(\w+)/uc($1)/e); AMS 20021106. */
-    if (PL_curpm) {
-       const REGEXP * const rx = PM_GETRE(PL_curpm);
-       if (rx) {
-           U32 i;
-           for (i = 1; i <= RX_NPARENS(rx); i++) {
-               char digits[TYPE_CHARS(long)];
-               const STRLEN len = my_snprintf(digits, sizeof(digits), "%lu", (long)i);
-               GV *const *const gvp
-                   = (GV**)hv_fetch(PL_defstash, digits, len, 0);
-
-               if (gvp) {
-                   GV * const gv = *gvp;
-                   if (SvTYPE(gv) == SVt_PVGV && GvSV(gv))
-                       save_scalar(gv);
-               }
-           }
-       }
-    }
-}
-#endif
-
-#ifdef DEBUGGING
-
-STATIC void
-S_put_byte(pTHX_ SV *sv, int c)
-{
-    PERL_ARGS_ASSERT_PUT_BYTE;
-
-    /* Our definition of isPRINT() ignores locales, so only bytes that are
-       not part of UTF-8 are considered printable. I assume that the same
-       holds for UTF-EBCDIC.
-       Also, code point 255 is not printable in either (it's E0 in EBCDIC,
-       which Wikipedia says:
-
-       EO, or Eight Ones, is an 8-bit EBCDIC character code represented as all
-       ones (binary 1111 1111, hexadecimal FF). It is similar, but not
-       identical, to the ASCII delete (DEL) or rubout control character.
-       ) So the old condition can be simplified to !isPRINT(c)  */
-    if (!isPRINT(c)) {
-       if (c < 256) {
-           Perl_sv_catpvf(aTHX_ sv, "\\x%02x", c);
-       }
-       else {
-           Perl_sv_catpvf(aTHX_ sv, "\\x{%x}", c);
-       }
-    }
-    else {
-       const char string = c;
-       if (c == '-' || c == ']' || c == '\\' || c == '^')
-           sv_catpvs(sv, "\\");
-       sv_catpvn(sv, &string, 1);
-    }
-}
-
-
-#define CLEAR_OPTSTART \
-    if (optstart) STMT_START { \
-           DEBUG_OPTIMISE_r(PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log, " (%"IVdf" nodes)\n", (IV)(node - optstart))); \
-           optstart=NULL; \
-    } STMT_END
-
-#define DUMPUNTIL(b,e) CLEAR_OPTSTART; node=dumpuntil(r,start,(b),(e),last,sv,indent+1,depth+1);
-
-STATIC const regnode *
-S_dumpuntil(pTHX_ const regexp *r, const regnode *start, const regnode *node,
-           const regnode *last, const regnode *plast, 
-           SV* sv, I32 indent, U32 depth)
-{
-    dVAR;
-    U8 op = PSEUDO;    /* Arbitrary non-END op. */
-    const regnode *next;
-    const regnode *optstart= NULL;
-    
-    RXi_GET_DECL(r,ri);
-    GET_RE_DEBUG_FLAGS_DECL;
-
-    PERL_ARGS_ASSERT_DUMPUNTIL;
-
-#ifdef DEBUG_DUMPUNTIL
-    PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log, "--- %d : %d - %d - %d\n",indent,node-start,
-        last ? last-start : 0,plast ? plast-start : 0);
-#endif
-            
-    if (plast && plast < last) 
-        last= plast;
-
-    while (PL_regkind[op] != END && (!last || node < last)) {
-       /* While that wasn't END last time... */
-       NODE_ALIGN(node);
-       op = OP(node);
-       if (op == CLOSE || op == WHILEM)
-           indent--;
-       next = regnext((regnode *)node);
-
-       /* Where, what. */
-       if (OP(node) == OPTIMIZED) {
-           if (!optstart && RE_DEBUG_FLAG(RE_DEBUG_COMPILE_OPTIMISE))
-               optstart = node;
-           else
-               goto after_print;
-       } else
-           CLEAR_OPTSTART;
-
-       regprop(r, sv, node);
-       PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log, "%4"IVdf":%*s%s", (IV)(node - start),
-                     (int)(2*indent + 1), "", SvPVX_const(sv));
-        
-        if (OP(node) != OPTIMIZED) {                 
-            if (next == NULL)          /* Next ptr. */
-                PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log, " (0)");
-            else if (PL_regkind[(U8)op] == BRANCH && PL_regkind[OP(next)] != BRANCH )
-                PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log, " (FAIL)");
-            else 
-                PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log, " (%"IVdf")", (IV)(next - start));
-            (void)PerlIO_putc(Perl_debug_log, '\n'); 
-        }
-        
-      after_print:
-       if (PL_regkind[(U8)op] == BRANCHJ) {
-           assert(next);
-           {
-                const regnode *nnode = (OP(next) == LONGJMP
-                                       ? regnext((regnode *)next)
-                                       : next);
-                if (last && nnode > last)
-                    nnode = last;
-                DUMPUNTIL(NEXTOPER(NEXTOPER(node)), nnode);
-           }
-       }
-       else if (PL_regkind[(U8)op] == BRANCH) {
-           assert(next);
-           DUMPUNTIL(NEXTOPER(node), next);
-       }
-       else if ( PL_regkind[(U8)op]  == TRIE ) {
-           const regnode *this_trie = node;
-           const char op = OP(node);
-            const U32 n = ARG(node);
-           const reg_ac_data * const ac = op>=AHOCORASICK ?
-               (reg_ac_data *)ri->data->data[n] :
-               NULL;
-           const reg_trie_data * const trie =
-               (reg_trie_data*)ri->data->data[op<AHOCORASICK ? n : ac->trie];
-#ifdef DEBUGGING
-           AV *const trie_words = MUTABLE_AV(ri->data->data[n + TRIE_WORDS_OFFSET]);
-#endif
-           const regnode *nextbranch= NULL;
-           I32 word_idx;
-            sv_setpvs(sv, "");
-           for (word_idx= 0; word_idx < (I32)trie->wordcount; word_idx++) {
-               SV ** const elem_ptr = av_fetch(trie_words,word_idx,0);
-
-                PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log, "%*s%s ",
-                   (int)(2*(indent+3)), "",
-                    elem_ptr ? pv_pretty(sv, SvPV_nolen_const(*elem_ptr), SvCUR(*elem_ptr), 60,
-                           PL_colors[0], PL_colors[1],
-                           (SvUTF8(*elem_ptr) ? PERL_PV_ESCAPE_UNI : 0) |
-                           PERL_PV_PRETTY_ELLIPSES    |
-                           PERL_PV_PRETTY_LTGT
-                            )
-                            : "???"
-                );
-                if (trie->jump) {
-                    U16 dist= trie->jump[word_idx+1];
-                   PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log, "(%"UVuf")\n",
-                                 (UV)((dist ? this_trie + dist : next) - start));
-                    if (dist) {
-                        if (!nextbranch)
-                            nextbranch= this_trie + trie->jump[0];    
-                       DUMPUNTIL(this_trie + dist, nextbranch);
-                    }
-                    if (nextbranch && PL_regkind[OP(nextbranch)]==BRANCH)
-                        nextbranch= regnext((regnode *)nextbranch);
-                } else {
-                    PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log, "\n");
-               }
-           }
-           if (last && next > last)
-               node= last;
-           else
-               node= next;
-       }
-       else if ( op == CURLY ) {   /* "next" might be very big: optimizer */
-           DUMPUNTIL(NEXTOPER(node) + EXTRA_STEP_2ARGS,
-                    NEXTOPER(node) + EXTRA_STEP_2ARGS + 1);
-       }
-       else if (PL_regkind[(U8)op] == CURLY && op != CURLYX) {
-           assert(next);
-           DUMPUNTIL(NEXTOPER(node) + EXTRA_STEP_2ARGS, next);
-       }
-       else if ( op == PLUS || op == STAR) {
-           DUMPUNTIL(NEXTOPER(node), NEXTOPER(node) + 1);
-       }
-       else if (PL_regkind[(U8)op] == ANYOF) {
-           /* arglen 1 + class block */
-           node += 1 + ((ANYOF_FLAGS(node) & ANYOF_CLASS)
-                   ? ANYOF_CLASS_SKIP : ANYOF_SKIP);
-           node = NEXTOPER(node);
-       }
-       else if (PL_regkind[(U8)op] == EXACT) {
-            /* Literal string, where present. */
-           node += NODE_SZ_STR(node) - 1;
-           node = NEXTOPER(node);
-       }
-       else {
-           node = NEXTOPER(node);
-           node += regarglen[(U8)op];
-       }
-       if (op == CURLYX || op == OPEN)
-           indent++;
-    }
-    CLEAR_OPTSTART;
-#ifdef DEBUG_DUMPUNTIL    
-    PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log, "--- %d\n", (int)indent);
-#endif
-    return node;
-}
-
-#endif /* DEBUGGING */
-
-/*
- * Local variables:
- * c-indentation-style: bsd
- * c-basic-offset: 4
- * indent-tabs-mode: nil
- * End:
- *
- * ex: set ts=8 sts=4 sw=4 et:
- */