]> git.vpit.fr Git - perl/modules/re-engine-Hooks.git/commitdiff
Add support for perl 5.19.[12]
authorVincent Pit <vince@profvince.com>
Tue, 6 Aug 2013 03:44:23 +0000 (00:44 -0300)
committerVincent Pit <vince@profvince.com>
Tue, 6 Aug 2013 03:44:23 +0000 (00:44 -0300)
17 files changed:
MANIFEST
src/5019001/dquote_static.c [new file with mode: 0644]
src/5019001/inline_invlist.c [new file with mode: 0644]
src/5019001/orig/dquote_static.c [new file with mode: 0644]
src/5019001/orig/inline_invlist.c [new file with mode: 0644]
src/5019001/orig/regcomp.c [new file with mode: 0644]
src/5019001/orig/regexec.c [new file with mode: 0644]
src/5019001/regcomp.c [new file with mode: 0644]
src/5019001/regexec.c [new file with mode: 0644]
src/5019002/dquote_static.c [new file with mode: 0644]
src/5019002/inline_invlist.c [new file with mode: 0644]
src/5019002/orig/dquote_static.c [new file with mode: 0644]
src/5019002/orig/inline_invlist.c [new file with mode: 0644]
src/5019002/orig/regcomp.c [new file with mode: 0644]
src/5019002/orig/regexec.c [new file with mode: 0644]
src/5019002/regcomp.c [new file with mode: 0644]
src/5019002/regexec.c [new file with mode: 0644]

index b24bd74dcf40ed56ac89f2ba0eab1d41c5e5172a..f7968527a88dc6a722f548467604d292e1afcd6b 100644 (file)
--- a/MANIFEST
+++ b/MANIFEST
@@ -177,6 +177,14 @@ src/5019000/dquote_static.c
 src/5019000/inline_invlist.c
 src/5019000/regcomp.c
 src/5019000/regexec.c
 src/5019000/inline_invlist.c
 src/5019000/regcomp.c
 src/5019000/regexec.c
+src/5019001/dquote_static.c
+src/5019001/inline_invlist.c
+src/5019001/regcomp.c
+src/5019001/regexec.c
+src/5019002/dquote_static.c
+src/5019002/inline_invlist.c
+src/5019002/regcomp.c
+src/5019002/regexec.c
 src/update.pl
 t/00-load.t
 t/05-keys.t
 src/update.pl
 t/00-load.t
 t/05-keys.t
diff --git a/src/5019001/dquote_static.c b/src/5019001/dquote_static.c
new file mode 100644 (file)
index 0000000..da1b5b9
--- /dev/null
@@ -0,0 +1,342 @@
+/*    dquote_static.c
+ *
+ * This file contains static functions that are related to
+ * parsing double-quotish expressions, but are used in more than
+ * one file.
+ *
+ * It is currently #included by regcomp.c and toke.c.
+*/
+
+#define PERL_IN_DQUOTE_STATIC_C
+#include "embed.h"
+
+/*
+ - regcurly - a little FSA that accepts {\d+,?\d*}
+    Pulled from regcomp.c.
+ */
+PERL_STATIC_INLINE I32
+S_regcurly(pTHX_ const char *s,
+           const bool rbrace_must_be_escaped /* Should the terminating '} be
+                                                preceded by a backslash?  This
+                                                is an abnormal case */
+    )
+{
+    PERL_ARGS_ASSERT_REGCURLY;
+
+    if (*s++ != '{')
+       return FALSE;
+    if (!isDIGIT(*s))
+       return FALSE;
+    while (isDIGIT(*s))
+       s++;
+    if (*s == ',') {
+       s++;
+       while (isDIGIT(*s))
+           s++;
+    }
+
+    return (rbrace_must_be_escaped)
+           ? *s == '\\' && *(s+1) == '}'
+           : *s == '}';
+}
+
+/* XXX Add documentation after final interface and behavior is decided */
+/* May want to show context for error, so would pass Perl_bslash_c(pTHX_ const char* current, const char* start, const bool output_warning)
+    U8 source = *current;
+*/
+
+STATIC char
+S_grok_bslash_c(pTHX_ const char source, const bool utf8, const bool output_warning)
+{
+
+    U8 result;
+
+    if (utf8) {
+       /* Trying to deprecate non-ASCII usages.  This construct has never
+        * worked for a utf8 variant.  So, even though are accepting non-ASCII
+        * Latin1 in 5.14, no need to make them work under utf8 */
+       if (! isASCII(source)) {
+           Perl_croak(aTHX_ "Character following \"\\c\" must be ASCII");
+       }
+    }
+
+    result = toCTRL(source);
+    if (! isASCII(source)) {
+           Perl_ck_warner_d(aTHX_ packWARN2(WARN_DEPRECATED, WARN_SYNTAX),
+                           "Character following \"\\c\" must be ASCII");
+    }
+    else if (! isCNTRL(result) && output_warning) {
+       if (source == '{') {
+           Perl_ck_warner_d(aTHX_ packWARN2(WARN_DEPRECATED, WARN_SYNTAX),
+                           "\"\\c{\" is deprecated and is more clearly written as \";\"");
+       }
+       else {
+           U8 clearer[3];
+           U8 i = 0;
+           if (! isWORDCHAR(result)) {
+               clearer[i++] = '\\';
+           }
+           clearer[i++] = result;
+           clearer[i++] = '\0';
+
+           Perl_ck_warner(aTHX_ packWARN(WARN_SYNTAX),
+                           "\"\\c%c\" is more clearly written simply as \"%s\"",
+                           source,
+                           clearer);
+       }
+    }
+
+    return result;
+}
+
+STATIC bool
+S_grok_bslash_o(pTHX_ char **s, UV *uv, const char** error_msg,
+                      const bool output_warning, const bool strict,
+                      const bool silence_non_portable,
+                      const bool UTF)
+{
+
+/*  Documentation to be supplied when interface nailed down finally
+ *  This returns FALSE if there is an error which the caller need not recover
+ *  from; , otherwise TRUE.  In either case the caller should look at *len
+ *  On input:
+ *     s   is the address of a pointer to a NULL terminated string that begins
+ *         with 'o', and the previous character was a backslash.  At exit, *s
+ *         will be advanced to the byte just after those absorbed by this
+ *         function.  Hence the caller can continue parsing from there.  In
+ *         the case of an error, this routine has generally positioned *s to
+ *         point just to the right of the first bad spot, so that a message
+ *         that has a "<--" to mark the spot will be correctly positioned.
+ *     uv  points to a UV that will hold the output value, valid only if the
+ *         return from the function is TRUE
+ *      error_msg is a pointer that will be set to an internal buffer giving an
+ *         error message upon failure (the return is FALSE).  Untouched if
+ *         function succeeds
+ *     output_warning says whether to output any warning messages, or suppress
+ *         them
+ *     strict is true if this should fail instead of warn if there are
+ *         non-octal digits within the braces
+ *      silence_non_portable is true if to suppress warnings about the code
+ *          point returned being too large to fit on all platforms.
+ *     UTF is true iff the string *s is encoded in UTF-8.
+ */
+    char* e;
+    STRLEN numbers_len;
+    I32 flags = PERL_SCAN_ALLOW_UNDERSCORES
+               | PERL_SCAN_DISALLOW_PREFIX
+               /* XXX Until the message is improved in grok_oct, handle errors
+                * ourselves */
+               | PERL_SCAN_SILENT_ILLDIGIT;
+
+    PERL_ARGS_ASSERT_GROK_BSLASH_O;
+
+
+    assert(**s == 'o');
+    (*s)++;
+
+    if (**s != '{') {
+       *error_msg = "Missing braces on \\o{}";
+       return FALSE;
+    }
+
+    e = strchr(*s, '}');
+    if (!e) {
+        (*s)++;  /* Move past the '{' */
+        while (isOCTAL(**s)) { /* Position beyond the legal digits */
+            (*s)++;
+        }
+        *error_msg = "Missing right brace on \\o{";
+       return FALSE;
+    }
+
+    (*s)++;    /* Point to expected first digit (could be first byte of utf8
+                  sequence if not a digit) */
+    numbers_len = e - *s;
+    if (numbers_len == 0) {
+        (*s)++;    /* Move past the } */
+       *error_msg = "Number with no digits";
+       return FALSE;
+    }
+
+    if (silence_non_portable) {
+        flags |= PERL_SCAN_SILENT_NON_PORTABLE;
+    }
+
+    *uv = grok_oct(*s, &numbers_len, &flags, NULL);
+    /* Note that if has non-octal, will ignore everything starting with that up
+     * to the '}' */
+
+    if (numbers_len != (STRLEN) (e - *s)) {
+        if (strict) {
+            *s += numbers_len;
+            *s += (UTF) ? UTF8SKIP(*s) : (STRLEN) 1;
+            *error_msg = "Non-octal character";
+            return FALSE;
+        }
+        else if (output_warning) {
+            Perl_ck_warner(aTHX_ packWARN(WARN_DIGIT),
+            /* diag_listed_as: Non-octal character '%c'.  Resolved as "%s" */
+                        "Non-octal character '%c'.  Resolved as \"\\o{%.*s}\"",
+                        *(*s + numbers_len),
+                        (int) numbers_len,
+                        *s);
+        }
+    }
+
+    /* Return past the '}' */
+    *s = e + 1;
+
+    return TRUE;
+}
+
+PERL_STATIC_INLINE bool
+S_grok_bslash_x(pTHX_ char **s, UV *uv, const char** error_msg,
+                      const bool output_warning, const bool strict,
+                      const bool silence_non_portable,
+                      const bool UTF)
+{
+
+/*  Documentation to be supplied when interface nailed down finally
+ *  This returns FALSE if there is an error which the caller need not recover
+ *  from; , otherwise TRUE.  In either case the caller should look at *len
+ *  On input:
+ *     s   is the address of a pointer to a NULL terminated string that begins
+ *         with 'x', and the previous character was a backslash.  At exit, *s
+ *         will be advanced to the byte just after those absorbed by this
+ *         function.  Hence the caller can continue parsing from there.  In
+ *         the case of an error, this routine has generally positioned *s to
+ *         point just to the right of the first bad spot, so that a message
+ *         that has a "<--" to mark the spot will be correctly positioned.
+ *     uv  points to a UV that will hold the output value, valid only if the
+ *         return from the function is TRUE
+ *      error_msg is a pointer that will be set to an internal buffer giving an
+ *         error message upon failure (the return is FALSE).  Untouched if
+ *         function succeeds
+ *     output_warning says whether to output any warning messages, or suppress
+ *         them
+ *     strict is true if anything out of the ordinary should cause this to
+ *         fail instead of warn or be silent.  For example, it requires
+ *         exactly 2 digits following the \x (when there are no braces).
+ *         3 digits could be a mistake, so is forbidden in this mode.
+ *      silence_non_portable is true if to suppress warnings about the code
+ *          point returned being too large to fit on all platforms.
+ *     UTF is true iff the string *s is encoded in UTF-8.
+ */
+    char* e;
+    STRLEN numbers_len;
+    I32 flags = PERL_SCAN_DISALLOW_PREFIX;
+
+    PERL_ARGS_ASSERT_GROK_BSLASH_X;
+
+    PERL_UNUSED_ARG(output_warning);
+
+    assert(**s == 'x');
+    (*s)++;
+
+    if (strict) {
+        flags |= PERL_SCAN_SILENT_ILLDIGIT;
+    }
+
+    if (**s != '{') {
+        STRLEN len = (strict) ? 3 : 2;
+
+       *uv = grok_hex(*s, &len, &flags, NULL);
+       *s += len;
+        if (strict && len != 2) {
+            if (len < 2) {
+                *s += (UTF) ? UTF8SKIP(*s) : 1;
+                *error_msg = "Non-hex character";
+            }
+            else {
+                *error_msg = "Use \\x{...} for more than two hex characters";
+            }
+            return FALSE;
+        }
+       return TRUE;
+    }
+
+    e = strchr(*s, '}');
+    if (!e) {
+        (*s)++;  /* Move past the '{' */
+        while (isXDIGIT(**s)) { /* Position beyond the legal digits */
+            (*s)++;
+        }
+        /* XXX The corresponding message above for \o is just '\\o{'; other
+         * messages for other constructs include the '}', so are inconsistent.
+         */
+       *error_msg = "Missing right brace on \\x{}";
+       return FALSE;
+    }
+
+    (*s)++;    /* Point to expected first digit (could be first byte of utf8
+                  sequence if not a digit) */
+    numbers_len = e - *s;
+    if (numbers_len == 0) {
+        if (strict) {
+            (*s)++;    /* Move past the } */
+            *error_msg = "Number with no digits";
+            return FALSE;
+        }
+        return TRUE;
+    }
+
+    flags |= PERL_SCAN_ALLOW_UNDERSCORES;
+    if (silence_non_portable) {
+        flags |= PERL_SCAN_SILENT_NON_PORTABLE;
+    }
+
+    *uv = grok_hex(*s, &numbers_len, &flags, NULL);
+    /* Note that if has non-hex, will ignore everything starting with that up
+     * to the '}' */
+
+    if (strict && numbers_len != (STRLEN) (e - *s)) {
+        *s += numbers_len;
+        *s += (UTF) ? UTF8SKIP(*s) : 1;
+        *error_msg = "Non-hex character";
+        return FALSE;
+    }
+
+    /* Return past the '}' */
+    *s = e + 1;
+
+    return TRUE;
+}
+
+STATIC char*
+S_form_short_octal_warning(pTHX_
+                           const char * const s, /* Points to first non-octal */
+                           const STRLEN len      /* Length of octals string, so
+                                                    (s-len) points to first
+                                                    octal */
+) {
+    /* Return a character string consisting of a warning message for when a
+     * string constant in octal is weird, like "\078".  */
+
+    const char * sans_leading_zeros = s - len;
+
+    PERL_ARGS_ASSERT_FORM_SHORT_OCTAL_WARNING;
+
+    assert(*s == '8' || *s == '9');
+
+    /* Remove the leading zeros, retaining one zero so won't be zero length */
+    while (*sans_leading_zeros == '0') sans_leading_zeros++;
+    if (sans_leading_zeros == s) {
+        sans_leading_zeros--;
+    }
+
+    return Perl_form(aTHX_
+                     "'%.*s' resolved to '\\o{%.*s}%c'",
+                     (int) (len + 2), s - len - 1,
+                     (int) (s - sans_leading_zeros), sans_leading_zeros,
+                     *s);
+}
+
+/*
+ * Local variables:
+ * c-indentation-style: bsd
+ * c-basic-offset: 4
+ * indent-tabs-mode: nil
+ * End:
+ *
+ * ex: set ts=8 sts=4 sw=4 et:
+ */
diff --git a/src/5019001/inline_invlist.c b/src/5019001/inline_invlist.c
new file mode 100644 (file)
index 0000000..b56ce60
--- /dev/null
@@ -0,0 +1,77 @@
+/*    inline_invlist.c
+ *
+ *    Copyright (C) 2012 by Larry Wall and others
+ *
+ *    You may distribute under the terms of either the GNU General Public
+ *    License or the Artistic License, as specified in the README file.
+ */
+
+#if defined(PERL_IN_UTF8_C) || defined(PERL_IN_REGCOMP_C) || defined(PERL_IN_REGEXEC_C)
+
+#define INVLIST_LEN_OFFSET 0   /* Number of elements in the inversion list */
+#define INVLIST_ITER_OFFSET 1  /* Current iteration position */
+#define INVLIST_PREVIOUS_INDEX_OFFSET 2  /* Place to cache index of previous
+                                            result */
+
+/* This is a combination of a version and data structure type, so that one
+ * being passed in can be validated to be an inversion list of the correct
+ * vintage.  When the structure of the header is changed, a new random number
+ * in the range 2**31-1 should be generated and the new() method changed to
+ * insert that at this location.  Then, if an auxiliary program doesn't change
+ * correspondingly, it will be discovered immediately */
+#define INVLIST_VERSION_ID_OFFSET 3
+#define INVLIST_VERSION_ID 290655244
+
+/* For safety, when adding new elements, remember to #undef them at the end of
+ * the inversion list code section */
+
+#define INVLIST_ZERO_OFFSET 4  /* 0 or 1; must be last element in header */
+/* The UV at position ZERO contains either 0 or 1.  If 0, the inversion list
+ * contains the code point U+00000, and begins here.  If 1, the inversion list
+ * doesn't contain U+0000, and it begins at the next UV in the array.
+ * Inverting an inversion list consists of adding or removing the 0 at the
+ * beginning of it.  By reserving a space for that 0, inversion can be made
+ * very fast */
+
+#define HEADER_LENGTH (INVLIST_ZERO_OFFSET + 1)
+
+/* An element is in an inversion list iff its index is even numbered: 0, 2, 4,
+ * etc */
+#define ELEMENT_RANGE_MATCHES_INVLIST(i) (! ((i) & 1))
+#define PREV_RANGE_MATCHES_INVLIST(i) (! ELEMENT_RANGE_MATCHES_INVLIST(i))
+
+PERL_STATIC_INLINE UV*
+S__get_invlist_len_addr(pTHX_ SV* invlist)
+{
+    /* Return the address of the UV that contains the current number
+     * of used elements in the inversion list */
+
+    PERL_ARGS_ASSERT__GET_INVLIST_LEN_ADDR;
+
+    return (UV *) (SvPVX(invlist) + (INVLIST_LEN_OFFSET * sizeof (UV)));
+}
+
+PERL_STATIC_INLINE UV
+S__invlist_len(pTHX_ SV* const invlist)
+{
+    /* Returns the current number of elements stored in the inversion list's
+     * array */
+
+    PERL_ARGS_ASSERT__INVLIST_LEN;
+
+    return *_get_invlist_len_addr(invlist);
+}
+
+PERL_STATIC_INLINE bool
+S__invlist_contains_cp(pTHX_ SV* const invlist, const UV cp)
+{
+    /* Does <invlist> contain code point <cp> as part of the set? */
+
+    IV index = _invlist_search(invlist, cp);
+
+    PERL_ARGS_ASSERT__INVLIST_CONTAINS_CP;
+
+    return index >= 0 && ELEMENT_RANGE_MATCHES_INVLIST(index);
+}
+
+#endif
diff --git a/src/5019001/orig/dquote_static.c b/src/5019001/orig/dquote_static.c
new file mode 100644 (file)
index 0000000..da1b5b9
--- /dev/null
@@ -0,0 +1,342 @@
+/*    dquote_static.c
+ *
+ * This file contains static functions that are related to
+ * parsing double-quotish expressions, but are used in more than
+ * one file.
+ *
+ * It is currently #included by regcomp.c and toke.c.
+*/
+
+#define PERL_IN_DQUOTE_STATIC_C
+#include "embed.h"
+
+/*
+ - regcurly - a little FSA that accepts {\d+,?\d*}
+    Pulled from regcomp.c.
+ */
+PERL_STATIC_INLINE I32
+S_regcurly(pTHX_ const char *s,
+           const bool rbrace_must_be_escaped /* Should the terminating '} be
+                                                preceded by a backslash?  This
+                                                is an abnormal case */
+    )
+{
+    PERL_ARGS_ASSERT_REGCURLY;
+
+    if (*s++ != '{')
+       return FALSE;
+    if (!isDIGIT(*s))
+       return FALSE;
+    while (isDIGIT(*s))
+       s++;
+    if (*s == ',') {
+       s++;
+       while (isDIGIT(*s))
+           s++;
+    }
+
+    return (rbrace_must_be_escaped)
+           ? *s == '\\' && *(s+1) == '}'
+           : *s == '}';
+}
+
+/* XXX Add documentation after final interface and behavior is decided */
+/* May want to show context for error, so would pass Perl_bslash_c(pTHX_ const char* current, const char* start, const bool output_warning)
+    U8 source = *current;
+*/
+
+STATIC char
+S_grok_bslash_c(pTHX_ const char source, const bool utf8, const bool output_warning)
+{
+
+    U8 result;
+
+    if (utf8) {
+       /* Trying to deprecate non-ASCII usages.  This construct has never
+        * worked for a utf8 variant.  So, even though are accepting non-ASCII
+        * Latin1 in 5.14, no need to make them work under utf8 */
+       if (! isASCII(source)) {
+           Perl_croak(aTHX_ "Character following \"\\c\" must be ASCII");
+       }
+    }
+
+    result = toCTRL(source);
+    if (! isASCII(source)) {
+           Perl_ck_warner_d(aTHX_ packWARN2(WARN_DEPRECATED, WARN_SYNTAX),
+                           "Character following \"\\c\" must be ASCII");
+    }
+    else if (! isCNTRL(result) && output_warning) {
+       if (source == '{') {
+           Perl_ck_warner_d(aTHX_ packWARN2(WARN_DEPRECATED, WARN_SYNTAX),
+                           "\"\\c{\" is deprecated and is more clearly written as \";\"");
+       }
+       else {
+           U8 clearer[3];
+           U8 i = 0;
+           if (! isWORDCHAR(result)) {
+               clearer[i++] = '\\';
+           }
+           clearer[i++] = result;
+           clearer[i++] = '\0';
+
+           Perl_ck_warner(aTHX_ packWARN(WARN_SYNTAX),
+                           "\"\\c%c\" is more clearly written simply as \"%s\"",
+                           source,
+                           clearer);
+       }
+    }
+
+    return result;
+}
+
+STATIC bool
+S_grok_bslash_o(pTHX_ char **s, UV *uv, const char** error_msg,
+                      const bool output_warning, const bool strict,
+                      const bool silence_non_portable,
+                      const bool UTF)
+{
+
+/*  Documentation to be supplied when interface nailed down finally
+ *  This returns FALSE if there is an error which the caller need not recover
+ *  from; , otherwise TRUE.  In either case the caller should look at *len
+ *  On input:
+ *     s   is the address of a pointer to a NULL terminated string that begins
+ *         with 'o', and the previous character was a backslash.  At exit, *s
+ *         will be advanced to the byte just after those absorbed by this
+ *         function.  Hence the caller can continue parsing from there.  In
+ *         the case of an error, this routine has generally positioned *s to
+ *         point just to the right of the first bad spot, so that a message
+ *         that has a "<--" to mark the spot will be correctly positioned.
+ *     uv  points to a UV that will hold the output value, valid only if the
+ *         return from the function is TRUE
+ *      error_msg is a pointer that will be set to an internal buffer giving an
+ *         error message upon failure (the return is FALSE).  Untouched if
+ *         function succeeds
+ *     output_warning says whether to output any warning messages, or suppress
+ *         them
+ *     strict is true if this should fail instead of warn if there are
+ *         non-octal digits within the braces
+ *      silence_non_portable is true if to suppress warnings about the code
+ *          point returned being too large to fit on all platforms.
+ *     UTF is true iff the string *s is encoded in UTF-8.
+ */
+    char* e;
+    STRLEN numbers_len;
+    I32 flags = PERL_SCAN_ALLOW_UNDERSCORES
+               | PERL_SCAN_DISALLOW_PREFIX
+               /* XXX Until the message is improved in grok_oct, handle errors
+                * ourselves */
+               | PERL_SCAN_SILENT_ILLDIGIT;
+
+    PERL_ARGS_ASSERT_GROK_BSLASH_O;
+
+
+    assert(**s == 'o');
+    (*s)++;
+
+    if (**s != '{') {
+       *error_msg = "Missing braces on \\o{}";
+       return FALSE;
+    }
+
+    e = strchr(*s, '}');
+    if (!e) {
+        (*s)++;  /* Move past the '{' */
+        while (isOCTAL(**s)) { /* Position beyond the legal digits */
+            (*s)++;
+        }
+        *error_msg = "Missing right brace on \\o{";
+       return FALSE;
+    }
+
+    (*s)++;    /* Point to expected first digit (could be first byte of utf8
+                  sequence if not a digit) */
+    numbers_len = e - *s;
+    if (numbers_len == 0) {
+        (*s)++;    /* Move past the } */
+       *error_msg = "Number with no digits";
+       return FALSE;
+    }
+
+    if (silence_non_portable) {
+        flags |= PERL_SCAN_SILENT_NON_PORTABLE;
+    }
+
+    *uv = grok_oct(*s, &numbers_len, &flags, NULL);
+    /* Note that if has non-octal, will ignore everything starting with that up
+     * to the '}' */
+
+    if (numbers_len != (STRLEN) (e - *s)) {
+        if (strict) {
+            *s += numbers_len;
+            *s += (UTF) ? UTF8SKIP(*s) : (STRLEN) 1;
+            *error_msg = "Non-octal character";
+            return FALSE;
+        }
+        else if (output_warning) {
+            Perl_ck_warner(aTHX_ packWARN(WARN_DIGIT),
+            /* diag_listed_as: Non-octal character '%c'.  Resolved as "%s" */
+                        "Non-octal character '%c'.  Resolved as \"\\o{%.*s}\"",
+                        *(*s + numbers_len),
+                        (int) numbers_len,
+                        *s);
+        }
+    }
+
+    /* Return past the '}' */
+    *s = e + 1;
+
+    return TRUE;
+}
+
+PERL_STATIC_INLINE bool
+S_grok_bslash_x(pTHX_ char **s, UV *uv, const char** error_msg,
+                      const bool output_warning, const bool strict,
+                      const bool silence_non_portable,
+                      const bool UTF)
+{
+
+/*  Documentation to be supplied when interface nailed down finally
+ *  This returns FALSE if there is an error which the caller need not recover
+ *  from; , otherwise TRUE.  In either case the caller should look at *len
+ *  On input:
+ *     s   is the address of a pointer to a NULL terminated string that begins
+ *         with 'x', and the previous character was a backslash.  At exit, *s
+ *         will be advanced to the byte just after those absorbed by this
+ *         function.  Hence the caller can continue parsing from there.  In
+ *         the case of an error, this routine has generally positioned *s to
+ *         point just to the right of the first bad spot, so that a message
+ *         that has a "<--" to mark the spot will be correctly positioned.
+ *     uv  points to a UV that will hold the output value, valid only if the
+ *         return from the function is TRUE
+ *      error_msg is a pointer that will be set to an internal buffer giving an
+ *         error message upon failure (the return is FALSE).  Untouched if
+ *         function succeeds
+ *     output_warning says whether to output any warning messages, or suppress
+ *         them
+ *     strict is true if anything out of the ordinary should cause this to
+ *         fail instead of warn or be silent.  For example, it requires
+ *         exactly 2 digits following the \x (when there are no braces).
+ *         3 digits could be a mistake, so is forbidden in this mode.
+ *      silence_non_portable is true if to suppress warnings about the code
+ *          point returned being too large to fit on all platforms.
+ *     UTF is true iff the string *s is encoded in UTF-8.
+ */
+    char* e;
+    STRLEN numbers_len;
+    I32 flags = PERL_SCAN_DISALLOW_PREFIX;
+
+    PERL_ARGS_ASSERT_GROK_BSLASH_X;
+
+    PERL_UNUSED_ARG(output_warning);
+
+    assert(**s == 'x');
+    (*s)++;
+
+    if (strict) {
+        flags |= PERL_SCAN_SILENT_ILLDIGIT;
+    }
+
+    if (**s != '{') {
+        STRLEN len = (strict) ? 3 : 2;
+
+       *uv = grok_hex(*s, &len, &flags, NULL);
+       *s += len;
+        if (strict && len != 2) {
+            if (len < 2) {
+                *s += (UTF) ? UTF8SKIP(*s) : 1;
+                *error_msg = "Non-hex character";
+            }
+            else {
+                *error_msg = "Use \\x{...} for more than two hex characters";
+            }
+            return FALSE;
+        }
+       return TRUE;
+    }
+
+    e = strchr(*s, '}');
+    if (!e) {
+        (*s)++;  /* Move past the '{' */
+        while (isXDIGIT(**s)) { /* Position beyond the legal digits */
+            (*s)++;
+        }
+        /* XXX The corresponding message above for \o is just '\\o{'; other
+         * messages for other constructs include the '}', so are inconsistent.
+         */
+       *error_msg = "Missing right brace on \\x{}";
+       return FALSE;
+    }
+
+    (*s)++;    /* Point to expected first digit (could be first byte of utf8
+                  sequence if not a digit) */
+    numbers_len = e - *s;
+    if (numbers_len == 0) {
+        if (strict) {
+            (*s)++;    /* Move past the } */
+            *error_msg = "Number with no digits";
+            return FALSE;
+        }
+        return TRUE;
+    }
+
+    flags |= PERL_SCAN_ALLOW_UNDERSCORES;
+    if (silence_non_portable) {
+        flags |= PERL_SCAN_SILENT_NON_PORTABLE;
+    }
+
+    *uv = grok_hex(*s, &numbers_len, &flags, NULL);
+    /* Note that if has non-hex, will ignore everything starting with that up
+     * to the '}' */
+
+    if (strict && numbers_len != (STRLEN) (e - *s)) {
+        *s += numbers_len;
+        *s += (UTF) ? UTF8SKIP(*s) : 1;
+        *error_msg = "Non-hex character";
+        return FALSE;
+    }
+
+    /* Return past the '}' */
+    *s = e + 1;
+
+    return TRUE;
+}
+
+STATIC char*
+S_form_short_octal_warning(pTHX_
+                           const char * const s, /* Points to first non-octal */
+                           const STRLEN len      /* Length of octals string, so
+                                                    (s-len) points to first
+                                                    octal */
+) {
+    /* Return a character string consisting of a warning message for when a
+     * string constant in octal is weird, like "\078".  */
+
+    const char * sans_leading_zeros = s - len;
+
+    PERL_ARGS_ASSERT_FORM_SHORT_OCTAL_WARNING;
+
+    assert(*s == '8' || *s == '9');
+
+    /* Remove the leading zeros, retaining one zero so won't be zero length */
+    while (*sans_leading_zeros == '0') sans_leading_zeros++;
+    if (sans_leading_zeros == s) {
+        sans_leading_zeros--;
+    }
+
+    return Perl_form(aTHX_
+                     "'%.*s' resolved to '\\o{%.*s}%c'",
+                     (int) (len + 2), s - len - 1,
+                     (int) (s - sans_leading_zeros), sans_leading_zeros,
+                     *s);
+}
+
+/*
+ * Local variables:
+ * c-indentation-style: bsd
+ * c-basic-offset: 4
+ * indent-tabs-mode: nil
+ * End:
+ *
+ * ex: set ts=8 sts=4 sw=4 et:
+ */
diff --git a/src/5019001/orig/inline_invlist.c b/src/5019001/orig/inline_invlist.c
new file mode 100644 (file)
index 0000000..b56ce60
--- /dev/null
@@ -0,0 +1,77 @@
+/*    inline_invlist.c
+ *
+ *    Copyright (C) 2012 by Larry Wall and others
+ *
+ *    You may distribute under the terms of either the GNU General Public
+ *    License or the Artistic License, as specified in the README file.
+ */
+
+#if defined(PERL_IN_UTF8_C) || defined(PERL_IN_REGCOMP_C) || defined(PERL_IN_REGEXEC_C)
+
+#define INVLIST_LEN_OFFSET 0   /* Number of elements in the inversion list */
+#define INVLIST_ITER_OFFSET 1  /* Current iteration position */
+#define INVLIST_PREVIOUS_INDEX_OFFSET 2  /* Place to cache index of previous
+                                            result */
+
+/* This is a combination of a version and data structure type, so that one
+ * being passed in can be validated to be an inversion list of the correct
+ * vintage.  When the structure of the header is changed, a new random number
+ * in the range 2**31-1 should be generated and the new() method changed to
+ * insert that at this location.  Then, if an auxiliary program doesn't change
+ * correspondingly, it will be discovered immediately */
+#define INVLIST_VERSION_ID_OFFSET 3
+#define INVLIST_VERSION_ID 290655244
+
+/* For safety, when adding new elements, remember to #undef them at the end of
+ * the inversion list code section */
+
+#define INVLIST_ZERO_OFFSET 4  /* 0 or 1; must be last element in header */
+/* The UV at position ZERO contains either 0 or 1.  If 0, the inversion list
+ * contains the code point U+00000, and begins here.  If 1, the inversion list
+ * doesn't contain U+0000, and it begins at the next UV in the array.
+ * Inverting an inversion list consists of adding or removing the 0 at the
+ * beginning of it.  By reserving a space for that 0, inversion can be made
+ * very fast */
+
+#define HEADER_LENGTH (INVLIST_ZERO_OFFSET + 1)
+
+/* An element is in an inversion list iff its index is even numbered: 0, 2, 4,
+ * etc */
+#define ELEMENT_RANGE_MATCHES_INVLIST(i) (! ((i) & 1))
+#define PREV_RANGE_MATCHES_INVLIST(i) (! ELEMENT_RANGE_MATCHES_INVLIST(i))
+
+PERL_STATIC_INLINE UV*
+S__get_invlist_len_addr(pTHX_ SV* invlist)
+{
+    /* Return the address of the UV that contains the current number
+     * of used elements in the inversion list */
+
+    PERL_ARGS_ASSERT__GET_INVLIST_LEN_ADDR;
+
+    return (UV *) (SvPVX(invlist) + (INVLIST_LEN_OFFSET * sizeof (UV)));
+}
+
+PERL_STATIC_INLINE UV
+S__invlist_len(pTHX_ SV* const invlist)
+{
+    /* Returns the current number of elements stored in the inversion list's
+     * array */
+
+    PERL_ARGS_ASSERT__INVLIST_LEN;
+
+    return *_get_invlist_len_addr(invlist);
+}
+
+PERL_STATIC_INLINE bool
+S__invlist_contains_cp(pTHX_ SV* const invlist, const UV cp)
+{
+    /* Does <invlist> contain code point <cp> as part of the set? */
+
+    IV index = _invlist_search(invlist, cp);
+
+    PERL_ARGS_ASSERT__INVLIST_CONTAINS_CP;
+
+    return index >= 0 && ELEMENT_RANGE_MATCHES_INVLIST(index);
+}
+
+#endif
diff --git a/src/5019001/orig/regcomp.c b/src/5019001/orig/regcomp.c
new file mode 100644 (file)
index 0000000..e660e5e
--- /dev/null
@@ -0,0 +1,15723 @@
+/*    regcomp.c
+ */
+
+/*
+ * 'A fair jaw-cracker dwarf-language must be.'            --Samwise Gamgee
+ *
+ *     [p.285 of _The Lord of the Rings_, II/iii: "The Ring Goes South"]
+ */
+
+/* This file contains functions for compiling a regular expression.  See
+ * also regexec.c which funnily enough, contains functions for executing
+ * a regular expression.
+ *
+ * This file is also copied at build time to ext/re/re_comp.c, where
+ * it's built with -DPERL_EXT_RE_BUILD -DPERL_EXT_RE_DEBUG -DPERL_EXT.
+ * This causes the main functions to be compiled under new names and with
+ * debugging support added, which makes "use re 'debug'" work.
+ */
+
+/* NOTE: this is derived from Henry Spencer's regexp code, and should not
+ * confused with the original package (see point 3 below).  Thanks, Henry!
+ */
+
+/* Additional note: this code is very heavily munged from Henry's version
+ * in places.  In some spots I've traded clarity for efficiency, so don't
+ * blame Henry for some of the lack of readability.
+ */
+
+/* The names of the functions have been changed from regcomp and
+ * regexec to pregcomp and pregexec in order to avoid conflicts
+ * with the POSIX routines of the same names.
+*/
+
+#ifdef PERL_EXT_RE_BUILD
+#include "re_top.h"
+#endif
+
+/*
+ * pregcomp and pregexec -- regsub and regerror are not used in perl
+ *
+ *     Copyright (c) 1986 by University of Toronto.
+ *     Written by Henry Spencer.  Not derived from licensed software.
+ *
+ *     Permission is granted to anyone to use this software for any
+ *     purpose on any computer system, and to redistribute it freely,
+ *     subject to the following restrictions:
+ *
+ *     1. The author is not responsible for the consequences of use of
+ *             this software, no matter how awful, even if they arise
+ *             from defects in it.
+ *
+ *     2. The origin of this software must not be misrepresented, either
+ *             by explicit claim or by omission.
+ *
+ *     3. Altered versions must be plainly marked as such, and must not
+ *             be misrepresented as being the original software.
+ *
+ *
+ ****    Alterations to Henry's code are...
+ ****
+ ****    Copyright (C) 1991, 1992, 1993, 1994, 1995, 1996, 1997, 1998, 1999,
+ ****    2000, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2008
+ ****    by Larry Wall and others
+ ****
+ ****    You may distribute under the terms of either the GNU General Public
+ ****    License or the Artistic License, as specified in the README file.
+
+ *
+ * Beware that some of this code is subtly aware of the way operator
+ * precedence is structured in regular expressions.  Serious changes in
+ * regular-expression syntax might require a total rethink.
+ */
+#include "EXTERN.h"
+#define PERL_IN_REGCOMP_C
+#include "perl.h"
+
+#ifndef PERL_IN_XSUB_RE
+#  include "INTERN.h"
+#endif
+
+#define REG_COMP_C
+#ifdef PERL_IN_XSUB_RE
+#  include "re_comp.h"
+extern const struct regexp_engine my_reg_engine;
+#else
+#  include "regcomp.h"
+#endif
+
+#include "dquote_static.c"
+#include "charclass_invlists.h"
+#include "inline_invlist.c"
+#include "unicode_constants.h"
+
+#define HAS_NONLATIN1_FOLD_CLOSURE(i) _HAS_NONLATIN1_FOLD_CLOSURE_ONLY_FOR_USE_BY_REGCOMP_DOT_C_AND_REGEXEC_DOT_C(i)
+#define IS_NON_FINAL_FOLD(c) _IS_NON_FINAL_FOLD_ONLY_FOR_USE_BY_REGCOMP_DOT_C(c)
+#define IS_IN_SOME_FOLD_L1(c) _IS_IN_SOME_FOLD_ONLY_FOR_USE_BY_REGCOMP_DOT_C(c)
+
+#ifdef op
+#undef op
+#endif /* op */
+
+#ifdef MSDOS
+#  if defined(BUGGY_MSC6)
+ /* MSC 6.00A breaks on op/regexp.t test 85 unless we turn this off */
+#    pragma optimize("a",off)
+ /* But MSC 6.00A is happy with 'w', for aliases only across function calls*/
+#    pragma optimize("w",on )
+#  endif /* BUGGY_MSC6 */
+#endif /* MSDOS */
+
+#ifndef STATIC
+#define        STATIC  static
+#endif
+
+
+typedef struct RExC_state_t {
+    U32                flags;                  /* RXf_* are we folding, multilining? */
+    U32                pm_flags;               /* PMf_* stuff from the calling PMOP */
+    char       *precomp;               /* uncompiled string. */
+    REGEXP     *rx_sv;                 /* The SV that is the regexp. */
+    regexp     *rx;                    /* perl core regexp structure */
+    regexp_internal    *rxi;           /* internal data for regexp object pprivate field */        
+    char       *start;                 /* Start of input for compile */
+    char       *end;                   /* End of input for compile */
+    char       *parse;                 /* Input-scan pointer. */
+    I32                whilem_seen;            /* number of WHILEM in this expr */
+    regnode    *emit_start;            /* Start of emitted-code area */
+    regnode    *emit_bound;            /* First regnode outside of the allocated space */
+    regnode    *emit;                  /* Code-emit pointer; if = &emit_dummy,
+                                           implies compiling, so don't emit */
+    regnode    emit_dummy;             /* placeholder for emit to point to */
+    I32                naughty;                /* How bad is this pattern? */
+    I32                sawback;                /* Did we see \1, ...? */
+    U32                seen;
+    I32                size;                   /* Code size. */
+    I32                npar;                   /* Capture buffer count, (OPEN). */
+    I32                cpar;                   /* Capture buffer count, (CLOSE). */
+    I32                nestroot;               /* root parens we are in - used by accept */
+    I32                extralen;
+    I32                seen_zerolen;
+    regnode    **open_parens;          /* pointers to open parens */
+    regnode    **close_parens;         /* pointers to close parens */
+    regnode    *opend;                 /* END node in program */
+    I32                utf8;           /* whether the pattern is utf8 or not */
+    I32                orig_utf8;      /* whether the pattern was originally in utf8 */
+                               /* XXX use this for future optimisation of case
+                                * where pattern must be upgraded to utf8. */
+    I32                uni_semantics;  /* If a d charset modifier should use unicode
+                                  rules, even if the pattern is not in
+                                  utf8 */
+    HV         *paren_names;           /* Paren names */
+    
+    regnode    **recurse;              /* Recurse regops */
+    I32                recurse_count;          /* Number of recurse regops */
+    I32                in_lookbehind;
+    I32                contains_locale;
+    I32                override_recoding;
+    I32                in_multi_char_class;
+    struct reg_code_block *code_blocks;        /* positions of literal (?{})
+                                           within pattern */
+    int                num_code_blocks;        /* size of code_blocks[] */
+    int                code_index;             /* next code_blocks[] slot */
+#if ADD_TO_REGEXEC
+    char       *starttry;              /* -Dr: where regtry was called. */
+#define RExC_starttry  (pRExC_state->starttry)
+#endif
+    SV         *runtime_code_qr;       /* qr with the runtime code blocks */
+#ifdef DEBUGGING
+    const char  *lastparse;
+    I32         lastnum;
+    AV          *paren_name_list;       /* idx -> name */
+#define RExC_lastparse (pRExC_state->lastparse)
+#define RExC_lastnum   (pRExC_state->lastnum)
+#define RExC_paren_name_list    (pRExC_state->paren_name_list)
+#endif
+} RExC_state_t;
+
+#define RExC_flags     (pRExC_state->flags)
+#define RExC_pm_flags  (pRExC_state->pm_flags)
+#define RExC_precomp   (pRExC_state->precomp)
+#define RExC_rx_sv     (pRExC_state->rx_sv)
+#define RExC_rx                (pRExC_state->rx)
+#define RExC_rxi       (pRExC_state->rxi)
+#define RExC_start     (pRExC_state->start)
+#define RExC_end       (pRExC_state->end)
+#define RExC_parse     (pRExC_state->parse)
+#define RExC_whilem_seen       (pRExC_state->whilem_seen)
+#ifdef RE_TRACK_PATTERN_OFFSETS
+#define RExC_offsets   (pRExC_state->rxi->u.offsets) /* I am not like the others */
+#endif
+#define RExC_emit      (pRExC_state->emit)
+#define RExC_emit_dummy        (pRExC_state->emit_dummy)
+#define RExC_emit_start        (pRExC_state->emit_start)
+#define RExC_emit_bound        (pRExC_state->emit_bound)
+#define RExC_naughty   (pRExC_state->naughty)
+#define RExC_sawback   (pRExC_state->sawback)
+#define RExC_seen      (pRExC_state->seen)
+#define RExC_size      (pRExC_state->size)
+#define RExC_npar      (pRExC_state->npar)
+#define RExC_nestroot   (pRExC_state->nestroot)
+#define RExC_extralen  (pRExC_state->extralen)
+#define RExC_seen_zerolen      (pRExC_state->seen_zerolen)
+#define RExC_utf8      (pRExC_state->utf8)
+#define RExC_uni_semantics     (pRExC_state->uni_semantics)
+#define RExC_orig_utf8 (pRExC_state->orig_utf8)
+#define RExC_open_parens       (pRExC_state->open_parens)
+#define RExC_close_parens      (pRExC_state->close_parens)
+#define RExC_opend     (pRExC_state->opend)
+#define RExC_paren_names       (pRExC_state->paren_names)
+#define RExC_recurse   (pRExC_state->recurse)
+#define RExC_recurse_count     (pRExC_state->recurse_count)
+#define RExC_in_lookbehind     (pRExC_state->in_lookbehind)
+#define RExC_contains_locale   (pRExC_state->contains_locale)
+#define RExC_override_recoding (pRExC_state->override_recoding)
+#define RExC_in_multi_char_class (pRExC_state->in_multi_char_class)
+
+
+#define        ISMULT1(c)      ((c) == '*' || (c) == '+' || (c) == '?')
+#define        ISMULT2(s)      ((*s) == '*' || (*s) == '+' || (*s) == '?' || \
+       ((*s) == '{' && regcurly(s, FALSE)))
+
+#ifdef SPSTART
+#undef SPSTART         /* dratted cpp namespace... */
+#endif
+/*
+ * Flags to be passed up and down.
+ */
+#define        WORST           0       /* Worst case. */
+#define        HASWIDTH        0x01    /* Known to match non-null strings. */
+
+/* Simple enough to be STAR/PLUS operand; in an EXACTish node must be a single
+ * character.  (There needs to be a case: in the switch statement in regexec.c
+ * for any node marked SIMPLE.)  Note that this is not the same thing as
+ * REGNODE_SIMPLE */
+#define        SIMPLE          0x02
+#define        SPSTART         0x04    /* Starts with * or + */
+#define POSTPONED      0x08    /* (?1),(?&name), (??{...}) or similar */
+#define TRYAGAIN       0x10    /* Weeded out a declaration. */
+#define RESTART_UTF8    0x20    /* Restart, need to calcuate sizes as UTF-8 */
+
+#define REG_NODE_NUM(x) ((x) ? (int)((x)-RExC_emit_start) : -1)
+
+/* whether trie related optimizations are enabled */
+#if PERL_ENABLE_EXTENDED_TRIE_OPTIMISATION
+#define TRIE_STUDY_OPT
+#define FULL_TRIE_STUDY
+#define TRIE_STCLASS
+#endif
+
+
+
+#define PBYTE(u8str,paren) ((U8*)(u8str))[(paren) >> 3]
+#define PBITVAL(paren) (1 << ((paren) & 7))
+#define PAREN_TEST(u8str,paren) ( PBYTE(u8str,paren) & PBITVAL(paren))
+#define PAREN_SET(u8str,paren) PBYTE(u8str,paren) |= PBITVAL(paren)
+#define PAREN_UNSET(u8str,paren) PBYTE(u8str,paren) &= (~PBITVAL(paren))
+
+#define REQUIRE_UTF8   STMT_START {                                       \
+                                     if (!UTF) {                           \
+                                         *flagp = RESTART_UTF8;            \
+                                         return NULL;                      \
+                                     }                                     \
+                        } STMT_END
+
+/* This converts the named class defined in regcomp.h to its equivalent class
+ * number defined in handy.h. */
+#define namedclass_to_classnum(class)  ((int) ((class) / 2))
+#define classnum_to_namedclass(classnum)  ((classnum) * 2)
+
+/* About scan_data_t.
+
+  During optimisation we recurse through the regexp program performing
+  various inplace (keyhole style) optimisations. In addition study_chunk
+  and scan_commit populate this data structure with information about
+  what strings MUST appear in the pattern. We look for the longest 
+  string that must appear at a fixed location, and we look for the
+  longest string that may appear at a floating location. So for instance
+  in the pattern:
+  
+    /FOO[xX]A.*B[xX]BAR/
+    
+  Both 'FOO' and 'A' are fixed strings. Both 'B' and 'BAR' are floating
+  strings (because they follow a .* construct). study_chunk will identify
+  both FOO and BAR as being the longest fixed and floating strings respectively.
+  
+  The strings can be composites, for instance
+  
+     /(f)(o)(o)/
+     
+  will result in a composite fixed substring 'foo'.
+  
+  For each string some basic information is maintained:
+  
+  - offset or min_offset
+    This is the position the string must appear at, or not before.
+    It also implicitly (when combined with minlenp) tells us how many
+    characters must match before the string we are searching for.
+    Likewise when combined with minlenp and the length of the string it
+    tells us how many characters must appear after the string we have 
+    found.
+  
+  - max_offset
+    Only used for floating strings. This is the rightmost point that
+    the string can appear at. If set to I32 max it indicates that the
+    string can occur infinitely far to the right.
+  
+  - minlenp
+    A pointer to the minimum number of characters of the pattern that the
+    string was found inside. This is important as in the case of positive
+    lookahead or positive lookbehind we can have multiple patterns 
+    involved. Consider
+    
+    /(?=FOO).*F/
+    
+    The minimum length of the pattern overall is 3, the minimum length
+    of the lookahead part is 3, but the minimum length of the part that
+    will actually match is 1. So 'FOO's minimum length is 3, but the 
+    minimum length for the F is 1. This is important as the minimum length
+    is used to determine offsets in front of and behind the string being 
+    looked for.  Since strings can be composites this is the length of the
+    pattern at the time it was committed with a scan_commit. Note that
+    the length is calculated by study_chunk, so that the minimum lengths
+    are not known until the full pattern has been compiled, thus the 
+    pointer to the value.
+  
+  - lookbehind
+  
+    In the case of lookbehind the string being searched for can be
+    offset past the start point of the final matching string. 
+    If this value was just blithely removed from the min_offset it would
+    invalidate some of the calculations for how many chars must match
+    before or after (as they are derived from min_offset and minlen and
+    the length of the string being searched for). 
+    When the final pattern is compiled and the data is moved from the
+    scan_data_t structure into the regexp structure the information
+    about lookbehind is factored in, with the information that would 
+    have been lost precalculated in the end_shift field for the 
+    associated string.
+
+  The fields pos_min and pos_delta are used to store the minimum offset
+  and the delta to the maximum offset at the current point in the pattern.    
+
+*/
+
+typedef struct scan_data_t {
+    /*I32 len_min;      unused */
+    /*I32 len_delta;    unused */
+    I32 pos_min;
+    I32 pos_delta;
+    SV *last_found;
+    I32 last_end;          /* min value, <0 unless valid. */
+    I32 last_start_min;
+    I32 last_start_max;
+    SV **longest;          /* Either &l_fixed, or &l_float. */
+    SV *longest_fixed;      /* longest fixed string found in pattern */
+    I32 offset_fixed;       /* offset where it starts */
+    I32 *minlen_fixed;      /* pointer to the minlen relevant to the string */
+    I32 lookbehind_fixed;   /* is the position of the string modfied by LB */
+    SV *longest_float;      /* longest floating string found in pattern */
+    I32 offset_float_min;   /* earliest point in string it can appear */
+    I32 offset_float_max;   /* latest point in string it can appear */
+    I32 *minlen_float;      /* pointer to the minlen relevant to the string */
+    I32 lookbehind_float;   /* is the position of the string modified by LB */
+    I32 flags;
+    I32 whilem_c;
+    I32 *last_closep;
+    struct regnode_charclass_class *start_class;
+} scan_data_t;
+
+/*
+ * Forward declarations for pregcomp()'s friends.
+ */
+
+static const scan_data_t zero_scan_data =
+  { 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 ,0};
+
+#define SF_BEFORE_EOL          (SF_BEFORE_SEOL|SF_BEFORE_MEOL)
+#define SF_BEFORE_SEOL         0x0001
+#define SF_BEFORE_MEOL         0x0002
+#define SF_FIX_BEFORE_EOL      (SF_FIX_BEFORE_SEOL|SF_FIX_BEFORE_MEOL)
+#define SF_FL_BEFORE_EOL       (SF_FL_BEFORE_SEOL|SF_FL_BEFORE_MEOL)
+
+#ifdef NO_UNARY_PLUS
+#  define SF_FIX_SHIFT_EOL     (0+2)
+#  define SF_FL_SHIFT_EOL              (0+4)
+#else
+#  define SF_FIX_SHIFT_EOL     (+2)
+#  define SF_FL_SHIFT_EOL              (+4)
+#endif
+
+#define SF_FIX_BEFORE_SEOL     (SF_BEFORE_SEOL << SF_FIX_SHIFT_EOL)
+#define SF_FIX_BEFORE_MEOL     (SF_BEFORE_MEOL << SF_FIX_SHIFT_EOL)
+
+#define SF_FL_BEFORE_SEOL      (SF_BEFORE_SEOL << SF_FL_SHIFT_EOL)
+#define SF_FL_BEFORE_MEOL      (SF_BEFORE_MEOL << SF_FL_SHIFT_EOL) /* 0x20 */
+#define SF_IS_INF              0x0040
+#define SF_HAS_PAR             0x0080
+#define SF_IN_PAR              0x0100
+#define SF_HAS_EVAL            0x0200
+#define SCF_DO_SUBSTR          0x0400
+#define SCF_DO_STCLASS_AND     0x0800
+#define SCF_DO_STCLASS_OR      0x1000
+#define SCF_DO_STCLASS         (SCF_DO_STCLASS_AND|SCF_DO_STCLASS_OR)
+#define SCF_WHILEM_VISITED_POS 0x2000
+
+#define SCF_TRIE_RESTUDY        0x4000 /* Do restudy? */
+#define SCF_SEEN_ACCEPT         0x8000 
+#define SCF_TRIE_DOING_RESTUDY 0x10000
+
+#define UTF cBOOL(RExC_utf8)
+
+/* The enums for all these are ordered so things work out correctly */
+#define LOC (get_regex_charset(RExC_flags) == REGEX_LOCALE_CHARSET)
+#define DEPENDS_SEMANTICS (get_regex_charset(RExC_flags) == REGEX_DEPENDS_CHARSET)
+#define UNI_SEMANTICS (get_regex_charset(RExC_flags) == REGEX_UNICODE_CHARSET)
+#define AT_LEAST_UNI_SEMANTICS (get_regex_charset(RExC_flags) >= REGEX_UNICODE_CHARSET)
+#define ASCII_RESTRICTED (get_regex_charset(RExC_flags) == REGEX_ASCII_RESTRICTED_CHARSET)
+#define AT_LEAST_ASCII_RESTRICTED (get_regex_charset(RExC_flags) >= REGEX_ASCII_RESTRICTED_CHARSET)
+#define ASCII_FOLD_RESTRICTED (get_regex_charset(RExC_flags) == REGEX_ASCII_MORE_RESTRICTED_CHARSET)
+
+#define FOLD cBOOL(RExC_flags & RXf_PMf_FOLD)
+
+#define OOB_NAMEDCLASS         -1
+
+/* There is no code point that is out-of-bounds, so this is problematic.  But
+ * its only current use is to initialize a variable that is always set before
+ * looked at. */
+#define OOB_UNICODE            0xDEADBEEF
+
+#define CHR_SVLEN(sv) (UTF ? sv_len_utf8(sv) : SvCUR(sv))
+#define CHR_DIST(a,b) (UTF ? utf8_distance(a,b) : a - b)
+
+
+/* length of regex to show in messages that don't mark a position within */
+#define RegexLengthToShowInErrorMessages 127
+
+/*
+ * If MARKER[12] are adjusted, be sure to adjust the constants at the top
+ * of t/op/regmesg.t, the tests in t/op/re_tests, and those in
+ * op/pragma/warn/regcomp.
+ */
+#define MARKER1 "<-- HERE"    /* marker as it appears in the description */
+#define MARKER2 " <-- HERE "  /* marker as it appears within the regex */
+
+#define REPORT_LOCATION " in regex; marked by " MARKER1 " in m/%.*s" MARKER2 "%s/"
+
+/*
+ * Calls SAVEDESTRUCTOR_X if needed, then calls Perl_croak with the given
+ * arg. Show regex, up to a maximum length. If it's too long, chop and add
+ * "...".
+ */
+#define _FAIL(code) STMT_START {                                       \
+    const char *ellipses = "";                                         \
+    IV len = RExC_end - RExC_precomp;                                  \
+                                                                       \
+    if (!SIZE_ONLY)                                                    \
+       SAVEFREESV(RExC_rx_sv);                                         \
+    if (len > RegexLengthToShowInErrorMessages) {                      \
+       /* chop 10 shorter than the max, to ensure meaning of "..." */  \
+       len = RegexLengthToShowInErrorMessages - 10;                    \
+       ellipses = "...";                                               \
+    }                                                                  \
+    code;                                                               \
+} STMT_END
+
+#define        FAIL(msg) _FAIL(                            \
+    Perl_croak(aTHX_ "%s in regex m/%.*s%s/",      \
+           msg, (int)len, RExC_precomp, ellipses))
+
+#define        FAIL2(msg,arg) _FAIL(                       \
+    Perl_croak(aTHX_ msg " in regex m/%.*s%s/",            \
+           arg, (int)len, RExC_precomp, ellipses))
+
+/*
+ * Simple_vFAIL -- like FAIL, but marks the current location in the scan
+ */
+#define        Simple_vFAIL(m) STMT_START {                                    \
+    const IV offset = RExC_parse - RExC_precomp;                       \
+    Perl_croak(aTHX_ "%s" REPORT_LOCATION,                             \
+           m, (int)offset, RExC_precomp, RExC_precomp + offset);       \
+} STMT_END
+
+/*
+ * Calls SAVEDESTRUCTOR_X if needed, then Simple_vFAIL()
+ */
+#define        vFAIL(m) STMT_START {                           \
+    if (!SIZE_ONLY)                                    \
+       SAVEFREESV(RExC_rx_sv);                         \
+    Simple_vFAIL(m);                                   \
+} STMT_END
+
+/*
+ * Like Simple_vFAIL(), but accepts two arguments.
+ */
+#define        Simple_vFAIL2(m,a1) STMT_START {                        \
+    const IV offset = RExC_parse - RExC_precomp;                       \
+    S_re_croak2(aTHX_ m, REPORT_LOCATION, a1,                  \
+           (int)offset, RExC_precomp, RExC_precomp + offset);  \
+} STMT_END
+
+/*
+ * Calls SAVEDESTRUCTOR_X if needed, then Simple_vFAIL2().
+ */
+#define        vFAIL2(m,a1) STMT_START {                       \
+    if (!SIZE_ONLY)                                    \
+       SAVEFREESV(RExC_rx_sv);                         \
+    Simple_vFAIL2(m, a1);                              \
+} STMT_END
+
+
+/*
+ * Like Simple_vFAIL(), but accepts three arguments.
+ */
+#define        Simple_vFAIL3(m, a1, a2) STMT_START {                   \
+    const IV offset = RExC_parse - RExC_precomp;               \
+    S_re_croak2(aTHX_ m, REPORT_LOCATION, a1, a2,              \
+           (int)offset, RExC_precomp, RExC_precomp + offset);  \
+} STMT_END
+
+/*
+ * Calls SAVEDESTRUCTOR_X if needed, then Simple_vFAIL3().
+ */
+#define        vFAIL3(m,a1,a2) STMT_START {                    \
+    if (!SIZE_ONLY)                                    \
+       SAVEFREESV(RExC_rx_sv);                         \
+    Simple_vFAIL3(m, a1, a2);                          \
+} STMT_END
+
+/*
+ * Like Simple_vFAIL(), but accepts four arguments.
+ */
+#define        Simple_vFAIL4(m, a1, a2, a3) STMT_START {               \
+    const IV offset = RExC_parse - RExC_precomp;               \
+    S_re_croak2(aTHX_ m, REPORT_LOCATION, a1, a2, a3,          \
+           (int)offset, RExC_precomp, RExC_precomp + offset);  \
+} STMT_END
+
+#define        vFAIL4(m,a1,a2,a3) STMT_START {                 \
+    if (!SIZE_ONLY)                                    \
+       SAVEFREESV(RExC_rx_sv);                         \
+    Simple_vFAIL4(m, a1, a2, a3);                      \
+} STMT_END
+
+/* m is not necessarily a "literal string", in this macro */
+#define reg_warn_non_literal_string(loc, m) STMT_START {                \
+    const IV offset = loc - RExC_precomp;                               \
+    Perl_warner(aTHX_ packWARN(WARN_REGEXP), "%s" REPORT_LOCATION,      \
+            m, (int)offset, RExC_precomp, RExC_precomp + offset);       \
+} STMT_END
+
+#define        ckWARNreg(loc,m) STMT_START {                                   \
+    const IV offset = loc - RExC_precomp;                              \
+    Perl_ck_warner(aTHX_ packWARN(WARN_REGEXP), m REPORT_LOCATION,     \
+           (int)offset, RExC_precomp, RExC_precomp + offset);          \
+} STMT_END
+
+#define        vWARN_dep(loc, m) STMT_START {                                  \
+    const IV offset = loc - RExC_precomp;                              \
+    Perl_warner(aTHX_ packWARN(WARN_DEPRECATED), m REPORT_LOCATION,    \
+           (int)offset, RExC_precomp, RExC_precomp + offset);          \
+} STMT_END
+
+#define        ckWARNdep(loc,m) STMT_START {                                   \
+    const IV offset = loc - RExC_precomp;                              \
+    Perl_ck_warner_d(aTHX_ packWARN(WARN_DEPRECATED),                  \
+           m REPORT_LOCATION,                                          \
+           (int)offset, RExC_precomp, RExC_precomp + offset);          \
+} STMT_END
+
+#define        ckWARNregdep(loc,m) STMT_START {                                \
+    const IV offset = loc - RExC_precomp;                              \
+    Perl_ck_warner_d(aTHX_ packWARN2(WARN_DEPRECATED, WARN_REGEXP),    \
+           m REPORT_LOCATION,                                          \
+           (int)offset, RExC_precomp, RExC_precomp + offset);          \
+} STMT_END
+
+#define        ckWARN2regdep(loc,m, a1) STMT_START {                           \
+    const IV offset = loc - RExC_precomp;                              \
+    Perl_ck_warner_d(aTHX_ packWARN2(WARN_DEPRECATED, WARN_REGEXP),    \
+           m REPORT_LOCATION,                                          \
+           a1, (int)offset, RExC_precomp, RExC_precomp + offset);      \
+} STMT_END
+
+#define        ckWARN2reg(loc, m, a1) STMT_START {                             \
+    const IV offset = loc - RExC_precomp;                              \
+    Perl_ck_warner(aTHX_ packWARN(WARN_REGEXP), m REPORT_LOCATION,     \
+           a1, (int)offset, RExC_precomp, RExC_precomp + offset);      \
+} STMT_END
+
+#define        vWARN3(loc, m, a1, a2) STMT_START {                             \
+    const IV offset = loc - RExC_precomp;                              \
+    Perl_warner(aTHX_ packWARN(WARN_REGEXP), m REPORT_LOCATION,                \
+           a1, a2, (int)offset, RExC_precomp, RExC_precomp + offset);  \
+} STMT_END
+
+#define        ckWARN3reg(loc, m, a1, a2) STMT_START {                         \
+    const IV offset = loc - RExC_precomp;                              \
+    Perl_ck_warner(aTHX_ packWARN(WARN_REGEXP), m REPORT_LOCATION,     \
+           a1, a2, (int)offset, RExC_precomp, RExC_precomp + offset);  \
+} STMT_END
+
+#define        vWARN4(loc, m, a1, a2, a3) STMT_START {                         \
+    const IV offset = loc - RExC_precomp;                              \
+    Perl_warner(aTHX_ packWARN(WARN_REGEXP), m REPORT_LOCATION,                \
+           a1, a2, a3, (int)offset, RExC_precomp, RExC_precomp + offset); \
+} STMT_END
+
+#define        ckWARN4reg(loc, m, a1, a2, a3) STMT_START {                     \
+    const IV offset = loc - RExC_precomp;                              \
+    Perl_ck_warner(aTHX_ packWARN(WARN_REGEXP), m REPORT_LOCATION,     \
+           a1, a2, a3, (int)offset, RExC_precomp, RExC_precomp + offset); \
+} STMT_END
+
+#define        vWARN5(loc, m, a1, a2, a3, a4) STMT_START {                     \
+    const IV offset = loc - RExC_precomp;                              \
+    Perl_warner(aTHX_ packWARN(WARN_REGEXP), m REPORT_LOCATION,                \
+           a1, a2, a3, a4, (int)offset, RExC_precomp, RExC_precomp + offset); \
+} STMT_END
+
+
+/* Allow for side effects in s */
+#define REGC(c,s) STMT_START {                 \
+    if (!SIZE_ONLY) *(s) = (c); else (void)(s);        \
+} STMT_END
+
+/* Macros for recording node offsets.   20001227 mjd@plover.com 
+ * Nodes are numbered 1, 2, 3, 4.  Node #n's position is recorded in
+ * element 2*n-1 of the array.  Element #2n holds the byte length node #n.
+ * Element 0 holds the number n.
+ * Position is 1 indexed.
+ */
+#ifndef RE_TRACK_PATTERN_OFFSETS
+#define Set_Node_Offset_To_R(node,byte)
+#define Set_Node_Offset(node,byte)
+#define Set_Cur_Node_Offset
+#define Set_Node_Length_To_R(node,len)
+#define Set_Node_Length(node,len)
+#define Set_Node_Cur_Length(node,start)
+#define Node_Offset(n) 
+#define Node_Length(n) 
+#define Set_Node_Offset_Length(node,offset,len)
+#define ProgLen(ri) ri->u.proglen
+#define SetProgLen(ri,x) ri->u.proglen = x
+#else
+#define ProgLen(ri) ri->u.offsets[0]
+#define SetProgLen(ri,x) ri->u.offsets[0] = x
+#define Set_Node_Offset_To_R(node,byte) STMT_START {                   \
+    if (! SIZE_ONLY) {                                                 \
+       MJD_OFFSET_DEBUG(("** (%d) offset of node %d is %d.\n",         \
+                   __LINE__, (int)(node), (int)(byte)));               \
+       if((node) < 0) {                                                \
+           Perl_croak(aTHX_ "value of node is %d in Offset macro", (int)(node)); \
+       } else {                                                        \
+           RExC_offsets[2*(node)-1] = (byte);                          \
+       }                                                               \
+    }                                                                  \
+} STMT_END
+
+#define Set_Node_Offset(node,byte) \
+    Set_Node_Offset_To_R((node)-RExC_emit_start, (byte)-RExC_start)
+#define Set_Cur_Node_Offset Set_Node_Offset(RExC_emit, RExC_parse)
+
+#define Set_Node_Length_To_R(node,len) STMT_START {                    \
+    if (! SIZE_ONLY) {                                                 \
+       MJD_OFFSET_DEBUG(("** (%d) size of node %d is %d.\n",           \
+               __LINE__, (int)(node), (int)(len)));                    \
+       if((node) < 0) {                                                \
+           Perl_croak(aTHX_ "value of node is %d in Length macro", (int)(node)); \
+       } else {                                                        \
+           RExC_offsets[2*(node)] = (len);                             \
+       }                                                               \
+    }                                                                  \
+} STMT_END
+
+#define Set_Node_Length(node,len) \
+    Set_Node_Length_To_R((node)-RExC_emit_start, len)
+#define Set_Node_Cur_Length(node, start)                \
+    Set_Node_Length(node, RExC_parse - start)
+
+/* Get offsets and lengths */
+#define Node_Offset(n) (RExC_offsets[2*((n)-RExC_emit_start)-1])
+#define Node_Length(n) (RExC_offsets[2*((n)-RExC_emit_start)])
+
+#define Set_Node_Offset_Length(node,offset,len) STMT_START {   \
+    Set_Node_Offset_To_R((node)-RExC_emit_start, (offset));    \
+    Set_Node_Length_To_R((node)-RExC_emit_start, (len));       \
+} STMT_END
+#endif
+
+#if PERL_ENABLE_EXPERIMENTAL_REGEX_OPTIMISATIONS
+#define EXPERIMENTAL_INPLACESCAN
+#endif /*PERL_ENABLE_EXPERIMENTAL_REGEX_OPTIMISATIONS*/
+
+#define DEBUG_STUDYDATA(str,data,depth)                              \
+DEBUG_OPTIMISE_MORE_r(if(data){                                      \
+    PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log,                                    \
+        "%*s" str "Pos:%"IVdf"/%"IVdf                                \
+        " Flags: 0x%"UVXf" Whilem_c: %"IVdf" Lcp: %"IVdf" %s",       \
+        (int)(depth)*2, "",                                          \
+        (IV)((data)->pos_min),                                       \
+        (IV)((data)->pos_delta),                                     \
+        (UV)((data)->flags),                                         \
+        (IV)((data)->whilem_c),                                      \
+        (IV)((data)->last_closep ? *((data)->last_closep) : -1),     \
+        is_inf ? "INF " : ""                                         \
+    );                                                               \
+    if ((data)->last_found)                                          \
+        PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log,                                \
+            "Last:'%s' %"IVdf":%"IVdf"/%"IVdf" %sFixed:'%s' @ %"IVdf \
+            " %sFloat: '%s' @ %"IVdf"/%"IVdf"",                      \
+            SvPVX_const((data)->last_found),                         \
+            (IV)((data)->last_end),                                  \
+            (IV)((data)->last_start_min),                            \
+            (IV)((data)->last_start_max),                            \
+            ((data)->longest &&                                      \
+             (data)->longest==&((data)->longest_fixed)) ? "*" : "",  \
+            SvPVX_const((data)->longest_fixed),                      \
+            (IV)((data)->offset_fixed),                              \
+            ((data)->longest &&                                      \
+             (data)->longest==&((data)->longest_float)) ? "*" : "",  \
+            SvPVX_const((data)->longest_float),                      \
+            (IV)((data)->offset_float_min),                          \
+            (IV)((data)->offset_float_max)                           \
+        );                                                           \
+    PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log,"\n");                              \
+});
+
+/* Mark that we cannot extend a found fixed substring at this point.
+   Update the longest found anchored substring and the longest found
+   floating substrings if needed. */
+
+STATIC void
+S_scan_commit(pTHX_ const RExC_state_t *pRExC_state, scan_data_t *data, I32 *minlenp, int is_inf)
+{
+    const STRLEN l = CHR_SVLEN(data->last_found);
+    const STRLEN old_l = CHR_SVLEN(*data->longest);
+    GET_RE_DEBUG_FLAGS_DECL;
+
+    PERL_ARGS_ASSERT_SCAN_COMMIT;
+
+    if ((l >= old_l) && ((l > old_l) || (data->flags & SF_BEFORE_EOL))) {
+       SvSetMagicSV(*data->longest, data->last_found);
+       if (*data->longest == data->longest_fixed) {
+           data->offset_fixed = l ? data->last_start_min : data->pos_min;
+           if (data->flags & SF_BEFORE_EOL)
+               data->flags
+                   |= ((data->flags & SF_BEFORE_EOL) << SF_FIX_SHIFT_EOL);
+           else
+               data->flags &= ~SF_FIX_BEFORE_EOL;
+           data->minlen_fixed=minlenp;
+           data->lookbehind_fixed=0;
+       }
+       else { /* *data->longest == data->longest_float */
+           data->offset_float_min = l ? data->last_start_min : data->pos_min;
+           data->offset_float_max = (l
+                                     ? data->last_start_max
+                                     : (data->pos_delta == I32_MAX ? I32_MAX : data->pos_min + data->pos_delta));
+           if (is_inf || (U32)data->offset_float_max > (U32)I32_MAX)
+               data->offset_float_max = I32_MAX;
+           if (data->flags & SF_BEFORE_EOL)
+               data->flags
+                   |= ((data->flags & SF_BEFORE_EOL) << SF_FL_SHIFT_EOL);
+           else
+               data->flags &= ~SF_FL_BEFORE_EOL;
+            data->minlen_float=minlenp;
+            data->lookbehind_float=0;
+       }
+    }
+    SvCUR_set(data->last_found, 0);
+    {
+       SV * const sv = data->last_found;
+       if (SvUTF8(sv) && SvMAGICAL(sv)) {
+           MAGIC * const mg = mg_find(sv, PERL_MAGIC_utf8);
+           if (mg)
+               mg->mg_len = 0;
+       }
+    }
+    data->last_end = -1;
+    data->flags &= ~SF_BEFORE_EOL;
+    DEBUG_STUDYDATA("commit: ",data,0);
+}
+
+/* These macros set, clear and test whether the synthetic start class ('ssc',
+ * given by the parameter) matches an empty string (EOS).  This uses the
+ * 'next_off' field in the node, to save a bit in the flags field.  The ssc
+ * stands alone, so there is never a next_off, so this field is otherwise
+ * unused.  The EOS information is used only for compilation, but theoretically
+ * it could be passed on to the execution code.  This could be used to store
+ * more than one bit of information, but only this one is currently used. */
+#define SET_SSC_EOS(node)   STMT_START { (node)->next_off = TRUE; } STMT_END
+#define CLEAR_SSC_EOS(node) STMT_START { (node)->next_off = FALSE; } STMT_END
+#define TEST_SSC_EOS(node)  cBOOL((node)->next_off)
+
+/* Can match anything (initialization) */
+STATIC void
+S_cl_anything(const RExC_state_t *pRExC_state, struct regnode_charclass_class *cl)
+{
+    PERL_ARGS_ASSERT_CL_ANYTHING;
+
+    ANYOF_BITMAP_SETALL(cl);
+    cl->flags = ANYOF_UNICODE_ALL;
+    SET_SSC_EOS(cl);
+
+    /* If any portion of the regex is to operate under locale rules,
+     * initialization includes it.  The reason this isn't done for all regexes
+     * is that the optimizer was written under the assumption that locale was
+     * all-or-nothing.  Given the complexity and lack of documentation in the
+     * optimizer, and that there are inadequate test cases for locale, so many
+     * parts of it may not work properly, it is safest to avoid locale unless
+     * necessary. */
+    if (RExC_contains_locale) {
+       ANYOF_CLASS_SETALL(cl);     /* /l uses class */
+       cl->flags |= ANYOF_LOCALE|ANYOF_CLASS|ANYOF_LOC_FOLD;
+    }
+    else {
+       ANYOF_CLASS_ZERO(cl);       /* Only /l uses class now */
+    }
+}
+
+/* Can match anything (initialization) */
+STATIC int
+S_cl_is_anything(const struct regnode_charclass_class *cl)
+{
+    int value;
+
+    PERL_ARGS_ASSERT_CL_IS_ANYTHING;
+
+    for (value = 0; value < ANYOF_MAX; value += 2)
+       if (ANYOF_CLASS_TEST(cl, value) && ANYOF_CLASS_TEST(cl, value + 1))
+           return 1;
+    if (!(cl->flags & ANYOF_UNICODE_ALL))
+       return 0;
+    if (!ANYOF_BITMAP_TESTALLSET((const void*)cl))
+       return 0;
+    return 1;
+}
+
+/* Can match anything (initialization) */
+STATIC void
+S_cl_init(const RExC_state_t *pRExC_state, struct regnode_charclass_class *cl)
+{
+    PERL_ARGS_ASSERT_CL_INIT;
+
+    Zero(cl, 1, struct regnode_charclass_class);
+    cl->type = ANYOF;
+    cl_anything(pRExC_state, cl);
+    ARG_SET(cl, ANYOF_NONBITMAP_EMPTY);
+}
+
+/* These two functions currently do the exact same thing */
+#define cl_init_zero           S_cl_init
+
+/* 'AND' a given class with another one.  Can create false positives.  'cl'
+ * should not be inverted.  'and_with->flags & ANYOF_CLASS' should be 0 if
+ * 'and_with' is a regnode_charclass instead of a regnode_charclass_class. */
+STATIC void
+S_cl_and(struct regnode_charclass_class *cl,
+       const struct regnode_charclass_class *and_with)
+{
+    PERL_ARGS_ASSERT_CL_AND;
+
+    assert(PL_regkind[and_with->type] == ANYOF);
+
+    /* I (khw) am not sure all these restrictions are necessary XXX */
+    if (!(ANYOF_CLASS_TEST_ANY_SET(and_with))
+       && !(ANYOF_CLASS_TEST_ANY_SET(cl))
+       && (and_with->flags & ANYOF_LOCALE) == (cl->flags & ANYOF_LOCALE)
+       && !(and_with->flags & ANYOF_LOC_FOLD)
+       && !(cl->flags & ANYOF_LOC_FOLD)) {
+       int i;
+
+       if (and_with->flags & ANYOF_INVERT)
+           for (i = 0; i < ANYOF_BITMAP_SIZE; i++)
+               cl->bitmap[i] &= ~and_with->bitmap[i];
+       else
+           for (i = 0; i < ANYOF_BITMAP_SIZE; i++)
+               cl->bitmap[i] &= and_with->bitmap[i];
+    } /* XXXX: logic is complicated otherwise, leave it along for a moment. */
+
+    if (and_with->flags & ANYOF_INVERT) {
+
+        /* Here, the and'ed node is inverted.  Get the AND of the flags that
+         * aren't affected by the inversion.  Those that are affected are
+         * handled individually below */
+       U8 affected_flags = cl->flags & ~INVERSION_UNAFFECTED_FLAGS;
+       cl->flags &= (and_with->flags & INVERSION_UNAFFECTED_FLAGS);
+       cl->flags |= affected_flags;
+
+        /* We currently don't know how to deal with things that aren't in the
+         * bitmap, but we know that the intersection is no greater than what
+         * is already in cl, so let there be false positives that get sorted
+         * out after the synthetic start class succeeds, and the node is
+         * matched for real. */
+
+        /* The inversion of these two flags indicate that the resulting
+         * intersection doesn't have them */
+       if (and_with->flags & ANYOF_UNICODE_ALL) {
+           cl->flags &= ~ANYOF_UNICODE_ALL;
+       }
+       if (and_with->flags & ANYOF_NON_UTF8_LATIN1_ALL) {
+           cl->flags &= ~ANYOF_NON_UTF8_LATIN1_ALL;
+       }
+    }
+    else {   /* and'd node is not inverted */
+       U8 outside_bitmap_but_not_utf8; /* Temp variable */
+
+       if (! ANYOF_NONBITMAP(and_with)) {
+
+            /* Here 'and_with' doesn't match anything outside the bitmap
+             * (except possibly ANYOF_UNICODE_ALL), which means the
+             * intersection can't either, except for ANYOF_UNICODE_ALL, in
+             * which case we don't know what the intersection is, but it's no
+             * greater than what cl already has, so can just leave it alone,
+             * with possible false positives */
+            if (! (and_with->flags & ANYOF_UNICODE_ALL)) {
+                ARG_SET(cl, ANYOF_NONBITMAP_EMPTY);
+               cl->flags &= ~ANYOF_NONBITMAP_NON_UTF8;
+            }
+       }
+       else if (! ANYOF_NONBITMAP(cl)) {
+
+           /* Here, 'and_with' does match something outside the bitmap, and cl
+            * doesn't have a list of things to match outside the bitmap.  If
+             * cl can match all code points above 255, the intersection will
+             * be those above-255 code points that 'and_with' matches.  If cl
+             * can't match all Unicode code points, it means that it can't
+             * match anything outside the bitmap (since the 'if' that got us
+             * into this block tested for that), so we leave the bitmap empty.
+             */
+           if (cl->flags & ANYOF_UNICODE_ALL) {
+               ARG_SET(cl, ARG(and_with));
+
+                /* and_with's ARG may match things that don't require UTF8.
+                 * And now cl's will too, in spite of this being an 'and'.  See
+                 * the comments below about the kludge */
+               cl->flags |= and_with->flags & ANYOF_NONBITMAP_NON_UTF8;
+           }
+       }
+       else {
+            /* Here, both 'and_with' and cl match something outside the
+             * bitmap.  Currently we do not do the intersection, so just match
+             * whatever cl had at the beginning.  */
+       }
+
+
+        /* Take the intersection of the two sets of flags.  However, the
+         * ANYOF_NONBITMAP_NON_UTF8 flag is treated as an 'or'.  This is a
+         * kludge around the fact that this flag is not treated like the others
+         * which are initialized in cl_anything().  The way the optimizer works
+         * is that the synthetic start class (SSC) is initialized to match
+         * anything, and then the first time a real node is encountered, its
+         * values are AND'd with the SSC's with the result being the values of
+         * the real node.  However, there are paths through the optimizer where
+         * the AND never gets called, so those initialized bits are set
+         * inappropriately, which is not usually a big deal, as they just cause
+         * false positives in the SSC, which will just mean a probably
+         * imperceptible slow down in execution.  However this bit has a
+         * higher false positive consequence in that it can cause utf8.pm,
+         * utf8_heavy.pl ... to be loaded when not necessary, which is a much
+         * bigger slowdown and also causes significant extra memory to be used.
+         * In order to prevent this, the code now takes a different tack.  The
+         * bit isn't set unless some part of the regular expression needs it,
+         * but once set it won't get cleared.  This means that these extra
+         * modules won't get loaded unless there was some path through the
+         * pattern that would have required them anyway, and  so any false
+         * positives that occur by not ANDing them out when they could be
+         * aren't as severe as they would be if we treated this bit like all
+         * the others */
+        outside_bitmap_but_not_utf8 = (cl->flags | and_with->flags)
+                                      & ANYOF_NONBITMAP_NON_UTF8;
+       cl->flags &= and_with->flags;
+       cl->flags |= outside_bitmap_but_not_utf8;
+    }
+}
+
+/* 'OR' a given class with another one.  Can create false positives.  'cl'
+ * should not be inverted.  'or_with->flags & ANYOF_CLASS' should be 0 if
+ * 'or_with' is a regnode_charclass instead of a regnode_charclass_class. */
+STATIC void
+S_cl_or(const RExC_state_t *pRExC_state, struct regnode_charclass_class *cl, const struct regnode_charclass_class *or_with)
+{
+    PERL_ARGS_ASSERT_CL_OR;
+
+    if (or_with->flags & ANYOF_INVERT) {
+
+        /* Here, the or'd node is to be inverted.  This means we take the
+         * complement of everything not in the bitmap, but currently we don't
+         * know what that is, so give up and match anything */
+       if (ANYOF_NONBITMAP(or_with)) {
+           cl_anything(pRExC_state, cl);
+       }
+       /* We do not use
+        * (B1 | CL1) | (!B2 & !CL2) = (B1 | !B2 & !CL2) | (CL1 | (!B2 & !CL2))
+        *   <= (B1 | !B2) | (CL1 | !CL2)
+        * which is wasteful if CL2 is small, but we ignore CL2:
+        *   (B1 | CL1) | (!B2 & !CL2) <= (B1 | CL1) | !B2 = (B1 | !B2) | CL1
+        * XXXX Can we handle case-fold?  Unclear:
+        *   (OK1(i) | OK1(i')) | !(OK1(i) | OK1(i')) =
+        *   (OK1(i) | OK1(i')) | (!OK1(i) & !OK1(i'))
+        */
+       else if ( (or_with->flags & ANYOF_LOCALE) == (cl->flags & ANYOF_LOCALE)
+            && !(or_with->flags & ANYOF_LOC_FOLD)
+            && !(cl->flags & ANYOF_LOC_FOLD) ) {
+           int i;
+
+           for (i = 0; i < ANYOF_BITMAP_SIZE; i++)
+               cl->bitmap[i] |= ~or_with->bitmap[i];
+       } /* XXXX: logic is complicated otherwise */
+       else {
+           cl_anything(pRExC_state, cl);
+       }
+
+        /* And, we can just take the union of the flags that aren't affected
+         * by the inversion */
+       cl->flags |= or_with->flags & INVERSION_UNAFFECTED_FLAGS;
+
+        /* For the remaining flags:
+            ANYOF_UNICODE_ALL and inverted means to not match anything above
+                    255, which means that the union with cl should just be
+                    what cl has in it, so can ignore this flag
+            ANYOF_NON_UTF8_LATIN1_ALL and inverted means if not utf8 and ord
+                    is 127-255 to match them, but then invert that, so the
+                    union with cl should just be what cl has in it, so can
+                    ignore this flag
+         */
+    } else {    /* 'or_with' is not inverted */
+       /* (B1 | CL1) | (B2 | CL2) = (B1 | B2) | (CL1 | CL2)) */
+       if ( (or_with->flags & ANYOF_LOCALE) == (cl->flags & ANYOF_LOCALE)
+            && (!(or_with->flags & ANYOF_LOC_FOLD)
+                || (cl->flags & ANYOF_LOC_FOLD)) ) {
+           int i;
+
+           /* OR char bitmap and class bitmap separately */
+           for (i = 0; i < ANYOF_BITMAP_SIZE; i++)
+               cl->bitmap[i] |= or_with->bitmap[i];
+            if (or_with->flags & ANYOF_CLASS) {
+                ANYOF_CLASS_OR(or_with, cl);
+            }
+       }
+       else { /* XXXX: logic is complicated, leave it along for a moment. */
+           cl_anything(pRExC_state, cl);
+       }
+
+       if (ANYOF_NONBITMAP(or_with)) {
+
+           /* Use the added node's outside-the-bit-map match if there isn't a
+            * conflict.  If there is a conflict (both nodes match something
+            * outside the bitmap, but what they match outside is not the same
+            * pointer, and hence not easily compared until XXX we extend
+            * inversion lists this far), give up and allow the start class to
+            * match everything outside the bitmap.  If that stuff is all above
+            * 255, can just set UNICODE_ALL, otherwise caould be anything. */
+           if (! ANYOF_NONBITMAP(cl)) {
+               ARG_SET(cl, ARG(or_with));
+           }
+           else if (ARG(cl) != ARG(or_with)) {
+
+               if ((or_with->flags & ANYOF_NONBITMAP_NON_UTF8)) {
+                   cl_anything(pRExC_state, cl);
+               }
+               else {
+                   cl->flags |= ANYOF_UNICODE_ALL;
+               }
+           }
+       }
+
+        /* Take the union */
+       cl->flags |= or_with->flags;
+    }
+}
+
+#define TRIE_LIST_ITEM(state,idx) (trie->states[state].trans.list)[ idx ]
+#define TRIE_LIST_CUR(state)  ( TRIE_LIST_ITEM( state, 0 ).forid )
+#define TRIE_LIST_LEN(state) ( TRIE_LIST_ITEM( state, 0 ).newstate )
+#define TRIE_LIST_USED(idx)  ( trie->states[state].trans.list ? (TRIE_LIST_CUR( idx ) - 1) : 0 )
+
+
+#ifdef DEBUGGING
+/*
+   dump_trie(trie,widecharmap,revcharmap)
+   dump_trie_interim_list(trie,widecharmap,revcharmap,next_alloc)
+   dump_trie_interim_table(trie,widecharmap,revcharmap,next_alloc)
+
+   These routines dump out a trie in a somewhat readable format.
+   The _interim_ variants are used for debugging the interim
+   tables that are used to generate the final compressed
+   representation which is what dump_trie expects.
+
+   Part of the reason for their existence is to provide a form
+   of documentation as to how the different representations function.
+
+*/
+
+/*
+  Dumps the final compressed table form of the trie to Perl_debug_log.
+  Used for debugging make_trie().
+*/
+
+STATIC void
+S_dump_trie(pTHX_ const struct _reg_trie_data *trie, HV *widecharmap,
+           AV *revcharmap, U32 depth)
+{
+    U32 state;
+    SV *sv=sv_newmortal();
+    int colwidth= widecharmap ? 6 : 4;
+    U16 word;
+    GET_RE_DEBUG_FLAGS_DECL;
+
+    PERL_ARGS_ASSERT_DUMP_TRIE;
+
+    PerlIO_printf( Perl_debug_log, "%*sChar : %-6s%-6s%-4s ",
+        (int)depth * 2 + 2,"",
+        "Match","Base","Ofs" );
+
+    for( state = 0 ; state < trie->uniquecharcount ; state++ ) {
+       SV ** const tmp = av_fetch( revcharmap, state, 0);
+        if ( tmp ) {
+            PerlIO_printf( Perl_debug_log, "%*s", 
+                colwidth,
+                pv_pretty(sv, SvPV_nolen_const(*tmp), SvCUR(*tmp), colwidth, 
+                           PL_colors[0], PL_colors[1],
+                           (SvUTF8(*tmp) ? PERL_PV_ESCAPE_UNI : 0) |
+                           PERL_PV_ESCAPE_FIRSTCHAR 
+                ) 
+            );
+        }
+    }
+    PerlIO_printf( Perl_debug_log, "\n%*sState|-----------------------",
+        (int)depth * 2 + 2,"");
+
+    for( state = 0 ; state < trie->uniquecharcount ; state++ )
+        PerlIO_printf( Perl_debug_log, "%.*s", colwidth, "--------");
+    PerlIO_printf( Perl_debug_log, "\n");
+
+    for( state = 1 ; state < trie->statecount ; state++ ) {
+       const U32 base = trie->states[ state ].trans.base;
+
+        PerlIO_printf( Perl_debug_log, "%*s#%4"UVXf"|", (int)depth * 2 + 2,"", (UV)state);
+
+        if ( trie->states[ state ].wordnum ) {
+            PerlIO_printf( Perl_debug_log, " W%4X", trie->states[ state ].wordnum );
+        } else {
+            PerlIO_printf( Perl_debug_log, "%6s", "" );
+        }
+
+        PerlIO_printf( Perl_debug_log, " @%4"UVXf" ", (UV)base );
+
+        if ( base ) {
+            U32 ofs = 0;
+
+            while( ( base + ofs  < trie->uniquecharcount ) ||
+                   ( base + ofs - trie->uniquecharcount < trie->lasttrans
+                     && trie->trans[ base + ofs - trie->uniquecharcount ].check != state))
+                    ofs++;
+
+            PerlIO_printf( Perl_debug_log, "+%2"UVXf"[ ", (UV)ofs);
+
+            for ( ofs = 0 ; ofs < trie->uniquecharcount ; ofs++ ) {
+                if ( ( base + ofs >= trie->uniquecharcount ) &&
+                     ( base + ofs - trie->uniquecharcount < trie->lasttrans ) &&
+                     trie->trans[ base + ofs - trie->uniquecharcount ].check == state )
+                {
+                   PerlIO_printf( Perl_debug_log, "%*"UVXf,
+                    colwidth,
+                    (UV)trie->trans[ base + ofs - trie->uniquecharcount ].next );
+                } else {
+                    PerlIO_printf( Perl_debug_log, "%*s",colwidth,"   ." );
+                }
+            }
+
+            PerlIO_printf( Perl_debug_log, "]");
+
+        }
+        PerlIO_printf( Perl_debug_log, "\n" );
+    }
+    PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log, "%*sword_info N:(prev,len)=", (int)depth*2, "");
+    for (word=1; word <= trie->wordcount; word++) {
+       PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log, " %d:(%d,%d)",
+           (int)word, (int)(trie->wordinfo[word].prev),
+           (int)(trie->wordinfo[word].len));
+    }
+    PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log, "\n" );
+}    
+/*
+  Dumps a fully constructed but uncompressed trie in list form.
+  List tries normally only are used for construction when the number of 
+  possible chars (trie->uniquecharcount) is very high.
+  Used for debugging make_trie().
+*/
+STATIC void
+S_dump_trie_interim_list(pTHX_ const struct _reg_trie_data *trie,
+                        HV *widecharmap, AV *revcharmap, U32 next_alloc,
+                        U32 depth)
+{
+    U32 state;
+    SV *sv=sv_newmortal();
+    int colwidth= widecharmap ? 6 : 4;
+    GET_RE_DEBUG_FLAGS_DECL;
+
+    PERL_ARGS_ASSERT_DUMP_TRIE_INTERIM_LIST;
+
+    /* print out the table precompression.  */
+    PerlIO_printf( Perl_debug_log, "%*sState :Word | Transition Data\n%*s%s",
+        (int)depth * 2 + 2,"", (int)depth * 2 + 2,"",
+        "------:-----+-----------------\n" );
+    
+    for( state=1 ; state < next_alloc ; state ++ ) {
+        U16 charid;
+    
+        PerlIO_printf( Perl_debug_log, "%*s %4"UVXf" :",
+            (int)depth * 2 + 2,"", (UV)state  );
+        if ( ! trie->states[ state ].wordnum ) {
+            PerlIO_printf( Perl_debug_log, "%5s| ","");
+        } else {
+            PerlIO_printf( Perl_debug_log, "W%4x| ",
+                trie->states[ state ].wordnum
+            );
+        }
+        for( charid = 1 ; charid <= TRIE_LIST_USED( state ) ; charid++ ) {
+           SV ** const tmp = av_fetch( revcharmap, TRIE_LIST_ITEM(state,charid).forid, 0);
+           if ( tmp ) {
+                PerlIO_printf( Perl_debug_log, "%*s:%3X=%4"UVXf" | ",
+                    colwidth,
+                    pv_pretty(sv, SvPV_nolen_const(*tmp), SvCUR(*tmp), colwidth, 
+                           PL_colors[0], PL_colors[1],
+                           (SvUTF8(*tmp) ? PERL_PV_ESCAPE_UNI : 0) |
+                           PERL_PV_ESCAPE_FIRSTCHAR 
+                    ) ,
+                    TRIE_LIST_ITEM(state,charid).forid,
+                    (UV)TRIE_LIST_ITEM(state,charid).newstate
+                );
+                if (!(charid % 10)) 
+                    PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log, "\n%*s| ",
+                        (int)((depth * 2) + 14), "");
+            }
+        }
+        PerlIO_printf( Perl_debug_log, "\n");
+    }
+}    
+
+/*
+  Dumps a fully constructed but uncompressed trie in table form.
+  This is the normal DFA style state transition table, with a few 
+  twists to facilitate compression later. 
+  Used for debugging make_trie().
+*/
+STATIC void
+S_dump_trie_interim_table(pTHX_ const struct _reg_trie_data *trie,
+                         HV *widecharmap, AV *revcharmap, U32 next_alloc,
+                         U32 depth)
+{
+    U32 state;
+    U16 charid;
+    SV *sv=sv_newmortal();
+    int colwidth= widecharmap ? 6 : 4;
+    GET_RE_DEBUG_FLAGS_DECL;
+
+    PERL_ARGS_ASSERT_DUMP_TRIE_INTERIM_TABLE;
+    
+    /*
+       print out the table precompression so that we can do a visual check
+       that they are identical.
+     */
+    
+    PerlIO_printf( Perl_debug_log, "%*sChar : ",(int)depth * 2 + 2,"" );
+
+    for( charid = 0 ; charid < trie->uniquecharcount ; charid++ ) {
+       SV ** const tmp = av_fetch( revcharmap, charid, 0);
+        if ( tmp ) {
+            PerlIO_printf( Perl_debug_log, "%*s", 
+                colwidth,
+                pv_pretty(sv, SvPV_nolen_const(*tmp), SvCUR(*tmp), colwidth, 
+                           PL_colors[0], PL_colors[1],
+                           (SvUTF8(*tmp) ? PERL_PV_ESCAPE_UNI : 0) |
+                           PERL_PV_ESCAPE_FIRSTCHAR 
+                ) 
+            );
+        }
+    }
+
+    PerlIO_printf( Perl_debug_log, "\n%*sState+-",(int)depth * 2 + 2,"" );
+
+    for( charid=0 ; charid < trie->uniquecharcount ; charid++ ) {
+        PerlIO_printf( Perl_debug_log, "%.*s", colwidth,"--------");
+    }
+
+    PerlIO_printf( Perl_debug_log, "\n" );
+
+    for( state=1 ; state < next_alloc ; state += trie->uniquecharcount ) {
+
+        PerlIO_printf( Perl_debug_log, "%*s%4"UVXf" : ", 
+            (int)depth * 2 + 2,"",
+            (UV)TRIE_NODENUM( state ) );
+
+        for( charid = 0 ; charid < trie->uniquecharcount ; charid++ ) {
+            UV v=(UV)SAFE_TRIE_NODENUM( trie->trans[ state + charid ].next );
+            if (v)
+                PerlIO_printf( Perl_debug_log, "%*"UVXf, colwidth, v );
+            else
+                PerlIO_printf( Perl_debug_log, "%*s", colwidth, "." );
+        }
+        if ( ! trie->states[ TRIE_NODENUM( state ) ].wordnum ) {
+            PerlIO_printf( Perl_debug_log, " (%4"UVXf")\n", (UV)trie->trans[ state ].check );
+        } else {
+            PerlIO_printf( Perl_debug_log, " (%4"UVXf") W%4X\n", (UV)trie->trans[ state ].check,
+            trie->states[ TRIE_NODENUM( state ) ].wordnum );
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+#endif
+
+
+/* make_trie(startbranch,first,last,tail,word_count,flags,depth)
+  startbranch: the first branch in the whole branch sequence
+  first      : start branch of sequence of branch-exact nodes.
+              May be the same as startbranch
+  last       : Thing following the last branch.
+              May be the same as tail.
+  tail       : item following the branch sequence
+  count      : words in the sequence
+  flags      : currently the OP() type we will be building one of /EXACT(|F|Fl)/
+  depth      : indent depth
+
+Inplace optimizes a sequence of 2 or more Branch-Exact nodes into a TRIE node.
+
+A trie is an N'ary tree where the branches are determined by digital
+decomposition of the key. IE, at the root node you look up the 1st character and
+follow that branch repeat until you find the end of the branches. Nodes can be
+marked as "accepting" meaning they represent a complete word. Eg:
+
+  /he|she|his|hers/
+
+would convert into the following structure. Numbers represent states, letters
+following numbers represent valid transitions on the letter from that state, if
+the number is in square brackets it represents an accepting state, otherwise it
+will be in parenthesis.
+
+      +-h->+-e->[3]-+-r->(8)-+-s->[9]
+      |    |
+      |   (2)
+      |    |
+     (1)   +-i->(6)-+-s->[7]
+      |
+      +-s->(3)-+-h->(4)-+-e->[5]
+
+      Accept Word Mapping: 3=>1 (he),5=>2 (she), 7=>3 (his), 9=>4 (hers)
+
+This shows that when matching against the string 'hers' we will begin at state 1
+read 'h' and move to state 2, read 'e' and move to state 3 which is accepting,
+then read 'r' and go to state 8 followed by 's' which takes us to state 9 which
+is also accepting. Thus we know that we can match both 'he' and 'hers' with a
+single traverse. We store a mapping from accepting to state to which word was
+matched, and then when we have multiple possibilities we try to complete the
+rest of the regex in the order in which they occured in the alternation.
+
+The only prior NFA like behaviour that would be changed by the TRIE support is
+the silent ignoring of duplicate alternations which are of the form:
+
+ / (DUPE|DUPE) X? (?{ ... }) Y /x
+
+Thus EVAL blocks following a trie may be called a different number of times with
+and without the optimisation. With the optimisations dupes will be silently
+ignored. This inconsistent behaviour of EVAL type nodes is well established as
+the following demonstrates:
+
+ 'words'=~/(word|word|word)(?{ print $1 })[xyz]/
+
+which prints out 'word' three times, but
+
+ 'words'=~/(word|word|word)(?{ print $1 })S/
+
+which doesnt print it out at all. This is due to other optimisations kicking in.
+
+Example of what happens on a structural level:
+
+The regexp /(ac|ad|ab)+/ will produce the following debug output:
+
+   1: CURLYM[1] {1,32767}(18)
+   5:   BRANCH(8)
+   6:     EXACT <ac>(16)
+   8:   BRANCH(11)
+   9:     EXACT <ad>(16)
+  11:   BRANCH(14)
+  12:     EXACT <ab>(16)
+  16:   SUCCEED(0)
+  17:   NOTHING(18)
+  18: END(0)
+
+This would be optimizable with startbranch=5, first=5, last=16, tail=16
+and should turn into:
+
+   1: CURLYM[1] {1,32767}(18)
+   5:   TRIE(16)
+       [Words:3 Chars Stored:6 Unique Chars:4 States:5 NCP:1]
+         <ac>
+         <ad>
+         <ab>
+  16:   SUCCEED(0)
+  17:   NOTHING(18)
+  18: END(0)
+
+Cases where tail != last would be like /(?foo|bar)baz/:
+
+   1: BRANCH(4)
+   2:   EXACT <foo>(8)
+   4: BRANCH(7)
+   5:   EXACT <bar>(8)
+   7: TAIL(8)
+   8: EXACT <baz>(10)
+  10: END(0)
+
+which would be optimizable with startbranch=1, first=1, last=7, tail=8
+and would end up looking like:
+
+    1: TRIE(8)
+      [Words:2 Chars Stored:6 Unique Chars:5 States:7 NCP:1]
+       <foo>
+       <bar>
+   7: TAIL(8)
+   8: EXACT <baz>(10)
+  10: END(0)
+
+    d = uvuni_to_utf8_flags(d, uv, 0);
+
+is the recommended Unicode-aware way of saying
+
+    *(d++) = uv;
+*/
+
+#define TRIE_STORE_REVCHAR(val)                                            \
+    STMT_START {                                                           \
+       if (UTF) {                                                         \
+            SV *zlopp = newSV(7); /* XXX: optimize me */                   \
+           unsigned char *flrbbbbb = (unsigned char *) SvPVX(zlopp);      \
+            unsigned const char *const kapow = uvuni_to_utf8(flrbbbbb, val); \
+           SvCUR_set(zlopp, kapow - flrbbbbb);                            \
+           SvPOK_on(zlopp);                                               \
+           SvUTF8_on(zlopp);                                              \
+           av_push(revcharmap, zlopp);                                    \
+       } else {                                                           \
+            char ooooff = (char)val;                                           \
+           av_push(revcharmap, newSVpvn(&ooooff, 1));                     \
+       }                                                                  \
+        } STMT_END
+
+#define TRIE_READ_CHAR STMT_START {                                                     \
+    wordlen++;                                                                          \
+    if ( UTF ) {                                                                        \
+        /* if it is UTF then it is either already folded, or does not need folding */   \
+        uvc = utf8n_to_uvuni( (const U8*) uc, UTF8_MAXLEN, &len, uniflags);             \
+    }                                                                                   \
+    else if (folder == PL_fold_latin1) {                                                \
+        /* if we use this folder we have to obey unicode rules on latin-1 data */       \
+        if ( foldlen > 0 ) {                                                            \
+           uvc = utf8n_to_uvuni( (const U8*) scan, UTF8_MAXLEN, &len, uniflags );       \
+           foldlen -= len;                                                              \
+           scan += len;                                                                 \
+           len = 0;                                                                     \
+        } else {                                                                        \
+            len = 1;                                                                    \
+            uvc = _to_fold_latin1( (U8) *uc, foldbuf, &foldlen, FOLD_FLAGS_FULL);       \
+            skiplen = UNISKIP(uvc);                                                     \
+            foldlen -= skiplen;                                                         \
+            scan = foldbuf + skiplen;                                                   \
+        }                                                                               \
+    } else {                                                                            \
+        /* raw data, will be folded later if needed */                                  \
+        uvc = (U32)*uc;                                                                 \
+        len = 1;                                                                        \
+    }                                                                                   \
+} STMT_END
+
+
+
+#define TRIE_LIST_PUSH(state,fid,ns) STMT_START {               \
+    if ( TRIE_LIST_CUR( state ) >=TRIE_LIST_LEN( state ) ) {    \
+       U32 ging = TRIE_LIST_LEN( state ) *= 2;                 \
+       Renew( trie->states[ state ].trans.list, ging, reg_trie_trans_le ); \
+    }                                                           \
+    TRIE_LIST_ITEM( state, TRIE_LIST_CUR( state ) ).forid = fid;     \
+    TRIE_LIST_ITEM( state, TRIE_LIST_CUR( state ) ).newstate = ns;   \
+    TRIE_LIST_CUR( state )++;                                   \
+} STMT_END
+
+#define TRIE_LIST_NEW(state) STMT_START {                       \
+    Newxz( trie->states[ state ].trans.list,               \
+       4, reg_trie_trans_le );                                 \
+     TRIE_LIST_CUR( state ) = 1;                                \
+     TRIE_LIST_LEN( state ) = 4;                                \
+} STMT_END
+
+#define TRIE_HANDLE_WORD(state) STMT_START {                    \
+    U16 dupe= trie->states[ state ].wordnum;                    \
+    regnode * const noper_next = regnext( noper );              \
+                                                                \
+    DEBUG_r({                                                   \
+        /* store the word for dumping */                        \
+        SV* tmp;                                                \
+        if (OP(noper) != NOTHING)                               \
+            tmp = newSVpvn_utf8(STRING(noper), STR_LEN(noper), UTF);   \
+        else                                                    \
+            tmp = newSVpvn_utf8( "", 0, UTF );                 \
+        av_push( trie_words, tmp );                             \
+    });                                                         \
+                                                                \
+    curword++;                                                  \
+    trie->wordinfo[curword].prev   = 0;                         \
+    trie->wordinfo[curword].len    = wordlen;                   \
+    trie->wordinfo[curword].accept = state;                     \
+                                                                \
+    if ( noper_next < tail ) {                                  \
+        if (!trie->jump)                                        \
+            trie->jump = (U16 *) PerlMemShared_calloc( word_count + 1, sizeof(U16) ); \
+        trie->jump[curword] = (U16)(noper_next - convert);      \
+        if (!jumper)                                            \
+            jumper = noper_next;                                \
+        if (!nextbranch)                                        \
+            nextbranch= regnext(cur);                           \
+    }                                                           \
+                                                                \
+    if ( dupe ) {                                               \
+        /* It's a dupe. Pre-insert into the wordinfo[].prev   */\
+        /* chain, so that when the bits of chain are later    */\
+        /* linked together, the dups appear in the chain      */\
+       trie->wordinfo[curword].prev = trie->wordinfo[dupe].prev; \
+       trie->wordinfo[dupe].prev = curword;                    \
+    } else {                                                    \
+        /* we haven't inserted this word yet.                */ \
+        trie->states[ state ].wordnum = curword;                \
+    }                                                           \
+} STMT_END
+
+
+#define TRIE_TRANS_STATE(state,base,ucharcount,charid,special)         \
+     ( ( base + charid >=  ucharcount                                  \
+         && base + charid < ubound                                     \
+         && state == trie->trans[ base - ucharcount + charid ].check   \
+         && trie->trans[ base - ucharcount + charid ].next )           \
+           ? trie->trans[ base - ucharcount + charid ].next            \
+           : ( state==1 ? special : 0 )                                        \
+      )
+
+#define MADE_TRIE       1
+#define MADE_JUMP_TRIE  2
+#define MADE_EXACT_TRIE 4
+
+STATIC I32
+S_make_trie(pTHX_ RExC_state_t *pRExC_state, regnode *startbranch, regnode *first, regnode *last, regnode *tail, U32 word_count, U32 flags, U32 depth)
+{
+    dVAR;
+    /* first pass, loop through and scan words */
+    reg_trie_data *trie;
+    HV *widecharmap = NULL;
+    AV *revcharmap = newAV();
+    regnode *cur;
+    const U32 uniflags = UTF8_ALLOW_DEFAULT;
+    STRLEN len = 0;
+    UV uvc = 0;
+    U16 curword = 0;
+    U32 next_alloc = 0;
+    regnode *jumper = NULL;
+    regnode *nextbranch = NULL;
+    regnode *convert = NULL;
+    U32 *prev_states; /* temp array mapping each state to previous one */
+    /* we just use folder as a flag in utf8 */
+    const U8 * folder = NULL;
+
+#ifdef DEBUGGING
+    const U32 data_slot = add_data( pRExC_state, 4, "tuuu" );
+    AV *trie_words = NULL;
+    /* along with revcharmap, this only used during construction but both are
+     * useful during debugging so we store them in the struct when debugging.
+     */
+#else
+    const U32 data_slot = add_data( pRExC_state, 2, "tu" );
+    STRLEN trie_charcount=0;
+#endif
+    SV *re_trie_maxbuff;
+    GET_RE_DEBUG_FLAGS_DECL;
+
+    PERL_ARGS_ASSERT_MAKE_TRIE;
+#ifndef DEBUGGING
+    PERL_UNUSED_ARG(depth);
+#endif
+
+    switch (flags) {
+        case EXACT: break;
+       case EXACTFA:
+        case EXACTFU_SS:
+        case EXACTFU_TRICKYFOLD:
+       case EXACTFU: folder = PL_fold_latin1; break;
+       case EXACTF:  folder = PL_fold; break;
+       case EXACTFL: folder = PL_fold_locale; break;
+        default: Perl_croak( aTHX_ "panic! In trie construction, unknown node type %u %s", (unsigned) flags, PL_reg_name[flags] );
+    }
+
+    trie = (reg_trie_data *) PerlMemShared_calloc( 1, sizeof(reg_trie_data) );
+    trie->refcount = 1;
+    trie->startstate = 1;
+    trie->wordcount = word_count;
+    RExC_rxi->data->data[ data_slot ] = (void*)trie;
+    trie->charmap = (U16 *) PerlMemShared_calloc( 256, sizeof(U16) );
+    if (flags == EXACT)
+       trie->bitmap = (char *) PerlMemShared_calloc( ANYOF_BITMAP_SIZE, 1 );
+    trie->wordinfo = (reg_trie_wordinfo *) PerlMemShared_calloc(
+                       trie->wordcount+1, sizeof(reg_trie_wordinfo));
+
+    DEBUG_r({
+        trie_words = newAV();
+    });
+
+    re_trie_maxbuff = get_sv(RE_TRIE_MAXBUF_NAME, 1);
+    if (!SvIOK(re_trie_maxbuff)) {
+        sv_setiv(re_trie_maxbuff, RE_TRIE_MAXBUF_INIT);
+    }
+    DEBUG_TRIE_COMPILE_r({
+                PerlIO_printf( Perl_debug_log,
+                  "%*smake_trie start==%d, first==%d, last==%d, tail==%d depth=%d\n",
+                  (int)depth * 2 + 2, "", 
+                  REG_NODE_NUM(startbranch),REG_NODE_NUM(first), 
+                  REG_NODE_NUM(last), REG_NODE_NUM(tail),
+                  (int)depth);
+    });
+   
+   /* Find the node we are going to overwrite */
+    if ( first == startbranch && OP( last ) != BRANCH ) {
+        /* whole branch chain */
+        convert = first;
+    } else {
+        /* branch sub-chain */
+        convert = NEXTOPER( first );
+    }
+        
+    /*  -- First loop and Setup --
+
+       We first traverse the branches and scan each word to determine if it
+       contains widechars, and how many unique chars there are, this is
+       important as we have to build a table with at least as many columns as we
+       have unique chars.
+
+       We use an array of integers to represent the character codes 0..255
+       (trie->charmap) and we use a an HV* to store Unicode characters. We use the
+       native representation of the character value as the key and IV's for the
+       coded index.
+
+       *TODO* If we keep track of how many times each character is used we can
+       remap the columns so that the table compression later on is more
+       efficient in terms of memory by ensuring the most common value is in the
+       middle and the least common are on the outside.  IMO this would be better
+       than a most to least common mapping as theres a decent chance the most
+       common letter will share a node with the least common, meaning the node
+       will not be compressible. With a middle is most common approach the worst
+       case is when we have the least common nodes twice.
+
+     */
+
+    for ( cur = first ; cur < last ; cur = regnext( cur ) ) {
+        regnode *noper = NEXTOPER( cur );
+        const U8 *uc = (U8*)STRING( noper );
+        const U8 *e  = uc + STR_LEN( noper );
+        STRLEN foldlen = 0;
+        U8 foldbuf[ UTF8_MAXBYTES_CASE + 1 ];
+        STRLEN skiplen = 0;
+        const U8 *scan = (U8*)NULL;
+        U32 wordlen      = 0;         /* required init */
+        STRLEN chars = 0;
+        bool set_bit = trie->bitmap ? 1 : 0; /*store the first char in the bitmap?*/
+
+        if (OP(noper) == NOTHING) {
+            regnode *noper_next= regnext(noper);
+            if (noper_next != tail && OP(noper_next) == flags) {
+                noper = noper_next;
+                uc= (U8*)STRING(noper);
+                e= uc + STR_LEN(noper);
+               trie->minlen= STR_LEN(noper);
+            } else {
+               trie->minlen= 0;
+               continue;
+           }
+        }
+
+        if ( set_bit ) { /* bitmap only alloced when !(UTF&&Folding) */
+            TRIE_BITMAP_SET(trie,*uc); /* store the raw first byte
+                                          regardless of encoding */
+            if (OP( noper ) == EXACTFU_SS) {
+                /* false positives are ok, so just set this */
+                TRIE_BITMAP_SET(trie,0xDF);
+            }
+        }
+        for ( ; uc < e ; uc += len ) {
+            TRIE_CHARCOUNT(trie)++;
+            TRIE_READ_CHAR;
+            chars++;
+            if ( uvc < 256 ) {
+                if ( folder ) {
+                    U8 folded= folder[ (U8) uvc ];
+                    if ( !trie->charmap[ folded ] ) {
+                        trie->charmap[ folded ]=( ++trie->uniquecharcount );
+                        TRIE_STORE_REVCHAR( folded );
+                    }
+                }
+                if ( !trie->charmap[ uvc ] ) {
+                    trie->charmap[ uvc ]=( ++trie->uniquecharcount );
+                    TRIE_STORE_REVCHAR( uvc );
+                }
+                if ( set_bit ) {
+                   /* store the codepoint in the bitmap, and its folded
+                    * equivalent. */
+                    TRIE_BITMAP_SET(trie, uvc);
+
+                   /* store the folded codepoint */
+                    if ( folder ) TRIE_BITMAP_SET(trie, folder[(U8) uvc ]);
+
+                   if ( !UTF ) {
+                       /* store first byte of utf8 representation of
+                          variant codepoints */
+                       if (! UNI_IS_INVARIANT(uvc)) {
+                           TRIE_BITMAP_SET(trie, UTF8_TWO_BYTE_HI(uvc));
+                       }
+                   }
+                    set_bit = 0; /* We've done our bit :-) */
+                }
+            } else {
+                SV** svpp;
+                if ( !widecharmap )
+                    widecharmap = newHV();
+
+                svpp = hv_fetch( widecharmap, (char*)&uvc, sizeof( UV ), 1 );
+
+                if ( !svpp )
+                    Perl_croak( aTHX_ "error creating/fetching widecharmap entry for 0x%"UVXf, uvc );
+
+                if ( !SvTRUE( *svpp ) ) {
+                    sv_setiv( *svpp, ++trie->uniquecharcount );
+                    TRIE_STORE_REVCHAR(uvc);
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        if( cur == first ) {
+            trie->minlen = chars;
+            trie->maxlen = chars;
+        } else if (chars < trie->minlen) {
+            trie->minlen = chars;
+        } else if (chars > trie->maxlen) {
+            trie->maxlen = chars;
+        }
+        if (OP( noper ) == EXACTFU_SS) {
+            /* XXX: workaround - 'ss' could match "\x{DF}" so minlen could be 1 and not 2*/
+           if (trie->minlen > 1)
+                trie->minlen= 1;
+        }
+       if (OP( noper ) == EXACTFU_TRICKYFOLD) {
+           /* XXX: workround - things like "\x{1FBE}\x{0308}\x{0301}" can match "\x{0390}" 
+            *                - We assume that any such sequence might match a 2 byte string */
+            if (trie->minlen > 2 )
+                trie->minlen= 2;
+        }
+
+    } /* end first pass */
+    DEBUG_TRIE_COMPILE_r(
+        PerlIO_printf( Perl_debug_log, "%*sTRIE(%s): W:%d C:%d Uq:%d Min:%d Max:%d\n",
+                (int)depth * 2 + 2,"",
+                ( widecharmap ? "UTF8" : "NATIVE" ), (int)word_count,
+               (int)TRIE_CHARCOUNT(trie), trie->uniquecharcount,
+               (int)trie->minlen, (int)trie->maxlen )
+    );
+
+    /*
+        We now know what we are dealing with in terms of unique chars and
+        string sizes so we can calculate how much memory a naive
+        representation using a flat table  will take. If it's over a reasonable
+        limit (as specified by ${^RE_TRIE_MAXBUF}) we use a more memory
+        conservative but potentially much slower representation using an array
+        of lists.
+
+        At the end we convert both representations into the same compressed
+        form that will be used in regexec.c for matching with. The latter
+        is a form that cannot be used to construct with but has memory
+        properties similar to the list form and access properties similar
+        to the table form making it both suitable for fast searches and
+        small enough that its feasable to store for the duration of a program.
+
+        See the comment in the code where the compressed table is produced
+        inplace from the flat tabe representation for an explanation of how
+        the compression works.
+
+    */
+
+
+    Newx(prev_states, TRIE_CHARCOUNT(trie) + 2, U32);
+    prev_states[1] = 0;
+
+    if ( (IV)( ( TRIE_CHARCOUNT(trie) + 1 ) * trie->uniquecharcount + 1) > SvIV(re_trie_maxbuff) ) {
+        /*
+            Second Pass -- Array Of Lists Representation
+
+            Each state will be represented by a list of charid:state records
+            (reg_trie_trans_le) the first such element holds the CUR and LEN
+            points of the allocated array. (See defines above).
+
+            We build the initial structure using the lists, and then convert
+            it into the compressed table form which allows faster lookups
+            (but cant be modified once converted).
+        */
+
+        STRLEN transcount = 1;
+
+        DEBUG_TRIE_COMPILE_MORE_r( PerlIO_printf( Perl_debug_log, 
+            "%*sCompiling trie using list compiler\n",
+            (int)depth * 2 + 2, ""));
+
+       trie->states = (reg_trie_state *)
+           PerlMemShared_calloc( TRIE_CHARCOUNT(trie) + 2,
+                                 sizeof(reg_trie_state) );
+        TRIE_LIST_NEW(1);
+        next_alloc = 2;
+
+        for ( cur = first ; cur < last ; cur = regnext( cur ) ) {
+
+            regnode *noper   = NEXTOPER( cur );
+           U8 *uc           = (U8*)STRING( noper );
+            const U8 *e      = uc + STR_LEN( noper );
+           U32 state        = 1;         /* required init */
+           U16 charid       = 0;         /* sanity init */
+           U8 *scan         = (U8*)NULL; /* sanity init */
+           STRLEN foldlen   = 0;         /* required init */
+            U32 wordlen      = 0;         /* required init */
+           U8 foldbuf[ UTF8_MAXBYTES_CASE + 1 ];
+            STRLEN skiplen   = 0;
+
+            if (OP(noper) == NOTHING) {
+                regnode *noper_next= regnext(noper);
+                if (noper_next != tail && OP(noper_next) == flags) {
+                    noper = noper_next;
+                    uc= (U8*)STRING(noper);
+                    e= uc + STR_LEN(noper);
+                }
+            }
+
+            if (OP(noper) != NOTHING) {
+                for ( ; uc < e ; uc += len ) {
+
+                    TRIE_READ_CHAR;
+
+                    if ( uvc < 256 ) {
+                        charid = trie->charmap[ uvc ];
+                   } else {
+                        SV** const svpp = hv_fetch( widecharmap, (char*)&uvc, sizeof( UV ), 0);
+                        if ( !svpp ) {
+                            charid = 0;
+                        } else {
+                            charid=(U16)SvIV( *svpp );
+                        }
+                   }
+                    /* charid is now 0 if we dont know the char read, or nonzero if we do */
+                    if ( charid ) {
+
+                        U16 check;
+                        U32 newstate = 0;
+
+                        charid--;
+                        if ( !trie->states[ state ].trans.list ) {
+                            TRIE_LIST_NEW( state );
+                       }
+                        for ( check = 1; check <= TRIE_LIST_USED( state ); check++ ) {
+                            if ( TRIE_LIST_ITEM( state, check ).forid == charid ) {
+                                newstate = TRIE_LIST_ITEM( state, check ).newstate;
+                                break;
+                            }
+                        }
+                        if ( ! newstate ) {
+                            newstate = next_alloc++;
+                           prev_states[newstate] = state;
+                            TRIE_LIST_PUSH( state, charid, newstate );
+                            transcount++;
+                        }
+                        state = newstate;
+                    } else {
+                        Perl_croak( aTHX_ "panic! In trie construction, no char mapping for %"IVdf, uvc );
+                   }
+               }
+           }
+            TRIE_HANDLE_WORD(state);
+
+        } /* end second pass */
+
+        /* next alloc is the NEXT state to be allocated */
+        trie->statecount = next_alloc; 
+        trie->states = (reg_trie_state *)
+           PerlMemShared_realloc( trie->states,
+                                  next_alloc
+                                  * sizeof(reg_trie_state) );
+
+        /* and now dump it out before we compress it */
+        DEBUG_TRIE_COMPILE_MORE_r(dump_trie_interim_list(trie, widecharmap,
+                                                        revcharmap, next_alloc,
+                                                        depth+1)
+        );
+
+        trie->trans = (reg_trie_trans *)
+           PerlMemShared_calloc( transcount, sizeof(reg_trie_trans) );
+        {
+            U32 state;
+            U32 tp = 0;
+            U32 zp = 0;
+
+
+            for( state=1 ; state < next_alloc ; state ++ ) {
+                U32 base=0;
+
+                /*
+                DEBUG_TRIE_COMPILE_MORE_r(
+                    PerlIO_printf( Perl_debug_log, "tp: %d zp: %d ",tp,zp)
+                );
+                */
+
+                if (trie->states[state].trans.list) {
+                    U16 minid=TRIE_LIST_ITEM( state, 1).forid;
+                    U16 maxid=minid;
+                   U16 idx;
+
+                    for( idx = 2 ; idx <= TRIE_LIST_USED( state ) ; idx++ ) {
+                       const U16 forid = TRIE_LIST_ITEM( state, idx).forid;
+                       if ( forid < minid ) {
+                           minid=forid;
+                       } else if ( forid > maxid ) {
+                           maxid=forid;
+                       }
+                    }
+                    if ( transcount < tp + maxid - minid + 1) {
+                        transcount *= 2;
+                       trie->trans = (reg_trie_trans *)
+                           PerlMemShared_realloc( trie->trans,
+                                                    transcount
+                                                    * sizeof(reg_trie_trans) );
+                        Zero( trie->trans + (transcount / 2), transcount / 2 , reg_trie_trans );
+                    }
+                    base = trie->uniquecharcount + tp - minid;
+                    if ( maxid == minid ) {
+                        U32 set = 0;
+                        for ( ; zp < tp ; zp++ ) {
+                            if ( ! trie->trans[ zp ].next ) {
+                                base = trie->uniquecharcount + zp - minid;
+                                trie->trans[ zp ].next = TRIE_LIST_ITEM( state, 1).newstate;
+                                trie->trans[ zp ].check = state;
+                                set = 1;
+                                break;
+                            }
+                        }
+                        if ( !set ) {
+                            trie->trans[ tp ].next = TRIE_LIST_ITEM( state, 1).newstate;
+                            trie->trans[ tp ].check = state;
+                            tp++;
+                            zp = tp;
+                        }
+                    } else {
+                        for ( idx=1; idx <= TRIE_LIST_USED( state ) ; idx++ ) {
+                            const U32 tid = base -  trie->uniquecharcount + TRIE_LIST_ITEM( state, idx ).forid;
+                            trie->trans[ tid ].next = TRIE_LIST_ITEM( state, idx ).newstate;
+                            trie->trans[ tid ].check = state;
+                        }
+                        tp += ( maxid - minid + 1 );
+                    }
+                    Safefree(trie->states[ state ].trans.list);
+                }
+                /*
+                DEBUG_TRIE_COMPILE_MORE_r(
+                    PerlIO_printf( Perl_debug_log, " base: %d\n",base);
+                );
+                */
+                trie->states[ state ].trans.base=base;
+            }
+            trie->lasttrans = tp + 1;
+        }
+    } else {
+        /*
+           Second Pass -- Flat Table Representation.
+
+           we dont use the 0 slot of either trans[] or states[] so we add 1 to each.
+           We know that we will need Charcount+1 trans at most to store the data
+           (one row per char at worst case) So we preallocate both structures
+           assuming worst case.
+
+           We then construct the trie using only the .next slots of the entry
+           structs.
+
+           We use the .check field of the first entry of the node temporarily to
+           make compression both faster and easier by keeping track of how many non
+           zero fields are in the node.
+
+           Since trans are numbered from 1 any 0 pointer in the table is a FAIL
+           transition.
+
+           There are two terms at use here: state as a TRIE_NODEIDX() which is a
+           number representing the first entry of the node, and state as a
+           TRIE_NODENUM() which is the trans number. state 1 is TRIE_NODEIDX(1) and
+           TRIE_NODENUM(1), state 2 is TRIE_NODEIDX(2) and TRIE_NODENUM(3) if there
+           are 2 entrys per node. eg:
+
+             A B       A B
+          1. 2 4    1. 3 7
+          2. 0 3    3. 0 5
+          3. 0 0    5. 0 0
+          4. 0 0    7. 0 0
+
+           The table is internally in the right hand, idx form. However as we also
+           have to deal with the states array which is indexed by nodenum we have to
+           use TRIE_NODENUM() to convert.
+
+        */
+        DEBUG_TRIE_COMPILE_MORE_r( PerlIO_printf( Perl_debug_log, 
+            "%*sCompiling trie using table compiler\n",
+            (int)depth * 2 + 2, ""));
+
+       trie->trans = (reg_trie_trans *)
+           PerlMemShared_calloc( ( TRIE_CHARCOUNT(trie) + 1 )
+                                 * trie->uniquecharcount + 1,
+                                 sizeof(reg_trie_trans) );
+        trie->states = (reg_trie_state *)
+           PerlMemShared_calloc( TRIE_CHARCOUNT(trie) + 2,
+                                 sizeof(reg_trie_state) );
+        next_alloc = trie->uniquecharcount + 1;
+
+
+        for ( cur = first ; cur < last ; cur = regnext( cur ) ) {
+
+            regnode *noper   = NEXTOPER( cur );
+           const U8 *uc     = (U8*)STRING( noper );
+            const U8 *e      = uc + STR_LEN( noper );
+
+            U32 state        = 1;         /* required init */
+
+            U16 charid       = 0;         /* sanity init */
+            U32 accept_state = 0;         /* sanity init */
+            U8 *scan         = (U8*)NULL; /* sanity init */
+
+            STRLEN foldlen   = 0;         /* required init */
+            U32 wordlen      = 0;         /* required init */
+            STRLEN skiplen   = 0;
+            U8 foldbuf[ UTF8_MAXBYTES_CASE + 1 ];
+
+            if (OP(noper) == NOTHING) {
+                regnode *noper_next= regnext(noper);
+                if (noper_next != tail && OP(noper_next) == flags) {
+                    noper = noper_next;
+                    uc= (U8*)STRING(noper);
+                    e= uc + STR_LEN(noper);
+                }
+            }
+
+            if ( OP(noper) != NOTHING ) {
+                for ( ; uc < e ; uc += len ) {
+
+                    TRIE_READ_CHAR;
+
+                    if ( uvc < 256 ) {
+                        charid = trie->charmap[ uvc ];
+                    } else {
+                        SV* const * const svpp = hv_fetch( widecharmap, (char*)&uvc, sizeof( UV ), 0);
+                        charid = svpp ? (U16)SvIV(*svpp) : 0;
+                    }
+                    if ( charid ) {
+                        charid--;
+                        if ( !trie->trans[ state + charid ].next ) {
+                            trie->trans[ state + charid ].next = next_alloc;
+                            trie->trans[ state ].check++;
+                           prev_states[TRIE_NODENUM(next_alloc)]
+                                   = TRIE_NODENUM(state);
+                            next_alloc += trie->uniquecharcount;
+                        }
+                        state = trie->trans[ state + charid ].next;
+                    } else {
+                        Perl_croak( aTHX_ "panic! In trie construction, no char mapping for %"IVdf, uvc );
+                    }
+                    /* charid is now 0 if we dont know the char read, or nonzero if we do */
+                }
+            }
+            accept_state = TRIE_NODENUM( state );
+            TRIE_HANDLE_WORD(accept_state);
+
+        } /* end second pass */
+
+        /* and now dump it out before we compress it */
+        DEBUG_TRIE_COMPILE_MORE_r(dump_trie_interim_table(trie, widecharmap,
+                                                         revcharmap,
+                                                         next_alloc, depth+1));
+
+        {
+        /*
+           * Inplace compress the table.*
+
+           For sparse data sets the table constructed by the trie algorithm will
+           be mostly 0/FAIL transitions or to put it another way mostly empty.
+           (Note that leaf nodes will not contain any transitions.)
+
+           This algorithm compresses the tables by eliminating most such
+           transitions, at the cost of a modest bit of extra work during lookup:
+
+           - Each states[] entry contains a .base field which indicates the
+           index in the state[] array wheres its transition data is stored.
+
+           - If .base is 0 there are no valid transitions from that node.
+
+           - If .base is nonzero then charid is added to it to find an entry in
+           the trans array.
+
+           -If trans[states[state].base+charid].check!=state then the
+           transition is taken to be a 0/Fail transition. Thus if there are fail
+           transitions at the front of the node then the .base offset will point
+           somewhere inside the previous nodes data (or maybe even into a node
+           even earlier), but the .check field determines if the transition is
+           valid.
+
+           XXX - wrong maybe?
+           The following process inplace converts the table to the compressed
+           table: We first do not compress the root node 1,and mark all its
+           .check pointers as 1 and set its .base pointer as 1 as well. This
+           allows us to do a DFA construction from the compressed table later,
+           and ensures that any .base pointers we calculate later are greater
+           than 0.
+
+           - We set 'pos' to indicate the first entry of the second node.
+
+           - We then iterate over the columns of the node, finding the first and
+           last used entry at l and m. We then copy l..m into pos..(pos+m-l),
+           and set the .check pointers accordingly, and advance pos
+           appropriately and repreat for the next node. Note that when we copy
+           the next pointers we have to convert them from the original
+           NODEIDX form to NODENUM form as the former is not valid post
+           compression.
+
+           - If a node has no transitions used we mark its base as 0 and do not
+           advance the pos pointer.
+
+           - If a node only has one transition we use a second pointer into the
+           structure to fill in allocated fail transitions from other states.
+           This pointer is independent of the main pointer and scans forward
+           looking for null transitions that are allocated to a state. When it
+           finds one it writes the single transition into the "hole".  If the
+           pointer doesnt find one the single transition is appended as normal.
+
+           - Once compressed we can Renew/realloc the structures to release the
+           excess space.
+
+           See "Table-Compression Methods" in sec 3.9 of the Red Dragon,
+           specifically Fig 3.47 and the associated pseudocode.
+
+           demq
+        */
+        const U32 laststate = TRIE_NODENUM( next_alloc );
+       U32 state, charid;
+        U32 pos = 0, zp=0;
+        trie->statecount = laststate;
+
+        for ( state = 1 ; state < laststate ; state++ ) {
+            U8 flag = 0;
+           const U32 stateidx = TRIE_NODEIDX( state );
+           const U32 o_used = trie->trans[ stateidx ].check;
+           U32 used = trie->trans[ stateidx ].check;
+            trie->trans[ stateidx ].check = 0;
+
+            for ( charid = 0 ; used && charid < trie->uniquecharcount ; charid++ ) {
+                if ( flag || trie->trans[ stateidx + charid ].next ) {
+                    if ( trie->trans[ stateidx + charid ].next ) {
+                        if (o_used == 1) {
+                            for ( ; zp < pos ; zp++ ) {
+                                if ( ! trie->trans[ zp ].next ) {
+                                    break;
+                                }
+                            }
+                            trie->states[ state ].trans.base = zp + trie->uniquecharcount - charid ;
+                            trie->trans[ zp ].next = SAFE_TRIE_NODENUM( trie->trans[ stateidx + charid ].next );
+                            trie->trans[ zp ].check = state;
+                            if ( ++zp > pos ) pos = zp;
+                            break;
+                        }
+                        used--;
+                    }
+                    if ( !flag ) {
+                        flag = 1;
+                        trie->states[ state ].trans.base = pos + trie->uniquecharcount - charid ;
+                    }
+                    trie->trans[ pos ].next = SAFE_TRIE_NODENUM( trie->trans[ stateidx + charid ].next );
+                    trie->trans[ pos ].check = state;
+                    pos++;
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        trie->lasttrans = pos + 1;
+        trie->states = (reg_trie_state *)
+           PerlMemShared_realloc( trie->states, laststate
+                                  * sizeof(reg_trie_state) );
+        DEBUG_TRIE_COMPILE_MORE_r(
+                PerlIO_printf( Perl_debug_log,
+                   "%*sAlloc: %d Orig: %"IVdf" elements, Final:%"IVdf". Savings of %%%5.2f\n",
+                   (int)depth * 2 + 2,"",
+                    (int)( ( TRIE_CHARCOUNT(trie) + 1 ) * trie->uniquecharcount + 1 ),
+                   (IV)next_alloc,
+                   (IV)pos,
+                    ( ( next_alloc - pos ) * 100 ) / (double)next_alloc );
+            );
+
+        } /* end table compress */
+    }
+    DEBUG_TRIE_COMPILE_MORE_r(
+            PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log, "%*sStatecount:%"UVxf" Lasttrans:%"UVxf"\n",
+                (int)depth * 2 + 2, "",
+                (UV)trie->statecount,
+                (UV)trie->lasttrans)
+    );
+    /* resize the trans array to remove unused space */
+    trie->trans = (reg_trie_trans *)
+       PerlMemShared_realloc( trie->trans, trie->lasttrans
+                              * sizeof(reg_trie_trans) );
+
+    {   /* Modify the program and insert the new TRIE node */ 
+        U8 nodetype =(U8)(flags & 0xFF);
+        char *str=NULL;
+        
+#ifdef DEBUGGING
+        regnode *optimize = NULL;
+#ifdef RE_TRACK_PATTERN_OFFSETS
+
+        U32 mjd_offset = 0;
+        U32 mjd_nodelen = 0;
+#endif /* RE_TRACK_PATTERN_OFFSETS */
+#endif /* DEBUGGING */
+        /*
+           This means we convert either the first branch or the first Exact,
+           depending on whether the thing following (in 'last') is a branch
+           or not and whther first is the startbranch (ie is it a sub part of
+           the alternation or is it the whole thing.)
+           Assuming its a sub part we convert the EXACT otherwise we convert
+           the whole branch sequence, including the first.
+         */
+        /* Find the node we are going to overwrite */
+        if ( first != startbranch || OP( last ) == BRANCH ) {
+            /* branch sub-chain */
+            NEXT_OFF( first ) = (U16)(last - first);
+#ifdef RE_TRACK_PATTERN_OFFSETS
+            DEBUG_r({
+                mjd_offset= Node_Offset((convert));
+                mjd_nodelen= Node_Length((convert));
+            });
+#endif
+            /* whole branch chain */
+        }
+#ifdef RE_TRACK_PATTERN_OFFSETS
+        else {
+            DEBUG_r({
+                const  regnode *nop = NEXTOPER( convert );
+                mjd_offset= Node_Offset((nop));
+                mjd_nodelen= Node_Length((nop));
+            });
+        }
+        DEBUG_OPTIMISE_r(
+            PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log, "%*sMJD offset:%"UVuf" MJD length:%"UVuf"\n",
+                (int)depth * 2 + 2, "",
+                (UV)mjd_offset, (UV)mjd_nodelen)
+        );
+#endif
+        /* But first we check to see if there is a common prefix we can 
+           split out as an EXACT and put in front of the TRIE node.  */
+        trie->startstate= 1;
+        if ( trie->bitmap && !widecharmap && !trie->jump  ) {
+            U32 state;
+            for ( state = 1 ; state < trie->statecount-1 ; state++ ) {
+                U32 ofs = 0;
+                I32 idx = -1;
+                U32 count = 0;
+                const U32 base = trie->states[ state ].trans.base;
+
+                if ( trie->states[state].wordnum )
+                        count = 1;
+
+                for ( ofs = 0 ; ofs < trie->uniquecharcount ; ofs++ ) {
+                    if ( ( base + ofs >= trie->uniquecharcount ) &&
+                         ( base + ofs - trie->uniquecharcount < trie->lasttrans ) &&
+                         trie->trans[ base + ofs - trie->uniquecharcount ].check == state )
+                    {
+                        if ( ++count > 1 ) {
+                            SV **tmp = av_fetch( revcharmap, ofs, 0);
+                           const U8 *ch = (U8*)SvPV_nolen_const( *tmp );
+                            if ( state == 1 ) break;
+                            if ( count == 2 ) {
+                                Zero(trie->bitmap, ANYOF_BITMAP_SIZE, char);
+                                DEBUG_OPTIMISE_r(
+                                    PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log,
+                                       "%*sNew Start State=%"UVuf" Class: [",
+                                        (int)depth * 2 + 2, "",
+                                        (UV)state));
+                               if (idx >= 0) {
+                                   SV ** const tmp = av_fetch( revcharmap, idx, 0);
+                                   const U8 * const ch = (U8*)SvPV_nolen_const( *tmp );
+
+                                    TRIE_BITMAP_SET(trie,*ch);
+                                    if ( folder )
+                                        TRIE_BITMAP_SET(trie, folder[ *ch ]);
+                                    DEBUG_OPTIMISE_r(
+                                        PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log, "%s", (char*)ch)
+                                    );
+                               }
+                           }
+                           TRIE_BITMAP_SET(trie,*ch);
+                           if ( folder )
+                               TRIE_BITMAP_SET(trie,folder[ *ch ]);
+                           DEBUG_OPTIMISE_r(PerlIO_printf( Perl_debug_log,"%s", ch));
+                       }
+                        idx = ofs;
+                   }
+                }
+                if ( count == 1 ) {
+                    SV **tmp = av_fetch( revcharmap, idx, 0);
+                    STRLEN len;
+                    char *ch = SvPV( *tmp, len );
+                    DEBUG_OPTIMISE_r({
+                        SV *sv=sv_newmortal();
+                        PerlIO_printf( Perl_debug_log,
+                           "%*sPrefix State: %"UVuf" Idx:%"UVuf" Char='%s'\n",
+                            (int)depth * 2 + 2, "",
+                            (UV)state, (UV)idx, 
+                            pv_pretty(sv, SvPV_nolen_const(*tmp), SvCUR(*tmp), 6, 
+                               PL_colors[0], PL_colors[1],
+                               (SvUTF8(*tmp) ? PERL_PV_ESCAPE_UNI : 0) |
+                               PERL_PV_ESCAPE_FIRSTCHAR 
+                            )
+                        );
+                    });
+                    if ( state==1 ) {
+                        OP( convert ) = nodetype;
+                        str=STRING(convert);
+                        STR_LEN(convert)=0;
+                    }
+                    STR_LEN(convert) += len;
+                    while (len--)
+                        *str++ = *ch++;
+               } else {
+#ifdef DEBUGGING           
+                   if (state>1)
+                       DEBUG_OPTIMISE_r(PerlIO_printf( Perl_debug_log,"]\n"));
+#endif
+                   break;
+               }
+           }
+           trie->prefixlen = (state-1);
+            if (str) {
+                regnode *n = convert+NODE_SZ_STR(convert);
+                NEXT_OFF(convert) = NODE_SZ_STR(convert);
+                trie->startstate = state;
+                trie->minlen -= (state - 1);
+                trie->maxlen -= (state - 1);
+#ifdef DEBUGGING
+               /* At least the UNICOS C compiler choked on this
+                * being argument to DEBUG_r(), so let's just have
+                * it right here. */
+               if (
+#ifdef PERL_EXT_RE_BUILD
+                   1
+#else
+                   DEBUG_r_TEST
+#endif
+                   ) {
+                   regnode *fix = convert;
+                   U32 word = trie->wordcount;
+                   mjd_nodelen++;
+                   Set_Node_Offset_Length(convert, mjd_offset, state - 1);
+                   while( ++fix < n ) {
+                       Set_Node_Offset_Length(fix, 0, 0);
+                   }
+                   while (word--) {
+                       SV ** const tmp = av_fetch( trie_words, word, 0 );
+                       if (tmp) {
+                           if ( STR_LEN(convert) <= SvCUR(*tmp) )
+                               sv_chop(*tmp, SvPV_nolen(*tmp) + STR_LEN(convert));
+                           else
+                               sv_chop(*tmp, SvPV_nolen(*tmp) + SvCUR(*tmp));
+                       }
+                   }
+               }
+#endif
+                if (trie->maxlen) {
+                    convert = n;
+               } else {
+                    NEXT_OFF(convert) = (U16)(tail - convert);
+                    DEBUG_r(optimize= n);
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        if (!jumper) 
+            jumper = last; 
+        if ( trie->maxlen ) {
+           NEXT_OFF( convert ) = (U16)(tail - convert);
+           ARG_SET( convert, data_slot );
+           /* Store the offset to the first unabsorbed branch in 
+              jump[0], which is otherwise unused by the jump logic. 
+              We use this when dumping a trie and during optimisation. */
+           if (trie->jump) 
+               trie->jump[0] = (U16)(nextbranch - convert);
+            
+            /* If the start state is not accepting (meaning there is no empty string/NOTHING)
+            *   and there is a bitmap
+            *   and the first "jump target" node we found leaves enough room
+            * then convert the TRIE node into a TRIEC node, with the bitmap
+            * embedded inline in the opcode - this is hypothetically faster.
+            */
+            if ( !trie->states[trie->startstate].wordnum
+                && trie->bitmap
+                && ( (char *)jumper - (char *)convert) >= (int)sizeof(struct regnode_charclass) )
+            {
+                OP( convert ) = TRIEC;
+                Copy(trie->bitmap, ((struct regnode_charclass *)convert)->bitmap, ANYOF_BITMAP_SIZE, char);
+                PerlMemShared_free(trie->bitmap);
+                trie->bitmap= NULL;
+            } else 
+                OP( convert ) = TRIE;
+
+            /* store the type in the flags */
+            convert->flags = nodetype;
+            DEBUG_r({
+            optimize = convert 
+                      + NODE_STEP_REGNODE 
+                      + regarglen[ OP( convert ) ];
+            });
+            /* XXX We really should free up the resource in trie now, 
+                   as we won't use them - (which resources?) dmq */
+        }
+        /* needed for dumping*/
+        DEBUG_r(if (optimize) {
+            regnode *opt = convert;
+
+            while ( ++opt < optimize) {
+                Set_Node_Offset_Length(opt,0,0);
+            }
+            /* 
+                Try to clean up some of the debris left after the 
+                optimisation.
+             */
+            while( optimize < jumper ) {
+                mjd_nodelen += Node_Length((optimize));
+                OP( optimize ) = OPTIMIZED;
+                Set_Node_Offset_Length(optimize,0,0);
+                optimize++;
+            }
+            Set_Node_Offset_Length(convert,mjd_offset,mjd_nodelen);
+        });
+    } /* end node insert */
+
+    /*  Finish populating the prev field of the wordinfo array.  Walk back
+     *  from each accept state until we find another accept state, and if
+     *  so, point the first word's .prev field at the second word. If the
+     *  second already has a .prev field set, stop now. This will be the
+     *  case either if we've already processed that word's accept state,
+     *  or that state had multiple words, and the overspill words were
+     *  already linked up earlier.
+     */
+    {
+       U16 word;
+       U32 state;
+       U16 prev;
+
+       for (word=1; word <= trie->wordcount; word++) {
+           prev = 0;
+           if (trie->wordinfo[word].prev)
+               continue;
+           state = trie->wordinfo[word].accept;
+           while (state) {
+               state = prev_states[state];
+               if (!state)
+                   break;
+               prev = trie->states[state].wordnum;
+               if (prev)
+                   break;
+           }
+           trie->wordinfo[word].prev = prev;
+       }
+       Safefree(prev_states);
+    }
+
+
+    /* and now dump out the compressed format */
+    DEBUG_TRIE_COMPILE_r(dump_trie(trie, widecharmap, revcharmap, depth+1));
+
+    RExC_rxi->data->data[ data_slot + 1 ] = (void*)widecharmap;
+#ifdef DEBUGGING
+    RExC_rxi->data->data[ data_slot + TRIE_WORDS_OFFSET ] = (void*)trie_words;
+    RExC_rxi->data->data[ data_slot + 3 ] = (void*)revcharmap;
+#else
+    SvREFCNT_dec_NN(revcharmap);
+#endif
+    return trie->jump 
+           ? MADE_JUMP_TRIE 
+           : trie->startstate>1 
+             ? MADE_EXACT_TRIE 
+             : MADE_TRIE;
+}
+
+STATIC void
+S_make_trie_failtable(pTHX_ RExC_state_t *pRExC_state, regnode *source,  regnode *stclass, U32 depth)
+{
+/* The Trie is constructed and compressed now so we can build a fail array if it's needed
+
+   This is basically the Aho-Corasick algorithm. Its from exercise 3.31 and 3.32 in the
+   "Red Dragon" -- Compilers, principles, techniques, and tools. Aho, Sethi, Ullman 1985/88
+   ISBN 0-201-10088-6
+
+   We find the fail state for each state in the trie, this state is the longest proper
+   suffix of the current state's 'word' that is also a proper prefix of another word in our
+   trie. State 1 represents the word '' and is thus the default fail state. This allows
+   the DFA not to have to restart after its tried and failed a word at a given point, it
+   simply continues as though it had been matching the other word in the first place.
+   Consider
+      'abcdgu'=~/abcdefg|cdgu/
+   When we get to 'd' we are still matching the first word, we would encounter 'g' which would
+   fail, which would bring us to the state representing 'd' in the second word where we would
+   try 'g' and succeed, proceeding to match 'cdgu'.
+ */
+ /* add a fail transition */
+    const U32 trie_offset = ARG(source);
+    reg_trie_data *trie=(reg_trie_data *)RExC_rxi->data->data[trie_offset];
+    U32 *q;
+    const U32 ucharcount = trie->uniquecharcount;
+    const U32 numstates = trie->statecount;
+    const U32 ubound = trie->lasttrans + ucharcount;
+    U32 q_read = 0;
+    U32 q_write = 0;
+    U32 charid;
+    U32 base = trie->states[ 1 ].trans.base;
+    U32 *fail;
+    reg_ac_data *aho;
+    const U32 data_slot = add_data( pRExC_state, 1, "T" );
+    GET_RE_DEBUG_FLAGS_DECL;
+
+    PERL_ARGS_ASSERT_MAKE_TRIE_FAILTABLE;
+#ifndef DEBUGGING
+    PERL_UNUSED_ARG(depth);
+#endif
+
+
+    ARG_SET( stclass, data_slot );
+    aho = (reg_ac_data *) PerlMemShared_calloc( 1, sizeof(reg_ac_data) );
+    RExC_rxi->data->data[ data_slot ] = (void*)aho;
+    aho->trie=trie_offset;
+    aho->states=(reg_trie_state *)PerlMemShared_malloc( numstates * sizeof(reg_trie_state) );
+    Copy( trie->states, aho->states, numstates, reg_trie_state );
+    Newxz( q, numstates, U32);
+    aho->fail = (U32 *) PerlMemShared_calloc( numstates, sizeof(U32) );
+    aho->refcount = 1;
+    fail = aho->fail;
+    /* initialize fail[0..1] to be 1 so that we always have
+       a valid final fail state */
+    fail[ 0 ] = fail[ 1 ] = 1;
+
+    for ( charid = 0; charid < ucharcount ; charid++ ) {
+       const U32 newstate = TRIE_TRANS_STATE( 1, base, ucharcount, charid, 0 );
+       if ( newstate ) {
+            q[ q_write ] = newstate;
+            /* set to point at the root */
+            fail[ q[ q_write++ ] ]=1;
+        }
+    }
+    while ( q_read < q_write) {
+       const U32 cur = q[ q_read++ % numstates ];
+        base = trie->states[ cur ].trans.base;
+
+        for ( charid = 0 ; charid < ucharcount ; charid++ ) {
+           const U32 ch_state = TRIE_TRANS_STATE( cur, base, ucharcount, charid, 1 );
+           if (ch_state) {
+                U32 fail_state = cur;
+                U32 fail_base;
+                do {
+                    fail_state = fail[ fail_state ];
+                    fail_base = aho->states[ fail_state ].trans.base;
+                } while ( !TRIE_TRANS_STATE( fail_state, fail_base, ucharcount, charid, 1 ) );
+
+                fail_state = TRIE_TRANS_STATE( fail_state, fail_base, ucharcount, charid, 1 );
+                fail[ ch_state ] = fail_state;
+                if ( !aho->states[ ch_state ].wordnum && aho->states[ fail_state ].wordnum )
+                {
+                        aho->states[ ch_state ].wordnum =  aho->states[ fail_state ].wordnum;
+                }
+                q[ q_write++ % numstates] = ch_state;
+            }
+        }
+    }
+    /* restore fail[0..1] to 0 so that we "fall out" of the AC loop
+       when we fail in state 1, this allows us to use the
+       charclass scan to find a valid start char. This is based on the principle
+       that theres a good chance the string being searched contains lots of stuff
+       that cant be a start char.
+     */
+    fail[ 0 ] = fail[ 1 ] = 0;
+    DEBUG_TRIE_COMPILE_r({
+        PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log,
+                     "%*sStclass Failtable (%"UVuf" states): 0", 
+                     (int)(depth * 2), "", (UV)numstates
+        );
+        for( q_read=1; q_read<numstates; q_read++ ) {
+            PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log, ", %"UVuf, (UV)fail[q_read]);
+        }
+        PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log, "\n");
+    });
+    Safefree(q);
+    /*RExC_seen |= REG_SEEN_TRIEDFA;*/
+}
+
+
+/*
+ * There are strange code-generation bugs caused on sparc64 by gcc-2.95.2.
+ * These need to be revisited when a newer toolchain becomes available.
+ */
+#if defined(__sparc64__) && defined(__GNUC__)
+#   if __GNUC__ < 2 || (__GNUC__ == 2 && __GNUC_MINOR__ < 96)
+#       undef  SPARC64_GCC_WORKAROUND
+#       define SPARC64_GCC_WORKAROUND 1
+#   endif
+#endif
+
+#define DEBUG_PEEP(str,scan,depth) \
+    DEBUG_OPTIMISE_r({if (scan){ \
+       SV * const mysv=sv_newmortal(); \
+       regnode *Next = regnext(scan); \
+       regprop(RExC_rx, mysv, scan); \
+       PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log, "%*s" str ">%3d: %s (%d)\n", \
+       (int)depth*2, "", REG_NODE_NUM(scan), SvPV_nolen_const(mysv),\
+       Next ? (REG_NODE_NUM(Next)) : 0 ); \
+   }});
+
+
+/* The below joins as many adjacent EXACTish nodes as possible into a single
+ * one.  The regop may be changed if the node(s) contain certain sequences that
+ * require special handling.  The joining is only done if:
+ * 1) there is room in the current conglomerated node to entirely contain the
+ *    next one.
+ * 2) they are the exact same node type
+ *
+ * The adjacent nodes actually may be separated by NOTHING-kind nodes, and
+ * these get optimized out
+ *
+ * If a node is to match under /i (folded), the number of characters it matches
+ * can be different than its character length if it contains a multi-character
+ * fold.  *min_subtract is set to the total delta of the input nodes.
+ *
+ * And *has_exactf_sharp_s is set to indicate whether or not the node is EXACTF
+ * and contains LATIN SMALL LETTER SHARP S
+ *
+ * This is as good a place as any to discuss the design of handling these
+ * multi-character fold sequences.  It's been wrong in Perl for a very long
+ * time.  There are three code points in Unicode whose multi-character folds
+ * were long ago discovered to mess things up.  The previous designs for
+ * dealing with these involved assigning a special node for them.  This
+ * approach doesn't work, as evidenced by this example:
+ *      "\xDFs" =~ /s\xDF/ui    # Used to fail before these patches
+ * Both these fold to "sss", but if the pattern is parsed to create a node that
+ * would match just the \xDF, it won't be able to handle the case where a
+ * successful match would have to cross the node's boundary.  The new approach
+ * that hopefully generally solves the problem generates an EXACTFU_SS node
+ * that is "sss".
+ *
+ * It turns out that there are problems with all multi-character folds, and not
+ * just these three.  Now the code is general, for all such cases, but the
+ * three still have some special handling.  The approach taken is:
+ * 1)   This routine examines each EXACTFish node that could contain multi-
+ *      character fold sequences.  It returns in *min_subtract how much to
+ *      subtract from the the actual length of the string to get a real minimum
+ *      match length; it is 0 if there are no multi-char folds.  This delta is
+ *      used by the caller to adjust the min length of the match, and the delta
+ *      between min and max, so that the optimizer doesn't reject these
+ *      possibilities based on size constraints.
+ * 2)   Certain of these sequences require special handling by the trie code,
+ *      so, if found, this code changes the joined node type to special ops:
+ *      EXACTFU_TRICKYFOLD and EXACTFU_SS.
+ * 3)   For the sequence involving the Sharp s (\xDF), the node type EXACTFU_SS
+ *      is used for an EXACTFU node that contains at least one "ss" sequence in
+ *      it.  For non-UTF-8 patterns and strings, this is the only case where
+ *      there is a possible fold length change.  That means that a regular
+ *      EXACTFU node without UTF-8 involvement doesn't have to concern itself
+ *      with length changes, and so can be processed faster.  regexec.c takes
+ *      advantage of this.  Generally, an EXACTFish node that is in UTF-8 is
+ *      pre-folded by regcomp.c.  This saves effort in regex matching.
+ *      However, the pre-folding isn't done for non-UTF8 patterns because the
+ *      fold of the MICRO SIGN requires UTF-8, and we don't want to slow things
+ *      down by forcing the pattern into UTF8 unless necessary.  Also what
+ *      EXACTF and EXACTFL nodes fold to isn't known until runtime.  The fold
+ *      possibilities for the non-UTF8 patterns are quite simple, except for
+ *      the sharp s.  All the ones that don't involve a UTF-8 target string are
+ *      members of a fold-pair, and arrays are set up for all of them so that
+ *      the other member of the pair can be found quickly.  Code elsewhere in
+ *      this file makes sure that in EXACTFU nodes, the sharp s gets folded to
+ *      'ss', even if the pattern isn't UTF-8.  This avoids the issues
+ *      described in the next item.
+ * 4)   A problem remains for the sharp s in EXACTF and EXACTFA nodes when the
+ *      pattern isn't in UTF-8. (BTW, there cannot be an EXACTF node with a
+ *      UTF-8 pattern.)  An assumption that the optimizer part of regexec.c
+ *      (probably unwittingly, in Perl_regexec_flags()) makes is that a
+ *      character in the pattern corresponds to at most a single character in
+ *      the target string.  (And I do mean character, and not byte here, unlike
+ *      other parts of the documentation that have never been updated to
+ *      account for multibyte Unicode.)  sharp s in EXACTF nodes can match the
+ *      two character string 'ss'; in EXACTFA nodes it can match
+ *      "\x{17F}\x{17F}".  These violate the assumption, and they are the only
+ *      instances where it is violated.  I'm reluctant to try to change the
+ *      assumption, as the code involved is impenetrable to me (khw), so
+ *      instead the code here punts.  This routine examines (when the pattern
+ *      isn't UTF-8) EXACTF and EXACTFA nodes for the sharp s, and returns a
+ *      boolean indicating whether or not the node contains a sharp s.  When it
+ *      is true, the caller sets a flag that later causes the optimizer in this
+ *      file to not set values for the floating and fixed string lengths, and
+ *      thus avoids the optimizer code in regexec.c that makes the invalid
+ *      assumption.  Thus, there is no optimization based on string lengths for
+ *      non-UTF8-pattern EXACTF and EXACTFA nodes that contain the sharp s.
+ *      (The reason the assumption is wrong only in these two cases is that all
+ *      other non-UTF-8 folds are 1-1; and, for UTF-8 patterns, we pre-fold all
+ *      other folds to their expanded versions.  We can't prefold sharp s to
+ *      'ss' in EXACTF nodes because we don't know at compile time if it
+ *      actually matches 'ss' or not.  It will match iff the target string is
+ *      in UTF-8, unlike the EXACTFU nodes, where it always matches; and
+ *      EXACTFA and EXACTFL where it never does.  In an EXACTFA node in a UTF-8
+ *      pattern, sharp s is folded to "\x{17F}\x{17F}, avoiding the problem;
+ *      but in a non-UTF8 pattern, folding it to that above-Latin1 string would
+ *      require the pattern to be forced into UTF-8, the overhead of which we
+ *      want to avoid.)
+ */
+
+#define JOIN_EXACT(scan,min_subtract,has_exactf_sharp_s, flags) \
+    if (PL_regkind[OP(scan)] == EXACT) \
+        join_exact(pRExC_state,(scan),(min_subtract),has_exactf_sharp_s, (flags),NULL,depth+1)
+
+STATIC U32
+S_join_exact(pTHX_ RExC_state_t *pRExC_state, regnode *scan, UV *min_subtract, bool *has_exactf_sharp_s, U32 flags,regnode *val, U32 depth) {
+    /* Merge several consecutive EXACTish nodes into one. */
+    regnode *n = regnext(scan);
+    U32 stringok = 1;
+    regnode *next = scan + NODE_SZ_STR(scan);
+    U32 merged = 0;
+    U32 stopnow = 0;
+#ifdef DEBUGGING
+    regnode *stop = scan;
+    GET_RE_DEBUG_FLAGS_DECL;
+#else
+    PERL_UNUSED_ARG(depth);
+#endif
+
+    PERL_ARGS_ASSERT_JOIN_EXACT;
+#ifndef EXPERIMENTAL_INPLACESCAN
+    PERL_UNUSED_ARG(flags);
+    PERL_UNUSED_ARG(val);
+#endif
+    DEBUG_PEEP("join",scan,depth);
+
+    /* Look through the subsequent nodes in the chain.  Skip NOTHING, merge
+     * EXACT ones that are mergeable to the current one. */
+    while (n
+           && (PL_regkind[OP(n)] == NOTHING
+               || (stringok && OP(n) == OP(scan)))
+           && NEXT_OFF(n)
+           && NEXT_OFF(scan) + NEXT_OFF(n) < I16_MAX)
+    {
+        
+        if (OP(n) == TAIL || n > next)
+            stringok = 0;
+        if (PL_regkind[OP(n)] == NOTHING) {
+            DEBUG_PEEP("skip:",n,depth);
+            NEXT_OFF(scan) += NEXT_OFF(n);
+            next = n + NODE_STEP_REGNODE;
+#ifdef DEBUGGING
+            if (stringok)
+                stop = n;
+#endif
+            n = regnext(n);
+        }
+        else if (stringok) {
+            const unsigned int oldl = STR_LEN(scan);
+            regnode * const nnext = regnext(n);
+
+            /* XXX I (khw) kind of doubt that this works on platforms where
+             * U8_MAX is above 255 because of lots of other assumptions */
+            /* Don't join if the sum can't fit into a single node */
+            if (oldl + STR_LEN(n) > U8_MAX)
+                break;
+            
+            DEBUG_PEEP("merg",n,depth);
+            merged++;
+
+            NEXT_OFF(scan) += NEXT_OFF(n);
+            STR_LEN(scan) += STR_LEN(n);
+            next = n + NODE_SZ_STR(n);
+            /* Now we can overwrite *n : */
+            Move(STRING(n), STRING(scan) + oldl, STR_LEN(n), char);
+#ifdef DEBUGGING
+            stop = next - 1;
+#endif
+            n = nnext;
+            if (stopnow) break;
+        }
+
+#ifdef EXPERIMENTAL_INPLACESCAN
+       if (flags && !NEXT_OFF(n)) {
+           DEBUG_PEEP("atch", val, depth);
+           if (reg_off_by_arg[OP(n)]) {
+               ARG_SET(n, val - n);
+           }
+           else {
+               NEXT_OFF(n) = val - n;
+           }
+           stopnow = 1;
+       }
+#endif
+    }
+
+    *min_subtract = 0;
+    *has_exactf_sharp_s = FALSE;
+
+    /* Here, all the adjacent mergeable EXACTish nodes have been merged.  We
+     * can now analyze for sequences of problematic code points.  (Prior to
+     * this final joining, sequences could have been split over boundaries, and
+     * hence missed).  The sequences only happen in folding, hence for any
+     * non-EXACT EXACTish node */
+    if (OP(scan) != EXACT) {
+        const U8 * const s0 = (U8*) STRING(scan);
+        const U8 * s = s0;
+        const U8 * const s_end = s0 + STR_LEN(scan);
+
+       /* One pass is made over the node's string looking for all the
+        * possibilities.  to avoid some tests in the loop, there are two main
+        * cases, for UTF-8 patterns (which can't have EXACTF nodes) and
+        * non-UTF-8 */
+       if (UTF) {
+
+            /* Examine the string for a multi-character fold sequence.  UTF-8
+             * patterns have all characters pre-folded by the time this code is
+             * executed */
+            while (s < s_end - 1) /* Can stop 1 before the end, as minimum
+                                     length sequence we are looking for is 2 */
+           {
+                int count = 0;
+                int len = is_MULTI_CHAR_FOLD_utf8_safe(s, s_end);
+                if (! len) {    /* Not a multi-char fold: get next char */
+                    s += UTF8SKIP(s);
+                    continue;
+                }
+
+                /* Nodes with 'ss' require special handling, except for EXACTFL
+                 * and EXACTFA for which there is no multi-char fold to this */
+                if (len == 2 && *s == 's' && *(s+1) == 's'
+                    && OP(scan) != EXACTFL && OP(scan) != EXACTFA)
+                {
+                    count = 2;
+                    OP(scan) = EXACTFU_SS;
+                    s += 2;
+                }
+                else if (len == 6   /* len is the same in both ASCII and EBCDIC
+                                       for these */
+                         && (memEQ(s, GREEK_SMALL_LETTER_IOTA_UTF8
+                                      COMBINING_DIAERESIS_UTF8
+                                      COMBINING_ACUTE_ACCENT_UTF8,
+                                   6)
+                             || memEQ(s, GREEK_SMALL_LETTER_UPSILON_UTF8
+                                         COMBINING_DIAERESIS_UTF8
+                                         COMBINING_ACUTE_ACCENT_UTF8,
+                                     6)))
+                {
+                    count = 3;
+
+                    /* These two folds require special handling by trie's, so
+                     * change the node type to indicate this.  If EXACTFA and
+                     * EXACTFL were ever to be handled by trie's, this would
+                     * have to be changed.  If this node has already been
+                     * changed to EXACTFU_SS in this loop, leave it as is.  (I
+                     * (khw) think it doesn't matter in regexec.c for UTF
+                     * patterns, but no need to change it */
+                    if (OP(scan) == EXACTFU) {
+                        OP(scan) = EXACTFU_TRICKYFOLD;
+                    }
+                    s += 6;
+                }
+                else { /* Here is a generic multi-char fold. */
+                    const U8* multi_end  = s + len;
+
+                    /* Count how many characters in it.  In the case of /l and
+                     * /aa, no folds which contain ASCII code points are
+                     * allowed, so check for those, and skip if found.  (In
+                     * EXACTFL, no folds are allowed to any Latin1 code point,
+                     * not just ASCII.  But there aren't any of these
+                     * currently, nor ever likely, so don't take the time to
+                     * test for them.  The code that generates the
+                     * is_MULTI_foo() macros croaks should one actually get put
+                     * into Unicode .) */
+                    if (OP(scan) != EXACTFL && OP(scan) != EXACTFA) {
+                        count = utf8_length(s, multi_end);
+                        s = multi_end;
+                    }
+                    else {
+                        while (s < multi_end) {
+                            if (isASCII(*s)) {
+                                s++;
+                                goto next_iteration;
+                            }
+                            else {
+                                s += UTF8SKIP(s);
+                            }
+                            count++;
+                        }
+                    }
+                }
+
+                /* The delta is how long the sequence is minus 1 (1 is how long
+                 * the character that folds to the sequence is) */
+                *min_subtract += count - 1;
+            next_iteration: ;
+           }
+       }
+       else if (OP(scan) == EXACTFA) {
+
+            /* Non-UTF-8 pattern, EXACTFA node.  There can't be a multi-char
+             * fold to the ASCII range (and there are no existing ones in the
+             * upper latin1 range).  But, as outlined in the comments preceding
+             * this function, we need to flag any occurrences of the sharp s */
+           while (s < s_end) {
+                if (*s == LATIN_SMALL_LETTER_SHARP_S) {
+                    *has_exactf_sharp_s = TRUE;
+                    break;
+                }
+                s++;
+                continue;
+            }
+        }
+       else if (OP(scan) != EXACTFL) {
+
+            /* Non-UTF-8 pattern, not EXACTFA nor EXACTFL node.  Look for the
+             * multi-char folds that are all Latin1.  (This code knows that
+             * there are no current multi-char folds possible with EXACTFL,
+             * relying on fold_grind.t to catch any errors if the very unlikely
+             * event happens that some get added in future Unicode versions.)
+             * As explained in the comments preceding this function, we look
+             * also for the sharp s in EXACTF nodes; it can be in the final
+             * position.  Otherwise we can stop looking 1 byte earlier because
+             * have to find at least two characters for a multi-fold */
+           const U8* upper = (OP(scan) == EXACTF) ? s_end : s_end -1;
+
+            /* The below is perhaps overboard, but this allows us to save a
+             * test each time through the loop at the expense of a mask.  This
+             * is because on both EBCDIC and ASCII machines, 'S' and 's' differ
+             * by a single bit.  On ASCII they are 32 apart; on EBCDIC, they
+             * are 64.  This uses an exclusive 'or' to find that bit and then
+             * inverts it to form a mask, with just a single 0, in the bit
+             * position where 'S' and 's' differ. */
+            const U8 S_or_s_mask = (U8) ~ ('S' ^ 's');
+            const U8 s_masked = 's' & S_or_s_mask;
+
+           while (s < upper) {
+                int len = is_MULTI_CHAR_FOLD_latin1_safe(s, s_end);
+                if (! len) {    /* Not a multi-char fold. */
+                    if (*s == LATIN_SMALL_LETTER_SHARP_S && OP(scan) == EXACTF)
+                    {
+                        *has_exactf_sharp_s = TRUE;
+                    }
+                    s++;
+                    continue;
+                }
+
+                if (len == 2
+                    && ((*s & S_or_s_mask) == s_masked)
+                    && ((*(s+1) & S_or_s_mask) == s_masked))
+                {
+
+                    /* EXACTF nodes need to know that the minimum length
+                     * changed so that a sharp s in the string can match this
+                     * ss in the pattern, but they remain EXACTF nodes, as they
+                     * won't match this unless the target string is is UTF-8,
+                     * which we don't know until runtime */
+                    if (OP(scan) != EXACTF) {
+                        OP(scan) = EXACTFU_SS;
+                    }
+               }
+
+                *min_subtract += len - 1;
+                s += len;
+           }
+       }
+    }
+
+#ifdef DEBUGGING
+    /* Allow dumping but overwriting the collection of skipped
+     * ops and/or strings with fake optimized ops */
+    n = scan + NODE_SZ_STR(scan);
+    while (n <= stop) {
+       OP(n) = OPTIMIZED;
+       FLAGS(n) = 0;
+       NEXT_OFF(n) = 0;
+        n++;
+    }
+#endif
+    DEBUG_OPTIMISE_r(if (merged){DEBUG_PEEP("finl",scan,depth)});
+    return stopnow;
+}
+
+/* REx optimizer.  Converts nodes into quicker variants "in place".
+   Finds fixed substrings.  */
+
+/* Stops at toplevel WHILEM as well as at "last". At end *scanp is set
+   to the position after last scanned or to NULL. */
+
+#define INIT_AND_WITHP \
+    assert(!and_withp); \
+    Newx(and_withp,1,struct regnode_charclass_class); \
+    SAVEFREEPV(and_withp)
+
+/* this is a chain of data about sub patterns we are processing that
+   need to be handled separately/specially in study_chunk. Its so
+   we can simulate recursion without losing state.  */
+struct scan_frame;
+typedef struct scan_frame {
+    regnode *last;  /* last node to process in this frame */
+    regnode *next;  /* next node to process when last is reached */
+    struct scan_frame *prev; /*previous frame*/
+    I32 stop; /* what stopparen do we use */
+} scan_frame;
+
+
+#define SCAN_COMMIT(s, data, m) scan_commit(s, data, m, is_inf)
+
+STATIC I32
+S_study_chunk(pTHX_ RExC_state_t *pRExC_state, regnode **scanp,
+                        I32 *minlenp, I32 *deltap,
+                       regnode *last,
+                       scan_data_t *data,
+                       I32 stopparen,
+                       U8* recursed,
+                       struct regnode_charclass_class *and_withp,
+                       U32 flags, U32 depth)
+                       /* scanp: Start here (read-write). */
+                       /* deltap: Write maxlen-minlen here. */
+                       /* last: Stop before this one. */
+                       /* data: string data about the pattern */
+                       /* stopparen: treat close N as END */
+                       /* recursed: which subroutines have we recursed into */
+                       /* and_withp: Valid if flags & SCF_DO_STCLASS_OR */
+{
+    dVAR;
+    I32 min = 0;    /* There must be at least this number of characters to match */
+    I32 pars = 0, code;
+    regnode *scan = *scanp, *next;
+    I32 delta = 0;
+    int is_inf = (flags & SCF_DO_SUBSTR) && (data->flags & SF_IS_INF);
+    int is_inf_internal = 0;           /* The studied chunk is infinite */
+    I32 is_par = OP(scan) == OPEN ? ARG(scan) : 0;
+    scan_data_t data_fake;
+    SV *re_trie_maxbuff = NULL;
+    regnode *first_non_open = scan;
+    I32 stopmin = I32_MAX;
+    scan_frame *frame = NULL;
+    GET_RE_DEBUG_FLAGS_DECL;
+
+    PERL_ARGS_ASSERT_STUDY_CHUNK;
+
+#ifdef DEBUGGING
+    StructCopy(&zero_scan_data, &data_fake, scan_data_t);
+#endif
+
+    if ( depth == 0 ) {
+        while (first_non_open && OP(first_non_open) == OPEN)
+            first_non_open=regnext(first_non_open);
+    }
+
+
+  fake_study_recurse:
+    while ( scan && OP(scan) != END && scan < last ){
+        UV min_subtract = 0;    /* How mmany chars to subtract from the minimum
+                                   node length to get a real minimum (because
+                                   the folded version may be shorter) */
+       bool has_exactf_sharp_s = FALSE;
+       /* Peephole optimizer: */
+       DEBUG_STUDYDATA("Peep:", data,depth);
+       DEBUG_PEEP("Peep",scan,depth);
+
+        /* Its not clear to khw or hv why this is done here, and not in the
+         * clauses that deal with EXACT nodes.  khw's guess is that it's
+         * because of a previous design */
+        JOIN_EXACT(scan,&min_subtract, &has_exactf_sharp_s, 0);
+
+       /* Follow the next-chain of the current node and optimize
+          away all the NOTHINGs from it.  */
+       if (OP(scan) != CURLYX) {
+           const int max = (reg_off_by_arg[OP(scan)]
+                      ? I32_MAX
+                      /* I32 may be smaller than U16 on CRAYs! */
+                      : (I32_MAX < U16_MAX ? I32_MAX : U16_MAX));
+           int off = (reg_off_by_arg[OP(scan)] ? ARG(scan) : NEXT_OFF(scan));
+           int noff;
+           regnode *n = scan;
+
+           /* Skip NOTHING and LONGJMP. */
+           while ((n = regnext(n))
+                  && ((PL_regkind[OP(n)] == NOTHING && (noff = NEXT_OFF(n)))
+                      || ((OP(n) == LONGJMP) && (noff = ARG(n))))
+                  && off + noff < max)
+               off += noff;
+           if (reg_off_by_arg[OP(scan)])
+               ARG(scan) = off;
+           else
+               NEXT_OFF(scan) = off;
+       }
+
+
+
+       /* The principal pseudo-switch.  Cannot be a switch, since we
+          look into several different things.  */
+       if (OP(scan) == BRANCH || OP(scan) == BRANCHJ
+                  || OP(scan) == IFTHEN) {
+           next = regnext(scan);
+           code = OP(scan);
+           /* demq: the op(next)==code check is to see if we have "branch-branch" AFAICT */
+
+           if (OP(next) == code || code == IFTHEN) {
+               /* NOTE - There is similar code to this block below for handling
+                  TRIE nodes on a re-study.  If you change stuff here check there
+                  too. */
+               I32 max1 = 0, min1 = I32_MAX, num = 0;
+               struct regnode_charclass_class accum;
+               regnode * const startbranch=scan;
+
+               if (flags & SCF_DO_SUBSTR)
+                   SCAN_COMMIT(pRExC_state, data, minlenp); /* Cannot merge strings after this. */
+               if (flags & SCF_DO_STCLASS)
+                   cl_init_zero(pRExC_state, &accum);
+
+               while (OP(scan) == code) {
+                   I32 deltanext, minnext, f = 0, fake;
+                   struct regnode_charclass_class this_class;
+
+                   num++;
+                   data_fake.flags = 0;
+                   if (data) {
+                       data_fake.whilem_c = data->whilem_c;
+                       data_fake.last_closep = data->last_closep;
+                   }
+                   else
+                       data_fake.last_closep = &fake;
+
+                   data_fake.pos_delta = delta;
+                   next = regnext(scan);
+                   scan = NEXTOPER(scan);
+                   if (code != BRANCH)
+                       scan = NEXTOPER(scan);
+                   if (flags & SCF_DO_STCLASS) {
+                       cl_init(pRExC_state, &this_class);
+                       data_fake.start_class = &this_class;
+                       f = SCF_DO_STCLASS_AND;
+                   }
+                   if (flags & SCF_WHILEM_VISITED_POS)
+                       f |= SCF_WHILEM_VISITED_POS;
+
+                   /* we suppose the run is continuous, last=next...*/
+                   minnext = study_chunk(pRExC_state, &scan, minlenp, &deltanext,
+                                         next, &data_fake,
+                                         stopparen, recursed, NULL, f,depth+1);
+                   if (min1 > minnext)
+                       min1 = minnext;
+                   if (deltanext == I32_MAX) {
+                       is_inf = is_inf_internal = 1;
+                       max1 = I32_MAX;
+                   } else if (max1 < minnext + deltanext)
+                       max1 = minnext + deltanext;
+                   scan = next;
+                   if (data_fake.flags & (SF_HAS_PAR|SF_IN_PAR))
+                       pars++;
+                   if (data_fake.flags & SCF_SEEN_ACCEPT) {
+                       if ( stopmin > minnext) 
+                           stopmin = min + min1;
+                       flags &= ~SCF_DO_SUBSTR;
+                       if (data)
+                           data->flags |= SCF_SEEN_ACCEPT;
+                   }
+                   if (data) {
+                       if (data_fake.flags & SF_HAS_EVAL)
+                           data->flags |= SF_HAS_EVAL;
+                       data->whilem_c = data_fake.whilem_c;
+                   }
+                   if (flags & SCF_DO_STCLASS)
+                       cl_or(pRExC_state, &accum, &this_class);
+               }
+               if (code == IFTHEN && num < 2) /* Empty ELSE branch */
+                   min1 = 0;
+               if (flags & SCF_DO_SUBSTR) {
+                   data->pos_min += min1;
+                   if (data->pos_delta >= I32_MAX - (max1 - min1))
+                       data->pos_delta = I32_MAX;
+                   else
+                       data->pos_delta += max1 - min1;
+                   if (max1 != min1 || is_inf)
+                       data->longest = &(data->longest_float);
+               }
+               min += min1;
+               if (delta == I32_MAX || I32_MAX - delta - (max1 - min1) < 0)
+                   delta = I32_MAX;
+               else
+                   delta += max1 - min1;
+               if (flags & SCF_DO_STCLASS_OR) {
+                   cl_or(pRExC_state, data->start_class, &accum);
+                   if (min1) {
+                       cl_and(data->start_class, and_withp);
+                       flags &= ~SCF_DO_STCLASS;
+                   }
+               }
+               else if (flags & SCF_DO_STCLASS_AND) {
+                   if (min1) {
+                       cl_and(data->start_class, &accum);
+                       flags &= ~SCF_DO_STCLASS;
+                   }
+                   else {
+                       /* Switch to OR mode: cache the old value of
+                        * data->start_class */
+                       INIT_AND_WITHP;
+                       StructCopy(data->start_class, and_withp,
+                                  struct regnode_charclass_class);
+                       flags &= ~SCF_DO_STCLASS_AND;
+                       StructCopy(&accum, data->start_class,
+                                  struct regnode_charclass_class);
+                       flags |= SCF_DO_STCLASS_OR;
+                        SET_SSC_EOS(data->start_class);
+                   }
+               }
+
+                if (PERL_ENABLE_TRIE_OPTIMISATION && OP( startbranch ) == BRANCH ) {
+               /* demq.
+
+                  Assuming this was/is a branch we are dealing with: 'scan' now
+                  points at the item that follows the branch sequence, whatever
+                  it is. We now start at the beginning of the sequence and look
+                  for subsequences of
+
+                  BRANCH->EXACT=>x1
+                  BRANCH->EXACT=>x2
+                  tail
+
+                  which would be constructed from a pattern like /A|LIST|OF|WORDS/
+
+                  If we can find such a subsequence we need to turn the first
+                  element into a trie and then add the subsequent branch exact
+                  strings to the trie.
+
+                  We have two cases
+
+                    1. patterns where the whole set of branches can be converted. 
+
+                    2. patterns where only a subset can be converted.
+
+                  In case 1 we can replace the whole set with a single regop
+                  for the trie. In case 2 we need to keep the start and end
+                  branches so
+
+                    'BRANCH EXACT; BRANCH EXACT; BRANCH X'
+                    becomes BRANCH TRIE; BRANCH X;
+
+                 There is an additional case, that being where there is a 
+                 common prefix, which gets split out into an EXACT like node
+                 preceding the TRIE node.
+
+                 If x(1..n)==tail then we can do a simple trie, if not we make
+                 a "jump" trie, such that when we match the appropriate word
+                 we "jump" to the appropriate tail node. Essentially we turn
+                 a nested if into a case structure of sorts.
+
+               */
+
+                   int made=0;
+                   if (!re_trie_maxbuff) {
+                       re_trie_maxbuff = get_sv(RE_TRIE_MAXBUF_NAME, 1);
+                       if (!SvIOK(re_trie_maxbuff))
+                           sv_setiv(re_trie_maxbuff, RE_TRIE_MAXBUF_INIT);
+                   }
+                    if ( SvIV(re_trie_maxbuff)>=0  ) {
+                        regnode *cur;
+                        regnode *first = (regnode *)NULL;
+                        regnode *last = (regnode *)NULL;
+                        regnode *tail = scan;
+                        U8 trietype = 0;
+                        U32 count=0;
+
+#ifdef DEBUGGING
+                        SV * const mysv = sv_newmortal();       /* for dumping */
+#endif
+                        /* var tail is used because there may be a TAIL
+                           regop in the way. Ie, the exacts will point to the
+                           thing following the TAIL, but the last branch will
+                           point at the TAIL. So we advance tail. If we
+                           have nested (?:) we may have to move through several
+                           tails.
+                         */
+
+                        while ( OP( tail ) == TAIL ) {
+                            /* this is the TAIL generated by (?:) */
+                            tail = regnext( tail );
+                        }
+
+                        
+                        DEBUG_TRIE_COMPILE_r({
+                            regprop(RExC_rx, mysv, tail );
+                            PerlIO_printf( Perl_debug_log, "%*s%s%s\n",
+                                (int)depth * 2 + 2, "", 
+                                "Looking for TRIE'able sequences. Tail node is: ", 
+                                SvPV_nolen_const( mysv )
+                            );
+                        });
+                        
+                        /*
+
+                            Step through the branches
+                                cur represents each branch,
+                                noper is the first thing to be matched as part of that branch
+                                noper_next is the regnext() of that node.
+
+                            We normally handle a case like this /FOO[xyz]|BAR[pqr]/
+                            via a "jump trie" but we also support building with NOJUMPTRIE,
+                            which restricts the trie logic to structures like /FOO|BAR/.
+
+                            If noper is a trieable nodetype then the branch is a possible optimization
+                            target. If we are building under NOJUMPTRIE then we require that noper_next
+                            is the same as scan (our current position in the regex program).
+
+                            Once we have two or more consecutive such branches we can create a
+                            trie of the EXACT's contents and stitch it in place into the program.
+
+                            If the sequence represents all of the branches in the alternation we
+                            replace the entire thing with a single TRIE node.
+
+                            Otherwise when it is a subsequence we need to stitch it in place and
+                            replace only the relevant branches. This means the first branch has
+                            to remain as it is used by the alternation logic, and its next pointer,
+                            and needs to be repointed at the item on the branch chain following
+                            the last branch we have optimized away.
+
+                            This could be either a BRANCH, in which case the subsequence is internal,
+                            or it could be the item following the branch sequence in which case the
+                            subsequence is at the end (which does not necessarily mean the first node
+                            is the start of the alternation).
+
+                            TRIE_TYPE(X) is a define which maps the optype to a trietype.
+
+                                optype          |  trietype
+                                ----------------+-----------
+                                NOTHING         | NOTHING
+                                EXACT           | EXACT
+                                EXACTFU         | EXACTFU
+                                EXACTFU_SS      | EXACTFU
+                                EXACTFU_TRICKYFOLD | EXACTFU
+                                EXACTFA         | 0
+
+
+                        */
+#define TRIE_TYPE(X) ( ( NOTHING == (X) ) ? NOTHING :   \
+                       ( EXACT == (X) )   ? EXACT :        \
+                       ( EXACTFU == (X) || EXACTFU_SS == (X) || EXACTFU_TRICKYFOLD == (X) ) ? EXACTFU :        \
+                       0 )
+
+                        /* dont use tail as the end marker for this traverse */
+                        for ( cur = startbranch ; cur != scan ; cur = regnext( cur ) ) {
+                            regnode * const noper = NEXTOPER( cur );
+                            U8 noper_type = OP( noper );
+                            U8 noper_trietype = TRIE_TYPE( noper_type );
+#if defined(DEBUGGING) || defined(NOJUMPTRIE)
+                            regnode * const noper_next = regnext( noper );
+                           U8 noper_next_type = (noper_next && noper_next != tail) ? OP(noper_next) : 0;
+                           U8 noper_next_trietype = (noper_next && noper_next != tail) ? TRIE_TYPE( noper_next_type ) :0;
+#endif
+
+                            DEBUG_TRIE_COMPILE_r({
+                                regprop(RExC_rx, mysv, cur);
+                                PerlIO_printf( Perl_debug_log, "%*s- %s (%d)",
+                                   (int)depth * 2 + 2,"", SvPV_nolen_const( mysv ), REG_NODE_NUM(cur) );
+
+                                regprop(RExC_rx, mysv, noper);
+                                PerlIO_printf( Perl_debug_log, " -> %s",
+                                    SvPV_nolen_const(mysv));
+
+                                if ( noper_next ) {
+                                  regprop(RExC_rx, mysv, noper_next );
+                                  PerlIO_printf( Perl_debug_log,"\t=> %s\t",
+                                    SvPV_nolen_const(mysv));
+                                }
+                                PerlIO_printf( Perl_debug_log, "(First==%d,Last==%d,Cur==%d,tt==%s,nt==%s,nnt==%s)\n",
+                                   REG_NODE_NUM(first), REG_NODE_NUM(last), REG_NODE_NUM(cur),
+                                  PL_reg_name[trietype], PL_reg_name[noper_trietype], PL_reg_name[noper_next_trietype] 
+                               );
+                            });
+
+                            /* Is noper a trieable nodetype that can be merged with the
+                             * current trie (if there is one)? */
+                            if ( noper_trietype
+                                  &&
+                                  (
+                                        ( noper_trietype == NOTHING)
+                                        || ( trietype == NOTHING )
+                                        || ( trietype == noper_trietype )
+                                  )
+#ifdef NOJUMPTRIE
+                                  && noper_next == tail
+#endif
+                                  && count < U16_MAX)
+                            {
+                                /* Handle mergable triable node
+                                 * Either we are the first node in a new trieable sequence,
+                                 * in which case we do some bookkeeping, otherwise we update
+                                 * the end pointer. */
+                                if ( !first ) {
+                                    first = cur;
+                                   if ( noper_trietype == NOTHING ) {
+#if !defined(DEBUGGING) && !defined(NOJUMPTRIE)
+                                       regnode * const noper_next = regnext( noper );
+                                        U8 noper_next_type = (noper_next && noper_next!=tail) ? OP(noper_next) : 0;
+                                       U8 noper_next_trietype = noper_next_type ? TRIE_TYPE( noper_next_type ) :0;
+#endif
+
+                                        if ( noper_next_trietype ) {
+                                           trietype = noper_next_trietype;
+                                        } else if (noper_next_type)  {
+                                            /* a NOTHING regop is 1 regop wide. We need at least two
+                                             * for a trie so we can't merge this in */
+                                            first = NULL;
+                                        }
+                                    } else {
+                                        trietype = noper_trietype;
+                                    }
+                                } else {
+                                    if ( trietype == NOTHING )
+                                        trietype = noper_trietype;
+                                    last = cur;
+                                }
+                               if (first)
+                                   count++;
+                            } /* end handle mergable triable node */
+                            else {
+                                /* handle unmergable node -
+                                 * noper may either be a triable node which can not be tried
+                                 * together with the current trie, or a non triable node */
+                                if ( last ) {
+                                    /* If last is set and trietype is not NOTHING then we have found
+                                     * at least two triable branch sequences in a row of a similar
+                                     * trietype so we can turn them into a trie. If/when we
+                                     * allow NOTHING to start a trie sequence this condition will be
+                                     * required, and it isn't expensive so we leave it in for now. */
+                                    if ( trietype && trietype != NOTHING )
+                                        make_trie( pRExC_state,
+                                                startbranch, first, cur, tail, count,
+                                                trietype, depth+1 );
+                                    last = NULL; /* note: we clear/update first, trietype etc below, so we dont do it here */
+                                }
+                                if ( noper_trietype
+#ifdef NOJUMPTRIE
+                                     && noper_next == tail
+#endif
+                                ){
+                                    /* noper is triable, so we can start a new trie sequence */
+                                    count = 1;
+                                    first = cur;
+                                    trietype = noper_trietype;
+                                } else if (first) {
+                                    /* if we already saw a first but the current node is not triable then we have
+                                     * to reset the first information. */
+                                    count = 0;
+                                    first = NULL;
+                                    trietype = 0;
+                                }
+                            } /* end handle unmergable node */
+                        } /* loop over branches */
+                        DEBUG_TRIE_COMPILE_r({
+                            regprop(RExC_rx, mysv, cur);
+                            PerlIO_printf( Perl_debug_log,
+                              "%*s- %s (%d) <SCAN FINISHED>\n", (int)depth * 2 + 2,
+                              "", SvPV_nolen_const( mysv ),REG_NODE_NUM(cur));
+
+                        });
+                        if ( last && trietype ) {
+                            if ( trietype != NOTHING ) {
+                                /* the last branch of the sequence was part of a trie,
+                                 * so we have to construct it here outside of the loop
+                                 */
+                                made= make_trie( pRExC_state, startbranch, first, scan, tail, count, trietype, depth+1 );
+#ifdef TRIE_STUDY_OPT
+                                if ( ((made == MADE_EXACT_TRIE &&
+                                     startbranch == first)
+                                     || ( first_non_open == first )) &&
+                                     depth==0 ) {
+                                    flags |= SCF_TRIE_RESTUDY;
+                                    if ( startbranch == first
+                                         && scan == tail )
+                                    {
+                                        RExC_seen &=~REG_TOP_LEVEL_BRANCHES;
+                                    }
+                                }
+#endif
+                            } else {
+                                /* at this point we know whatever we have is a NOTHING sequence/branch
+                                 * AND if 'startbranch' is 'first' then we can turn the whole thing into a NOTHING
+                                 */
+                                if ( startbranch == first ) {
+                                    regnode *opt;
+                                    /* the entire thing is a NOTHING sequence, something like this:
+                                     * (?:|) So we can turn it into a plain NOTHING op. */
+                                    DEBUG_TRIE_COMPILE_r({
+                                        regprop(RExC_rx, mysv, cur);
+                                        PerlIO_printf( Perl_debug_log,
+                                          "%*s- %s (%d) <NOTHING BRANCH SEQUENCE>\n", (int)depth * 2 + 2,
+                                          "", SvPV_nolen_const( mysv ),REG_NODE_NUM(cur));
+
+                                    });
+                                    OP(startbranch)= NOTHING;
+                                    NEXT_OFF(startbranch)= tail - startbranch;
+                                    for ( opt= startbranch + 1; opt < tail ; opt++ )
+                                        OP(opt)= OPTIMIZED;
+                                }
+                            }
+                        } /* end if ( last) */
+                    } /* TRIE_MAXBUF is non zero */
+                    
+                } /* do trie */
+                
+           }
+           else if ( code == BRANCHJ ) {  /* single branch is optimized. */
+               scan = NEXTOPER(NEXTOPER(scan));
+           } else                      /* single branch is optimized. */
+               scan = NEXTOPER(scan);
+           continue;
+       } else if (OP(scan) == SUSPEND || OP(scan) == GOSUB || OP(scan) == GOSTART) {
+           scan_frame *newframe = NULL;
+           I32 paren;
+           regnode *start;
+           regnode *end;
+
+           if (OP(scan) != SUSPEND) {
+           /* set the pointer */
+               if (OP(scan) == GOSUB) {
+                   paren = ARG(scan);
+                   RExC_recurse[ARG2L(scan)] = scan;
+                    start = RExC_open_parens[paren-1];
+                    end   = RExC_close_parens[paren-1];
+                } else {
+                    paren = 0;
+                    start = RExC_rxi->program + 1;
+                    end   = RExC_opend;
+                }
+                if (!recursed) {
+                    Newxz(recursed, (((RExC_npar)>>3) +1), U8);
+                    SAVEFREEPV(recursed);
+                }
+                if (!PAREN_TEST(recursed,paren+1)) {
+                   PAREN_SET(recursed,paren+1);
+                    Newx(newframe,1,scan_frame);
+                } else {
+                    if (flags & SCF_DO_SUBSTR) {
+                        SCAN_COMMIT(pRExC_state,data,minlenp);
+                        data->longest = &(data->longest_float);
+                    }
+                    is_inf = is_inf_internal = 1;
+                    if (flags & SCF_DO_STCLASS_OR) /* Allow everything */
+                        cl_anything(pRExC_state, data->start_class);
+                    flags &= ~SCF_DO_STCLASS;
+               }
+            } else {
+               Newx(newframe,1,scan_frame);
+               paren = stopparen;
+               start = scan+2;
+               end = regnext(scan);
+           }
+           if (newframe) {
+                assert(start);
+                assert(end);
+               SAVEFREEPV(newframe);
+               newframe->next = regnext(scan);
+               newframe->last = last;
+               newframe->stop = stopparen;
+               newframe->prev = frame;
+
+               frame = newframe;
+               scan =  start;
+               stopparen = paren;
+               last = end;
+
+               continue;
+           }
+       }
+       else if (OP(scan) == EXACT) {
+           I32 l = STR_LEN(scan);
+           UV uc;
+           if (UTF) {
+               const U8 * const s = (U8*)STRING(scan);
+               uc = utf8_to_uvchr_buf(s, s + l, NULL);
+               l = utf8_length(s, s + l);
+           } else {
+               uc = *((U8*)STRING(scan));
+           }
+           min += l;
+           if (flags & SCF_DO_SUBSTR) { /* Update longest substr. */
+               /* The code below prefers earlier match for fixed
+                  offset, later match for variable offset.  */
+               if (data->last_end == -1) { /* Update the start info. */
+                   data->last_start_min = data->pos_min;
+                   data->last_start_max = is_inf
+                       ? I32_MAX : data->pos_min + data->pos_delta;
+               }
+               sv_catpvn(data->last_found, STRING(scan), STR_LEN(scan));
+               if (UTF)
+                   SvUTF8_on(data->last_found);
+               {
+                   SV * const sv = data->last_found;
+                   MAGIC * const mg = SvUTF8(sv) && SvMAGICAL(sv) ?
+                       mg_find(sv, PERL_MAGIC_utf8) : NULL;
+                   if (mg && mg->mg_len >= 0)
+                       mg->mg_len += utf8_length((U8*)STRING(scan),
+                                                 (U8*)STRING(scan)+STR_LEN(scan));
+               }
+               data->last_end = data->pos_min + l;
+               data->pos_min += l; /* As in the first entry. */
+               data->flags &= ~SF_BEFORE_EOL;
+           }
+           if (flags & SCF_DO_STCLASS_AND) {
+               /* Check whether it is compatible with what we know already! */
+               int compat = 1;
+
+
+               /* If compatible, we or it in below.  It is compatible if is
+                * in the bitmp and either 1) its bit or its fold is set, or 2)
+                * it's for a locale.  Even if there isn't unicode semantics
+                * here, at runtime there may be because of matching against a
+                * utf8 string, so accept a possible false positive for
+                * latin1-range folds */
+               if (uc >= 0x100 ||
+                   (!(data->start_class->flags & ANYOF_LOCALE)
+                   && !ANYOF_BITMAP_TEST(data->start_class, uc)
+                   && (!(data->start_class->flags & ANYOF_LOC_FOLD)
+                       || !ANYOF_BITMAP_TEST(data->start_class, PL_fold_latin1[uc])))
+                    )
+               {
+                   compat = 0;
+               }
+               ANYOF_CLASS_ZERO(data->start_class);
+               ANYOF_BITMAP_ZERO(data->start_class);
+               if (compat)
+                   ANYOF_BITMAP_SET(data->start_class, uc);
+               else if (uc >= 0x100) {
+                   int i;
+
+                   /* Some Unicode code points fold to the Latin1 range; as
+                    * XXX temporary code, instead of figuring out if this is
+                    * one, just assume it is and set all the start class bits
+                    * that could be some such above 255 code point's fold
+                    * which will generate fals positives.  As the code
+                    * elsewhere that does compute the fold settles down, it
+                    * can be extracted out and re-used here */
+                   for (i = 0; i < 256; i++){
+                       if (HAS_NONLATIN1_FOLD_CLOSURE(i)) {
+                           ANYOF_BITMAP_SET(data->start_class, i);
+                       }
+                   }
+               }
+                CLEAR_SSC_EOS(data->start_class);
+               if (uc < 0x100)
+                 data->start_class->flags &= ~ANYOF_UNICODE_ALL;
+           }
+           else if (flags & SCF_DO_STCLASS_OR) {
+               /* false positive possible if the class is case-folded */
+               if (uc < 0x100)
+                   ANYOF_BITMAP_SET(data->start_class, uc);
+               else
+                   data->start_class->flags |= ANYOF_UNICODE_ALL;
+                CLEAR_SSC_EOS(data->start_class);
+               cl_and(data->start_class, and_withp);
+           }
+           flags &= ~SCF_DO_STCLASS;
+       }
+       else if (PL_regkind[OP(scan)] == EXACT) { /* But OP != EXACT! */
+           I32 l = STR_LEN(scan);
+           UV uc = *((U8*)STRING(scan));
+
+           /* Search for fixed substrings supports EXACT only. */
+           if (flags & SCF_DO_SUBSTR) {
+               assert(data);
+               SCAN_COMMIT(pRExC_state, data, minlenp);
+           }
+           if (UTF) {
+               const U8 * const s = (U8 *)STRING(scan);
+               uc = utf8_to_uvchr_buf(s, s + l, NULL);
+               l = utf8_length(s, s + l);
+           }
+           if (has_exactf_sharp_s) {
+               RExC_seen |= REG_SEEN_EXACTF_SHARP_S;
+           }
+           min += l - min_subtract;
+            assert (min >= 0);
+            delta += min_subtract;
+           if (flags & SCF_DO_SUBSTR) {
+               data->pos_min += l - min_subtract;
+               if (data->pos_min < 0) {
+                    data->pos_min = 0;
+                }
+                data->pos_delta += min_subtract;
+               if (min_subtract) {
+                   data->longest = &(data->longest_float);
+               }
+           }
+           if (flags & SCF_DO_STCLASS_AND) {
+               /* Check whether it is compatible with what we know already! */
+               int compat = 1;
+               if (uc >= 0x100 ||
+                (!(data->start_class->flags & ANYOF_LOCALE)
+                 && !ANYOF_BITMAP_TEST(data->start_class, uc)
+                 && !ANYOF_BITMAP_TEST(data->start_class, PL_fold_latin1[uc])))
+               {
+                   compat = 0;
+               }
+               ANYOF_CLASS_ZERO(data->start_class);
+               ANYOF_BITMAP_ZERO(data->start_class);
+               if (compat) {
+                   ANYOF_BITMAP_SET(data->start_class, uc);
+                    CLEAR_SSC_EOS(data->start_class);
+                   if (OP(scan) == EXACTFL) {
+                       /* XXX This set is probably no longer necessary, and
+                        * probably wrong as LOCALE now is on in the initial
+                        * state */
+                       data->start_class->flags |= ANYOF_LOCALE|ANYOF_LOC_FOLD;
+                   }
+                   else {
+
+                       /* Also set the other member of the fold pair.  In case
+                        * that unicode semantics is called for at runtime, use
+                        * the full latin1 fold.  (Can't do this for locale,
+                        * because not known until runtime) */
+                       ANYOF_BITMAP_SET(data->start_class, PL_fold_latin1[uc]);
+
+                        /* All other (EXACTFL handled above) folds except under
+                         * /iaa that include s, S, and sharp_s also may include
+                         * the others */
+                       if (OP(scan) != EXACTFA) {
+                           if (uc == 's' || uc == 'S') {
+                               ANYOF_BITMAP_SET(data->start_class,
+                                                LATIN_SMALL_LETTER_SHARP_S);
+                           }
+                           else if (uc == LATIN_SMALL_LETTER_SHARP_S) {
+                               ANYOF_BITMAP_SET(data->start_class, 's');
+                               ANYOF_BITMAP_SET(data->start_class, 'S');
+                           }
+                       }
+                   }
+               }
+               else if (uc >= 0x100) {
+                   int i;
+                   for (i = 0; i < 256; i++){
+                       if (_HAS_NONLATIN1_FOLD_CLOSURE_ONLY_FOR_USE_BY_REGCOMP_DOT_C_AND_REGEXEC_DOT_C(i)) {
+                           ANYOF_BITMAP_SET(data->start_class, i);
+                       }
+                   }
+               }
+           }
+           else if (flags & SCF_DO_STCLASS_OR) {
+               if (data->start_class->flags & ANYOF_LOC_FOLD) {
+                   /* false positive possible if the class is case-folded.
+                      Assume that the locale settings are the same... */
+                   if (uc < 0x100) {
+                       ANYOF_BITMAP_SET(data->start_class, uc);
+                        if (OP(scan) != EXACTFL) {
+
+                            /* And set the other member of the fold pair, but
+                             * can't do that in locale because not known until
+                             * run-time */
+                            ANYOF_BITMAP_SET(data->start_class,
+                                            PL_fold_latin1[uc]);
+
+                           /* All folds except under /iaa that include s, S,
+                            * and sharp_s also may include the others */
+                           if (OP(scan) != EXACTFA) {
+                               if (uc == 's' || uc == 'S') {
+                                   ANYOF_BITMAP_SET(data->start_class,
+                                                  LATIN_SMALL_LETTER_SHARP_S);
+                               }
+                               else if (uc == LATIN_SMALL_LETTER_SHARP_S) {
+                                   ANYOF_BITMAP_SET(data->start_class, 's');
+                                   ANYOF_BITMAP_SET(data->start_class, 'S');
+                               }
+                           }
+                        }
+                   }
+                    CLEAR_SSC_EOS(data->start_class);
+               }
+               cl_and(data->start_class, and_withp);
+           }
+           flags &= ~SCF_DO_STCLASS;
+       }
+       else if (REGNODE_VARIES(OP(scan))) {
+           I32 mincount, maxcount, minnext, deltanext, fl = 0;
+           I32 f = flags, pos_before = 0;
+           regnode * const oscan = scan;
+           struct regnode_charclass_class this_class;
+           struct regnode_charclass_class *oclass = NULL;
+           I32 next_is_eval = 0;
+
+           switch (PL_regkind[OP(scan)]) {
+           case WHILEM:                /* End of (?:...)* . */
+               scan = NEXTOPER(scan);
+               goto finish;
+           case PLUS:
+               if (flags & (SCF_DO_SUBSTR | SCF_DO_STCLASS)) {
+                   next = NEXTOPER(scan);
+                   if (OP(next) == EXACT || (flags & SCF_DO_STCLASS)) {
+                       mincount = 1;
+                       maxcount = REG_INFTY;
+                       next = regnext(scan);
+                       scan = NEXTOPER(scan);
+                       goto do_curly;
+                   }
+               }
+               if (flags & SCF_DO_SUBSTR)
+                   data->pos_min++;
+               min++;
+               /* Fall through. */
+           case STAR:
+               if (flags & SCF_DO_STCLASS) {
+                   mincount = 0;
+                   maxcount = REG_INFTY;
+                   next = regnext(scan);
+                   scan = NEXTOPER(scan);
+                   goto do_curly;
+               }
+               is_inf = is_inf_internal = 1;
+               scan = regnext(scan);
+               if (flags & SCF_DO_SUBSTR) {
+                   SCAN_COMMIT(pRExC_state, data, minlenp); /* Cannot extend fixed substrings */
+                   data->longest = &(data->longest_float);
+               }
+               goto optimize_curly_tail;
+           case CURLY:
+               if (stopparen>0 && (OP(scan)==CURLYN || OP(scan)==CURLYM)
+                   && (scan->flags == stopparen))
+               {
+                   mincount = 1;
+                   maxcount = 1;
+               } else {
+                   mincount = ARG1(scan);
+                   maxcount = ARG2(scan);
+               }
+               next = regnext(scan);
+               if (OP(scan) == CURLYX) {
+                   I32 lp = (data ? *(data->last_closep) : 0);
+                   scan->flags = ((lp <= (I32)U8_MAX) ? (U8)lp : U8_MAX);
+               }
+               scan = NEXTOPER(scan) + EXTRA_STEP_2ARGS;
+               next_is_eval = (OP(scan) == EVAL);
+             do_curly:
+               if (flags & SCF_DO_SUBSTR) {
+                   if (mincount == 0) SCAN_COMMIT(pRExC_state,data,minlenp); /* Cannot extend fixed substrings */
+                   pos_before = data->pos_min;
+               }
+               if (data) {
+                   fl = data->flags;
+                   data->flags &= ~(SF_HAS_PAR|SF_IN_PAR|SF_HAS_EVAL);
+                   if (is_inf)
+                       data->flags |= SF_IS_INF;
+               }
+               if (flags & SCF_DO_STCLASS) {
+                   cl_init(pRExC_state, &this_class);
+                   oclass = data->start_class;
+                   data->start_class = &this_class;
+                   f |= SCF_DO_STCLASS_AND;
+                   f &= ~SCF_DO_STCLASS_OR;
+               }
+               /* Exclude from super-linear cache processing any {n,m}
+                  regops for which the combination of input pos and regex
+                  pos is not enough information to determine if a match
+                  will be possible.
+
+                  For example, in the regex /foo(bar\s*){4,8}baz/ with the
+                  regex pos at the \s*, the prospects for a match depend not
+                  only on the input position but also on how many (bar\s*)
+                  repeats into the {4,8} we are. */
+               if ((mincount > 1) || (maxcount > 1 && maxcount != REG_INFTY))
+                   f &= ~SCF_WHILEM_VISITED_POS;
+
+               /* This will finish on WHILEM, setting scan, or on NULL: */
+               minnext = study_chunk(pRExC_state, &scan, minlenp, &deltanext, 
+                                     last, data, stopparen, recursed, NULL,
+                                     (mincount == 0
+                                       ? (f & ~SCF_DO_SUBSTR) : f),depth+1);
+
+               if (flags & SCF_DO_STCLASS)
+                   data->start_class = oclass;
+               if (mincount == 0 || minnext == 0) {
+                   if (flags & SCF_DO_STCLASS_OR) {
+                       cl_or(pRExC_state, data->start_class, &this_class);
+                   }
+                   else if (flags & SCF_DO_STCLASS_AND) {
+                       /* Switch to OR mode: cache the old value of
+                        * data->start_class */
+                       INIT_AND_WITHP;
+                       StructCopy(data->start_class, and_withp,
+                                  struct regnode_charclass_class);
+                       flags &= ~SCF_DO_STCLASS_AND;
+                       StructCopy(&this_class, data->start_class,
+                                  struct regnode_charclass_class);
+                       flags |= SCF_DO_STCLASS_OR;
+                        SET_SSC_EOS(data->start_class);
+                   }
+               } else {                /* Non-zero len */
+                   if (flags & SCF_DO_STCLASS_OR) {
+                       cl_or(pRExC_state, data->start_class, &this_class);
+                       cl_and(data->start_class, and_withp);
+                   }
+                   else if (flags & SCF_DO_STCLASS_AND)
+                       cl_and(data->start_class, &this_class);
+                   flags &= ~SCF_DO_STCLASS;
+               }
+               if (!scan)              /* It was not CURLYX, but CURLY. */
+                   scan = next;
+               if (!(flags & SCF_TRIE_DOING_RESTUDY)
+                   /* ? quantifier ok, except for (?{ ... }) */
+                   && (next_is_eval || !(mincount == 0 && maxcount == 1))
+                   && (minnext == 0) && (deltanext == 0)
+                   && data && !(data->flags & (SF_HAS_PAR|SF_IN_PAR))
+                   && maxcount <= REG_INFTY/3) /* Complement check for big count */
+               {
+                   /* Fatal warnings may leak the regexp without this: */
+                   SAVEFREESV(RExC_rx_sv);
+                   ckWARNreg(RExC_parse,
+                             "Quantifier unexpected on zero-length expression");
+                   (void)ReREFCNT_inc(RExC_rx_sv);
+               }
+
+               min += minnext * mincount;
+               is_inf_internal |= deltanext == I32_MAX
+                                    || (maxcount == REG_INFTY && minnext + deltanext > 0);
+               is_inf |= is_inf_internal;
+               if (is_inf)
+                   delta = I32_MAX;
+               else
+                   delta += (minnext + deltanext) * maxcount - minnext * mincount;
+
+               /* Try powerful optimization CURLYX => CURLYN. */
+               if (  OP(oscan) == CURLYX && data
+                     && data->flags & SF_IN_PAR
+                     && !(data->flags & SF_HAS_EVAL)
+                     && !deltanext && minnext == 1 ) {
+                   /* Try to optimize to CURLYN.  */
+                   regnode *nxt = NEXTOPER(oscan) + EXTRA_STEP_2ARGS;
+                   regnode * const nxt1 = nxt;
+#ifdef DEBUGGING
+                   regnode *nxt2;
+#endif
+
+                   /* Skip open. */
+                   nxt = regnext(nxt);
+                   if (!REGNODE_SIMPLE(OP(nxt))
+                       && !(PL_regkind[OP(nxt)] == EXACT
+                            && STR_LEN(nxt) == 1))
+                       goto nogo;
+#ifdef DEBUGGING
+                   nxt2 = nxt;
+#endif
+                   nxt = regnext(nxt);
+                   if (OP(nxt) != CLOSE)
+                       goto nogo;
+                   if (RExC_open_parens) {
+                       RExC_open_parens[ARG(nxt1)-1]=oscan; /*open->CURLYM*/
+                       RExC_close_parens[ARG(nxt1)-1]=nxt+2; /*close->while*/
+                   }
+                   /* Now we know that nxt2 is the only contents: */
+                   oscan->flags = (U8)ARG(nxt);
+                   OP(oscan) = CURLYN;
+                   OP(nxt1) = NOTHING; /* was OPEN. */
+
+#ifdef DEBUGGING
+                   OP(nxt1 + 1) = OPTIMIZED; /* was count. */
+                   NEXT_OFF(nxt1+ 1) = 0; /* just for consistency. */
+                   NEXT_OFF(nxt2) = 0; /* just for consistency with CURLY. */
+                   OP(nxt) = OPTIMIZED;        /* was CLOSE. */
+                   OP(nxt + 1) = OPTIMIZED; /* was count. */
+                   NEXT_OFF(nxt+ 1) = 0; /* just for consistency. */
+#endif
+               }
+             nogo:
+
+               /* Try optimization CURLYX => CURLYM. */
+               if (  OP(oscan) == CURLYX && data
+                     && !(data->flags & SF_HAS_PAR)
+                     && !(data->flags & SF_HAS_EVAL)
+                     && !deltanext     /* atom is fixed width */
+                     && minnext != 0   /* CURLYM can't handle zero width */
+                      && ! (RExC_seen & REG_SEEN_EXACTF_SHARP_S) /* Nor \xDF */
+               ) {
+                   /* XXXX How to optimize if data == 0? */
+                   /* Optimize to a simpler form.  */
+                   regnode *nxt = NEXTOPER(oscan) + EXTRA_STEP_2ARGS; /* OPEN */
+                   regnode *nxt2;
+
+                   OP(oscan) = CURLYM;
+                   while ( (nxt2 = regnext(nxt)) /* skip over embedded stuff*/
+                           && (OP(nxt2) != WHILEM))
+                       nxt = nxt2;
+                   OP(nxt2)  = SUCCEED; /* Whas WHILEM */
+                   /* Need to optimize away parenths. */
+                   if ((data->flags & SF_IN_PAR) && OP(nxt) == CLOSE) {
+                       /* Set the parenth number.  */
+                       regnode *nxt1 = NEXTOPER(oscan) + EXTRA_STEP_2ARGS; /* OPEN*/
+
+                       oscan->flags = (U8)ARG(nxt);
+                       if (RExC_open_parens) {
+                           RExC_open_parens[ARG(nxt1)-1]=oscan; /*open->CURLYM*/
+                           RExC_close_parens[ARG(nxt1)-1]=nxt2+1; /*close->NOTHING*/
+                       }
+                       OP(nxt1) = OPTIMIZED;   /* was OPEN. */
+                       OP(nxt) = OPTIMIZED;    /* was CLOSE. */
+
+#ifdef DEBUGGING
+                       OP(nxt1 + 1) = OPTIMIZED; /* was count. */
+                       OP(nxt + 1) = OPTIMIZED; /* was count. */
+                       NEXT_OFF(nxt1 + 1) = 0; /* just for consistency. */
+                       NEXT_OFF(nxt + 1) = 0; /* just for consistency. */
+#endif
+#if 0
+                       while ( nxt1 && (OP(nxt1) != WHILEM)) {
+                           regnode *nnxt = regnext(nxt1);
+                           if (nnxt == nxt) {
+                               if (reg_off_by_arg[OP(nxt1)])
+                                   ARG_SET(nxt1, nxt2 - nxt1);
+                               else if (nxt2 - nxt1 < U16_MAX)
+                                   NEXT_OFF(nxt1) = nxt2 - nxt1;
+                               else
+                                   OP(nxt) = NOTHING;  /* Cannot beautify */
+                           }
+                           nxt1 = nnxt;
+                       }
+#endif
+                       /* Optimize again: */
+                       study_chunk(pRExC_state, &nxt1, minlenp, &deltanext, nxt,
+                                   NULL, stopparen, recursed, NULL, 0,depth+1);
+                   }
+                   else
+                       oscan->flags = 0;
+               }
+               else if ((OP(oscan) == CURLYX)
+                        && (flags & SCF_WHILEM_VISITED_POS)
+                        /* See the comment on a similar expression above.
+                           However, this time it's not a subexpression
+                           we care about, but the expression itself. */
+                        && (maxcount == REG_INFTY)
+                        && data && ++data->whilem_c < 16) {
+                   /* This stays as CURLYX, we can put the count/of pair. */
+                   /* Find WHILEM (as in regexec.c) */
+                   regnode *nxt = oscan + NEXT_OFF(oscan);
+
+                   if (OP(PREVOPER(nxt)) == NOTHING) /* LONGJMP */
+                       nxt += ARG(nxt);
+                   PREVOPER(nxt)->flags = (U8)(data->whilem_c
+                       | (RExC_whilem_seen << 4)); /* On WHILEM */
+               }
+               if (data && fl & (SF_HAS_PAR|SF_IN_PAR))
+                   pars++;
+               if (flags & SCF_DO_SUBSTR) {
+                   SV *last_str = NULL;
+                   int counted = mincount != 0;
+
+                   if (data->last_end > 0 && mincount != 0) { /* Ends with a string. */
+#if defined(SPARC64_GCC_WORKAROUND)
+                       I32 b = 0;
+                       STRLEN l = 0;
+                       const char *s = NULL;
+                       I32 old = 0;
+
+                       if (pos_before >= data->last_start_min)
+                           b = pos_before;
+                       else
+                           b = data->last_start_min;
+
+                       l = 0;
+                       s = SvPV_const(data->last_found, l);
+                       old = b - data->last_start_min;
+
+#else
+                       I32 b = pos_before >= data->last_start_min
+                           ? pos_before : data->last_start_min;
+                       STRLEN l;
+                       const char * const s = SvPV_const(data->last_found, l);
+                       I32 old = b - data->last_start_min;
+#endif
+
+                       if (UTF)
+                           old = utf8_hop((U8*)s, old) - (U8*)s;
+                       l -= old;
+                       /* Get the added string: */
+                       last_str = newSVpvn_utf8(s  + old, l, UTF);
+                       if (deltanext == 0 && pos_before == b) {
+                           /* What was added is a constant string */
+                           if (mincount > 1) {
+                               SvGROW(last_str, (mincount * l) + 1);
+                               repeatcpy(SvPVX(last_str) + l,
+                                         SvPVX_const(last_str), l, mincount - 1);
+                               SvCUR_set(last_str, SvCUR(last_str) * mincount);
+                               /* Add additional parts. */
+                               SvCUR_set(data->last_found,
+                                         SvCUR(data->last_found) - l);
+                               sv_catsv(data->last_found, last_str);
+                               {
+                                   SV * sv = data->last_found;
+                                   MAGIC *mg =
+                                       SvUTF8(sv) && SvMAGICAL(sv) ?
+                                       mg_find(sv, PERL_MAGIC_utf8) : NULL;
+                                   if (mg && mg->mg_len >= 0)
+                                       mg->mg_len += CHR_SVLEN(last_str) - l;
+                               }
+                               data->last_end += l * (mincount - 1);
+                           }
+                       } else {
+                           /* start offset must point into the last copy */
+                           data->last_start_min += minnext * (mincount - 1);
+                           data->last_start_max += is_inf ? I32_MAX
+                               : (maxcount - 1) * (minnext + data->pos_delta);
+                       }
+                   }
+                   /* It is counted once already... */
+                   data->pos_min += minnext * (mincount - counted);
+#if 0
+PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log, "counted=%d deltanext=%d I32_MAX=%d minnext=%d maxcount=%d mincount=%d\n",
+    counted, deltanext, I32_MAX, minnext, maxcount, mincount);
+if (deltanext != I32_MAX)
+PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log, "LHS=%d RHS=%d\n", -counted * deltanext + (minnext + deltanext) * maxcount - minnext * mincount, I32_MAX - data->pos_delta);
+#endif
+                   if (deltanext == I32_MAX || -counted * deltanext + (minnext + deltanext) * maxcount - minnext * mincount >= I32_MAX - data->pos_delta)
+                       data->pos_delta = I32_MAX;
+                   else
+                       data->pos_delta += - counted * deltanext +
+                       (minnext + deltanext) * maxcount - minnext * mincount;
+                   if (mincount != maxcount) {
+                        /* Cannot extend fixed substrings found inside
+                           the group.  */
+                       SCAN_COMMIT(pRExC_state,data,minlenp);
+                       if (mincount && last_str) {
+                           SV * const sv = data->last_found;
+                           MAGIC * const mg = SvUTF8(sv) && SvMAGICAL(sv) ?
+                               mg_find(sv, PERL_MAGIC_utf8) : NULL;
+
+                           if (mg)
+                               mg->mg_len = -1;
+                           sv_setsv(sv, last_str);
+                           data->last_end = data->pos_min;
+                           data->last_start_min =
+                               data->pos_min - CHR_SVLEN(last_str);
+                           data->last_start_max = is_inf
+                               ? I32_MAX
+                               : data->pos_min + data->pos_delta
+                               - CHR_SVLEN(last_str);
+                       }
+                       data->longest = &(data->longest_float);
+                   }
+                   SvREFCNT_dec(last_str);
+               }
+               if (data && (fl & SF_HAS_EVAL))
+                   data->flags |= SF_HAS_EVAL;
+             optimize_curly_tail:
+               if (OP(oscan) != CURLYX) {
+                   while (PL_regkind[OP(next = regnext(oscan))] == NOTHING
+                          && NEXT_OFF(next))
+                       NEXT_OFF(oscan) += NEXT_OFF(next);
+               }
+               continue;
+           default:                    /* REF, and CLUMP only? */
+               if (flags & SCF_DO_SUBSTR) {
+                   SCAN_COMMIT(pRExC_state,data,minlenp);      /* Cannot expect anything... */
+                   data->longest = &(data->longest_float);
+               }
+               is_inf = is_inf_internal = 1;
+               if (flags & SCF_DO_STCLASS_OR)
+                   cl_anything(pRExC_state, data->start_class);
+               flags &= ~SCF_DO_STCLASS;
+               break;
+           }
+       }
+       else if (OP(scan) == LNBREAK) {
+           if (flags & SCF_DO_STCLASS) {
+               int value = 0;
+                CLEAR_SSC_EOS(data->start_class); /* No match on empty */
+               if (flags & SCF_DO_STCLASS_AND) {
+                    for (value = 0; value < 256; value++)
+                        if (!is_VERTWS_cp(value))
+                            ANYOF_BITMAP_CLEAR(data->start_class, value);
+                }
+                else {
+                    for (value = 0; value < 256; value++)
+                        if (is_VERTWS_cp(value))
+                            ANYOF_BITMAP_SET(data->start_class, value);
+                }
+                if (flags & SCF_DO_STCLASS_OR)
+                   cl_and(data->start_class, and_withp);
+               flags &= ~SCF_DO_STCLASS;
+            }
+           min++;
+           delta++;    /* Because of the 2 char string cr-lf */
+            if (flags & SCF_DO_SUBSTR) {
+               SCAN_COMMIT(pRExC_state,data,minlenp);  /* Cannot expect anything... */
+               data->pos_min += 1;
+               data->pos_delta += 1;
+               data->longest = &(data->longest_float);
+           }
+       }
+       else if (REGNODE_SIMPLE(OP(scan))) {
+           int value = 0;
+
+           if (flags & SCF_DO_SUBSTR) {
+               SCAN_COMMIT(pRExC_state,data,minlenp);
+               data->pos_min++;
+           }
+           min++;
+           if (flags & SCF_DO_STCLASS) {
+                int loop_max = 256;
+                CLEAR_SSC_EOS(data->start_class); /* No match on empty */
+
+               /* Some of the logic below assumes that switching
+                  locale on will only add false positives. */
+               switch (PL_regkind[OP(scan)]) {
+                    U8 classnum;
+
+               case SANY:
+               default:
+#ifdef DEBUGGING
+                   Perl_croak(aTHX_ "panic: unexpected simple REx opcode %d", OP(scan));
+#endif
+                 do_default:
+                   if (flags & SCF_DO_STCLASS_OR) /* Allow everything */
+                       cl_anything(pRExC_state, data->start_class);
+                   break;
+               case REG_ANY:
+                   if (OP(scan) == SANY)
+                       goto do_default;
+                   if (flags & SCF_DO_STCLASS_OR) { /* Everything but \n */
+                       value = (ANYOF_BITMAP_TEST(data->start_class,'\n')
+                               || ANYOF_CLASS_TEST_ANY_SET(data->start_class));
+                       cl_anything(pRExC_state, data->start_class);
+                   }
+                   if (flags & SCF_DO_STCLASS_AND || !value)
+                       ANYOF_BITMAP_CLEAR(data->start_class,'\n');
+                   break;
+               case ANYOF:
+                   if (flags & SCF_DO_STCLASS_AND)
+                       cl_and(data->start_class,
+                              (struct regnode_charclass_class*)scan);
+                   else
+                       cl_or(pRExC_state, data->start_class,
+                             (struct regnode_charclass_class*)scan);
+                   break;
+               case POSIXA:
+                    loop_max = 128;
+                    /* FALL THROUGH */
+               case POSIXL:
+               case POSIXD:
+               case POSIXU:
+                    classnum = FLAGS(scan);
+                   if (flags & SCF_DO_STCLASS_AND) {
+                       if (!(data->start_class->flags & ANYOF_LOCALE)) {
+                           ANYOF_CLASS_CLEAR(data->start_class, classnum_to_namedclass(classnum) + 1);
+                            for (value = 0; value < loop_max; value++) {
+                                if (! _generic_isCC(UNI_TO_NATIVE(value), classnum)) {
+                                    ANYOF_BITMAP_CLEAR(data->start_class, UNI_TO_NATIVE(value));
+                                }
+                            }
+                       }
+                   }
+                   else {
+                       if (data->start_class->flags & ANYOF_LOCALE) {
+                           ANYOF_CLASS_SET(data->start_class, classnum_to_namedclass(classnum));
+                        }
+                        else {
+
+                       /* Even if under locale, set the bits for non-locale
+                        * in case it isn't a true locale-node.  This will
+                        * create false positives if it truly is locale */
+                        for (value = 0; value < loop_max; value++) {
+                            if (_generic_isCC(UNI_TO_NATIVE(value), classnum)) {
+                                ANYOF_BITMAP_SET(data->start_class, UNI_TO_NATIVE(value));
+                            }
+                        }
+                        }
+                   }
+                   break;
+               case NPOSIXA:
+                    loop_max = 128;
+                    /* FALL THROUGH */
+               case NPOSIXL:
+               case NPOSIXU:
+               case NPOSIXD:
+                    classnum = FLAGS(scan);
+                   if (flags & SCF_DO_STCLASS_AND) {
+                       if (!(data->start_class->flags & ANYOF_LOCALE)) {
+                           ANYOF_CLASS_CLEAR(data->start_class, classnum_to_namedclass(classnum));
+                            for (value = 0; value < loop_max; value++) {
+                                if (_generic_isCC(UNI_TO_NATIVE(value), classnum)) {
+                                    ANYOF_BITMAP_CLEAR(data->start_class, UNI_TO_NATIVE(value));
+                                }
+                            }
+                       }
+                   }
+                   else {
+                       if (data->start_class->flags & ANYOF_LOCALE) {
+                           ANYOF_CLASS_SET(data->start_class, classnum_to_namedclass(classnum) + 1);
+                        }
+                        else {
+
+                       /* Even if under locale, set the bits for non-locale in
+                        * case it isn't a true locale-node.  This will create
+                        * false positives if it truly is locale */
+                        for (value = 0; value < loop_max; value++) {
+                            if (! _generic_isCC(UNI_TO_NATIVE(value), classnum)) {
+                                ANYOF_BITMAP_SET(data->start_class, UNI_TO_NATIVE(value));
+                            }
+                        }
+                        if (PL_regkind[OP(scan)] == NPOSIXD) {
+                            data->start_class->flags |= ANYOF_NON_UTF8_LATIN1_ALL;
+                        }
+                        }
+                   }
+                   break;
+               }
+               if (flags & SCF_DO_STCLASS_OR)
+                   cl_and(data->start_class, and_withp);
+               flags &= ~SCF_DO_STCLASS;
+           }
+       }
+       else if (PL_regkind[OP(scan)] == EOL && flags & SCF_DO_SUBSTR) {
+           data->flags |= (OP(scan) == MEOL
+                           ? SF_BEFORE_MEOL
+                           : SF_BEFORE_SEOL);
+           SCAN_COMMIT(pRExC_state, data, minlenp);
+
+       }
+       else if (  PL_regkind[OP(scan)] == BRANCHJ
+                /* Lookbehind, or need to calculate parens/evals/stclass: */
+                  && (scan->flags || data || (flags & SCF_DO_STCLASS))
+                  && (OP(scan) == IFMATCH || OP(scan) == UNLESSM)) {
+            if ( OP(scan) == UNLESSM &&
+                 scan->flags == 0 &&
+                 OP(NEXTOPER(NEXTOPER(scan))) == NOTHING &&
+                 OP(regnext(NEXTOPER(NEXTOPER(scan)))) == SUCCEED
+            ) {
+                regnode *opt;
+                regnode *upto= regnext(scan);
+                DEBUG_PARSE_r({
+                    SV * const mysv_val=sv_newmortal();
+                    DEBUG_STUDYDATA("OPFAIL",data,depth);
+
+                    /*DEBUG_PARSE_MSG("opfail");*/
+                    regprop(RExC_rx, mysv_val, upto);
+                    PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log, "~ replace with OPFAIL pointed at %s (%"IVdf") offset %"IVdf"\n",
+                                  SvPV_nolen_const(mysv_val),
+                                  (IV)REG_NODE_NUM(upto),
+                                  (IV)(upto - scan)
+                    );
+                });
+                OP(scan) = OPFAIL;
+                NEXT_OFF(scan) = upto - scan;
+                for (opt= scan + 1; opt < upto ; opt++)
+                    OP(opt) = OPTIMIZED;
+                scan= upto;
+                continue;
+            }
+            if ( !PERL_ENABLE_POSITIVE_ASSERTION_STUDY 
+                || OP(scan) == UNLESSM )
+            {
+                /* Negative Lookahead/lookbehind
+                   In this case we can't do fixed string optimisation.
+                */
+
+                I32 deltanext, minnext, fake = 0;
+                regnode *nscan;
+                struct regnode_charclass_class intrnl;
+                int f = 0;
+
+                data_fake.flags = 0;
+                if (data) {
+                    data_fake.whilem_c = data->whilem_c;
+                    data_fake.last_closep = data->last_closep;
+               }
+                else
+                    data_fake.last_closep = &fake;
+               data_fake.pos_delta = delta;
+                if ( flags & SCF_DO_STCLASS && !scan->flags
+                     && OP(scan) == IFMATCH ) { /* Lookahead */
+                    cl_init(pRExC_state, &intrnl);
+                    data_fake.start_class = &intrnl;
+                    f |= SCF_DO_STCLASS_AND;
+               }
+                if (flags & SCF_WHILEM_VISITED_POS)
+                    f |= SCF_WHILEM_VISITED_POS;
+                next = regnext(scan);
+                nscan = NEXTOPER(NEXTOPER(scan));
+                minnext = study_chunk(pRExC_state, &nscan, minlenp, &deltanext, 
+                    last, &data_fake, stopparen, recursed, NULL, f, depth+1);
+                if (scan->flags) {
+                    if (deltanext) {
+                       FAIL("Variable length lookbehind not implemented");
+                    }
+                    else if (minnext > (I32)U8_MAX) {
+                       FAIL2("Lookbehind longer than %"UVuf" not implemented", (UV)U8_MAX);
+                    }
+                    scan->flags = (U8)minnext;
+                }
+                if (data) {
+                    if (data_fake.flags & (SF_HAS_PAR|SF_IN_PAR))
+                        pars++;
+                    if (data_fake.flags & SF_HAS_EVAL)
+                        data->flags |= SF_HAS_EVAL;
+                    data->whilem_c = data_fake.whilem_c;
+                }
+                if (f & SCF_DO_STCLASS_AND) {
+                   if (flags & SCF_DO_STCLASS_OR) {
+                       /* OR before, AND after: ideally we would recurse with
+                        * data_fake to get the AND applied by study of the
+                        * remainder of the pattern, and then derecurse;
+                        * *** HACK *** for now just treat as "no information".
+                        * See [perl #56690].
+                        */
+                       cl_init(pRExC_state, data->start_class);
+                   }  else {
+                       /* AND before and after: combine and continue */
+                       const int was = TEST_SSC_EOS(data->start_class);
+
+                       cl_and(data->start_class, &intrnl);
+                       if (was)
+                            SET_SSC_EOS(data->start_class);
+                   }
+                }
+           }
+#if PERL_ENABLE_POSITIVE_ASSERTION_STUDY
+            else {
+                /* Positive Lookahead/lookbehind
+                   In this case we can do fixed string optimisation,
+                   but we must be careful about it. Note in the case of
+                   lookbehind the positions will be offset by the minimum
+                   length of the pattern, something we won't know about
+                   until after the recurse.
+                */
+                I32 deltanext, fake = 0;
+                regnode *nscan;
+                struct regnode_charclass_class intrnl;
+                int f = 0;
+                /* We use SAVEFREEPV so that when the full compile 
+                    is finished perl will clean up the allocated 
+                    minlens when it's all done. This way we don't
+                    have to worry about freeing them when we know
+                    they wont be used, which would be a pain.
+                 */
+                I32 *minnextp;
+                Newx( minnextp, 1, I32 );
+                SAVEFREEPV(minnextp);
+
+                if (data) {
+                    StructCopy(data, &data_fake, scan_data_t);
+                    if ((flags & SCF_DO_SUBSTR) && data->last_found) {
+                        f |= SCF_DO_SUBSTR;
+                        if (scan->flags) 
+                            SCAN_COMMIT(pRExC_state, &data_fake,minlenp);
+                        data_fake.last_found=newSVsv(data->last_found);
+                    }
+                }
+                else
+                    data_fake.last_closep = &fake;
+                data_fake.flags = 0;
+               data_fake.pos_delta = delta;
+                if (is_inf)
+                   data_fake.flags |= SF_IS_INF;
+                if ( flags & SCF_DO_STCLASS && !scan->flags
+                     && OP(scan) == IFMATCH ) { /* Lookahead */
+                    cl_init(pRExC_state, &intrnl);
+                    data_fake.start_class = &intrnl;
+                    f |= SCF_DO_STCLASS_AND;
+                }
+                if (flags & SCF_WHILEM_VISITED_POS)
+                    f |= SCF_WHILEM_VISITED_POS;
+                next = regnext(scan);
+                nscan = NEXTOPER(NEXTOPER(scan));
+
+                *minnextp = study_chunk(pRExC_state, &nscan, minnextp, &deltanext, 
+                    last, &data_fake, stopparen, recursed, NULL, f,depth+1);
+                if (scan->flags) {
+                    if (deltanext) {
+                       FAIL("Variable length lookbehind not implemented");
+                    }
+                    else if (*minnextp > (I32)U8_MAX) {
+                       FAIL2("Lookbehind longer than %"UVuf" not implemented", (UV)U8_MAX);
+                    }
+                    scan->flags = (U8)*minnextp;
+                }
+
+                *minnextp += min;
+
+                if (f & SCF_DO_STCLASS_AND) {
+                    const int was = TEST_SSC_EOS(data.start_class);
+
+                    cl_and(data->start_class, &intrnl);
+                    if (was)
+                        SET_SSC_EOS(data->start_class);
+                }
+                if (data) {
+                    if (data_fake.flags & (SF_HAS_PAR|SF_IN_PAR))
+                        pars++;
+                    if (data_fake.flags & SF_HAS_EVAL)
+                        data->flags |= SF_HAS_EVAL;
+                    data->whilem_c = data_fake.whilem_c;
+                    if ((flags & SCF_DO_SUBSTR) && data_fake.last_found) {
+                        if (RExC_rx->minlen<*minnextp)
+                            RExC_rx->minlen=*minnextp;
+                        SCAN_COMMIT(pRExC_state, &data_fake, minnextp);
+                        SvREFCNT_dec_NN(data_fake.last_found);
+                        
+                        if ( data_fake.minlen_fixed != minlenp ) 
+                        {
+                            data->offset_fixed= data_fake.offset_fixed;
+                            data->minlen_fixed= data_fake.minlen_fixed;
+                            data->lookbehind_fixed+= scan->flags;
+                        }
+                        if ( data_fake.minlen_float != minlenp )
+                        {
+                            data->minlen_float= data_fake.minlen_float;
+                            data->offset_float_min=data_fake.offset_float_min;
+                            data->offset_float_max=data_fake.offset_float_max;
+                            data->lookbehind_float+= scan->flags;
+                        }
+                    }
+                }
+           }
+#endif
+       }
+       else if (OP(scan) == OPEN) {
+           if (stopparen != (I32)ARG(scan))
+               pars++;
+       }
+       else if (OP(scan) == CLOSE) {
+           if (stopparen == (I32)ARG(scan)) {
+               break;
+           }
+           if ((I32)ARG(scan) == is_par) {
+               next = regnext(scan);
+
+               if ( next && (OP(next) != WHILEM) && next < last)
+                   is_par = 0;         /* Disable optimization */
+           }
+           if (data)
+               *(data->last_closep) = ARG(scan);
+       }
+       else if (OP(scan) == EVAL) {
+               if (data)
+                   data->flags |= SF_HAS_EVAL;
+       }
+       else if ( PL_regkind[OP(scan)] == ENDLIKE ) {
+           if (flags & SCF_DO_SUBSTR) {
+               SCAN_COMMIT(pRExC_state,data,minlenp);
+               flags &= ~SCF_DO_SUBSTR;
+           }
+           if (data && OP(scan)==ACCEPT) {
+               data->flags |= SCF_SEEN_ACCEPT;
+               if (stopmin > min)
+                   stopmin = min;
+           }
+       }
+       else if (OP(scan) == LOGICAL && scan->flags == 2) /* Embedded follows */
+       {
+               if (flags & SCF_DO_SUBSTR) {
+                   SCAN_COMMIT(pRExC_state,data,minlenp);
+                   data->longest = &(data->longest_float);
+               }
+               is_inf = is_inf_internal = 1;
+               if (flags & SCF_DO_STCLASS_OR) /* Allow everything */
+                   cl_anything(pRExC_state, data->start_class);
+               flags &= ~SCF_DO_STCLASS;
+       }
+       else if (OP(scan) == GPOS) {
+           if (!(RExC_rx->extflags & RXf_GPOS_FLOAT) &&
+               !(delta || is_inf || (data && data->pos_delta))) 
+           {
+               if (!(RExC_rx->extflags & RXf_ANCH) && (flags & SCF_DO_SUBSTR))
+                   RExC_rx->extflags |= RXf_ANCH_GPOS;
+               if (RExC_rx->gofs < (U32)min)
+                   RExC_rx->gofs = min;
+            } else {
+                RExC_rx->extflags |= RXf_GPOS_FLOAT;
+                RExC_rx->gofs = 0;
+            }      
+       }
+#ifdef TRIE_STUDY_OPT
+#ifdef FULL_TRIE_STUDY
+        else if (PL_regkind[OP(scan)] == TRIE) {
+            /* NOTE - There is similar code to this block above for handling
+               BRANCH nodes on the initial study.  If you change stuff here
+               check there too. */
+            regnode *trie_node= scan;
+            regnode *tail= regnext(scan);
+            reg_trie_data *trie = (reg_trie_data*)RExC_rxi->data->data[ ARG(scan) ];
+            I32 max1 = 0, min1 = I32_MAX;
+            struct regnode_charclass_class accum;
+
+            if (flags & SCF_DO_SUBSTR) /* XXXX Add !SUSPEND? */
+                SCAN_COMMIT(pRExC_state, data,minlenp); /* Cannot merge strings after this. */
+            if (flags & SCF_DO_STCLASS)
+                cl_init_zero(pRExC_state, &accum);
+                
+            if (!trie->jump) {
+                min1= trie->minlen;
+                max1= trie->maxlen;
+            } else {
+                const regnode *nextbranch= NULL;
+                U32 word;
+                
+                for ( word=1 ; word <= trie->wordcount ; word++) 
+                {
+                    I32 deltanext=0, minnext=0, f = 0, fake;
+                    struct regnode_charclass_class this_class;
+                    
+                    data_fake.flags = 0;
+                    if (data) {
+                        data_fake.whilem_c = data->whilem_c;
+                        data_fake.last_closep = data->last_closep;
+                    }
+                    else
+                        data_fake.last_closep = &fake;
+                   data_fake.pos_delta = delta;
+                    if (flags & SCF_DO_STCLASS) {
+                        cl_init(pRExC_state, &this_class);
+                        data_fake.start_class = &this_class;
+                        f = SCF_DO_STCLASS_AND;
+                    }
+                    if (flags & SCF_WHILEM_VISITED_POS)
+                        f |= SCF_WHILEM_VISITED_POS;
+    
+                    if (trie->jump[word]) {
+                        if (!nextbranch)
+                            nextbranch = trie_node + trie->jump[0];
+                        scan= trie_node + trie->jump[word];
+                        /* We go from the jump point to the branch that follows
+                           it. Note this means we need the vestigal unused branches
+                           even though they arent otherwise used.
+                         */
+                        minnext = study_chunk(pRExC_state, &scan, minlenp, 
+                            &deltanext, (regnode *)nextbranch, &data_fake, 
+                            stopparen, recursed, NULL, f,depth+1);
+                    }
+                    if (nextbranch && PL_regkind[OP(nextbranch)]==BRANCH)
+                        nextbranch= regnext((regnode*)nextbranch);
+                    
+                    if (min1 > (I32)(minnext + trie->minlen))
+                        min1 = minnext + trie->minlen;
+                    if (deltanext == I32_MAX) {
+                        is_inf = is_inf_internal = 1;
+                        max1 = I32_MAX;
+                    } else if (max1 < (I32)(minnext + deltanext + trie->maxlen))
+                        max1 = minnext + deltanext + trie->maxlen;
+                    
+                    if (data_fake.flags & (SF_HAS_PAR|SF_IN_PAR))
+                        pars++;
+                    if (data_fake.flags & SCF_SEEN_ACCEPT) {
+                        if ( stopmin > min + min1) 
+                           stopmin = min + min1;
+                       flags &= ~SCF_DO_SUBSTR;
+                       if (data)
+                           data->flags |= SCF_SEEN_ACCEPT;
+                   }
+                    if (data) {
+                        if (data_fake.flags & SF_HAS_EVAL)
+                            data->flags |= SF_HAS_EVAL;
+                        data->whilem_c = data_fake.whilem_c;
+                    }
+                    if (flags & SCF_DO_STCLASS)
+                        cl_or(pRExC_state, &accum, &this_class);
+                }
+            }
+            if (flags & SCF_DO_SUBSTR) {
+                data->pos_min += min1;
+                data->pos_delta += max1 - min1;
+                if (max1 != min1 || is_inf)
+                    data->longest = &(data->longest_float);
+            }
+            min += min1;
+            delta += max1 - min1;
+            if (flags & SCF_DO_STCLASS_OR) {
+                cl_or(pRExC_state, data->start_class, &accum);
+                if (min1) {
+                    cl_and(data->start_class, and_withp);
+                    flags &= ~SCF_DO_STCLASS;
+                }
+            }
+            else if (flags & SCF_DO_STCLASS_AND) {
+                if (min1) {
+                    cl_and(data->start_class, &accum);
+                    flags &= ~SCF_DO_STCLASS;
+                }
+                else {
+                    /* Switch to OR mode: cache the old value of
+                     * data->start_class */
+                   INIT_AND_WITHP;
+                    StructCopy(data->start_class, and_withp,
+                               struct regnode_charclass_class);
+                    flags &= ~SCF_DO_STCLASS_AND;
+                    StructCopy(&accum, data->start_class,
+                               struct regnode_charclass_class);
+                    flags |= SCF_DO_STCLASS_OR;
+                    SET_SSC_EOS(data->start_class);
+                }
+            }
+            scan= tail;
+            continue;
+        }
+#else
+       else if (PL_regkind[OP(scan)] == TRIE) {
+           reg_trie_data *trie = (reg_trie_data*)RExC_rxi->data->data[ ARG(scan) ];
+           U8*bang=NULL;
+           
+           min += trie->minlen;
+           delta += (trie->maxlen - trie->minlen);
+           flags &= ~SCF_DO_STCLASS; /* xxx */
+            if (flags & SCF_DO_SUBSTR) {
+               SCAN_COMMIT(pRExC_state,data,minlenp);  /* Cannot expect anything... */
+               data->pos_min += trie->minlen;
+               data->pos_delta += (trie->maxlen - trie->minlen);
+               if (trie->maxlen != trie->minlen)
+                   data->longest = &(data->longest_float);
+           }
+           if (trie->jump) /* no more substrings -- for now /grr*/
+               flags &= ~SCF_DO_SUBSTR; 
+       }
+#endif /* old or new */
+#endif /* TRIE_STUDY_OPT */
+
+       /* Else: zero-length, ignore. */
+       scan = regnext(scan);
+    }
+    if (frame) {
+        last = frame->last;
+        scan = frame->next;
+        stopparen = frame->stop;
+        frame = frame->prev;
+        goto fake_study_recurse;
+    }
+
+  finish:
+    assert(!frame);
+    DEBUG_STUDYDATA("pre-fin:",data,depth);
+
+    *scanp = scan;
+    *deltap = is_inf_internal ? I32_MAX : delta;
+    if (flags & SCF_DO_SUBSTR && is_inf)
+       data->pos_delta = I32_MAX - data->pos_min;
+    if (is_par > (I32)U8_MAX)
+       is_par = 0;
+    if (is_par && pars==1 && data) {
+       data->flags |= SF_IN_PAR;
+       data->flags &= ~SF_HAS_PAR;
+    }
+    else if (pars && data) {
+       data->flags |= SF_HAS_PAR;
+       data->flags &= ~SF_IN_PAR;
+    }
+    if (flags & SCF_DO_STCLASS_OR)
+       cl_and(data->start_class, and_withp);
+    if (flags & SCF_TRIE_RESTUDY)
+        data->flags |=         SCF_TRIE_RESTUDY;
+    
+    DEBUG_STUDYDATA("post-fin:",data,depth);
+    
+    return min < stopmin ? min : stopmin;
+}
+
+STATIC U32
+S_add_data(RExC_state_t *pRExC_state, U32 n, const char *s)
+{
+    U32 count = RExC_rxi->data ? RExC_rxi->data->count : 0;
+
+    PERL_ARGS_ASSERT_ADD_DATA;
+
+    Renewc(RExC_rxi->data,
+          sizeof(*RExC_rxi->data) + sizeof(void*) * (count + n - 1),
+          char, struct reg_data);
+    if(count)
+       Renew(RExC_rxi->data->what, count + n, U8);
+    else
+       Newx(RExC_rxi->data->what, n, U8);
+    RExC_rxi->data->count = count + n;
+    Copy(s, RExC_rxi->data->what + count, n, U8);
+    return count;
+}
+
+/*XXX: todo make this not included in a non debugging perl */
+#ifndef PERL_IN_XSUB_RE
+void
+Perl_reginitcolors(pTHX)
+{
+    dVAR;
+    const char * const s = PerlEnv_getenv("PERL_RE_COLORS");
+    if (s) {
+       char *t = savepv(s);
+       int i = 0;
+       PL_colors[0] = t;
+       while (++i < 6) {
+           t = strchr(t, '\t');
+           if (t) {
+               *t = '\0';
+               PL_colors[i] = ++t;
+           }
+           else
+               PL_colors[i] = t = (char *)"";
+       }
+    } else {
+       int i = 0;
+       while (i < 6)
+           PL_colors[i++] = (char *)"";
+    }
+    PL_colorset = 1;
+}
+#endif
+
+
+#ifdef TRIE_STUDY_OPT
+#define CHECK_RESTUDY_GOTO_butfirst(dOsomething)            \
+    STMT_START {                                            \
+        if (                                                \
+              (data.flags & SCF_TRIE_RESTUDY)               \
+              && ! restudied++                              \
+        ) {                                                 \
+            dOsomething;                                    \
+            goto reStudy;                                   \
+        }                                                   \
+    } STMT_END
+#else
+#define CHECK_RESTUDY_GOTO_butfirst
+#endif        
+
+/*
+ * pregcomp - compile a regular expression into internal code
+ *
+ * Decides which engine's compiler to call based on the hint currently in
+ * scope
+ */
+
+#ifndef PERL_IN_XSUB_RE 
+
+/* return the currently in-scope regex engine (or the default if none)  */
+
+regexp_engine const *
+Perl_current_re_engine(pTHX)
+{
+    dVAR;
+
+    if (IN_PERL_COMPILETIME) {
+       HV * const table = GvHV(PL_hintgv);
+       SV **ptr;
+
+       if (!table)
+           return &PL_core_reg_engine;
+       ptr = hv_fetchs(table, "regcomp", FALSE);
+       if ( !(ptr && SvIOK(*ptr) && SvIV(*ptr)))
+           return &PL_core_reg_engine;
+       return INT2PTR(regexp_engine*,SvIV(*ptr));
+    }
+    else {
+       SV *ptr;
+       if (!PL_curcop->cop_hints_hash)
+           return &PL_core_reg_engine;
+       ptr = cop_hints_fetch_pvs(PL_curcop, "regcomp", 0);
+       if ( !(ptr && SvIOK(ptr) && SvIV(ptr)))
+           return &PL_core_reg_engine;
+       return INT2PTR(regexp_engine*,SvIV(ptr));
+    }
+}
+
+
+REGEXP *
+Perl_pregcomp(pTHX_ SV * const pattern, const U32 flags)
+{
+    dVAR;
+    regexp_engine const *eng = current_re_engine();
+    GET_RE_DEBUG_FLAGS_DECL;
+
+    PERL_ARGS_ASSERT_PREGCOMP;
+
+    /* Dispatch a request to compile a regexp to correct regexp engine. */
+    DEBUG_COMPILE_r({
+       PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log, "Using engine %"UVxf"\n",
+                       PTR2UV(eng));
+    });
+    return CALLREGCOMP_ENG(eng, pattern, flags);
+}
+#endif
+
+/* public(ish) entry point for the perl core's own regex compiling code.
+ * It's actually a wrapper for Perl_re_op_compile that only takes an SV
+ * pattern rather than a list of OPs, and uses the internal engine rather
+ * than the current one */
+
+REGEXP *
+Perl_re_compile(pTHX_ SV * const pattern, U32 rx_flags)
+{
+    SV *pat = pattern; /* defeat constness! */
+    PERL_ARGS_ASSERT_RE_COMPILE;
+    return Perl_re_op_compile(aTHX_ &pat, 1, NULL,
+#ifdef PERL_IN_XSUB_RE
+                                &my_reg_engine,
+#else
+                                &PL_core_reg_engine,
+#endif
+                                NULL, NULL, rx_flags, 0);
+}
+
+
+/* upgrade pattern pat_p of length plen_p to UTF8, and if there are code
+ * blocks, recalculate the indices. Update pat_p and plen_p in-place to
+ * point to the realloced string and length.
+ *
+ * This is essentially a copy of Perl_bytes_to_utf8() with the code index
+ * stuff added */
+
+static void
+S_pat_upgrade_to_utf8(pTHX_ RExC_state_t * const pRExC_state,
+                   char **pat_p, STRLEN *plen_p, int num_code_blocks)
+{
+    U8 *const src = (U8*)*pat_p;
+    U8 *dst;
+    int n=0;
+    STRLEN s = 0, d = 0;
+    bool do_end = 0;
+    GET_RE_DEBUG_FLAGS_DECL;
+
+    DEBUG_PARSE_r(PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log,
+        "UTF8 mismatch! Converting to utf8 for resizing and compile\n"));
+
+    Newx(dst, *plen_p * 2 + 1, U8);
+
+    while (s < *plen_p) {
+        const UV uv = NATIVE_TO_ASCII(src[s]);
+        if (UNI_IS_INVARIANT(uv))
+            dst[d]   = (U8)UTF_TO_NATIVE(uv);
+        else {
+            dst[d++] = (U8)UTF8_EIGHT_BIT_HI(uv);
+            dst[d]   = (U8)UTF8_EIGHT_BIT_LO(uv);
+        }
+        if (n < num_code_blocks) {
+            if (!do_end && pRExC_state->code_blocks[n].start == s) {
+                pRExC_state->code_blocks[n].start = d;
+                assert(dst[d] == '(');
+                do_end = 1;
+            }
+            else if (do_end && pRExC_state->code_blocks[n].end == s) {
+                pRExC_state->code_blocks[n].end = d;
+                assert(dst[d] == ')');
+                do_end = 0;
+                n++;
+            }
+        }
+        s++;
+        d++;
+    }
+    dst[d] = '\0';
+    *plen_p = d;
+    *pat_p = (char*) dst;
+    SAVEFREEPV(*pat_p);
+    RExC_orig_utf8 = RExC_utf8 = 1;
+}
+
+
+
+/* S_concat_pat(): concatenate a list of args to the pattern string pat,
+ * while recording any code block indices, and handling overloading,
+ * nested qr// objects etc.  If pat is null, it will allocate a new
+ * string, or just return the first arg, if there's only one.
+ *
+ * Returns the malloced/updated pat.
+ * patternp and pat_count is the array of SVs to be concatted;
+ * oplist is the optional list of ops that generated the SVs;
+ * recompile_p is a pointer to a boolean that will be set if
+ *   the regex will need to be recompiled.
+ * delim, if non-null is an SV that will be inserted between each element
+ */
+
+static SV*
+S_concat_pat(pTHX_ RExC_state_t * const pRExC_state,
+                SV *pat, SV ** const patternp, int pat_count,
+                OP *oplist, bool *recompile_p, SV *delim)
+{
+    SV **svp;
+    int n = 0;
+    bool use_delim = FALSE;
+    bool alloced = FALSE;
+
+    /* if we know we have at least two args, create an empty string,
+     * then concatenate args to that. For no args, return an empty string */
+    if (!pat && pat_count != 1) {
+        pat = newSVpvn("", 0);
+        SAVEFREESV(pat);
+        alloced = TRUE;
+    }
+
+    for (svp = patternp; svp < patternp + pat_count; svp++) {
+        SV *sv;
+        SV *rx  = NULL;
+        STRLEN orig_patlen = 0;
+        bool code = 0;
+        SV *msv = use_delim ? delim : *svp;
+
+        /* if we've got a delimiter, we go round the loop twice for each
+         * svp slot (except the last), using the delimiter the second
+         * time round */
+        if (use_delim) {
+            svp--;
+            use_delim = FALSE;
+        }
+        else if (delim)
+            use_delim = TRUE;
+
+        if (SvTYPE(msv) == SVt_PVAV) {
+            /* we've encountered an interpolated array within
+             * the pattern, e.g. /...@a..../. Expand the list of elements,
+             * then recursively append elements.
+             * The code in this block is based on S_pushav() */
+
+            AV *const av = (AV*)msv;
+            const I32 maxarg = AvFILL(av) + 1;
+            SV **array;
+
+            if (oplist) {
+                assert(oplist->op_type == OP_PADAV
+                    || oplist->op_type == OP_RV2AV); 
+                oplist = oplist->op_sibling;;
+            }
+
+            if (SvRMAGICAL(av)) {
+                U32 i;
+
+                Newx(array, maxarg, SV*);
+                SAVEFREEPV(array);
+                for (i=0; i < (U32)maxarg; i++) {
+                    SV ** const svp = av_fetch(av, i, FALSE);
+                    array[i] = svp ? *svp : &PL_sv_undef;
+                }
+            }
+            else
+                array = AvARRAY(av);
+
+            pat = S_concat_pat(aTHX_ pRExC_state, pat,
+                                array, maxarg, NULL, recompile_p,
+                                /* $" */
+                                GvSV((gv_fetchpvs("\"", GV_ADDMULTI, SVt_PV))));
+
+            continue;
+        }
+
+
+        /* we make the assumption here that each op in the list of
+         * op_siblings maps to one SV pushed onto the stack,
+         * except for code blocks, with have both an OP_NULL and
+         * and OP_CONST.
+         * This allows us to match up the list of SVs against the
+         * list of OPs to find the next code block.
+         *
+         * Note that       PUSHMARK PADSV PADSV ..
+         * is optimised to
+         *                 PADRANGE PADSV  PADSV  ..
+         * so the alignment still works. */
+
+        if (oplist) {
+            if (oplist->op_type == OP_NULL
+                && (oplist->op_flags & OPf_SPECIAL))
+            {
+                assert(n < pRExC_state->num_code_blocks);
+                pRExC_state->code_blocks[n].start = pat ? SvCUR(pat) : 0;
+                pRExC_state->code_blocks[n].block = oplist;
+                pRExC_state->code_blocks[n].src_regex = NULL;
+                n++;
+                code = 1;
+                oplist = oplist->op_sibling; /* skip CONST */
+                assert(oplist);
+            }
+            oplist = oplist->op_sibling;;
+        }
+
+       /* apply magic and QR overloading to arg */
+
+        SvGETMAGIC(msv);
+        if (SvROK(msv) && SvAMAGIC(msv)) {
+            SV *sv = AMG_CALLunary(msv, regexp_amg);
+            if (sv) {
+                if (SvROK(sv))
+                    sv = SvRV(sv);
+                if (SvTYPE(sv) != SVt_REGEXP)
+                    Perl_croak(aTHX_ "Overloaded qr did not return a REGEXP");
+                msv = sv;
+            }
+        }
+
+        /* try concatenation overload ... */
+        if (pat && (SvAMAGIC(pat) || SvAMAGIC(msv)) &&
+                (sv = amagic_call(pat, msv, concat_amg, AMGf_assign)))
+        {
+            sv_setsv(pat, sv);
+            /* overloading involved: all bets are off over literal
+             * code. Pretend we haven't seen it */
+            pRExC_state->num_code_blocks -= n;
+            n = 0;
+        }
+        else  {
+            /* ... or failing that, try "" overload */
+            while (SvAMAGIC(msv)
+                    && (sv = AMG_CALLunary(msv, string_amg))
+                    && sv != msv
+                    &&  !(   SvROK(msv)
+                          && SvROK(sv)
+                          && SvRV(msv) == SvRV(sv))
+            ) {
+                msv = sv;
+                SvGETMAGIC(msv);
+            }
+            if (SvROK(msv) && SvTYPE(SvRV(msv)) == SVt_REGEXP)
+                msv = SvRV(msv);
+
+            if (pat) {
+                /* this is a partially unrolled
+                 *     sv_catsv_nomg(pat, msv);
+                 * that allows us to adjust code block indices if
+                 * needed */
+                STRLEN dlen;
+                char *dst = SvPV_force_nomg(pat, dlen);
+                orig_patlen = dlen;
+                if (SvUTF8(msv) && !SvUTF8(pat)) {
+                    S_pat_upgrade_to_utf8(aTHX_ pRExC_state, &dst, &dlen, n);
+                    sv_setpvn(pat, dst, dlen);
+                    SvUTF8_on(pat);
+                }
+                sv_catsv_nomg(pat, msv);
+                rx = msv;
+            }
+            else
+                pat = msv;
+
+            if (code)
+                pRExC_state->code_blocks[n-1].end = SvCUR(pat)-1;
+        }
+
+        /* extract any code blocks within any embedded qr//'s */
+        if (rx && SvTYPE(rx) == SVt_REGEXP
+            && RX_ENGINE((REGEXP*)rx)->op_comp)
+        {
+
+            RXi_GET_DECL(ReANY((REGEXP *)rx), ri);
+            if (ri->num_code_blocks) {
+                int i;
+                /* the presence of an embedded qr// with code means
+                 * we should always recompile: the text of the
+                 * qr// may not have changed, but it may be a
+                 * different closure than last time */
+                *recompile_p = 1;
+                Renew(pRExC_state->code_blocks,
+                    pRExC_state->num_code_blocks + ri->num_code_blocks,
+                    struct reg_code_block);
+                pRExC_state->num_code_blocks += ri->num_code_blocks;
+
+                for (i=0; i < ri->num_code_blocks; i++) {
+                    struct reg_code_block *src, *dst;
+                    STRLEN offset =  orig_patlen
+                        + ReANY((REGEXP *)rx)->pre_prefix;
+                    assert(n < pRExC_state->num_code_blocks);
+                    src = &ri->code_blocks[i];
+                    dst = &pRExC_state->code_blocks[n];
+                    dst->start     = src->start + offset;
+                    dst->end       = src->end   + offset;
+                    dst->block     = src->block;
+                    dst->src_regex  = (REGEXP*) SvREFCNT_inc( (SV*)
+                                            src->src_regex
+                                                ? src->src_regex
+                                                : (REGEXP*)rx);
+                    n++;
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+    /* avoid calling magic multiple times on a single element e.g. =~ $qr */
+    if (alloced)
+        SvSETMAGIC(pat);
+
+    return pat;
+}
+
+
+
+/* see if there are any run-time code blocks in the pattern.
+ * False positives are allowed */
+
+static bool
+S_has_runtime_code(pTHX_ RExC_state_t * const pRExC_state,
+                   char *pat, STRLEN plen)
+{
+    int n = 0;
+    STRLEN s;
+
+    for (s = 0; s < plen; s++) {
+       if (n < pRExC_state->num_code_blocks
+           && s == pRExC_state->code_blocks[n].start)
+       {
+           s = pRExC_state->code_blocks[n].end;
+           n++;
+           continue;
+       }
+       /* TODO ideally should handle [..], (#..), /#.../x to reduce false
+        * positives here */
+       if (pat[s] == '(' && s+2 <= plen && pat[s+1] == '?' &&
+           (pat[s+2] == '{'
+                || (s + 2 <= plen && pat[s+2] == '?' && pat[s+3] == '{'))
+       )
+           return 1;
+    }
+    return 0;
+}
+
+/* Handle run-time code blocks. We will already have compiled any direct
+ * or indirect literal code blocks. Now, take the pattern 'pat' and make a
+ * copy of it, but with any literal code blocks blanked out and
+ * appropriate chars escaped; then feed it into
+ *
+ *    eval "qr'modified_pattern'"
+ *
+ * For example,
+ *
+ *       a\bc(?{"this was literal"})def'ghi\\jkl(?{"this is runtime"})mno
+ *
+ * becomes
+ *
+ *    qr'a\\bc_______________________def\'ghi\\\\jkl(?{"this is runtime"})mno'
+ *
+ * After eval_sv()-ing that, grab any new code blocks from the returned qr
+ * and merge them with any code blocks of the original regexp.
+ *
+ * If the pat is non-UTF8, while the evalled qr is UTF8, don't merge;
+ * instead, just save the qr and return FALSE; this tells our caller that
+ * the original pattern needs upgrading to utf8.
+ */
+
+static bool
+S_compile_runtime_code(pTHX_ RExC_state_t * const pRExC_state,
+    char *pat, STRLEN plen)
+{
+    SV *qr;
+
+    GET_RE_DEBUG_FLAGS_DECL;
+
+    if (pRExC_state->runtime_code_qr) {
+       /* this is the second time we've been called; this should
+        * only happen if the main pattern got upgraded to utf8
+        * during compilation; re-use the qr we compiled first time
+        * round (which should be utf8 too)
+        */
+       qr = pRExC_state->runtime_code_qr;
+       pRExC_state->runtime_code_qr = NULL;
+       assert(RExC_utf8 && SvUTF8(qr));
+    }
+    else {
+       int n = 0;
+       STRLEN s;
+       char *p, *newpat;
+       int newlen = plen + 6; /* allow for "qr''x\0" extra chars */
+       SV *sv, *qr_ref;
+       dSP;
+
+       /* determine how many extra chars we need for ' and \ escaping */
+       for (s = 0; s < plen; s++) {
+           if (pat[s] == '\'' || pat[s] == '\\')
+               newlen++;
+       }
+
+       Newx(newpat, newlen, char);
+       p = newpat;
+       *p++ = 'q'; *p++ = 'r'; *p++ = '\'';
+
+       for (s = 0; s < plen; s++) {
+           if (n < pRExC_state->num_code_blocks
+               && s == pRExC_state->code_blocks[n].start)
+           {
+               /* blank out literal code block */
+               assert(pat[s] == '(');
+               while (s <= pRExC_state->code_blocks[n].end) {
+                   *p++ = '_';
+                   s++;
+               }
+               s--;
+               n++;
+               continue;
+           }
+           if (pat[s] == '\'' || pat[s] == '\\')
+               *p++ = '\\';
+           *p++ = pat[s];
+       }
+       *p++ = '\'';
+       if (pRExC_state->pm_flags & RXf_PMf_EXTENDED)
+           *p++ = 'x';
+       *p++ = '\0';
+       DEBUG_COMPILE_r({
+           PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log,
+               "%sre-parsing pattern for runtime code:%s %s\n",
+               PL_colors[4],PL_colors[5],newpat);
+       });
+
+       sv = newSVpvn_flags(newpat, p-newpat-1, RExC_utf8 ? SVf_UTF8 : 0);
+       Safefree(newpat);
+
+       ENTER;
+       SAVETMPS;
+       save_re_context();
+       PUSHSTACKi(PERLSI_REQUIRE);
+        /* G_RE_REPARSING causes the toker to collapse \\ into \ when
+         * parsing qr''; normally only q'' does this. It also alters
+         * hints handling */
+       eval_sv(sv, G_SCALAR|G_RE_REPARSING);
+       SvREFCNT_dec_NN(sv);
+       SPAGAIN;
+       qr_ref = POPs;
+       PUTBACK;
+       {
+           SV * const errsv = ERRSV;
+           if (SvTRUE_NN(errsv))
+           {
+               Safefree(pRExC_state->code_blocks);
+                /* use croak_sv ? */
+               Perl_croak_nocontext("%s", SvPV_nolen_const(errsv));
+           }
+       }
+       assert(SvROK(qr_ref));
+       qr = SvRV(qr_ref);
+       assert(SvTYPE(qr) == SVt_REGEXP && RX_ENGINE((REGEXP*)qr)->op_comp);
+       /* the leaving below frees the tmp qr_ref.
+        * Give qr a life of its own */
+       SvREFCNT_inc(qr);
+       POPSTACK;
+       FREETMPS;
+       LEAVE;
+
+    }
+
+    if (!RExC_utf8 && SvUTF8(qr)) {
+       /* first time through; the pattern got upgraded; save the
+        * qr for the next time through */
+       assert(!pRExC_state->runtime_code_qr);
+       pRExC_state->runtime_code_qr = qr;
+       return 0;
+    }
+
+
+    /* extract any code blocks within the returned qr//  */
+
+
+    /* merge the main (r1) and run-time (r2) code blocks into one */
+    {
+       RXi_GET_DECL(ReANY((REGEXP *)qr), r2);
+       struct reg_code_block *new_block, *dst;
+       RExC_state_t * const r1 = pRExC_state; /* convenient alias */
+       int i1 = 0, i2 = 0;
+
+       if (!r2->num_code_blocks) /* we guessed wrong */
+       {
+           SvREFCNT_dec_NN(qr);
+           return 1;
+       }
+
+       Newx(new_block,
+           r1->num_code_blocks + r2->num_code_blocks,
+           struct reg_code_block);
+       dst = new_block;
+
+       while (    i1 < r1->num_code_blocks
+               || i2 < r2->num_code_blocks)
+       {
+           struct reg_code_block *src;
+           bool is_qr = 0;
+
+           if (i1 == r1->num_code_blocks) {
+               src = &r2->code_blocks[i2++];
+               is_qr = 1;
+           }
+           else if (i2 == r2->num_code_blocks)
+               src = &r1->code_blocks[i1++];
+           else if (  r1->code_blocks[i1].start
+                    < r2->code_blocks[i2].start)
+           {
+               src = &r1->code_blocks[i1++];
+               assert(src->end < r2->code_blocks[i2].start);
+           }
+           else {
+               assert(  r1->code_blocks[i1].start
+                      > r2->code_blocks[i2].start);
+               src = &r2->code_blocks[i2++];
+               is_qr = 1;
+               assert(src->end < r1->code_blocks[i1].start);
+           }
+
+           assert(pat[src->start] == '(');
+           assert(pat[src->end]   == ')');
+           dst->start      = src->start;
+           dst->end        = src->end;
+           dst->block      = src->block;
+           dst->src_regex  = is_qr ? (REGEXP*) SvREFCNT_inc( (SV*) qr)
+                                   : src->src_regex;
+           dst++;
+       }
+       r1->num_code_blocks += r2->num_code_blocks;
+       Safefree(r1->code_blocks);
+       r1->code_blocks = new_block;
+    }
+
+    SvREFCNT_dec_NN(qr);
+    return 1;
+}
+
+
+STATIC bool
+S_setup_longest(pTHX_ RExC_state_t *pRExC_state, SV* sv_longest, SV** rx_utf8, SV** rx_substr, I32* rx_end_shift, I32 lookbehind, I32 offset, I32 *minlen, STRLEN longest_length, bool eol, bool meol)
+{
+    /* This is the common code for setting up the floating and fixed length
+     * string data extracted from Perl_re_op_compile() below.  Returns a boolean
+     * as to whether succeeded or not */
+
+    I32 t,ml;
+
+    if (! (longest_length
+           || (eol /* Can't have SEOL and MULTI */
+               && (! meol || (RExC_flags & RXf_PMf_MULTILINE)))
+          )
+            /* See comments for join_exact for why REG_SEEN_EXACTF_SHARP_S */
+        || (RExC_seen & REG_SEEN_EXACTF_SHARP_S))
+    {
+        return FALSE;
+    }
+
+    /* copy the information about the longest from the reg_scan_data
+        over to the program. */
+    if (SvUTF8(sv_longest)) {
+        *rx_utf8 = sv_longest;
+        *rx_substr = NULL;
+    } else {
+        *rx_substr = sv_longest;
+        *rx_utf8 = NULL;
+    }
+    /* end_shift is how many chars that must be matched that
+        follow this item. We calculate it ahead of time as once the
+        lookbehind offset is added in we lose the ability to correctly
+        calculate it.*/
+    ml = minlen ? *(minlen) : (I32)longest_length;
+    *rx_end_shift = ml - offset
+        - longest_length + (SvTAIL(sv_longest) != 0)
+        + lookbehind;
+
+    t = (eol/* Can't have SEOL and MULTI */
+         && (! meol || (RExC_flags & RXf_PMf_MULTILINE)));
+    fbm_compile(sv_longest, t ? FBMcf_TAIL : 0);
+
+    return TRUE;
+}
+
+/*
+ * Perl_re_op_compile - the perl internal RE engine's function to compile a
+ * regular expression into internal code.
+ * The pattern may be passed either as:
+ *    a list of SVs (patternp plus pat_count)
+ *    a list of OPs (expr)
+ * If both are passed, the SV list is used, but the OP list indicates
+ * which SVs are actually pre-compiled code blocks
+ *
+ * The SVs in the list have magic and qr overloading applied to them (and
+ * the list may be modified in-place with replacement SVs in the latter
+ * case).
+ *
+ * If the pattern hasn't changed from old_re, then old_re will be
+ * returned.
+ *
+ * eng is the current engine. If that engine has an op_comp method, then
+ * handle directly (i.e. we assume that op_comp was us); otherwise, just
+ * do the initial concatenation of arguments and pass on to the external
+ * engine.
+ *
+ * If is_bare_re is not null, set it to a boolean indicating whether the
+ * arg list reduced (after overloading) to a single bare regex which has
+ * been returned (i.e. /$qr/).
+ *
+ * orig_rx_flags contains RXf_* flags. See perlreapi.pod for more details.
+ *
+ * pm_flags contains the PMf_* flags, typically based on those from the
+ * pm_flags field of the related PMOP. Currently we're only interested in
+ * PMf_HAS_CV, PMf_IS_QR, PMf_USE_RE_EVAL.
+ *
+ * We can't allocate space until we know how big the compiled form will be,
+ * but we can't compile it (and thus know how big it is) until we've got a
+ * place to put the code.  So we cheat:  we compile it twice, once with code
+ * generation turned off and size counting turned on, and once "for real".
+ * This also means that we don't allocate space until we are sure that the
+ * thing really will compile successfully, and we never have to move the
+ * code and thus invalidate pointers into it.  (Note that it has to be in
+ * one piece because free() must be able to free it all.) [NB: not true in perl]
+ *
+ * Beware that the optimization-preparation code in here knows about some
+ * of the structure of the compiled regexp.  [I'll say.]
+ */
+
+REGEXP *
+Perl_re_op_compile(pTHX_ SV ** const patternp, int pat_count,
+                   OP *expr, const regexp_engine* eng, REGEXP *old_re,
+                    bool *is_bare_re, U32 orig_rx_flags, U32 pm_flags)
+{
+    dVAR;
+    REGEXP *rx;
+    struct regexp *r;
+    regexp_internal *ri;
+    STRLEN plen;
+    char *exp;
+    regnode *scan;
+    I32 flags;
+    I32 minlen = 0;
+    U32 rx_flags;
+    SV *pat;
+    SV *code_blocksv = NULL;
+    SV** new_patternp = patternp;
+
+    /* these are all flags - maybe they should be turned
+     * into a single int with different bit masks */
+    I32 sawlookahead = 0;
+    I32 sawplus = 0;
+    I32 sawopen = 0;
+    regex_charset initial_charset = get_regex_charset(orig_rx_flags);
+    bool recompile = 0;
+    bool runtime_code = 0;
+    scan_data_t data;
+    RExC_state_t RExC_state;
+    RExC_state_t * const pRExC_state = &RExC_state;
+#ifdef TRIE_STUDY_OPT    
+    int restudied = 0;
+    RExC_state_t copyRExC_state;
+#endif    
+    GET_RE_DEBUG_FLAGS_DECL;
+
+    PERL_ARGS_ASSERT_RE_OP_COMPILE;
+
+    DEBUG_r(if (!PL_colorset) reginitcolors());
+
+#ifndef PERL_IN_XSUB_RE
+    /* Initialize these here instead of as-needed, as is quick and avoids
+     * having to test them each time otherwise */
+    if (! PL_AboveLatin1) {
+       PL_AboveLatin1 = _new_invlist_C_array(AboveLatin1_invlist);
+       PL_ASCII = _new_invlist_C_array(ASCII_invlist);
+       PL_Latin1 = _new_invlist_C_array(Latin1_invlist);
+
+       PL_L1Posix_ptrs[_CC_ALPHANUMERIC]
+                                = _new_invlist_C_array(L1PosixAlnum_invlist);
+       PL_Posix_ptrs[_CC_ALPHANUMERIC]
+                                = _new_invlist_C_array(PosixAlnum_invlist);
+
+       PL_L1Posix_ptrs[_CC_ALPHA]
+                                = _new_invlist_C_array(L1PosixAlpha_invlist);
+       PL_Posix_ptrs[_CC_ALPHA] = _new_invlist_C_array(PosixAlpha_invlist);
+
+       PL_Posix_ptrs[_CC_BLANK] = _new_invlist_C_array(PosixBlank_invlist);
+       PL_XPosix_ptrs[_CC_BLANK] = _new_invlist_C_array(XPosixBlank_invlist);
+
+        /* Cased is the same as Alpha in the ASCII range */
+       PL_L1Posix_ptrs[_CC_CASED] =  _new_invlist_C_array(L1Cased_invlist);
+       PL_Posix_ptrs[_CC_CASED] =  _new_invlist_C_array(PosixAlpha_invlist);
+
+       PL_Posix_ptrs[_CC_CNTRL] = _new_invlist_C_array(PosixCntrl_invlist);
+       PL_XPosix_ptrs[_CC_CNTRL] = _new_invlist_C_array(XPosixCntrl_invlist);
+
+       PL_Posix_ptrs[_CC_DIGIT] = _new_invlist_C_array(PosixDigit_invlist);
+       PL_L1Posix_ptrs[_CC_DIGIT] = _new_invlist_C_array(PosixDigit_invlist);
+
+       PL_L1Posix_ptrs[_CC_GRAPH] = _new_invlist_C_array(L1PosixGraph_invlist);
+       PL_Posix_ptrs[_CC_GRAPH] = _new_invlist_C_array(PosixGraph_invlist);
+
+       PL_L1Posix_ptrs[_CC_LOWER] = _new_invlist_C_array(L1PosixLower_invlist);
+       PL_Posix_ptrs[_CC_LOWER] = _new_invlist_C_array(PosixLower_invlist);
+
+       PL_L1Posix_ptrs[_CC_PRINT] = _new_invlist_C_array(L1PosixPrint_invlist);
+       PL_Posix_ptrs[_CC_PRINT] = _new_invlist_C_array(PosixPrint_invlist);
+
+       PL_L1Posix_ptrs[_CC_PUNCT] = _new_invlist_C_array(L1PosixPunct_invlist);
+       PL_Posix_ptrs[_CC_PUNCT] = _new_invlist_C_array(PosixPunct_invlist);
+
+       PL_Posix_ptrs[_CC_SPACE] = _new_invlist_C_array(PerlSpace_invlist);
+       PL_XPosix_ptrs[_CC_SPACE] = _new_invlist_C_array(XPerlSpace_invlist);
+       PL_Posix_ptrs[_CC_PSXSPC] = _new_invlist_C_array(PosixSpace_invlist);
+       PL_XPosix_ptrs[_CC_PSXSPC] = _new_invlist_C_array(XPosixSpace_invlist);
+
+       PL_L1Posix_ptrs[_CC_UPPER] = _new_invlist_C_array(L1PosixUpper_invlist);
+       PL_Posix_ptrs[_CC_UPPER] = _new_invlist_C_array(PosixUpper_invlist);
+
+        PL_XPosix_ptrs[_CC_VERTSPACE] = _new_invlist_C_array(VertSpace_invlist);
+
+       PL_Posix_ptrs[_CC_WORDCHAR] = _new_invlist_C_array(PosixWord_invlist);
+       PL_L1Posix_ptrs[_CC_WORDCHAR]
+                                = _new_invlist_C_array(L1PosixWord_invlist);
+
+       PL_Posix_ptrs[_CC_XDIGIT] = _new_invlist_C_array(PosixXDigit_invlist);
+       PL_XPosix_ptrs[_CC_XDIGIT] = _new_invlist_C_array(XPosixXDigit_invlist);
+
+        PL_HasMultiCharFold = _new_invlist_C_array(_Perl_Multi_Char_Folds_invlist);
+    }
+#endif
+
+    pRExC_state->code_blocks = NULL;
+    pRExC_state->num_code_blocks = 0;
+
+    if (is_bare_re)
+       *is_bare_re = FALSE;
+
+    if (expr && (expr->op_type == OP_LIST ||
+               (expr->op_type == OP_NULL && expr->op_targ == OP_LIST))) {
+       /* allocate code_blocks if needed */
+       OP *o;
+       int ncode = 0;
+
+       for (o = cLISTOPx(expr)->op_first; o; o = o->op_sibling)
+           if (o->op_type == OP_NULL && (o->op_flags & OPf_SPECIAL))
+               ncode++; /* count of DO blocks */
+       if (ncode) {
+           pRExC_state->num_code_blocks = ncode;
+           Newx(pRExC_state->code_blocks, ncode, struct reg_code_block);
+       }
+    }
+
+    if (!pat_count) {
+        /* compile-time pattern with just OP_CONSTs and DO blocks */
+
+        int n;
+        OP *o;
+
+        /* find how many CONSTs there are */
+        assert(expr);
+        n = 0;
+        if (expr->op_type == OP_CONST)
+            n = 1;
+        else
+            for (o = cLISTOPx(expr)->op_first; o; o = o->op_sibling) {
+                if (o->op_type == OP_CONST)
+                    n++;
+            }
+
+        /* fake up an SV array */
+
+        assert(!new_patternp);
+        Newx(new_patternp, n, SV*);
+        SAVEFREEPV(new_patternp);
+        pat_count = n;
+
+        n = 0;
+        if (expr->op_type == OP_CONST)
+            new_patternp[n] = cSVOPx_sv(expr);
+        else
+            for (o = cLISTOPx(expr)->op_first; o; o = o->op_sibling) {
+                if (o->op_type == OP_CONST)
+                    new_patternp[n++] = cSVOPo_sv;
+            }
+
+    }
+
+    DEBUG_PARSE_r(PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log,
+        "Assembling pattern from %d elements%s\n", pat_count,
+            orig_rx_flags & RXf_SPLIT ? " for split" : ""));
+
+    /* set expr to the first arg op */
+
+    if (pRExC_state->num_code_blocks
+         && expr->op_type != OP_CONST)
+    {
+            expr = cLISTOPx(expr)->op_first;
+            assert(   expr->op_type == OP_PUSHMARK
+                   || (expr->op_type == OP_NULL && expr->op_targ == OP_PUSHMARK)
+                   || expr->op_type == OP_PADRANGE);
+            expr = expr->op_sibling;
+    }
+
+    pat = S_concat_pat(aTHX_ pRExC_state, NULL, new_patternp, pat_count,
+                        expr, &recompile, NULL);
+
+    /* handle bare (possibly after overloading) regex: foo =~ $re */
+    {
+        SV *re = pat;
+        if (SvROK(re))
+            re = SvRV(re);
+        if (SvTYPE(re) == SVt_REGEXP) {
+            if (is_bare_re)
+                *is_bare_re = TRUE;
+            SvREFCNT_inc(re);
+            Safefree(pRExC_state->code_blocks);
+            DEBUG_PARSE_r(PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log,
+                "Precompiled pattern%s\n",
+                    orig_rx_flags & RXf_SPLIT ? " for split" : ""));
+
+            return (REGEXP*)re;
+        }
+    }
+
+    exp = SvPV_nomg(pat, plen);
+
+    if (!eng->op_comp) {
+       if ((SvUTF8(pat) && IN_BYTES)
+               || SvGMAGICAL(pat) || SvAMAGIC(pat))
+       {
+           /* make a temporary copy; either to convert to bytes,
+            * or to avoid repeating get-magic / overloaded stringify */
+           pat = newSVpvn_flags(exp, plen, SVs_TEMP |
+                                       (IN_BYTES ? 0 : SvUTF8(pat)));
+       }
+       Safefree(pRExC_state->code_blocks);
+       return CALLREGCOMP_ENG(eng, pat, orig_rx_flags);
+    }
+
+    /* ignore the utf8ness if the pattern is 0 length */
+    RExC_utf8 = RExC_orig_utf8 = (plen == 0 || IN_BYTES) ? 0 : SvUTF8(pat);
+    RExC_uni_semantics = 0;
+    RExC_contains_locale = 0;
+    pRExC_state->runtime_code_qr = NULL;
+
+    DEBUG_COMPILE_r({
+            SV *dsv= sv_newmortal();
+            RE_PV_QUOTED_DECL(s, RExC_utf8, dsv, exp, plen, 60);
+            PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log, "%sCompiling REx%s %s\n",
+                          PL_colors[4],PL_colors[5],s);
+        });
+
+  redo_first_pass:
+    /* we jump here if we upgrade the pattern to utf8 and have to
+     * recompile */
+
+    if ((pm_flags & PMf_USE_RE_EVAL)
+               /* this second condition covers the non-regex literal case,
+                * i.e.  $foo =~ '(?{})'. */
+               || (IN_PERL_COMPILETIME && (PL_hints & HINT_RE_EVAL))
+    )
+       runtime_code = S_has_runtime_code(aTHX_ pRExC_state, exp, plen);
+
+    /* return old regex if pattern hasn't changed */
+    /* XXX: note in the below we have to check the flags as well as the pattern.
+     *
+     * Things get a touch tricky as we have to compare the utf8 flag independently
+     * from the compile flags.
+     */
+
+    if (   old_re
+        && !recompile
+        && !!RX_UTF8(old_re) == !!RExC_utf8
+        && ( RX_COMPFLAGS(old_re) == ( orig_rx_flags & RXf_PMf_FLAGCOPYMASK ) )
+       && RX_PRECOMP(old_re)
+       && RX_PRELEN(old_re) == plen
+        && memEQ(RX_PRECOMP(old_re), exp, plen)
+       && !runtime_code /* with runtime code, always recompile */ )
+    {
+        Safefree(pRExC_state->code_blocks);
+        return old_re;
+    }
+
+    rx_flags = orig_rx_flags;
+
+    if (initial_charset == REGEX_LOCALE_CHARSET) {
+       RExC_contains_locale = 1;
+    }
+    else if (RExC_utf8 && initial_charset == REGEX_DEPENDS_CHARSET) {
+
+       /* Set to use unicode semantics if the pattern is in utf8 and has the
+        * 'depends' charset specified, as it means unicode when utf8  */
+       set_regex_charset(&rx_flags, REGEX_UNICODE_CHARSET);
+    }
+
+    RExC_precomp = exp;
+    RExC_flags = rx_flags;
+    RExC_pm_flags = pm_flags;
+
+    if (runtime_code) {
+       if (TAINTING_get && TAINT_get)
+           Perl_croak(aTHX_ "Eval-group in insecure regular expression");
+
+       if (!S_compile_runtime_code(aTHX_ pRExC_state, exp, plen)) {
+           /* whoops, we have a non-utf8 pattern, whilst run-time code
+            * got compiled as utf8. Try again with a utf8 pattern */
+            S_pat_upgrade_to_utf8(aTHX_ pRExC_state, &exp, &plen,
+                                    pRExC_state->num_code_blocks);
+            goto redo_first_pass;
+       }
+    }
+    assert(!pRExC_state->runtime_code_qr);
+
+    RExC_sawback = 0;
+
+    RExC_seen = 0;
+    RExC_in_lookbehind = 0;
+    RExC_seen_zerolen = *exp == '^' ? -1 : 0;
+    RExC_extralen = 0;
+    RExC_override_recoding = 0;
+    RExC_in_multi_char_class = 0;
+
+    /* First pass: determine size, legality. */
+    RExC_parse = exp;
+    RExC_start = exp;
+    RExC_end = exp + plen;
+    RExC_naughty = 0;
+    RExC_npar = 1;
+    RExC_nestroot = 0;
+    RExC_size = 0L;
+    RExC_emit = &RExC_emit_dummy;
+    RExC_whilem_seen = 0;
+    RExC_open_parens = NULL;
+    RExC_close_parens = NULL;
+    RExC_opend = NULL;
+    RExC_paren_names = NULL;
+#ifdef DEBUGGING
+    RExC_paren_name_list = NULL;
+#endif
+    RExC_recurse = NULL;
+    RExC_recurse_count = 0;
+    pRExC_state->code_index = 0;
+
+#if 0 /* REGC() is (currently) a NOP at the first pass.
+       * Clever compilers notice this and complain. --jhi */
+    REGC((U8)REG_MAGIC, (char*)RExC_emit);
+#endif
+    DEBUG_PARSE_r(
+       PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log, "Starting first pass (sizing)\n");
+        RExC_lastnum=0;
+        RExC_lastparse=NULL;
+    );
+    /* reg may croak on us, not giving us a chance to free
+       pRExC_state->code_blocks.  We cannot SAVEFREEPV it now, as we may
+       need it to survive as long as the regexp (qr/(?{})/).
+       We must check that code_blocksv is not already set, because we may
+       have jumped back to restart the sizing pass. */
+    if (pRExC_state->code_blocks && !code_blocksv) {
+       code_blocksv = newSV_type(SVt_PV);
+       SAVEFREESV(code_blocksv);
+       SvPV_set(code_blocksv, (char *)pRExC_state->code_blocks);
+       SvLEN_set(code_blocksv, 1); /*sufficient to make sv_clear free it*/
+    }
+    if (reg(pRExC_state, 0, &flags,1) == NULL) {
+        /* It's possible to write a regexp in ascii that represents Unicode
+        codepoints outside of the byte range, such as via \x{100}. If we
+        detect such a sequence we have to convert the entire pattern to utf8
+        and then recompile, as our sizing calculation will have been based
+        on 1 byte == 1 character, but we will need to use utf8 to encode
+        at least some part of the pattern, and therefore must convert the whole
+        thing.
+        -- dmq */
+        if (flags & RESTART_UTF8) {
+            S_pat_upgrade_to_utf8(aTHX_ pRExC_state, &exp, &plen,
+                                    pRExC_state->num_code_blocks);
+            goto redo_first_pass;
+        }
+        Perl_croak(aTHX_ "panic: reg returned NULL to re_op_compile for sizing pass, flags=%#"UVxf"", (UV) flags);
+    }
+    if (code_blocksv)
+       SvLEN_set(code_blocksv,0); /* no you can't have it, sv_clear */
+
+    DEBUG_PARSE_r({
+        PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log, 
+            "Required size %"IVdf" nodes\n"
+            "Starting second pass (creation)\n", 
+            (IV)RExC_size);
+        RExC_lastnum=0; 
+        RExC_lastparse=NULL; 
+    });
+
+    /* The first pass could have found things that force Unicode semantics */
+    if ((RExC_utf8 || RExC_uni_semantics)
+        && get_regex_charset(rx_flags) == REGEX_DEPENDS_CHARSET)
+    {
+       set_regex_charset(&rx_flags, REGEX_UNICODE_CHARSET);
+    }
+
+    /* Small enough for pointer-storage convention?
+       If extralen==0, this means that we will not need long jumps. */
+    if (RExC_size >= 0x10000L && RExC_extralen)
+        RExC_size += RExC_extralen;
+    else
+       RExC_extralen = 0;
+    if (RExC_whilem_seen > 15)
+       RExC_whilem_seen = 15;
+
+    /* Allocate space and zero-initialize. Note, the two step process 
+       of zeroing when in debug mode, thus anything assigned has to 
+       happen after that */
+    rx = (REGEXP*) newSV_type(SVt_REGEXP);
+    r = ReANY(rx);
+    Newxc(ri, sizeof(regexp_internal) + (unsigned)RExC_size * sizeof(regnode),
+        char, regexp_internal);
+    if ( r == NULL || ri == NULL )
+       FAIL("Regexp out of space");
+#ifdef DEBUGGING
+    /* avoid reading uninitialized memory in DEBUGGING code in study_chunk() */
+    Zero(ri, sizeof(regexp_internal) + (unsigned)RExC_size * sizeof(regnode), char);
+#else 
+    /* bulk initialize base fields with 0. */
+    Zero(ri, sizeof(regexp_internal), char);        
+#endif
+
+    /* non-zero initialization begins here */
+    RXi_SET( r, ri );
+    r->engine= eng;
+    r->extflags = rx_flags;
+    RXp_COMPFLAGS(r) = orig_rx_flags & RXf_PMf_FLAGCOPYMASK;
+
+    if (pm_flags & PMf_IS_QR) {
+       ri->code_blocks = pRExC_state->code_blocks;
+       ri->num_code_blocks = pRExC_state->num_code_blocks;
+    }
+    else
+    {
+       int n;
+       for (n = 0; n < pRExC_state->num_code_blocks; n++)
+           if (pRExC_state->code_blocks[n].src_regex)
+               SAVEFREESV(pRExC_state->code_blocks[n].src_regex);
+       SAVEFREEPV(pRExC_state->code_blocks);
+    }
+
+    {
+        bool has_p     = ((r->extflags & RXf_PMf_KEEPCOPY) == RXf_PMf_KEEPCOPY);
+        bool has_charset = (get_regex_charset(r->extflags) != REGEX_DEPENDS_CHARSET);
+
+        /* The caret is output if there are any defaults: if not all the STD
+         * flags are set, or if no character set specifier is needed */
+        bool has_default =
+                    (((r->extflags & RXf_PMf_STD_PMMOD) != RXf_PMf_STD_PMMOD)
+                    || ! has_charset);
+       bool has_runon = ((RExC_seen & REG_SEEN_RUN_ON_COMMENT)==REG_SEEN_RUN_ON_COMMENT);
+       U16 reganch = (U16)((r->extflags & RXf_PMf_STD_PMMOD)
+                           >> RXf_PMf_STD_PMMOD_SHIFT);
+       const char *fptr = STD_PAT_MODS;        /*"msix"*/
+       char *p;
+        /* Allocate for the worst case, which is all the std flags are turned
+         * on.  If more precision is desired, we could do a population count of
+         * the flags set.  This could be done with a small lookup table, or by
+         * shifting, masking and adding, or even, when available, assembly
+         * language for a machine-language population count.
+         * We never output a minus, as all those are defaults, so are
+         * covered by the caret */
+       const STRLEN wraplen = plen + has_p + has_runon
+            + has_default       /* If needs a caret */
+
+               /* If needs a character set specifier */
+           + ((has_charset) ? MAX_CHARSET_NAME_LENGTH : 0)
+            + (sizeof(STD_PAT_MODS) - 1)
+            + (sizeof("(?:)") - 1);
+
+        Newx(p, wraplen + 1, char); /* +1 for the ending NUL */
+       r->xpv_len_u.xpvlenu_pv = p;
+       if (RExC_utf8)
+           SvFLAGS(rx) |= SVf_UTF8;
+        *p++='('; *p++='?';
+
+        /* If a default, cover it using the caret */
+        if (has_default) {
+            *p++= DEFAULT_PAT_MOD;
+        }
+        if (has_charset) {
+           STRLEN len;
+           const char* const name = get_regex_charset_name(r->extflags, &len);
+           Copy(name, p, len, char);
+           p += len;
+        }
+        if (has_p)
+            *p++ = KEEPCOPY_PAT_MOD; /*'p'*/
+        {
+            char ch;
+            while((ch = *fptr++)) {
+                if(reganch & 1)
+                    *p++ = ch;
+                reganch >>= 1;
+            }
+        }
+
+        *p++ = ':';
+        Copy(RExC_precomp, p, plen, char);
+       assert ((RX_WRAPPED(rx) - p) < 16);
+       r->pre_prefix = p - RX_WRAPPED(rx);
+        p += plen;
+        if (has_runon)
+            *p++ = '\n';
+        *p++ = ')';
+        *p = 0;
+       SvCUR_set(rx, p - RX_WRAPPED(rx));
+    }
+
+    r->intflags = 0;
+    r->nparens = RExC_npar - 1;        /* set early to validate backrefs */
+    
+    if (RExC_seen & REG_SEEN_RECURSE) {
+        Newxz(RExC_open_parens, RExC_npar,regnode *);
+        SAVEFREEPV(RExC_open_parens);
+        Newxz(RExC_close_parens,RExC_npar,regnode *);
+        SAVEFREEPV(RExC_close_parens);
+    }
+
+    /* Useful during FAIL. */
+#ifdef RE_TRACK_PATTERN_OFFSETS
+    Newxz(ri->u.offsets, 2*RExC_size+1, U32); /* MJD 20001228 */
+    DEBUG_OFFSETS_r(PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log,
+                          "%s %"UVuf" bytes for offset annotations.\n",
+                          ri->u.offsets ? "Got" : "Couldn't get",
+                          (UV)((2*RExC_size+1) * sizeof(U32))));
+#endif
+    SetProgLen(ri,RExC_size);
+    RExC_rx_sv = rx;
+    RExC_rx = r;
+    RExC_rxi = ri;
+
+    /* Second pass: emit code. */
+    RExC_flags = rx_flags;     /* don't let top level (?i) bleed */
+    RExC_pm_flags = pm_flags;
+    RExC_parse = exp;
+    RExC_end = exp + plen;
+    RExC_naughty = 0;
+    RExC_npar = 1;
+    RExC_emit_start = ri->program;
+    RExC_emit = ri->program;
+    RExC_emit_bound = ri->program + RExC_size + 1;
+    pRExC_state->code_index = 0;
+
+    REGC((U8)REG_MAGIC, (char*) RExC_emit++);
+    if (reg(pRExC_state, 0, &flags,1) == NULL) {
+       ReREFCNT_dec(rx);   
+        Perl_croak(aTHX_ "panic: reg returned NULL to re_op_compile for generation pass, flags=%#"UVxf"", (UV) flags);
+    }
+    /* XXXX To minimize changes to RE engine we always allocate
+       3-units-long substrs field. */
+    Newx(r->substrs, 1, struct reg_substr_data);
+    if (RExC_recurse_count) {
+        Newxz(RExC_recurse,RExC_recurse_count,regnode *);
+        SAVEFREEPV(RExC_recurse);
+    }
+
+reStudy:
+    r->minlen = minlen = sawlookahead = sawplus = sawopen = 0;
+    Zero(r->substrs, 1, struct reg_substr_data);
+
+#ifdef TRIE_STUDY_OPT
+    if (!restudied) {
+        StructCopy(&zero_scan_data, &data, scan_data_t);
+        copyRExC_state = RExC_state;
+    } else {
+        U32 seen=RExC_seen;
+        DEBUG_OPTIMISE_r(PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log,"Restudying\n"));
+        
+        RExC_state = copyRExC_state;
+        if (seen & REG_TOP_LEVEL_BRANCHES) 
+            RExC_seen |= REG_TOP_LEVEL_BRANCHES;
+        else
+            RExC_seen &= ~REG_TOP_LEVEL_BRANCHES;
+       StructCopy(&zero_scan_data, &data, scan_data_t);
+    }
+#else
+    StructCopy(&zero_scan_data, &data, scan_data_t);
+#endif    
+
+    /* Dig out information for optimizations. */
+    r->extflags = RExC_flags; /* was pm_op */
+    /*dmq: removed as part of de-PMOP: pm->op_pmflags = RExC_flags; */
+    if (UTF)
+       SvUTF8_on(rx);  /* Unicode in it? */
+    ri->regstclass = NULL;
+    if (RExC_naughty >= 10)    /* Probably an expensive pattern. */
+       r->intflags |= PREGf_NAUGHTY;
+    scan = ri->program + 1;            /* First BRANCH. */
+
+    /* testing for BRANCH here tells us whether there is "must appear"
+       data in the pattern. If there is then we can use it for optimisations */
+    if (!(RExC_seen & REG_TOP_LEVEL_BRANCHES)) { /*  Only one top-level choice. */
+       I32 fake;
+       STRLEN longest_float_length, longest_fixed_length;
+       struct regnode_charclass_class ch_class; /* pointed to by data */
+       int stclass_flag;
+       I32 last_close = 0; /* pointed to by data */
+        regnode *first= scan;
+        regnode *first_next= regnext(first);
+       /*
+        * Skip introductions and multiplicators >= 1
+        * so that we can extract the 'meat' of the pattern that must 
+        * match in the large if() sequence following.
+        * NOTE that EXACT is NOT covered here, as it is normally
+        * picked up by the optimiser separately. 
+        *
+        * This is unfortunate as the optimiser isnt handling lookahead
+        * properly currently.
+        *
+        */
+       while ((OP(first) == OPEN && (sawopen = 1)) ||
+              /* An OR of *one* alternative - should not happen now. */
+           (OP(first) == BRANCH && OP(first_next) != BRANCH) ||
+           /* for now we can't handle lookbehind IFMATCH*/
+           (OP(first) == IFMATCH && !first->flags && (sawlookahead = 1)) ||
+           (OP(first) == PLUS) ||
+           (OP(first) == MINMOD) ||
+              /* An {n,m} with n>0 */
+           (PL_regkind[OP(first)] == CURLY && ARG1(first) > 0) ||
+           (OP(first) == NOTHING && PL_regkind[OP(first_next)] != END ))
+       {
+               /* 
+                * the only op that could be a regnode is PLUS, all the rest
+                * will be regnode_1 or regnode_2.
+                *
+                */
+               if (OP(first) == PLUS)
+                   sawplus = 1;
+               else
+                   first += regarglen[OP(first)];
+
+               first = NEXTOPER(first);
+               first_next= regnext(first);
+       }
+
+       /* Starting-point info. */
+      again:
+        DEBUG_PEEP("first:",first,0);
+        /* Ignore EXACT as we deal with it later. */
+       if (PL_regkind[OP(first)] == EXACT) {
+           if (OP(first) == EXACT)
+               NOOP;   /* Empty, get anchored substr later. */
+           else
+               ri->regstclass = first;
+       }
+#ifdef TRIE_STCLASS
+       else if (PL_regkind[OP(first)] == TRIE &&
+               ((reg_trie_data *)ri->data->data[ ARG(first) ])->minlen>0) 
+       {
+           regnode *trie_op;
+           /* this can happen only on restudy */
+           if ( OP(first) == TRIE ) {
+                struct regnode_1 *trieop = (struct regnode_1 *)
+                   PerlMemShared_calloc(1, sizeof(struct regnode_1));
+                StructCopy(first,trieop,struct regnode_1);
+                trie_op=(regnode *)trieop;
+            } else {
+                struct regnode_charclass *trieop = (struct regnode_charclass *)
+                   PerlMemShared_calloc(1, sizeof(struct regnode_charclass));
+                StructCopy(first,trieop,struct regnode_charclass);
+                trie_op=(regnode *)trieop;
+            }
+            OP(trie_op)+=2;
+            make_trie_failtable(pRExC_state, (regnode *)first, trie_op, 0);
+           ri->regstclass = trie_op;
+       }
+#endif
+       else if (REGNODE_SIMPLE(OP(first)))
+           ri->regstclass = first;
+       else if (PL_regkind[OP(first)] == BOUND ||
+                PL_regkind[OP(first)] == NBOUND)
+           ri->regstclass = first;
+       else if (PL_regkind[OP(first)] == BOL) {
+           r->extflags |= (OP(first) == MBOL
+                          ? RXf_ANCH_MBOL
+                          : (OP(first) == SBOL
+                             ? RXf_ANCH_SBOL
+                             : RXf_ANCH_BOL));
+           first = NEXTOPER(first);
+           goto again;
+       }
+       else if (OP(first) == GPOS) {
+           r->extflags |= RXf_ANCH_GPOS;
+           first = NEXTOPER(first);
+           goto again;
+       }
+       else if ((!sawopen || !RExC_sawback) &&
+           (OP(first) == STAR &&
+           PL_regkind[OP(NEXTOPER(first))] == REG_ANY) &&
+           !(r->extflags & RXf_ANCH) && !pRExC_state->num_code_blocks)
+       {
+           /* turn .* into ^.* with an implied $*=1 */
+           const int type =
+               (OP(NEXTOPER(first)) == REG_ANY)
+                   ? RXf_ANCH_MBOL
+                   : RXf_ANCH_SBOL;
+           r->extflags |= type;
+           r->intflags |= PREGf_IMPLICIT;
+           first = NEXTOPER(first);
+           goto again;
+       }
+       if (sawplus && !sawlookahead && (!sawopen || !RExC_sawback)
+           && !pRExC_state->num_code_blocks) /* May examine pos and $& */
+           /* x+ must match at the 1st pos of run of x's */
+           r->intflags |= PREGf_SKIP;
+
+       /* Scan is after the zeroth branch, first is atomic matcher. */
+#ifdef TRIE_STUDY_OPT
+       DEBUG_PARSE_r(
+           if (!restudied)
+               PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log, "first at %"IVdf"\n",
+                             (IV)(first - scan + 1))
+        );
+#else
+       DEBUG_PARSE_r(
+           PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log, "first at %"IVdf"\n",
+               (IV)(first - scan + 1))
+        );
+#endif
+
+
+       /*
+       * If there's something expensive in the r.e., find the
+       * longest literal string that must appear and make it the
+       * regmust.  Resolve ties in favor of later strings, since
+       * the regstart check works with the beginning of the r.e.
+       * and avoiding duplication strengthens checking.  Not a
+       * strong reason, but sufficient in the absence of others.
+       * [Now we resolve ties in favor of the earlier string if
+       * it happens that c_offset_min has been invalidated, since the
+       * earlier string may buy us something the later one won't.]
+       */
+
+       data.longest_fixed = newSVpvs("");
+       data.longest_float = newSVpvs("");
+       data.last_found = newSVpvs("");
+       data.longest = &(data.longest_fixed);
+       ENTER_with_name("study_chunk");
+       SAVEFREESV(data.longest_fixed);
+       SAVEFREESV(data.longest_float);
+       SAVEFREESV(data.last_found);
+       first = scan;
+       if (!ri->regstclass) {
+           cl_init(pRExC_state, &ch_class);
+           data.start_class = &ch_class;
+           stclass_flag = SCF_DO_STCLASS_AND;
+       } else                          /* XXXX Check for BOUND? */
+           stclass_flag = 0;
+       data.last_closep = &last_close;
+        
+       minlen = study_chunk(pRExC_state, &first, &minlen, &fake, scan + RExC_size, /* Up to end */
+            &data, -1, NULL, NULL,
+            SCF_DO_SUBSTR | SCF_WHILEM_VISITED_POS | stclass_flag
+                          | (restudied ? SCF_TRIE_DOING_RESTUDY : 0),
+            0);
+
+
+        CHECK_RESTUDY_GOTO_butfirst(LEAVE_with_name("study_chunk"));
+
+
+       if ( RExC_npar == 1 && data.longest == &(data.longest_fixed)
+            && data.last_start_min == 0 && data.last_end > 0
+            && !RExC_seen_zerolen
+            && !(RExC_seen & REG_SEEN_VERBARG)
+            && (!(RExC_seen & REG_SEEN_GPOS) || (r->extflags & RXf_ANCH_GPOS)))
+           r->extflags |= RXf_CHECK_ALL;
+       scan_commit(pRExC_state, &data,&minlen,0);
+
+       longest_float_length = CHR_SVLEN(data.longest_float);
+
+        if (! ((SvCUR(data.longest_fixed)  /* ok to leave SvCUR */
+                   && data.offset_fixed == data.offset_float_min
+                   && SvCUR(data.longest_fixed) == SvCUR(data.longest_float)))
+            && S_setup_longest (aTHX_ pRExC_state,
+                                    data.longest_float,
+                                    &(r->float_utf8),
+                                    &(r->float_substr),
+                                    &(r->float_end_shift),
+                                    data.lookbehind_float,
+                                    data.offset_float_min,
+                                    data.minlen_float,
+                                    longest_float_length,
+                                    cBOOL(data.flags & SF_FL_BEFORE_EOL),
+                                    cBOOL(data.flags & SF_FL_BEFORE_MEOL)))
+        {
+           r->float_min_offset = data.offset_float_min - data.lookbehind_float;
+           r->float_max_offset = data.offset_float_max;
+           if (data.offset_float_max < I32_MAX) /* Don't offset infinity */
+               r->float_max_offset -= data.lookbehind_float;
+           SvREFCNT_inc_simple_void_NN(data.longest_float);
+       }
+       else {
+           r->float_substr = r->float_utf8 = NULL;
+           longest_float_length = 0;
+       }
+
+       longest_fixed_length = CHR_SVLEN(data.longest_fixed);
+
+        if (S_setup_longest (aTHX_ pRExC_state,
+                                data.longest_fixed,
+                                &(r->anchored_utf8),
+                                &(r->anchored_substr),
+                                &(r->anchored_end_shift),
+                                data.lookbehind_fixed,
+                                data.offset_fixed,
+                                data.minlen_fixed,
+                                longest_fixed_length,
+                                cBOOL(data.flags & SF_FIX_BEFORE_EOL),
+                                cBOOL(data.flags & SF_FIX_BEFORE_MEOL)))
+        {
+           r->anchored_offset = data.offset_fixed - data.lookbehind_fixed;
+           SvREFCNT_inc_simple_void_NN(data.longest_fixed);
+       }
+       else {
+           r->anchored_substr = r->anchored_utf8 = NULL;
+           longest_fixed_length = 0;
+       }
+       LEAVE_with_name("study_chunk");
+
+       if (ri->regstclass
+           && (OP(ri->regstclass) == REG_ANY || OP(ri->regstclass) == SANY))
+           ri->regstclass = NULL;
+
+       if ((!(r->anchored_substr || r->anchored_utf8) || r->anchored_offset)
+           && stclass_flag
+           && ! TEST_SSC_EOS(data.start_class)
+           && !cl_is_anything(data.start_class))
+       {
+           const U32 n = add_data(pRExC_state, 1, "f");
+           OP(data.start_class) = ANYOF_SYNTHETIC;
+
+           Newx(RExC_rxi->data->data[n], 1,
+               struct regnode_charclass_class);
+           StructCopy(data.start_class,
+                      (struct regnode_charclass_class*)RExC_rxi->data->data[n],
+                      struct regnode_charclass_class);
+           ri->regstclass = (regnode*)RExC_rxi->data->data[n];
+           r->intflags &= ~PREGf_SKIP; /* Used in find_byclass(). */
+           DEBUG_COMPILE_r({ SV *sv = sv_newmortal();
+                     regprop(r, sv, (regnode*)data.start_class);
+                     PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log,
+                                   "synthetic stclass \"%s\".\n",
+                                   SvPVX_const(sv));});
+       }
+
+       /* A temporary algorithm prefers floated substr to fixed one to dig more info. */
+       if (longest_fixed_length > longest_float_length) {
+           r->check_end_shift = r->anchored_end_shift;
+           r->check_substr = r->anchored_substr;
+           r->check_utf8 = r->anchored_utf8;
+           r->check_offset_min = r->check_offset_max = r->anchored_offset;
+           if (r->extflags & RXf_ANCH_SINGLE)
+               r->extflags |= RXf_NOSCAN;
+       }
+       else {
+           r->check_end_shift = r->float_end_shift;
+           r->check_substr = r->float_substr;
+           r->check_utf8 = r->float_utf8;
+           r->check_offset_min = r->float_min_offset;
+           r->check_offset_max = r->float_max_offset;
+       }
+       /* XXXX Currently intuiting is not compatible with ANCH_GPOS.
+          This should be changed ASAP!  */
+       if ((r->check_substr || r->check_utf8) && !(r->extflags & RXf_ANCH_GPOS)) {
+           r->extflags |= RXf_USE_INTUIT;
+           if (SvTAIL(r->check_substr ? r->check_substr : r->check_utf8))
+               r->extflags |= RXf_INTUIT_TAIL;
+       }
+       /* XXX Unneeded? dmq (shouldn't as this is handled elsewhere)
+       if ( (STRLEN)minlen < longest_float_length )
+            minlen= longest_float_length;
+        if ( (STRLEN)minlen < longest_fixed_length )
+            minlen= longest_fixed_length;     
+        */
+    }
+    else {
+       /* Several toplevels. Best we can is to set minlen. */
+       I32 fake;
+       struct regnode_charclass_class ch_class;
+       I32 last_close = 0;
+
+       DEBUG_PARSE_r(PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log, "\nMulti Top Level\n"));
+
+       scan = ri->program + 1;
+       cl_init(pRExC_state, &ch_class);
+       data.start_class = &ch_class;
+       data.last_closep = &last_close;
+
+        
+       minlen = study_chunk(pRExC_state, &scan, &minlen, &fake, scan + RExC_size,
+           &data, -1, NULL, NULL,
+            SCF_DO_STCLASS_AND|SCF_WHILEM_VISITED_POS
+                              |(restudied ? SCF_TRIE_DOING_RESTUDY : 0),
+            0);
+        
+        CHECK_RESTUDY_GOTO_butfirst(NOOP);
+
+       r->check_substr = r->check_utf8 = r->anchored_substr = r->anchored_utf8
+               = r->float_substr = r->float_utf8 = NULL;
+
+       if (! TEST_SSC_EOS(data.start_class)
+           && !cl_is_anything(data.start_class))
+       {
+           const U32 n = add_data(pRExC_state, 1, "f");
+           OP(data.start_class) = ANYOF_SYNTHETIC;
+
+           Newx(RExC_rxi->data->data[n], 1,
+               struct regnode_charclass_class);
+           StructCopy(data.start_class,
+                      (struct regnode_charclass_class*)RExC_rxi->data->data[n],
+                      struct regnode_charclass_class);
+           ri->regstclass = (regnode*)RExC_rxi->data->data[n];
+           r->intflags &= ~PREGf_SKIP; /* Used in find_byclass(). */
+           DEBUG_COMPILE_r({ SV* sv = sv_newmortal();
+                     regprop(r, sv, (regnode*)data.start_class);
+                     PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log,
+                                   "synthetic stclass \"%s\".\n",
+                                   SvPVX_const(sv));});
+       }
+    }
+
+    /* Guard against an embedded (?=) or (?<=) with a longer minlen than
+       the "real" pattern. */
+    DEBUG_OPTIMISE_r({
+       PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log,"minlen: %"IVdf" r->minlen:%"IVdf"\n",
+                     (IV)minlen, (IV)r->minlen);
+    });
+    r->minlenret = minlen;
+    if (r->minlen < minlen) 
+        r->minlen = minlen;
+    
+    if (RExC_seen & REG_SEEN_GPOS)
+       r->extflags |= RXf_GPOS_SEEN;
+    if (RExC_seen & REG_SEEN_LOOKBEHIND)
+        r->extflags |= RXf_NO_INPLACE_SUBST; /* inplace might break the lookbehind */
+    if (pRExC_state->num_code_blocks)
+       r->extflags |= RXf_EVAL_SEEN;
+    if (RExC_seen & REG_SEEN_CANY)
+       r->extflags |= RXf_CANY_SEEN;
+    if (RExC_seen & REG_SEEN_VERBARG)
+    {
+       r->intflags |= PREGf_VERBARG_SEEN;
+        r->extflags |= RXf_NO_INPLACE_SUBST; /* don't understand this! Yves */
+    }
+    if (RExC_seen & REG_SEEN_CUTGROUP)
+       r->intflags |= PREGf_CUTGROUP_SEEN;
+    if (pm_flags & PMf_USE_RE_EVAL)
+       r->intflags |= PREGf_USE_RE_EVAL;
+    if (RExC_paren_names)
+        RXp_PAREN_NAMES(r) = MUTABLE_HV(SvREFCNT_inc(RExC_paren_names));
+    else
+        RXp_PAREN_NAMES(r) = NULL;
+
+    {
+        regnode *first = ri->program + 1;
+        U8 fop = OP(first);
+        regnode *next = NEXTOPER(first);
+        U8 nop = OP(next);
+
+        if (PL_regkind[fop] == NOTHING && nop == END)
+            r->extflags |= RXf_NULL;
+        else if (PL_regkind[fop] == BOL && nop == END)
+            r->extflags |= RXf_START_ONLY;
+        else if (fop == PLUS && PL_regkind[nop] == POSIXD && FLAGS(next) == _CC_SPACE && OP(regnext(first)) == END)
+            r->extflags |= RXf_WHITE;
+        else if ( r->extflags & RXf_SPLIT && fop == EXACT && STR_LEN(first) == 1 && *(STRING(first)) == ' ' && OP(regnext(first)) == END )
+            r->extflags |= (RXf_SKIPWHITE|RXf_WHITE);
+
+    }
+#ifdef DEBUGGING
+    if (RExC_paren_names) {
+        ri->name_list_idx = add_data( pRExC_state, 1, "a" );
+        ri->data->data[ri->name_list_idx] = (void*)SvREFCNT_inc(RExC_paren_name_list);
+    } else
+#endif
+        ri->name_list_idx = 0;
+
+    if (RExC_recurse_count) {
+        for ( ; RExC_recurse_count ; RExC_recurse_count-- ) {
+            const regnode *scan = RExC_recurse[RExC_recurse_count-1];
+            ARG2L_SET( scan, RExC_open_parens[ARG(scan)-1] - scan );
+        }
+    }
+    Newxz(r->offs, RExC_npar, regexp_paren_pair);
+    /* assume we don't need to swap parens around before we match */
+
+    DEBUG_DUMP_r({
+        PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log,"Final program:\n");
+        regdump(r);
+    });
+#ifdef RE_TRACK_PATTERN_OFFSETS
+    DEBUG_OFFSETS_r(if (ri->u.offsets) {
+        const U32 len = ri->u.offsets[0];
+        U32 i;
+        GET_RE_DEBUG_FLAGS_DECL;
+        PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log, "Offsets: [%"UVuf"]\n\t", (UV)ri->u.offsets[0]);
+        for (i = 1; i <= len; i++) {
+            if (ri->u.offsets[i*2-1] || ri->u.offsets[i*2])
+                PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log, "%"UVuf":%"UVuf"[%"UVuf"] ",
+                (UV)i, (UV)ri->u.offsets[i*2-1], (UV)ri->u.offsets[i*2]);
+            }
+        PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log, "\n");
+    });
+#endif
+
+#ifdef USE_ITHREADS
+    /* under ithreads the ?pat? PMf_USED flag on the pmop is simulated
+     * by setting the regexp SV to readonly-only instead. If the
+     * pattern's been recompiled, the USEDness should remain. */
+    if (old_re && SvREADONLY(old_re))
+        SvREADONLY_on(rx);
+#endif
+    return rx;
+}
+
+
+SV*
+Perl_reg_named_buff(pTHX_ REGEXP * const rx, SV * const key, SV * const value,
+                    const U32 flags)
+{
+    PERL_ARGS_ASSERT_REG_NAMED_BUFF;
+
+    PERL_UNUSED_ARG(value);
+
+    if (flags & RXapif_FETCH) {
+        return reg_named_buff_fetch(rx, key, flags);
+    } else if (flags & (RXapif_STORE | RXapif_DELETE | RXapif_CLEAR)) {
+        Perl_croak_no_modify();
+        return NULL;
+    } else if (flags & RXapif_EXISTS) {
+        return reg_named_buff_exists(rx, key, flags)
+            ? &PL_sv_yes
+            : &PL_sv_no;
+    } else if (flags & RXapif_REGNAMES) {
+        return reg_named_buff_all(rx, flags);
+    } else if (flags & (RXapif_SCALAR | RXapif_REGNAMES_COUNT)) {
+        return reg_named_buff_scalar(rx, flags);
+    } else {
+        Perl_croak(aTHX_ "panic: Unknown flags %d in named_buff", (int)flags);
+        return NULL;
+    }
+}
+
+SV*
+Perl_reg_named_buff_iter(pTHX_ REGEXP * const rx, const SV * const lastkey,
+                         const U32 flags)
+{
+    PERL_ARGS_ASSERT_REG_NAMED_BUFF_ITER;
+    PERL_UNUSED_ARG(lastkey);
+
+    if (flags & RXapif_FIRSTKEY)
+        return reg_named_buff_firstkey(rx, flags);
+    else if (flags & RXapif_NEXTKEY)
+        return reg_named_buff_nextkey(rx, flags);
+    else {
+        Perl_croak(aTHX_ "panic: Unknown flags %d in named_buff_iter", (int)flags);
+        return NULL;
+    }
+}
+
+SV*
+Perl_reg_named_buff_fetch(pTHX_ REGEXP * const r, SV * const namesv,
+                         const U32 flags)
+{
+    AV *retarray = NULL;
+    SV *ret;
+    struct regexp *const rx = ReANY(r);
+
+    PERL_ARGS_ASSERT_REG_NAMED_BUFF_FETCH;
+
+    if (flags & RXapif_ALL)
+        retarray=newAV();
+
+    if (rx && RXp_PAREN_NAMES(rx)) {
+        HE *he_str = hv_fetch_ent( RXp_PAREN_NAMES(rx), namesv, 0, 0 );
+        if (he_str) {
+            IV i;
+            SV* sv_dat=HeVAL(he_str);
+            I32 *nums=(I32*)SvPVX(sv_dat);
+            for ( i=0; i<SvIVX(sv_dat); i++ ) {
+                if ((I32)(rx->nparens) >= nums[i]
+                    && rx->offs[nums[i]].start != -1
+                    && rx->offs[nums[i]].end != -1)
+                {
+                    ret = newSVpvs("");
+                    CALLREG_NUMBUF_FETCH(r,nums[i],ret);
+                    if (!retarray)
+                        return ret;
+                } else {
+                    if (retarray)
+                        ret = newSVsv(&PL_sv_undef);
+                }
+                if (retarray)
+                    av_push(retarray, ret);
+            }
+            if (retarray)
+                return newRV_noinc(MUTABLE_SV(retarray));
+        }
+    }
+    return NULL;
+}
+
+bool
+Perl_reg_named_buff_exists(pTHX_ REGEXP * const r, SV * const key,
+                           const U32 flags)
+{
+    struct regexp *const rx = ReANY(r);
+
+    PERL_ARGS_ASSERT_REG_NAMED_BUFF_EXISTS;
+
+    if (rx && RXp_PAREN_NAMES(rx)) {
+        if (flags & RXapif_ALL) {
+            return hv_exists_ent(RXp_PAREN_NAMES(rx), key, 0);
+        } else {
+           SV *sv = CALLREG_NAMED_BUFF_FETCH(r, key, flags);
+            if (sv) {
+               SvREFCNT_dec_NN(sv);
+                return TRUE;
+            } else {
+                return FALSE;
+            }
+        }
+    } else {
+        return FALSE;
+    }
+}
+
+SV*
+Perl_reg_named_buff_firstkey(pTHX_ REGEXP * const r, const U32 flags)
+{
+    struct regexp *const rx = ReANY(r);
+
+    PERL_ARGS_ASSERT_REG_NAMED_BUFF_FIRSTKEY;
+
+    if ( rx && RXp_PAREN_NAMES(rx) ) {
+       (void)hv_iterinit(RXp_PAREN_NAMES(rx));
+
+       return CALLREG_NAMED_BUFF_NEXTKEY(r, NULL, flags & ~RXapif_FIRSTKEY);
+    } else {
+       return FALSE;
+    }
+}
+
+SV*
+Perl_reg_named_buff_nextkey(pTHX_ REGEXP * const r, const U32 flags)
+{
+    struct regexp *const rx = ReANY(r);
+    GET_RE_DEBUG_FLAGS_DECL;
+
+    PERL_ARGS_ASSERT_REG_NAMED_BUFF_NEXTKEY;
+
+    if (rx && RXp_PAREN_NAMES(rx)) {
+        HV *hv = RXp_PAREN_NAMES(rx);
+        HE *temphe;
+        while ( (temphe = hv_iternext_flags(hv,0)) ) {
+            IV i;
+            IV parno = 0;
+            SV* sv_dat = HeVAL(temphe);
+            I32 *nums = (I32*)SvPVX(sv_dat);
+            for ( i = 0; i < SvIVX(sv_dat); i++ ) {
+                if ((I32)(rx->lastparen) >= nums[i] &&
+                    rx->offs[nums[i]].start != -1 &&
+                    rx->offs[nums[i]].end != -1)
+                {
+                    parno = nums[i];
+                    break;
+                }
+            }
+            if (parno || flags & RXapif_ALL) {
+               return newSVhek(HeKEY_hek(temphe));
+            }
+        }
+    }
+    return NULL;
+}
+
+SV*
+Perl_reg_named_buff_scalar(pTHX_ REGEXP * const r, const U32 flags)
+{
+    SV *ret;
+    AV *av;
+    I32 length;
+    struct regexp *const rx = ReANY(r);
+
+    PERL_ARGS_ASSERT_REG_NAMED_BUFF_SCALAR;
+
+    if (rx && RXp_PAREN_NAMES(rx)) {
+        if (flags & (RXapif_ALL | RXapif_REGNAMES_COUNT)) {
+            return newSViv(HvTOTALKEYS(RXp_PAREN_NAMES(rx)));
+        } else if (flags & RXapif_ONE) {
+            ret = CALLREG_NAMED_BUFF_ALL(r, (flags | RXapif_REGNAMES));
+            av = MUTABLE_AV(SvRV(ret));
+            length = av_len(av);
+           SvREFCNT_dec_NN(ret);
+            return newSViv(length + 1);
+        } else {
+            Perl_croak(aTHX_ "panic: Unknown flags %d in named_buff_scalar", (int)flags);
+            return NULL;
+        }
+    }
+    return &PL_sv_undef;
+}
+
+SV*
+Perl_reg_named_buff_all(pTHX_ REGEXP * const r, const U32 flags)
+{
+    struct regexp *const rx = ReANY(r);
+    AV *av = newAV();
+
+    PERL_ARGS_ASSERT_REG_NAMED_BUFF_ALL;
+
+    if (rx && RXp_PAREN_NAMES(rx)) {
+        HV *hv= RXp_PAREN_NAMES(rx);
+        HE *temphe;
+        (void)hv_iterinit(hv);
+        while ( (temphe = hv_iternext_flags(hv,0)) ) {
+            IV i;
+            IV parno = 0;
+            SV* sv_dat = HeVAL(temphe);
+            I32 *nums = (I32*)SvPVX(sv_dat);
+            for ( i = 0; i < SvIVX(sv_dat); i++ ) {
+                if ((I32)(rx->lastparen) >= nums[i] &&
+                    rx->offs[nums[i]].start != -1 &&
+                    rx->offs[nums[i]].end != -1)
+                {
+                    parno = nums[i];
+                    break;
+                }
+            }
+            if (parno || flags & RXapif_ALL) {
+                av_push(av, newSVhek(HeKEY_hek(temphe)));
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    return newRV_noinc(MUTABLE_SV(av));
+}
+
+void
+Perl_reg_numbered_buff_fetch(pTHX_ REGEXP * const r, const I32 paren,
+                            SV * const sv)
+{
+    struct regexp *const rx = ReANY(r);
+    char *s = NULL;
+    I32 i = 0;
+    I32 s1, t1;
+    I32 n = paren;
+
+    PERL_ARGS_ASSERT_REG_NUMBERED_BUFF_FETCH;
+        
+    if ( (    n == RX_BUFF_IDX_CARET_PREMATCH
+           || n == RX_BUFF_IDX_CARET_FULLMATCH
+           || n == RX_BUFF_IDX_CARET_POSTMATCH
+         )
+         && !(rx->extflags & RXf_PMf_KEEPCOPY)
+    )
+        goto ret_undef;
+
+    if (!rx->subbeg)
+        goto ret_undef;
+
+    if (n == RX_BUFF_IDX_CARET_FULLMATCH)
+        /* no need to distinguish between them any more */
+        n = RX_BUFF_IDX_FULLMATCH;
+
+    if ((n == RX_BUFF_IDX_PREMATCH || n == RX_BUFF_IDX_CARET_PREMATCH)
+        && rx->offs[0].start != -1)
+    {
+        /* $`, ${^PREMATCH} */
+       i = rx->offs[0].start;
+       s = rx->subbeg;
+    }
+    else 
+    if ((n == RX_BUFF_IDX_POSTMATCH || n == RX_BUFF_IDX_CARET_POSTMATCH)
+        && rx->offs[0].end != -1)
+    {
+        /* $', ${^POSTMATCH} */
+       s = rx->subbeg - rx->suboffset + rx->offs[0].end;
+       i = rx->sublen + rx->suboffset - rx->offs[0].end;
+    } 
+    else
+    if ( 0 <= n && n <= (I32)rx->nparens &&
+        (s1 = rx->offs[n].start) != -1 &&
+        (t1 = rx->offs[n].end) != -1)
+    {
+        /* $&, ${^MATCH},  $1 ... */
+        i = t1 - s1;
+        s = rx->subbeg + s1 - rx->suboffset;
+    } else {
+        goto ret_undef;
+    }          
+
+    assert(s >= rx->subbeg);
+    assert(rx->sublen >= (s - rx->subbeg) + i );
+    if (i >= 0) {
+#if NO_TAINT_SUPPORT
+        sv_setpvn(sv, s, i);
+#else
+        const int oldtainted = TAINT_get;
+        TAINT_NOT;
+        sv_setpvn(sv, s, i);
+        TAINT_set(oldtainted);
+#endif
+        if ( (rx->extflags & RXf_CANY_SEEN)
+            ? (RXp_MATCH_UTF8(rx)
+                        && (!i || is_utf8_string((U8*)s, i)))
+            : (RXp_MATCH_UTF8(rx)) )
+        {
+            SvUTF8_on(sv);
+        }
+        else
+            SvUTF8_off(sv);
+        if (TAINTING_get) {
+            if (RXp_MATCH_TAINTED(rx)) {
+                if (SvTYPE(sv) >= SVt_PVMG) {
+                    MAGIC* const mg = SvMAGIC(sv);
+                    MAGIC* mgt;
+                    TAINT;
+                    SvMAGIC_set(sv, mg->mg_moremagic);
+                    SvTAINT(sv);
+                    if ((mgt = SvMAGIC(sv))) {
+                        mg->mg_moremagic = mgt;
+                        SvMAGIC_set(sv, mg);
+                    }
+                } else {
+                    TAINT;
+                    SvTAINT(sv);
+                }
+            } else 
+                SvTAINTED_off(sv);
+        }
+    } else {
+      ret_undef:
+        sv_setsv(sv,&PL_sv_undef);
+        return;
+    }
+}
+
+void
+Perl_reg_numbered_buff_store(pTHX_ REGEXP * const rx, const I32 paren,
+                                                        SV const * const value)
+{
+    PERL_ARGS_ASSERT_REG_NUMBERED_BUFF_STORE;
+
+    PERL_UNUSED_ARG(rx);
+    PERL_UNUSED_ARG(paren);
+    PERL_UNUSED_ARG(value);
+
+    if (!PL_localizing)
+        Perl_croak_no_modify();
+}
+
+I32
+Perl_reg_numbered_buff_length(pTHX_ REGEXP * const r, const SV * const sv,
+                              const I32 paren)
+{
+    struct regexp *const rx = ReANY(r);
+    I32 i;
+    I32 s1, t1;
+
+    PERL_ARGS_ASSERT_REG_NUMBERED_BUFF_LENGTH;
+
+    /* Some of this code was originally in C<Perl_magic_len> in F<mg.c> */
+    switch (paren) {
+      case RX_BUFF_IDX_CARET_PREMATCH: /* ${^PREMATCH} */
+         if (!(rx->extflags & RXf_PMf_KEEPCOPY))
+            goto warn_undef;
+        /*FALLTHROUGH*/
+
+      case RX_BUFF_IDX_PREMATCH:       /* $` */
+        if (rx->offs[0].start != -1) {
+                       i = rx->offs[0].start;
+                       if (i > 0) {
+                               s1 = 0;
+                               t1 = i;
+                               goto getlen;
+                       }
+           }
+        return 0;
+
+      case RX_BUFF_IDX_CARET_POSTMATCH: /* ${^POSTMATCH} */
+         if (!(rx->extflags & RXf_PMf_KEEPCOPY))
+            goto warn_undef;
+      case RX_BUFF_IDX_POSTMATCH:       /* $' */
+           if (rx->offs[0].end != -1) {
+                       i = rx->sublen - rx->offs[0].end;
+                       if (i > 0) {
+                               s1 = rx->offs[0].end;
+                               t1 = rx->sublen;
+                               goto getlen;
+                       }
+           }
+        return 0;
+
+      case RX_BUFF_IDX_CARET_FULLMATCH: /* ${^MATCH} */
+         if (!(rx->extflags & RXf_PMf_KEEPCOPY))
+            goto warn_undef;
+        /*FALLTHROUGH*/
+
+      /* $& / ${^MATCH}, $1, $2, ... */
+      default:
+           if (paren <= (I32)rx->nparens &&
+            (s1 = rx->offs[paren].start) != -1 &&
+            (t1 = rx->offs[paren].end) != -1)
+           {
+            i = t1 - s1;
+            goto getlen;
+        } else {
+          warn_undef:
+            if (ckWARN(WARN_UNINITIALIZED))
+                report_uninit((const SV *)sv);
+            return 0;
+        }
+    }
+  getlen:
+    if (i > 0 && RXp_MATCH_UTF8(rx)) {
+        const char * const s = rx->subbeg - rx->suboffset + s1;
+        const U8 *ep;
+        STRLEN el;
+
+        i = t1 - s1;
+        if (is_utf8_string_loclen((U8*)s, i, &ep, &el))
+                       i = el;
+    }
+    return i;
+}
+
+SV*
+Perl_reg_qr_package(pTHX_ REGEXP * const rx)
+{
+    PERL_ARGS_ASSERT_REG_QR_PACKAGE;
+       PERL_UNUSED_ARG(rx);
+       if (0)
+           return NULL;
+       else
+           return newSVpvs("Regexp");
+}
+
+/* Scans the name of a named buffer from the pattern.
+ * If flags is REG_RSN_RETURN_NULL returns null.
+ * If flags is REG_RSN_RETURN_NAME returns an SV* containing the name
+ * If flags is REG_RSN_RETURN_DATA returns the data SV* corresponding
+ * to the parsed name as looked up in the RExC_paren_names hash.
+ * If there is an error throws a vFAIL().. type exception.
+ */
+
+#define REG_RSN_RETURN_NULL    0
+#define REG_RSN_RETURN_NAME    1
+#define REG_RSN_RETURN_DATA    2
+
+STATIC SV*
+S_reg_scan_name(pTHX_ RExC_state_t *pRExC_state, U32 flags)
+{
+    char *name_start = RExC_parse;
+
+    PERL_ARGS_ASSERT_REG_SCAN_NAME;
+
+    if (isIDFIRST_lazy_if(RExC_parse, UTF)) {
+        /* skip IDFIRST by using do...while */
+       if (UTF)
+           do {
+               RExC_parse += UTF8SKIP(RExC_parse);
+           } while (isWORDCHAR_utf8((U8*)RExC_parse));
+       else
+           do {
+               RExC_parse++;
+           } while (isWORDCHAR(*RExC_parse));
+    } else {
+       RExC_parse++; /* so the <- from the vFAIL is after the offending character */
+        vFAIL("Group name must start with a non-digit word character");
+    }
+    if ( flags ) {
+        SV* sv_name
+           = newSVpvn_flags(name_start, (int)(RExC_parse - name_start),
+                            SVs_TEMP | (UTF ? SVf_UTF8 : 0));
+        if ( flags == REG_RSN_RETURN_NAME)
+            return sv_name;
+        else if (flags==REG_RSN_RETURN_DATA) {
+            HE *he_str = NULL;
+            SV *sv_dat = NULL;
+            if ( ! sv_name )      /* should not happen*/
+                Perl_croak(aTHX_ "panic: no svname in reg_scan_name");
+            if (RExC_paren_names)
+                he_str = hv_fetch_ent( RExC_paren_names, sv_name, 0, 0 );
+            if ( he_str )
+                sv_dat = HeVAL(he_str);
+            if ( ! sv_dat )
+                vFAIL("Reference to nonexistent named group");
+            return sv_dat;
+        }
+        else {
+            Perl_croak(aTHX_ "panic: bad flag %lx in reg_scan_name",
+                      (unsigned long) flags);
+        }
+        assert(0); /* NOT REACHED */
+    }
+    return NULL;
+}
+
+#define DEBUG_PARSE_MSG(funcname)     DEBUG_PARSE_r({           \
+    int rem=(int)(RExC_end - RExC_parse);                       \
+    int cut;                                                    \
+    int num;                                                    \
+    int iscut=0;                                                \
+    if (rem>10) {                                               \
+        rem=10;                                                 \
+        iscut=1;                                                \
+    }                                                           \
+    cut=10-rem;                                                 \
+    if (RExC_lastparse!=RExC_parse)                             \
+        PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log," >%.*s%-*s",              \
+            rem, RExC_parse,                                    \
+            cut + 4,                                            \
+            iscut ? "..." : "<"                                 \
+        );                                                      \
+    else                                                        \
+        PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log,"%16s","");                \
+                                                                \
+    if (SIZE_ONLY)                                              \
+       num = RExC_size + 1;                                     \
+    else                                                        \
+       num=REG_NODE_NUM(RExC_emit);                             \
+    if (RExC_lastnum!=num)                                      \
+       PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log,"|%4d",num);                \
+    else                                                        \
+       PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log,"|%4s","");                 \
+    PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log,"|%*s%-4s",                    \
+        (int)((depth*2)), "",                                   \
+        (funcname)                                              \
+    );                                                          \
+    RExC_lastnum=num;                                           \
+    RExC_lastparse=RExC_parse;                                  \
+})
+
+
+
+#define DEBUG_PARSE(funcname)     DEBUG_PARSE_r({           \
+    DEBUG_PARSE_MSG((funcname));                            \
+    PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log,"%4s","\n");               \
+})
+#define DEBUG_PARSE_FMT(funcname,fmt,args)     DEBUG_PARSE_r({           \
+    DEBUG_PARSE_MSG((funcname));                            \
+    PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log,fmt "\n",args);               \
+})
+
+/* This section of code defines the inversion list object and its methods.  The
+ * interfaces are highly subject to change, so as much as possible is static to
+ * this file.  An inversion list is here implemented as a malloc'd C UV array
+ * with some added info that is placed as UVs at the beginning in a header
+ * portion.  An inversion list for Unicode is an array of code points, sorted
+ * by ordinal number.  The zeroth element is the first code point in the list.
+ * The 1th element is the first element beyond that not in the list.  In other
+ * words, the first range is
+ *  invlist[0]..(invlist[1]-1)
+ * The other ranges follow.  Thus every element whose index is divisible by two
+ * marks the beginning of a range that is in the list, and every element not
+ * divisible by two marks the beginning of a range not in the list.  A single
+ * element inversion list that contains the single code point N generally
+ * consists of two elements
+ *  invlist[0] == N
+ *  invlist[1] == N+1
+ * (The exception is when N is the highest representable value on the
+ * machine, in which case the list containing just it would be a single
+ * element, itself.  By extension, if the last range in the list extends to
+ * infinity, then the first element of that range will be in the inversion list
+ * at a position that is divisible by two, and is the final element in the
+ * list.)
+ * Taking the complement (inverting) an inversion list is quite simple, if the
+ * first element is 0, remove it; otherwise add a 0 element at the beginning.
+ * This implementation reserves an element at the beginning of each inversion
+ * list to contain 0 when the list contains 0, and contains 1 otherwise.  The
+ * actual beginning of the list is either that element if 0, or the next one if
+ * 1.
+ *
+ * More about inversion lists can be found in "Unicode Demystified"
+ * Chapter 13 by Richard Gillam, published by Addison-Wesley.
+ * More will be coming when functionality is added later.
+ *
+ * The inversion list data structure is currently implemented as an SV pointing
+ * to an array of UVs that the SV thinks are bytes.  This allows us to have an
+ * array of UV whose memory management is automatically handled by the existing
+ * facilities for SV's.
+ *
+ * Some of the methods should always be private to the implementation, and some
+ * should eventually be made public */
+
+/* The header definitions are in F<inline_invlist.c> */
+#define TO_INTERNAL_SIZE(x) (((x) + HEADER_LENGTH) * sizeof(UV))
+#define FROM_INTERNAL_SIZE(x) (((x)/ sizeof(UV)) - HEADER_LENGTH)
+
+#define INVLIST_INITIAL_LEN 10
+
+PERL_STATIC_INLINE UV*
+S__invlist_array_init(pTHX_ SV* const invlist, const bool will_have_0)
+{
+    /* Returns a pointer to the first element in the inversion list's array.
+     * This is called upon initialization of an inversion list.  Where the
+     * array begins depends on whether the list has the code point U+0000
+     * in it or not.  The other parameter tells it whether the code that
+     * follows this call is about to put a 0 in the inversion list or not.
+     * The first element is either the element with 0, if 0, or the next one,
+     * if 1 */
+
+    UV* zero = get_invlist_zero_addr(invlist);
+
+    PERL_ARGS_ASSERT__INVLIST_ARRAY_INIT;
+
+    /* Must be empty */
+    assert(! *_get_invlist_len_addr(invlist));
+
+    /* 1^1 = 0; 1^0 = 1 */
+    *zero = 1 ^ will_have_0;
+    return zero + *zero;
+}
+
+PERL_STATIC_INLINE UV*
+S_invlist_array(pTHX_ SV* const invlist)
+{
+    /* Returns the pointer to the inversion list's array.  Every time the
+     * length changes, this needs to be called in case malloc or realloc moved
+     * it */
+
+    PERL_ARGS_ASSERT_INVLIST_ARRAY;
+
+    /* Must not be empty.  If these fail, you probably didn't check for <len>
+     * being non-zero before trying to get the array */
+    assert(*_get_invlist_len_addr(invlist));
+    assert(*get_invlist_zero_addr(invlist) == 0
+          || *get_invlist_zero_addr(invlist) == 1);
+
+    /* The array begins either at the element reserved for zero if the
+     * list contains 0 (that element will be set to 0), or otherwise the next
+     * element (in which case the reserved element will be set to 1). */
+    return (UV *) (get_invlist_zero_addr(invlist)
+                  + *get_invlist_zero_addr(invlist));
+}
+
+PERL_STATIC_INLINE void
+S_invlist_set_len(pTHX_ SV* const invlist, const UV len)
+{
+    /* Sets the current number of elements stored in the inversion list */
+
+    PERL_ARGS_ASSERT_INVLIST_SET_LEN;
+
+    *_get_invlist_len_addr(invlist) = len;
+
+    assert(len <= SvLEN(invlist));
+
+    SvCUR_set(invlist, TO_INTERNAL_SIZE(len));
+    /* If the list contains U+0000, that element is part of the header,
+     * and should not be counted as part of the array.  It will contain
+     * 0 in that case, and 1 otherwise.  So we could flop 0=>1, 1=>0 and
+     * subtract:
+     * SvCUR_set(invlist,
+     *           TO_INTERNAL_SIZE(len
+     *                            - (*get_invlist_zero_addr(inv_list) ^ 1)));
+     * But, this is only valid if len is not 0.  The consequences of not doing
+     * this is that the memory allocation code may think that 1 more UV is
+     * being used than actually is, and so might do an unnecessary grow.  That
+     * seems worth not bothering to make this the precise amount.
+     *
+     * Note that when inverting, SvCUR shouldn't change */
+}
+
+PERL_STATIC_INLINE IV*
+S_get_invlist_previous_index_addr(pTHX_ SV* invlist)
+{
+    /* Return the address of the UV that is reserved to hold the cached index
+     * */
+
+    PERL_ARGS_ASSERT_GET_INVLIST_PREVIOUS_INDEX_ADDR;
+
+    return (IV *) (SvPVX(invlist) + (INVLIST_PREVIOUS_INDEX_OFFSET * sizeof (UV)));
+}
+
+PERL_STATIC_INLINE IV
+S_invlist_previous_index(pTHX_ SV* const invlist)
+{
+    /* Returns cached index of previous search */
+
+    PERL_ARGS_ASSERT_INVLIST_PREVIOUS_INDEX;
+
+    return *get_invlist_previous_index_addr(invlist);
+}
+
+PERL_STATIC_INLINE void
+S_invlist_set_previous_index(pTHX_ SV* const invlist, const IV index)
+{
+    /* Caches <index> for later retrieval */
+
+    PERL_ARGS_ASSERT_INVLIST_SET_PREVIOUS_INDEX;
+
+    assert(index == 0 || index < (int) _invlist_len(invlist));
+
+    *get_invlist_previous_index_addr(invlist) = index;
+}
+
+PERL_STATIC_INLINE UV
+S_invlist_max(pTHX_ SV* const invlist)
+{
+    /* Returns the maximum number of elements storable in the inversion list's
+     * array, without having to realloc() */
+
+    PERL_ARGS_ASSERT_INVLIST_MAX;
+
+    return SvLEN(invlist) == 0  /* This happens under _new_invlist_C_array */
+           ? _invlist_len(invlist)
+           : FROM_INTERNAL_SIZE(SvLEN(invlist));
+}
+
+PERL_STATIC_INLINE UV*
+S_get_invlist_zero_addr(pTHX_ SV* invlist)
+{
+    /* Return the address of the UV that is reserved to hold 0 if the inversion
+     * list contains 0.  This has to be the last element of the heading, as the
+     * list proper starts with either it if 0, or the next element if not.
+     * (But we force it to contain either 0 or 1) */
+
+    PERL_ARGS_ASSERT_GET_INVLIST_ZERO_ADDR;
+
+    return (UV *) (SvPVX(invlist) + (INVLIST_ZERO_OFFSET * sizeof (UV)));
+}
+
+#ifndef PERL_IN_XSUB_RE
+SV*
+Perl__new_invlist(pTHX_ IV initial_size)
+{
+
+    /* Return a pointer to a newly constructed inversion list, with enough
+     * space to store 'initial_size' elements.  If that number is negative, a
+     * system default is used instead */
+
+    SV* new_list;
+
+    if (initial_size < 0) {
+       initial_size = INVLIST_INITIAL_LEN;
+    }
+
+    /* Allocate the initial space */
+    new_list = newSV(TO_INTERNAL_SIZE(initial_size));
+    invlist_set_len(new_list, 0);
+
+    /* Force iterinit() to be used to get iteration to work */
+    *get_invlist_iter_addr(new_list) = UV_MAX;
+
+    /* This should force a segfault if a method doesn't initialize this
+     * properly */
+    *get_invlist_zero_addr(new_list) = UV_MAX;
+
+    *get_invlist_previous_index_addr(new_list) = 0;
+    *get_invlist_version_id_addr(new_list) = INVLIST_VERSION_ID;
+#if HEADER_LENGTH != 5
+#   error Need to regenerate INVLIST_VERSION_ID by running perl -E 'say int(rand 2**31-1)', and then changing the #if to the new length
+#endif
+
+    return new_list;
+}
+#endif
+
+STATIC SV*
+S__new_invlist_C_array(pTHX_ UV* list)
+{
+    /* Return a pointer to a newly constructed inversion list, initialized to
+     * point to <list>, which has to be in the exact correct inversion list
+     * form, including internal fields.  Thus this is a dangerous routine that
+     * should not be used in the wrong hands */
+
+    SV* invlist = newSV_type(SVt_PV);
+
+    PERL_ARGS_ASSERT__NEW_INVLIST_C_ARRAY;
+
+    SvPV_set(invlist, (char *) list);
+    SvLEN_set(invlist, 0);  /* Means we own the contents, and the system
+                              shouldn't touch it */
+    SvCUR_set(invlist, TO_INTERNAL_SIZE(_invlist_len(invlist)));
+
+    if (*get_invlist_version_id_addr(invlist) != INVLIST_VERSION_ID) {
+        Perl_croak(aTHX_ "panic: Incorrect version for previously generated inversion list");
+    }
+
+    /* Initialize the iteration pointer.
+     * XXX This could be done at compile time in charclass_invlists.h, but I
+     * (khw) am not confident that the suffixes for specifying the C constant
+     * UV_MAX are portable, e.g.  'ull' on a 32 bit machine that is configured
+     * to use 64 bits; might need a Configure probe */
+    invlist_iterfinish(invlist);
+
+    return invlist;
+}
+
+STATIC void
+S_invlist_extend(pTHX_ SV* const invlist, const UV new_max)
+{
+    /* Grow the maximum size of an inversion list */
+
+    PERL_ARGS_ASSERT_INVLIST_EXTEND;
+
+    SvGROW((SV *)invlist, TO_INTERNAL_SIZE(new_max));
+}
+
+PERL_STATIC_INLINE void
+S_invlist_trim(pTHX_ SV* const invlist)
+{
+    PERL_ARGS_ASSERT_INVLIST_TRIM;
+
+    /* Change the length of the inversion list to how many entries it currently
+     * has */
+
+    SvPV_shrink_to_cur((SV *) invlist);
+}
+
+#define _invlist_union_complement_2nd(a, b, output) _invlist_union_maybe_complement_2nd(a, b, TRUE, output)
+
+STATIC void
+S__append_range_to_invlist(pTHX_ SV* const invlist, const UV start, const UV end)
+{
+   /* Subject to change or removal.  Append the range from 'start' to 'end' at
+    * the end of the inversion list.  The range must be above any existing
+    * ones. */
+
+    UV* array;
+    UV max = invlist_max(invlist);
+    UV len = _invlist_len(invlist);
+
+    PERL_ARGS_ASSERT__APPEND_RANGE_TO_INVLIST;
+
+    if (len == 0) { /* Empty lists must be initialized */
+        array = _invlist_array_init(invlist, start == 0);
+    }
+    else {
+       /* Here, the existing list is non-empty. The current max entry in the
+        * list is generally the first value not in the set, except when the
+        * set extends to the end of permissible values, in which case it is
+        * the first entry in that final set, and so this call is an attempt to
+        * append out-of-order */
+
+       UV final_element = len - 1;
+       array = invlist_array(invlist);
+       if (array[final_element] > start
+           || ELEMENT_RANGE_MATCHES_INVLIST(final_element))
+       {
+           Perl_croak(aTHX_ "panic: attempting to append to an inversion list, but wasn't at the end of the list, final=%"UVuf", start=%"UVuf", match=%c",
+                      array[final_element], start,
+                      ELEMENT_RANGE_MATCHES_INVLIST(final_element) ? 't' : 'f');
+       }
+
+       /* Here, it is a legal append.  If the new range begins with the first
+        * value not in the set, it is extending the set, so the new first
+        * value not in the set is one greater than the newly extended range.
+        * */
+       if (array[final_element] == start) {
+           if (end != UV_MAX) {
+               array[final_element] = end + 1;
+           }
+           else {
+               /* But if the end is the maximum representable on the machine,
+                * just let the range that this would extend to have no end */
+               invlist_set_len(invlist, len - 1);
+           }
+           return;
+       }
+    }
+
+    /* Here the new range doesn't extend any existing set.  Add it */
+
+    len += 2;  /* Includes an element each for the start and end of range */
+
+    /* If overflows the existing space, extend, which may cause the array to be
+     * moved */
+    if (max < len) {
+       invlist_extend(invlist, len);
+       invlist_set_len(invlist, len);  /* Have to set len here to avoid assert
+                                          failure in invlist_array() */
+       array = invlist_array(invlist);
+    }
+    else {
+       invlist_set_len(invlist, len);
+    }
+
+    /* The next item on the list starts the range, the one after that is
+     * one past the new range.  */
+    array[len - 2] = start;
+    if (end != UV_MAX) {
+       array[len - 1] = end + 1;
+    }
+    else {
+       /* But if the end is the maximum representable on the machine, just let
+        * the range have no end */
+       invlist_set_len(invlist, len - 1);
+    }
+}
+
+#ifndef PERL_IN_XSUB_RE
+
+IV
+Perl__invlist_search(pTHX_ SV* const invlist, const UV cp)
+{
+    /* Searches the inversion list for the entry that contains the input code
+     * point <cp>.  If <cp> is not in the list, -1 is returned.  Otherwise, the
+     * return value is the index into the list's array of the range that
+     * contains <cp> */
+
+    IV low = 0;
+    IV mid;
+    IV high = _invlist_len(invlist);
+    const IV highest_element = high - 1;
+    const UV* array;
+
+    PERL_ARGS_ASSERT__INVLIST_SEARCH;
+
+    /* If list is empty, return failure. */
+    if (high == 0) {
+       return -1;
+    }
+
+    /* (We can't get the array unless we know the list is non-empty) */
+    array = invlist_array(invlist);
+
+    mid = invlist_previous_index(invlist);
+    assert(mid >=0 && mid <= highest_element);
+
+    /* <mid> contains the cache of the result of the previous call to this
+     * function (0 the first time).  See if this call is for the same result,
+     * or if it is for mid-1.  This is under the theory that calls to this
+     * function will often be for related code points that are near each other.
+     * And benchmarks show that caching gives better results.  We also test
+     * here if the code point is within the bounds of the list.  These tests
+     * replace others that would have had to be made anyway to make sure that
+     * the array bounds were not exceeded, and these give us extra information
+     * at the same time */
+    if (cp >= array[mid]) {
+        if (cp >= array[highest_element]) {
+            return highest_element;
+        }
+
+        /* Here, array[mid] <= cp < array[highest_element].  This means that
+         * the final element is not the answer, so can exclude it; it also
+         * means that <mid> is not the final element, so can refer to 'mid + 1'
+         * safely */
+        if (cp < array[mid + 1]) {
+            return mid;
+        }
+        high--;
+        low = mid + 1;
+    }
+    else { /* cp < aray[mid] */
+        if (cp < array[0]) { /* Fail if outside the array */
+            return -1;
+        }
+        high = mid;
+        if (cp >= array[mid - 1]) {
+            goto found_entry;
+        }
+    }
+
+    /* Binary search.  What we are looking for is <i> such that
+     * array[i] <= cp < array[i+1]
+     * The loop below converges on the i+1.  Note that there may not be an
+     * (i+1)th element in the array, and things work nonetheless */
+    while (low < high) {
+       mid = (low + high) / 2;
+        assert(mid <= highest_element);
+       if (array[mid] <= cp) { /* cp >= array[mid] */
+           low = mid + 1;
+
+           /* We could do this extra test to exit the loop early.
+           if (cp < array[low]) {
+               return mid;
+           }
+           */
+       }
+       else { /* cp < array[mid] */
+           high = mid;
+       }
+    }
+
+  found_entry:
+    high--;
+    invlist_set_previous_index(invlist, high);
+    return high;
+}
+
+void
+Perl__invlist_populate_swatch(pTHX_ SV* const invlist, const UV start, const UV end, U8* swatch)
+{
+    /* populates a swatch of a swash the same way swatch_get() does in utf8.c,
+     * but is used when the swash has an inversion list.  This makes this much
+     * faster, as it uses a binary search instead of a linear one.  This is
+     * intimately tied to that function, and perhaps should be in utf8.c,
+     * except it is intimately tied to inversion lists as well.  It assumes
+     * that <swatch> is all 0's on input */
+
+    UV current = start;
+    const IV len = _invlist_len(invlist);
+    IV i;
+    const UV * array;
+
+    PERL_ARGS_ASSERT__INVLIST_POPULATE_SWATCH;
+
+    if (len == 0) { /* Empty inversion list */
+        return;
+    }
+
+    array = invlist_array(invlist);
+
+    /* Find which element it is */
+    i = _invlist_search(invlist, start);
+
+    /* We populate from <start> to <end> */
+    while (current < end) {
+        UV upper;
+
+       /* The inversion list gives the results for every possible code point
+        * after the first one in the list.  Only those ranges whose index is
+        * even are ones that the inversion list matches.  For the odd ones,
+        * and if the initial code point is not in the list, we have to skip
+        * forward to the next element */
+        if (i == -1 || ! ELEMENT_RANGE_MATCHES_INVLIST(i)) {
+            i++;
+            if (i >= len) { /* Finished if beyond the end of the array */
+                return;
+            }
+            current = array[i];
+           if (current >= end) {   /* Finished if beyond the end of what we
+                                      are populating */
+                if (LIKELY(end < UV_MAX)) {
+                    return;
+                }
+
+                /* We get here when the upper bound is the maximum
+                 * representable on the machine, and we are looking for just
+                 * that code point.  Have to special case it */
+                i = len;
+                goto join_end_of_list;
+            }
+        }
+        assert(current >= start);
+
+       /* The current range ends one below the next one, except don't go past
+        * <end> */
+        i++;
+        upper = (i < len && array[i] < end) ? array[i] : end;
+
+       /* Here we are in a range that matches.  Populate a bit in the 3-bit U8
+        * for each code point in it */
+        for (; current < upper; current++) {
+            const STRLEN offset = (STRLEN)(current - start);
+            swatch[offset >> 3] |= 1 << (offset & 7);
+        }
+
+    join_end_of_list:
+
+       /* Quit if at the end of the list */
+        if (i >= len) {
+
+           /* But first, have to deal with the highest possible code point on
+            * the platform.  The previous code assumes that <end> is one
+            * beyond where we want to populate, but that is impossible at the
+            * platform's infinity, so have to handle it specially */
+            if (UNLIKELY(end == UV_MAX && ELEMENT_RANGE_MATCHES_INVLIST(len-1)))
+           {
+                const STRLEN offset = (STRLEN)(end - start);
+                swatch[offset >> 3] |= 1 << (offset & 7);
+            }
+            return;
+        }
+
+       /* Advance to the next range, which will be for code points not in the
+        * inversion list */
+        current = array[i];
+    }
+
+    return;
+}
+
+void
+Perl__invlist_union_maybe_complement_2nd(pTHX_ SV* const a, SV* const b, bool complement_b, SV** output)
+{
+    /* Take the union of two inversion lists and point <output> to it.  *output
+     * SHOULD BE DEFINED upon input, and if it points to one of the two lists,
+     * the reference count to that list will be decremented.  The first list,
+     * <a>, may be NULL, in which case a copy of the second list is returned.
+     * If <complement_b> is TRUE, the union is taken of the complement
+     * (inversion) of <b> instead of b itself.
+     *
+     * The basis for this comes from "Unicode Demystified" Chapter 13 by
+     * Richard Gillam, published by Addison-Wesley, and explained at some
+     * length there.  The preface says to incorporate its examples into your
+     * code at your own risk.
+     *
+     * The algorithm is like a merge sort.
+     *
+     * XXX A potential performance improvement is to keep track as we go along
+     * if only one of the inputs contributes to the result, meaning the other
+     * is a subset of that one.  In that case, we can skip the final copy and
+     * return the larger of the input lists, but then outside code might need
+     * to keep track of whether to free the input list or not */
+
+    UV* array_a;    /* a's array */
+    UV* array_b;
+    UV len_a;      /* length of a's array */
+    UV len_b;
+
+    SV* u;                     /* the resulting union */
+    UV* array_u;
+    UV len_u;
+
+    UV i_a = 0;                    /* current index into a's array */
+    UV i_b = 0;
+    UV i_u = 0;
+
+    /* running count, as explained in the algorithm source book; items are
+     * stopped accumulating and are output when the count changes to/from 0.
+     * The count is incremented when we start a range that's in the set, and
+     * decremented when we start a range that's not in the set.  So its range
+     * is 0 to 2.  Only when the count is zero is something not in the set.
+     */
+    UV count = 0;
+
+    PERL_ARGS_ASSERT__INVLIST_UNION_MAYBE_COMPLEMENT_2ND;
+    assert(a != b);
+
+    /* If either one is empty, the union is the other one */
+    if (a == NULL || ((len_a = _invlist_len(a)) == 0)) {
+       if (*output == a) {
+            if (a != NULL) {
+                SvREFCNT_dec_NN(a);
+            }
+       }
+       if (*output != b) {
+           *output = invlist_clone(b);
+            if (complement_b) {
+                _invlist_invert(*output);
+            }
+       } /* else *output already = b; */
+       return;
+    }
+    else if ((len_b = _invlist_len(b)) == 0) {
+       if (*output == b) {
+           SvREFCNT_dec_NN(b);
+       }
+
+        /* The complement of an empty list is a list that has everything in it,
+         * so the union with <a> includes everything too */
+        if (complement_b) {
+            if (a == *output) {
+                SvREFCNT_dec_NN(a);
+            }
+            *output = _new_invlist(1);
+            _append_range_to_invlist(*output, 0, UV_MAX);
+        }
+        else if (*output != a) {
+            *output = invlist_clone(a);
+        }
+        /* else *output already = a; */
+       return;
+    }
+
+    /* Here both lists exist and are non-empty */
+    array_a = invlist_array(a);
+    array_b = invlist_array(b);
+
+    /* If are to take the union of 'a' with the complement of b, set it
+     * up so are looking at b's complement. */
+    if (complement_b) {
+
+       /* To complement, we invert: if the first element is 0, remove it.  To
+        * do this, we just pretend the array starts one later, and clear the
+        * flag as we don't have to do anything else later */
+        if (array_b[0] == 0) {
+            array_b++;
+            len_b--;
+            complement_b = FALSE;
+        }
+        else {
+
+            /* But if the first element is not zero, we unshift a 0 before the
+             * array.  The data structure reserves a space for that 0 (which
+             * should be a '1' right now), so physical shifting is unneeded,
+             * but temporarily change that element to 0.  Before exiting the
+             * routine, we must restore the element to '1' */
+            array_b--;
+            len_b++;
+            array_b[0] = 0;
+        }
+    }
+
+    /* Size the union for the worst case: that the sets are completely
+     * disjoint */
+    u = _new_invlist(len_a + len_b);
+
+    /* Will contain U+0000 if either component does */
+    array_u = _invlist_array_init(u, (len_a > 0 && array_a[0] == 0)
+                                     || (len_b > 0 && array_b[0] == 0));
+
+    /* Go through each list item by item, stopping when exhausted one of
+     * them */
+    while (i_a < len_a && i_b < len_b) {
+       UV cp;      /* The element to potentially add to the union's array */
+       bool cp_in_set;   /* is it in the the input list's set or not */
+
+       /* We need to take one or the other of the two inputs for the union.
+        * Since we are merging two sorted lists, we take the smaller of the
+        * next items.  In case of a tie, we take the one that is in its set
+        * first.  If we took one not in the set first, it would decrement the
+        * count, possibly to 0 which would cause it to be output as ending the
+        * range, and the next time through we would take the same number, and
+        * output it again as beginning the next range.  By doing it the
+        * opposite way, there is no possibility that the count will be
+        * momentarily decremented to 0, and thus the two adjoining ranges will
+        * be seamlessly merged.  (In a tie and both are in the set or both not
+        * in the set, it doesn't matter which we take first.) */
+       if (array_a[i_a] < array_b[i_b]
+           || (array_a[i_a] == array_b[i_b]
+               && ELEMENT_RANGE_MATCHES_INVLIST(i_a)))
+       {
+           cp_in_set = ELEMENT_RANGE_MATCHES_INVLIST(i_a);
+           cp= array_a[i_a++];
+       }
+       else {
+           cp_in_set = ELEMENT_RANGE_MATCHES_INVLIST(i_b);
+           cp = array_b[i_b++];
+       }
+
+       /* Here, have chosen which of the two inputs to look at.  Only output
+        * if the running count changes to/from 0, which marks the
+        * beginning/end of a range in that's in the set */
+       if (cp_in_set) {
+           if (count == 0) {
+               array_u[i_u++] = cp;
+           }
+           count++;
+       }
+       else {
+           count--;
+           if (count == 0) {
+               array_u[i_u++] = cp;
+           }
+       }
+    }
+
+    /* Here, we are finished going through at least one of the lists, which
+     * means there is something remaining in at most one.  We check if the list
+     * that hasn't been exhausted is positioned such that we are in the middle
+     * of a range in its set or not.  (i_a and i_b point to the element beyond
+     * the one we care about.) If in the set, we decrement 'count'; if 0, there
+     * is potentially more to output.
+     * There are four cases:
+     * 1) Both weren't in their sets, count is 0, and remains 0.  What's left
+     *    in the union is entirely from the non-exhausted set.
+     * 2) Both were in their sets, count is 2.  Nothing further should
+     *    be output, as everything that remains will be in the exhausted
+     *    list's set, hence in the union; decrementing to 1 but not 0 insures
+     *    that
+     * 3) the exhausted was in its set, non-exhausted isn't, count is 1.
+     *    Nothing further should be output because the union includes
+     *    everything from the exhausted set.  Not decrementing ensures that.
+     * 4) the exhausted wasn't in its set, non-exhausted is, count is 1;
+     *    decrementing to 0 insures that we look at the remainder of the
+     *    non-exhausted set */
+    if ((i_a != len_a && PREV_RANGE_MATCHES_INVLIST(i_a))
+       || (i_b != len_b && PREV_RANGE_MATCHES_INVLIST(i_b)))
+    {
+       count--;
+    }
+
+    /* The final length is what we've output so far, plus what else is about to
+     * be output.  (If 'count' is non-zero, then the input list we exhausted
+     * has everything remaining up to the machine's limit in its set, and hence
+     * in the union, so there will be no further output. */
+    len_u = i_u;
+    if (count == 0) {
+       /* At most one of the subexpressions will be non-zero */
+       len_u += (len_a - i_a) + (len_b - i_b);
+    }
+
+    /* Set result to final length, which can change the pointer to array_u, so
+     * re-find it */
+    if (len_u != _invlist_len(u)) {
+       invlist_set_len(u, len_u);
+       invlist_trim(u);
+       array_u = invlist_array(u);
+    }
+
+    /* When 'count' is 0, the list that was exhausted (if one was shorter than
+     * the other) ended with everything above it not in its set.  That means
+     * that the remaining part of the union is precisely the same as the
+     * non-exhausted list, so can just copy it unchanged.  (If both list were
+     * exhausted at the same time, then the operations below will be both 0.)
+     */
+    if (count == 0) {
+       IV copy_count; /* At most one will have a non-zero copy count */
+       if ((copy_count = len_a - i_a) > 0) {
+           Copy(array_a + i_a, array_u + i_u, copy_count, UV);
+       }
+       else if ((copy_count = len_b - i_b) > 0) {
+           Copy(array_b + i_b, array_u + i_u, copy_count, UV);
+       }
+    }
+
+    /* If we've changed b, restore it */
+    if (complement_b) {
+        array_b[0] = 1;
+    }
+
+    /*  We may be removing a reference to one of the inputs */
+    if (a == *output || b == *output) {
+        assert(! invlist_is_iterating(*output));
+       SvREFCNT_dec_NN(*output);
+    }
+
+    *output = u;
+    return;
+}
+
+void
+Perl__invlist_intersection_maybe_complement_2nd(pTHX_ SV* const a, SV* const b, bool complement_b, SV** i)
+{
+    /* Take the intersection of two inversion lists and point <i> to it.  *i
+     * SHOULD BE DEFINED upon input, and if it points to one of the two lists,
+     * the reference count to that list will be decremented.
+     * If <complement_b> is TRUE, the result will be the intersection of <a>
+     * and the complement (or inversion) of <b> instead of <b> directly.
+     *
+     * The basis for this comes from "Unicode Demystified" Chapter 13 by
+     * Richard Gillam, published by Addison-Wesley, and explained at some
+     * length there.  The preface says to incorporate its examples into your
+     * code at your own risk.  In fact, it had bugs
+     *
+     * The algorithm is like a merge sort, and is essentially the same as the
+     * union above
+     */
+
+    UV* array_a;               /* a's array */
+    UV* array_b;
+    UV len_a;  /* length of a's array */
+    UV len_b;
+
+    SV* r;                  /* the resulting intersection */
+    UV* array_r;
+    UV len_r;
+
+    UV i_a = 0;                    /* current index into a's array */
+    UV i_b = 0;
+    UV i_r = 0;
+
+    /* running count, as explained in the algorithm source book; items are
+     * stopped accumulating and are output when the count changes to/from 2.
+     * The count is incremented when we start a range that's in the set, and
+     * decremented when we start a range that's not in the set.  So its range
+     * is 0 to 2.  Only when the count is 2 is something in the intersection.
+     */
+    UV count = 0;
+
+    PERL_ARGS_ASSERT__INVLIST_INTERSECTION_MAYBE_COMPLEMENT_2ND;
+    assert(a != b);
+
+    /* Special case if either one is empty */
+    len_a = _invlist_len(a);
+    if ((len_a == 0) || ((len_b = _invlist_len(b)) == 0)) {
+
+        if (len_a != 0 && complement_b) {
+
+            /* Here, 'a' is not empty, therefore from the above 'if', 'b' must
+             * be empty.  Here, also we are using 'b's complement, which hence
+             * must be every possible code point.  Thus the intersection is
+             * simply 'a'. */
+            if (*i != a) {
+                *i = invlist_clone(a);
+
+                if (*i == b) {
+                    SvREFCNT_dec_NN(b);
+                }
+            }
+            /* else *i is already 'a' */
+            return;
+        }
+
+        /* Here, 'a' or 'b' is empty and not using the complement of 'b'.  The
+         * intersection must be empty */
+       if (*i == a) {
+           SvREFCNT_dec_NN(a);
+       }
+       else if (*i == b) {
+           SvREFCNT_dec_NN(b);
+       }
+       *i = _new_invlist(0);
+       return;
+    }
+
+    /* Here both lists exist and are non-empty */
+    array_a = invlist_array(a);
+    array_b = invlist_array(b);
+
+    /* If are to take the intersection of 'a' with the complement of b, set it
+     * up so are looking at b's complement. */
+    if (complement_b) {
+
+       /* To complement, we invert: if the first element is 0, remove it.  To
+        * do this, we just pretend the array starts one later, and clear the
+        * flag as we don't have to do anything else later */
+        if (array_b[0] == 0) {
+            array_b++;
+            len_b--;
+            complement_b = FALSE;
+        }
+        else {
+
+            /* But if the first element is not zero, we unshift a 0 before the
+             * array.  The data structure reserves a space for that 0 (which
+             * should be a '1' right now), so physical shifting is unneeded,
+             * but temporarily change that element to 0.  Before exiting the
+             * routine, we must restore the element to '1' */
+            array_b--;
+            len_b++;
+            array_b[0] = 0;
+        }
+    }
+
+    /* Size the intersection for the worst case: that the intersection ends up
+     * fragmenting everything to be completely disjoint */
+    r= _new_invlist(len_a + len_b);
+
+    /* Will contain U+0000 iff both components do */
+    array_r = _invlist_array_init(r, len_a > 0 && array_a[0] == 0
+                                    && len_b > 0 && array_b[0] == 0);
+
+    /* Go through each list item by item, stopping when exhausted one of
+     * them */
+    while (i_a < len_a && i_b < len_b) {
+       UV cp;      /* The element to potentially add to the intersection's
+                      array */
+       bool cp_in_set; /* Is it in the input list's set or not */
+
+       /* We need to take one or the other of the two inputs for the
+        * intersection.  Since we are merging two sorted lists, we take the
+        * smaller of the next items.  In case of a tie, we take the one that
+        * is not in its set first (a difference from the union algorithm).  If
+        * we took one in the set first, it would increment the count, possibly
+        * to 2 which would cause it to be output as starting a range in the
+        * intersection, and the next time through we would take that same
+        * number, and output it again as ending the set.  By doing it the
+        * opposite of this, there is no possibility that the count will be
+        * momentarily incremented to 2.  (In a tie and both are in the set or
+        * both not in the set, it doesn't matter which we take first.) */
+       if (array_a[i_a] < array_b[i_b]
+           || (array_a[i_a] == array_b[i_b]
+               && ! ELEMENT_RANGE_MATCHES_INVLIST(i_a)))
+       {
+           cp_in_set = ELEMENT_RANGE_MATCHES_INVLIST(i_a);
+           cp= array_a[i_a++];
+       }
+       else {
+           cp_in_set = ELEMENT_RANGE_MATCHES_INVLIST(i_b);
+           cp= array_b[i_b++];
+       }
+
+       /* Here, have chosen which of the two inputs to look at.  Only output
+        * if the running count changes to/from 2, which marks the
+        * beginning/end of a range that's in the intersection */
+       if (cp_in_set) {
+           count++;
+           if (count == 2) {
+               array_r[i_r++] = cp;
+           }
+       }
+       else {
+           if (count == 2) {
+               array_r[i_r++] = cp;
+           }
+           count--;
+       }
+    }
+
+    /* Here, we are finished going through at least one of the lists, which
+     * means there is something remaining in at most one.  We check if the list
+     * that has been exhausted is positioned such that we are in the middle
+     * of a range in its set or not.  (i_a and i_b point to elements 1 beyond
+     * the ones we care about.)  There are four cases:
+     * 1) Both weren't in their sets, count is 0, and remains 0.  There's
+     *    nothing left in the intersection.
+     * 2) Both were in their sets, count is 2 and perhaps is incremented to
+     *    above 2.  What should be output is exactly that which is in the
+     *    non-exhausted set, as everything it has is also in the intersection
+     *    set, and everything it doesn't have can't be in the intersection
+     * 3) The exhausted was in its set, non-exhausted isn't, count is 1, and
+     *    gets incremented to 2.  Like the previous case, the intersection is
+     *    everything that remains in the non-exhausted set.
+     * 4) the exhausted wasn't in its set, non-exhausted is, count is 1, and
+     *    remains 1.  And the intersection has nothing more. */
+    if ((i_a == len_a && PREV_RANGE_MATCHES_INVLIST(i_a))
+       || (i_b == len_b && PREV_RANGE_MATCHES_INVLIST(i_b)))
+    {
+       count++;
+    }
+
+    /* The final length is what we've output so far plus what else is in the
+     * intersection.  At most one of the subexpressions below will be non-zero */
+    len_r = i_r;
+    if (count >= 2) {
+       len_r += (len_a - i_a) + (len_b - i_b);
+    }
+
+    /* Set result to final length, which can change the pointer to array_r, so
+     * re-find it */
+    if (len_r != _invlist_len(r)) {
+       invlist_set_len(r, len_r);
+       invlist_trim(r);
+       array_r = invlist_array(r);
+    }
+
+    /* Finish outputting any remaining */
+    if (count >= 2) { /* At most one will have a non-zero copy count */
+       IV copy_count;
+       if ((copy_count = len_a - i_a) > 0) {
+           Copy(array_a + i_a, array_r + i_r, copy_count, UV);
+       }
+       else if ((copy_count = len_b - i_b) > 0) {
+           Copy(array_b + i_b, array_r + i_r, copy_count, UV);
+       }
+    }
+
+    /* If we've changed b, restore it */
+    if (complement_b) {
+        array_b[0] = 1;
+    }
+
+    /*  We may be removing a reference to one of the inputs */
+    if (a == *i || b == *i) {
+        assert(! invlist_is_iterating(*i));
+       SvREFCNT_dec_NN(*i);
+    }
+
+    *i = r;
+    return;
+}
+
+SV*
+Perl__add_range_to_invlist(pTHX_ SV* invlist, const UV start, const UV end)
+{
+    /* Add the range from 'start' to 'end' inclusive to the inversion list's
+     * set.  A pointer to the inversion list is returned.  This may actually be
+     * a new list, in which case the passed in one has been destroyed.  The
+     * passed in inversion list can be NULL, in which case a new one is created
+     * with just the one range in it */
+
+    SV* range_invlist;
+    UV len;
+
+    if (invlist == NULL) {
+       invlist = _new_invlist(2);
+       len = 0;
+    }
+    else {
+       len = _invlist_len(invlist);
+    }
+
+    /* If comes after the final entry actually in the list, can just append it
+     * to the end, */
+    if (len == 0
+       || (! ELEMENT_RANGE_MATCHES_INVLIST(len - 1)
+            && start >= invlist_array(invlist)[len - 1]))
+    {
+       _append_range_to_invlist(invlist, start, end);
+       return invlist;
+    }
+
+    /* Here, can't just append things, create and return a new inversion list
+     * which is the union of this range and the existing inversion list */
+    range_invlist = _new_invlist(2);
+    _append_range_to_invlist(range_invlist, start, end);
+
+    _invlist_union(invlist, range_invlist, &invlist);
+
+    /* The temporary can be freed */
+    SvREFCNT_dec_NN(range_invlist);
+
+    return invlist;
+}
+
+#endif
+
+PERL_STATIC_INLINE SV*
+S_add_cp_to_invlist(pTHX_ SV* invlist, const UV cp) {
+    return _add_range_to_invlist(invlist, cp, cp);
+}
+
+#ifndef PERL_IN_XSUB_RE
+void
+Perl__invlist_invert(pTHX_ SV* const invlist)
+{
+    /* Complement the input inversion list.  This adds a 0 if the list didn't
+     * have a zero; removes it otherwise.  As described above, the data
+     * structure is set up so that this is very efficient */
+
+    UV* len_pos = _get_invlist_len_addr(invlist);
+
+    PERL_ARGS_ASSERT__INVLIST_INVERT;
+
+    assert(! invlist_is_iterating(invlist));
+
+    /* The inverse of matching nothing is matching everything */
+    if (*len_pos == 0) {
+       _append_range_to_invlist(invlist, 0, UV_MAX);
+       return;
+    }
+
+    /* The exclusive or complents 0 to 1; and 1 to 0.  If the result is 1, the
+     * zero element was a 0, so it is being removed, so the length decrements
+     * by 1; and vice-versa.  SvCUR is unaffected */
+    if (*get_invlist_zero_addr(invlist) ^= 1) {
+       (*len_pos)--;
+    }
+    else {
+       (*len_pos)++;
+    }
+}
+
+void
+Perl__invlist_invert_prop(pTHX_ SV* const invlist)
+{
+    /* Complement the input inversion list (which must be a Unicode property,
+     * all of which don't match above the Unicode maximum code point.)  And
+     * Perl has chosen to not have the inversion match above that either.  This
+     * adds a 0x110000 if the list didn't end with it, and removes it if it did
+     */
+
+    UV len;
+    UV* array;
+
+    PERL_ARGS_ASSERT__INVLIST_INVERT_PROP;
+
+    _invlist_invert(invlist);
+
+    len = _invlist_len(invlist);
+
+    if (len != 0) { /* If empty do nothing */
+       array = invlist_array(invlist);
+       if (array[len - 1] != PERL_UNICODE_MAX + 1) {
+           /* Add 0x110000.  First, grow if necessary */
+           len++;
+           if (invlist_max(invlist) < len) {
+               invlist_extend(invlist, len);
+               array = invlist_array(invlist);
+           }
+           invlist_set_len(invlist, len);
+           array[len - 1] = PERL_UNICODE_MAX + 1;
+       }
+       else {  /* Remove the 0x110000 */
+           invlist_set_len(invlist, len - 1);
+       }
+    }
+
+    return;
+}
+#endif
+
+PERL_STATIC_INLINE SV*
+S_invlist_clone(pTHX_ SV* const invlist)
+{
+
+    /* Return a new inversion list that is a copy of the input one, which is
+     * unchanged */
+
+    /* Need to allocate extra space to accommodate Perl's addition of a
+     * trailing NUL to SvPV's, since it thinks they are always strings */
+    SV* new_invlist = _new_invlist(_invlist_len(invlist) + 1);
+    STRLEN length = SvCUR(invlist);
+
+    PERL_ARGS_ASSERT_INVLIST_CLONE;
+
+    SvCUR_set(new_invlist, length); /* This isn't done automatically */
+    Copy(SvPVX(invlist), SvPVX(new_invlist), length, char);
+
+    return new_invlist;
+}
+
+PERL_STATIC_INLINE UV*
+S_get_invlist_iter_addr(pTHX_ SV* invlist)
+{
+    /* Return the address of the UV that contains the current iteration
+     * position */
+
+    PERL_ARGS_ASSERT_GET_INVLIST_ITER_ADDR;
+
+    return (UV *) (SvPVX(invlist) + (INVLIST_ITER_OFFSET * sizeof (UV)));
+}
+
+PERL_STATIC_INLINE UV*
+S_get_invlist_version_id_addr(pTHX_ SV* invlist)
+{
+    /* Return the address of the UV that contains the version id. */
+
+    PERL_ARGS_ASSERT_GET_INVLIST_VERSION_ID_ADDR;
+
+    return (UV *) (SvPVX(invlist) + (INVLIST_VERSION_ID_OFFSET * sizeof (UV)));
+}
+
+PERL_STATIC_INLINE void
+S_invlist_iterinit(pTHX_ SV* invlist)  /* Initialize iterator for invlist */
+{
+    PERL_ARGS_ASSERT_INVLIST_ITERINIT;
+
+    *get_invlist_iter_addr(invlist) = 0;
+}
+
+PERL_STATIC_INLINE void
+S_invlist_iterfinish(pTHX_ SV* invlist)
+{
+    /* Terminate iterator for invlist.  This is to catch development errors.
+     * Any iteration that is interrupted before completed should call this
+     * function.  Functions that add code points anywhere else but to the end
+     * of an inversion list assert that they are not in the middle of an
+     * iteration.  If they were, the addition would make the iteration
+     * problematical: if the iteration hadn't reached the place where things
+     * were being added, it would be ok */
+
+    PERL_ARGS_ASSERT_INVLIST_ITERFINISH;
+
+    *get_invlist_iter_addr(invlist) = UV_MAX;
+}
+
+STATIC bool
+S_invlist_iternext(pTHX_ SV* invlist, UV* start, UV* end)
+{
+    /* An C<invlist_iterinit> call on <invlist> must be used to set this up.
+     * This call sets in <*start> and <*end>, the next range in <invlist>.
+     * Returns <TRUE> if successful and the next call will return the next
+     * range; <FALSE> if was already at the end of the list.  If the latter,
+     * <*start> and <*end> are unchanged, and the next call to this function
+     * will start over at the beginning of the list */
+
+    UV* pos = get_invlist_iter_addr(invlist);
+    UV len = _invlist_len(invlist);
+    UV *array;
+
+    PERL_ARGS_ASSERT_INVLIST_ITERNEXT;
+
+    if (*pos >= len) {
+       *pos = UV_MAX;  /* Force iterinit() to be required next time */
+       return FALSE;
+    }
+
+    array = invlist_array(invlist);
+
+    *start = array[(*pos)++];
+
+    if (*pos >= len) {
+       *end = UV_MAX;
+    }
+    else {
+       *end = array[(*pos)++] - 1;
+    }
+
+    return TRUE;
+}
+
+PERL_STATIC_INLINE bool
+S_invlist_is_iterating(pTHX_ SV* const invlist)
+{
+    PERL_ARGS_ASSERT_INVLIST_IS_ITERATING;
+
+    return *(get_invlist_iter_addr(invlist)) < UV_MAX;
+}
+
+PERL_STATIC_INLINE UV
+S_invlist_highest(pTHX_ SV* const invlist)
+{
+    /* Returns the highest code point that matches an inversion list.  This API
+     * has an ambiguity, as it returns 0 under either the highest is actually
+     * 0, or if the list is empty.  If this distinction matters to you, check
+     * for emptiness before calling this function */
+
+    UV len = _invlist_len(invlist);
+    UV *array;
+
+    PERL_ARGS_ASSERT_INVLIST_HIGHEST;
+
+    if (len == 0) {
+       return 0;
+    }
+
+    array = invlist_array(invlist);
+
+    /* The last element in the array in the inversion list always starts a
+     * range that goes to infinity.  That range may be for code points that are
+     * matched in the inversion list, or it may be for ones that aren't
+     * matched.  In the latter case, the highest code point in the set is one
+     * less than the beginning of this range; otherwise it is the final element
+     * of this range: infinity */
+    return (ELEMENT_RANGE_MATCHES_INVLIST(len - 1))
+           ? UV_MAX
+           : array[len - 1] - 1;
+}
+
+#ifndef PERL_IN_XSUB_RE
+SV *
+Perl__invlist_contents(pTHX_ SV* const invlist)
+{
+    /* Get the contents of an inversion list into a string SV so that they can
+     * be printed out.  It uses the format traditionally done for debug tracing
+     */
+
+    UV start, end;
+    SV* output = newSVpvs("\n");
+
+    PERL_ARGS_ASSERT__INVLIST_CONTENTS;
+
+    assert(! invlist_is_iterating(invlist));
+
+    invlist_iterinit(invlist);
+    while (invlist_iternext(invlist, &start, &end)) {
+       if (end == UV_MAX) {
+           Perl_sv_catpvf(aTHX_ output, "%04"UVXf"\tINFINITY\n", start);
+       }
+       else if (end != start) {
+           Perl_sv_catpvf(aTHX_ output, "%04"UVXf"\t%04"UVXf"\n",
+                   start,       end);
+       }
+       else {
+           Perl_sv_catpvf(aTHX_ output, "%04"UVXf"\n", start);
+       }
+    }
+
+    return output;
+}
+#endif
+
+#ifdef PERL_ARGS_ASSERT__INVLIST_DUMP
+void
+Perl__invlist_dump(pTHX_ SV* const invlist, const char * const header)
+{
+    /* Dumps out the ranges in an inversion list.  The string 'header'
+     * if present is output on a line before the first range */
+
+    UV start, end;
+
+    PERL_ARGS_ASSERT__INVLIST_DUMP;
+
+    if (header && strlen(header)) {
+       PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log, "%s\n", header);
+    }
+    if (invlist_is_iterating(invlist)) {
+        PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log, "Can't dump because is in middle of iterating\n");
+        return;
+    }
+
+    invlist_iterinit(invlist);
+    while (invlist_iternext(invlist, &start, &end)) {
+       if (end == UV_MAX) {
+           PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log, "0x%04"UVXf" .. INFINITY\n", start);
+       }
+       else if (end != start) {
+           PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log, "0x%04"UVXf" .. 0x%04"UVXf"\n",
+                                                start,         end);
+       }
+       else {
+           PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log, "0x%04"UVXf"\n", start);
+       }
+    }
+}
+#endif
+
+#if 0
+bool
+S__invlistEQ(pTHX_ SV* const a, SV* const b, bool complement_b)
+{
+    /* Return a boolean as to if the two passed in inversion lists are
+     * identical.  The final argument, if TRUE, says to take the complement of
+     * the second inversion list before doing the comparison */
+
+    UV* array_a = invlist_array(a);
+    UV* array_b = invlist_array(b);
+    UV len_a = _invlist_len(a);
+    UV len_b = _invlist_len(b);
+
+    UV i = 0;              /* current index into the arrays */
+    bool retval = TRUE;     /* Assume are identical until proven otherwise */
+
+    PERL_ARGS_ASSERT__INVLISTEQ;
+
+    /* If are to compare 'a' with the complement of b, set it
+     * up so are looking at b's complement. */
+    if (complement_b) {
+
+        /* The complement of nothing is everything, so <a> would have to have
+         * just one element, starting at zero (ending at infinity) */
+        if (len_b == 0) {
+            return (len_a == 1 && array_a[0] == 0);
+        }
+        else if (array_b[0] == 0) {
+
+            /* Otherwise, to complement, we invert.  Here, the first element is
+             * 0, just remove it.  To do this, we just pretend the array starts
+             * one later, and clear the flag as we don't have to do anything
+             * else later */
+
+            array_b++;
+            len_b--;
+            complement_b = FALSE;
+        }
+        else {
+
+            /* But if the first element is not zero, we unshift a 0 before the
+             * array.  The data structure reserves a space for that 0 (which
+             * should be a '1' right now), so physical shifting is unneeded,
+             * but temporarily change that element to 0.  Before exiting the
+             * routine, we must restore the element to '1' */
+            array_b--;
+            len_b++;
+            array_b[0] = 0;
+        }
+    }
+
+    /* Make sure that the lengths are the same, as well as the final element
+     * before looping through the remainder.  (Thus we test the length, final,
+     * and first elements right off the bat) */
+    if (len_a != len_b || array_a[len_a-1] != array_b[len_a-1]) {
+        retval = FALSE;
+    }
+    else for (i = 0; i < len_a - 1; i++) {
+        if (array_a[i] != array_b[i]) {
+            retval = FALSE;
+            break;
+        }
+    }
+
+    if (complement_b) {
+        array_b[0] = 1;
+    }
+    return retval;
+}
+#endif
+
+#undef HEADER_LENGTH
+#undef INVLIST_INITIAL_LENGTH
+#undef TO_INTERNAL_SIZE
+#undef FROM_INTERNAL_SIZE
+#undef INVLIST_LEN_OFFSET
+#undef INVLIST_ZERO_OFFSET
+#undef INVLIST_ITER_OFFSET
+#undef INVLIST_VERSION_ID
+#undef INVLIST_PREVIOUS_INDEX_OFFSET
+
+/* End of inversion list object */
+
+STATIC void
+S_parse_lparen_question_flags(pTHX_ struct RExC_state_t *pRExC_state)
+{
+    /* This parses the flags that are in either the '(?foo)' or '(?foo:bar)'
+     * constructs, and updates RExC_flags with them.  On input, RExC_parse
+     * should point to the first flag; it is updated on output to point to the
+     * final ')' or ':'.  There needs to be at least one flag, or this will
+     * abort */
+
+    /* for (?g), (?gc), and (?o) warnings; warning
+       about (?c) will warn about (?g) -- japhy    */
+
+#define WASTED_O  0x01
+#define WASTED_G  0x02
+#define WASTED_C  0x04
+#define WASTED_GC (WASTED_G|WASTED_C)
+    I32 wastedflags = 0x00;
+    U32 posflags = 0, negflags = 0;
+    U32 *flagsp = &posflags;
+    char has_charset_modifier = '\0';
+    regex_charset cs;
+    bool has_use_defaults = FALSE;
+    const char* const seqstart = RExC_parse - 1; /* Point to the '?' */
+
+    PERL_ARGS_ASSERT_PARSE_LPAREN_QUESTION_FLAGS;
+
+    /* '^' as an initial flag sets certain defaults */
+    if (UCHARAT(RExC_parse) == '^') {
+        RExC_parse++;
+        has_use_defaults = TRUE;
+        STD_PMMOD_FLAGS_CLEAR(&RExC_flags);
+        set_regex_charset(&RExC_flags, (RExC_utf8 || RExC_uni_semantics)
+                                        ? REGEX_UNICODE_CHARSET
+                                        : REGEX_DEPENDS_CHARSET);
+    }
+
+    cs = get_regex_charset(RExC_flags);
+    if (cs == REGEX_DEPENDS_CHARSET
+        && (RExC_utf8 || RExC_uni_semantics))
+    {
+        cs = REGEX_UNICODE_CHARSET;
+    }
+
+    while (*RExC_parse) {
+        /* && strchr("iogcmsx", *RExC_parse) */
+        /* (?g), (?gc) and (?o) are useless here
+           and must be globally applied -- japhy */
+        switch (*RExC_parse) {
+
+            /* Code for the imsx flags */
+            CASE_STD_PMMOD_FLAGS_PARSE_SET(flagsp);
+
+            case LOCALE_PAT_MOD:
+                if (has_charset_modifier) {
+                    goto excess_modifier;
+                }
+                else if (flagsp == &negflags) {
+                    goto neg_modifier;
+                }
+                cs = REGEX_LOCALE_CHARSET;
+                has_charset_modifier = LOCALE_PAT_MOD;
+                RExC_contains_locale = 1;
+                break;
+            case UNICODE_PAT_MOD:
+                if (has_charset_modifier) {
+                    goto excess_modifier;
+                }
+                else if (flagsp == &negflags) {
+                    goto neg_modifier;
+                }
+                cs = REGEX_UNICODE_CHARSET;
+                has_charset_modifier = UNICODE_PAT_MOD;
+                break;
+            case ASCII_RESTRICT_PAT_MOD:
+                if (flagsp == &negflags) {
+                    goto neg_modifier;
+                }
+                if (has_charset_modifier) {
+                    if (cs != REGEX_ASCII_RESTRICTED_CHARSET) {
+                        goto excess_modifier;
+                    }
+                    /* Doubled modifier implies more restricted */
+                    cs = REGEX_ASCII_MORE_RESTRICTED_CHARSET;
+                }
+                else {
+                    cs = REGEX_ASCII_RESTRICTED_CHARSET;
+                }
+                has_charset_modifier = ASCII_RESTRICT_PAT_MOD;
+                break;
+            case DEPENDS_PAT_MOD:
+                if (has_use_defaults) {
+                    goto fail_modifiers;
+                }
+                else if (flagsp == &negflags) {
+                    goto neg_modifier;
+                }
+                else if (has_charset_modifier) {
+                    goto excess_modifier;
+                }
+
+                /* The dual charset means unicode semantics if the
+                 * pattern (or target, not known until runtime) are
+                 * utf8, or something in the pattern indicates unicode
+                 * semantics */
+                cs = (RExC_utf8 || RExC_uni_semantics)
+                     ? REGEX_UNICODE_CHARSET
+                     : REGEX_DEPENDS_CHARSET;
+                has_charset_modifier = DEPENDS_PAT_MOD;
+                break;
+            excess_modifier:
+                RExC_parse++;
+                if (has_charset_modifier == ASCII_RESTRICT_PAT_MOD) {
+                    vFAIL2("Regexp modifier \"%c\" may appear a maximum of twice", ASCII_RESTRICT_PAT_MOD);
+                }
+                else if (has_charset_modifier == *(RExC_parse - 1)) {
+                    vFAIL2("Regexp modifier \"%c\" may not appear twice", *(RExC_parse - 1));
+                }
+                else {
+                    vFAIL3("Regexp modifiers \"%c\" and \"%c\" are mutually exclusive", has_charset_modifier, *(RExC_parse - 1));
+                }
+                /*NOTREACHED*/
+            neg_modifier:
+                RExC_parse++;
+                vFAIL2("Regexp modifier \"%c\" may not appear after the \"-\"", *(RExC_parse - 1));
+                /*NOTREACHED*/
+            case ONCE_PAT_MOD: /* 'o' */
+            case GLOBAL_PAT_MOD: /* 'g' */
+                if (SIZE_ONLY && ckWARN(WARN_REGEXP)) {
+                    const I32 wflagbit = *RExC_parse == 'o' ? WASTED_O : WASTED_G;
+                    if (! (wastedflags & wflagbit) ) {
+                        wastedflags |= wflagbit;
+                       /* diag_listed_as: Useless (?-%s) - don't use /%s modifier in regex; marked by <-- HERE in m/%s/ */
+                        vWARN5(
+                            RExC_parse + 1,
+                            "Useless (%s%c) - %suse /%c modifier",
+                            flagsp == &negflags ? "?-" : "?",
+                            *RExC_parse,
+                            flagsp == &negflags ? "don't " : "",
+                            *RExC_parse
+                        );
+                    }
+                }
+                break;
+
+            case CONTINUE_PAT_MOD: /* 'c' */
+                if (SIZE_ONLY && ckWARN(WARN_REGEXP)) {
+                    if (! (wastedflags & WASTED_C) ) {
+                        wastedflags |= WASTED_GC;
+                       /* diag_listed_as: Useless (?-%s) - don't use /%s modifier in regex; marked by <-- HERE in m/%s/ */
+                        vWARN3(
+                            RExC_parse + 1,
+                            "Useless (%sc) - %suse /gc modifier",
+                            flagsp == &negflags ? "?-" : "?",
+                            flagsp == &negflags ? "don't " : ""
+                        );
+                    }
+                }
+                break;
+            case KEEPCOPY_PAT_MOD: /* 'p' */
+                if (flagsp == &negflags) {
+                    if (SIZE_ONLY)
+                        ckWARNreg(RExC_parse + 1,"Useless use of (?-p)");
+                } else {
+                    *flagsp |= RXf_PMf_KEEPCOPY;
+                }
+                break;
+            case '-':
+                /* A flag is a default iff it is following a minus, so
+                 * if there is a minus, it means will be trying to
+                 * re-specify a default which is an error */
+                if (has_use_defaults || flagsp == &negflags) {
+                    goto fail_modifiers;
+                }
+                flagsp = &negflags;
+                wastedflags = 0;  /* reset so (?g-c) warns twice */
+                break;
+            case ':':
+            case ')':
+                RExC_flags |= posflags;
+                RExC_flags &= ~negflags;
+                set_regex_charset(&RExC_flags, cs);
+                return;
+                /*NOTREACHED*/
+            default:
+            fail_modifiers:
+                RExC_parse++;
+                vFAIL3("Sequence (%.*s...) not recognized",
+                       RExC_parse-seqstart, seqstart);
+                /*NOTREACHED*/
+        }
+
+        ++RExC_parse;
+    }
+}
+
+/*
+ - reg - regular expression, i.e. main body or parenthesized thing
+ *
+ * Caller must absorb opening parenthesis.
+ *
+ * Combining parenthesis handling with the base level of regular expression
+ * is a trifle forced, but the need to tie the tails of the branches to what
+ * follows makes it hard to avoid.
+ */
+#define REGTAIL(x,y,z) regtail((x),(y),(z),depth+1)
+#ifdef DEBUGGING
+#define REGTAIL_STUDY(x,y,z) regtail_study((x),(y),(z),depth+1)
+#else
+#define REGTAIL_STUDY(x,y,z) regtail((x),(y),(z),depth+1)
+#endif
+
+/* Returns NULL, setting *flagp to TRYAGAIN at the end of (?) that only sets
+   flags. Returns NULL, setting *flagp to RESTART_UTF8 if the sizing scan
+   needs to be restarted.
+   Otherwise would only return NULL if regbranch() returns NULL, which
+   cannot happen.  */
+STATIC regnode *
+S_reg(pTHX_ RExC_state_t *pRExC_state, I32 paren, I32 *flagp,U32 depth)
+    /* paren: Parenthesized? 0=top; 1,2=inside '(': changed to letter.
+     * 2 is like 1, but indicates that nextchar() has been called to advance
+     * RExC_parse beyond the '('.  Things like '(?' are indivisible tokens, and
+     * this flag alerts us to the need to check for that */
+{
+    dVAR;
+    regnode *ret;              /* Will be the head of the group. */
+    regnode *br;
+    regnode *lastbr;
+    regnode *ender = NULL;
+    I32 parno = 0;
+    I32 flags;
+    U32 oregflags = RExC_flags;
+    bool have_branch = 0;
+    bool is_open = 0;
+    I32 freeze_paren = 0;
+    I32 after_freeze = 0;
+
+    char * parse_start = RExC_parse; /* MJD */
+    char * const oregcomp_parse = RExC_parse;
+
+    GET_RE_DEBUG_FLAGS_DECL;
+
+    PERL_ARGS_ASSERT_REG;
+    DEBUG_PARSE("reg ");
+
+    *flagp = 0;                                /* Tentatively. */
+
+
+    /* Make an OPEN node, if parenthesized. */
+    if (paren) {
+
+        /* Under /x, space and comments can be gobbled up between the '(' and
+         * here (if paren ==2).  The forms '(*VERB' and '(?...' disallow such
+         * intervening space, as the sequence is a token, and a token should be
+         * indivisible */
+        bool has_intervening_patws = paren == 2 && *(RExC_parse - 1) != '(';
+
+        if ( *RExC_parse == '*') { /* (*VERB:ARG) */
+           char *start_verb = RExC_parse;
+           STRLEN verb_len = 0;
+           char *start_arg = NULL;
+           unsigned char op = 0;
+           int argok = 1;
+           int internal_argval = 0; /* internal_argval is only useful if !argok */
+
+            if (has_intervening_patws && SIZE_ONLY) {
+                ckWARNregdep(RExC_parse + 1, "In '(*VERB...)', splitting the initial '(*' is deprecated");
+            }
+           while ( *RExC_parse && *RExC_parse != ')' ) {
+               if ( *RExC_parse == ':' ) {
+                   start_arg = RExC_parse + 1;
+                   break;
+               }
+               RExC_parse++;
+           }
+           ++start_verb;
+           verb_len = RExC_parse - start_verb;
+           if ( start_arg ) {
+               RExC_parse++;
+               while ( *RExC_parse && *RExC_parse != ')' ) 
+                   RExC_parse++;
+               if ( *RExC_parse != ')' ) 
+                   vFAIL("Unterminated verb pattern argument");
+               if ( RExC_parse == start_arg )
+                   start_arg = NULL;
+           } else {
+               if ( *RExC_parse != ')' )
+                   vFAIL("Unterminated verb pattern");
+           }
+           
+           switch ( *start_verb ) {
+            case 'A':  /* (*ACCEPT) */
+                if ( memEQs(start_verb,verb_len,"ACCEPT") ) {
+                   op = ACCEPT;
+                   internal_argval = RExC_nestroot;
+               }
+               break;
+            case 'C':  /* (*COMMIT) */
+                if ( memEQs(start_verb,verb_len,"COMMIT") )
+                    op = COMMIT;
+                break;
+            case 'F':  /* (*FAIL) */
+                if ( verb_len==1 || memEQs(start_verb,verb_len,"FAIL") ) {
+                   op = OPFAIL;
+                   argok = 0;
+               }
+               break;
+            case ':':  /* (*:NAME) */
+           case 'M':  /* (*MARK:NAME) */
+               if ( verb_len==0 || memEQs(start_verb,verb_len,"MARK") ) {
+                    op = MARKPOINT;
+                    argok = -1;
+                }
+                break;
+            case 'P':  /* (*PRUNE) */
+                if ( memEQs(start_verb,verb_len,"PRUNE") )
+                    op = PRUNE;
+                break;
+            case 'S':   /* (*SKIP) */  
+                if ( memEQs(start_verb,verb_len,"SKIP") ) 
+                    op = SKIP;
+                break;
+            case 'T':  /* (*THEN) */
+                /* [19:06] <TimToady> :: is then */
+                if ( memEQs(start_verb,verb_len,"THEN") ) {
+                    op = CUTGROUP;
+                    RExC_seen |= REG_SEEN_CUTGROUP;
+                }
+                break;
+           }
+           if ( ! op ) {
+               RExC_parse++;
+               vFAIL3("Unknown verb pattern '%.*s'",
+                   verb_len, start_verb);
+           }
+           if ( argok ) {
+                if ( start_arg && internal_argval ) {
+                   vFAIL3("Verb pattern '%.*s' may not have an argument",
+                       verb_len, start_verb); 
+               } else if ( argok < 0 && !start_arg ) {
+                    vFAIL3("Verb pattern '%.*s' has a mandatory argument",
+                       verb_len, start_verb);    
+               } else {
+                   ret = reganode(pRExC_state, op, internal_argval);
+                   if ( ! internal_argval && ! SIZE_ONLY ) {
+                        if (start_arg) {
+                            SV *sv = newSVpvn( start_arg, RExC_parse - start_arg);
+                            ARG(ret) = add_data( pRExC_state, 1, "S" );
+                            RExC_rxi->data->data[ARG(ret)]=(void*)sv;
+                            ret->flags = 0;
+                        } else {
+                            ret->flags = 1; 
+                        }
+                    }              
+               }
+               if (!internal_argval)
+                   RExC_seen |= REG_SEEN_VERBARG;
+           } else if ( start_arg ) {
+               vFAIL3("Verb pattern '%.*s' may not have an argument",
+                       verb_len, start_verb);    
+           } else {
+               ret = reg_node(pRExC_state, op);
+           }
+           nextchar(pRExC_state);
+           return ret;
+        }
+        else if (*RExC_parse == '?') { /* (?...) */
+           bool is_logical = 0;
+           const char * const seqstart = RExC_parse;
+            if (has_intervening_patws && SIZE_ONLY) {
+                ckWARNregdep(RExC_parse + 1, "In '(?...)', splitting the initial '(?' is deprecated");
+            }
+
+           RExC_parse++;
+           paren = *RExC_parse++;
+           ret = NULL;                 /* For look-ahead/behind. */
+           switch (paren) {
+
+           case 'P':   /* (?P...) variants for those used to PCRE/Python */
+               paren = *RExC_parse++;
+               if ( paren == '<')         /* (?P<...>) named capture */
+                   goto named_capture;
+                else if (paren == '>') {   /* (?P>name) named recursion */
+                    goto named_recursion;
+                }
+                else if (paren == '=') {   /* (?P=...)  named backref */
+                    /* this pretty much dupes the code for \k<NAME> in regatom(), if
+                       you change this make sure you change that */
+                    char* name_start = RExC_parse;
+                   U32 num = 0;
+                    SV *sv_dat = reg_scan_name(pRExC_state,
+                        SIZE_ONLY ? REG_RSN_RETURN_NULL : REG_RSN_RETURN_DATA);
+                    if (RExC_parse == name_start || *RExC_parse != ')')
+                        vFAIL2("Sequence %.3s... not terminated",parse_start);
+
+                    if (!SIZE_ONLY) {
+                        num = add_data( pRExC_state, 1, "S" );
+                        RExC_rxi->data->data[num]=(void*)sv_dat;
+                        SvREFCNT_inc_simple_void(sv_dat);
+                    }
+                    RExC_sawback = 1;
+                   ret = reganode(pRExC_state,
+                                  ((! FOLD)
+                                    ? NREF
+                                    : (ASCII_FOLD_RESTRICTED)
+                                      ? NREFFA
+                                       : (AT_LEAST_UNI_SEMANTICS)
+                                         ? NREFFU
+                                         : (LOC)
+                                           ? NREFFL
+                                           : NREFF),
+                                   num);
+                    *flagp |= HASWIDTH;
+
+                    Set_Node_Offset(ret, parse_start+1);
+                    Set_Node_Cur_Length(ret, parse_start);
+
+                    nextchar(pRExC_state);
+                    return ret;
+                }
+                RExC_parse++;
+               vFAIL3("Sequence (%.*s...) not recognized", RExC_parse-seqstart, seqstart);
+               /*NOTREACHED*/
+            case '<':           /* (?<...) */
+               if (*RExC_parse == '!')
+                   paren = ',';
+               else if (*RExC_parse != '=') 
+              named_capture:
+               {               /* (?<...>) */
+                   char *name_start;
+                   SV *svname;
+                   paren= '>';
+            case '\'':          /* (?'...') */
+                   name_start= RExC_parse;
+                   svname = reg_scan_name(pRExC_state,
+                       SIZE_ONLY ?  /* reverse test from the others */
+                       REG_RSN_RETURN_NAME : 
+                       REG_RSN_RETURN_NULL);
+                   if (RExC_parse == name_start) {
+                       RExC_parse++;
+                       vFAIL3("Sequence (%.*s...) not recognized", RExC_parse-seqstart, seqstart);
+                       /*NOTREACHED*/
+                    }
+                   if (*RExC_parse != paren)
+                       vFAIL2("Sequence (?%c... not terminated",
+                           paren=='>' ? '<' : paren);
+                   if (SIZE_ONLY) {
+                       HE *he_str;
+                       SV *sv_dat = NULL;
+                        if (!svname) /* shouldn't happen */
+                            Perl_croak(aTHX_
+                                "panic: reg_scan_name returned NULL");
+                        if (!RExC_paren_names) {
+                            RExC_paren_names= newHV();
+                            sv_2mortal(MUTABLE_SV(RExC_paren_names));
+#ifdef DEBUGGING
+                            RExC_paren_name_list= newAV();
+                            sv_2mortal(MUTABLE_SV(RExC_paren_name_list));
+#endif
+                        }
+                        he_str = hv_fetch_ent( RExC_paren_names, svname, 1, 0 );
+                        if ( he_str )
+                            sv_dat = HeVAL(he_str);
+                        if ( ! sv_dat ) {
+                            /* croak baby croak */
+                            Perl_croak(aTHX_
+                                "panic: paren_name hash element allocation failed");
+                        } else if ( SvPOK(sv_dat) ) {
+                            /* (?|...) can mean we have dupes so scan to check
+                               its already been stored. Maybe a flag indicating
+                               we are inside such a construct would be useful,
+                               but the arrays are likely to be quite small, so
+                               for now we punt -- dmq */
+                            IV count = SvIV(sv_dat);
+                            I32 *pv = (I32*)SvPVX(sv_dat);
+                            IV i;
+                            for ( i = 0 ; i < count ; i++ ) {
+                                if ( pv[i] == RExC_npar ) {
+                                    count = 0;
+                                    break;
+                                }
+                            }
+                            if ( count ) {
+                                pv = (I32*)SvGROW(sv_dat, SvCUR(sv_dat) + sizeof(I32)+1);
+                                SvCUR_set(sv_dat, SvCUR(sv_dat) + sizeof(I32));
+                                pv[count] = RExC_npar;
+                                SvIV_set(sv_dat, SvIVX(sv_dat) + 1);
+                            }
+                        } else {
+                            (void)SvUPGRADE(sv_dat,SVt_PVNV);
+                            sv_setpvn(sv_dat, (char *)&(RExC_npar), sizeof(I32));
+                            SvIOK_on(sv_dat);
+                            SvIV_set(sv_dat, 1);
+                        }
+#ifdef DEBUGGING
+                       /* Yes this does cause a memory leak in debugging Perls */
+                        if (!av_store(RExC_paren_name_list, RExC_npar, SvREFCNT_inc(svname)))
+                            SvREFCNT_dec_NN(svname);
+#endif
+
+                        /*sv_dump(sv_dat);*/
+                    }
+                    nextchar(pRExC_state);
+                   paren = 1;
+                   goto capturing_parens;
+               }
+                RExC_seen |= REG_SEEN_LOOKBEHIND;
+               RExC_in_lookbehind++;
+               RExC_parse++;
+           case '=':           /* (?=...) */
+               RExC_seen_zerolen++;
+                break;
+           case '!':           /* (?!...) */
+               RExC_seen_zerolen++;
+               if (*RExC_parse == ')') {
+                   ret=reg_node(pRExC_state, OPFAIL);
+                   nextchar(pRExC_state);
+                   return ret;
+               }
+               break;
+           case '|':           /* (?|...) */
+               /* branch reset, behave like a (?:...) except that
+                  buffers in alternations share the same numbers */
+               paren = ':'; 
+               after_freeze = freeze_paren = RExC_npar;
+               break;
+           case ':':           /* (?:...) */
+           case '>':           /* (?>...) */
+               break;
+           case '$':           /* (?$...) */
+           case '@':           /* (?@...) */
+               vFAIL2("Sequence (?%c...) not implemented", (int)paren);
+               break;
+            case '#':           /* (?#...) */
+                /* XXX As soon as we disallow separating the '?' and '*' (by
+                 * spaces or (?#...) comment), it is believed that this case
+                 * will be unreachable and can be removed.  See
+                 * [perl #117327] */
+                while (*RExC_parse && *RExC_parse != ')')
+                   RExC_parse++;
+               if (*RExC_parse != ')')
+                   FAIL("Sequence (?#... not terminated");
+               nextchar(pRExC_state);
+               *flagp = TRYAGAIN;
+               return NULL;
+           case '0' :           /* (?0) */
+           case 'R' :           /* (?R) */
+               if (*RExC_parse != ')')
+                   FAIL("Sequence (?R) not terminated");
+               ret = reg_node(pRExC_state, GOSTART);
+               *flagp |= POSTPONED;
+               nextchar(pRExC_state);
+               return ret;
+               /*notreached*/
+            { /* named and numeric backreferences */
+                I32 num;
+            case '&':            /* (?&NAME) */
+                parse_start = RExC_parse - 1;
+              named_recursion:
+                {
+                   SV *sv_dat = reg_scan_name(pRExC_state,
+                       SIZE_ONLY ? REG_RSN_RETURN_NULL : REG_RSN_RETURN_DATA);
+                    num = sv_dat ? *((I32 *)SvPVX(sv_dat)) : 0;
+                }
+                goto gen_recurse_regop;
+                assert(0); /* NOT REACHED */
+            case '+':
+                if (!(RExC_parse[0] >= '1' && RExC_parse[0] <= '9')) {
+                    RExC_parse++;
+                    vFAIL("Illegal pattern");
+                }
+                goto parse_recursion;
+                /* NOT REACHED*/
+            case '-': /* (?-1) */
+                if (!(RExC_parse[0] >= '1' && RExC_parse[0] <= '9')) {
+                    RExC_parse--; /* rewind to let it be handled later */
+                    goto parse_flags;
+                } 
+                /*FALLTHROUGH */
+            case '1': case '2': case '3': case '4': /* (?1) */
+           case '5': case '6': case '7': case '8': case '9':
+               RExC_parse--;
+              parse_recursion:
+               num = atoi(RExC_parse);
+               parse_start = RExC_parse - 1; /* MJD */
+               if (*RExC_parse == '-')
+                   RExC_parse++;
+               while (isDIGIT(*RExC_parse))
+                       RExC_parse++;
+               if (*RExC_parse!=')') 
+                   vFAIL("Expecting close bracket");
+
+              gen_recurse_regop:
+                if ( paren == '-' ) {
+                    /*
+                    Diagram of capture buffer numbering.
+                    Top line is the normal capture buffer numbers
+                    Bottom line is the negative indexing as from
+                    the X (the (?-2))
+
+                    +   1 2    3 4 5 X          6 7
+                       /(a(x)y)(a(b(c(?-2)d)e)f)(g(h))/
+                    -   5 4    3 2 1 X          x x
+
+                    */
+                    num = RExC_npar + num;
+                    if (num < 1)  {
+                        RExC_parse++;
+                        vFAIL("Reference to nonexistent group");
+                    }
+                } else if ( paren == '+' ) {
+                    num = RExC_npar + num - 1;
+                }
+
+                ret = reganode(pRExC_state, GOSUB, num);
+                if (!SIZE_ONLY) {
+                   if (num > (I32)RExC_rx->nparens) {
+                       RExC_parse++;
+                       vFAIL("Reference to nonexistent group");
+                   }
+                   ARG2L_SET( ret, RExC_recurse_count++);
+                    RExC_emit++;
+                   DEBUG_OPTIMISE_MORE_r(PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log,
+                       "Recurse #%"UVuf" to %"IVdf"\n", (UV)ARG(ret), (IV)ARG2L(ret)));
+               } else {
+                   RExC_size++;
+               }
+               RExC_seen |= REG_SEEN_RECURSE;
+                Set_Node_Length(ret, 1 + regarglen[OP(ret)]); /* MJD */
+               Set_Node_Offset(ret, parse_start); /* MJD */
+
+                *flagp |= POSTPONED;
+                nextchar(pRExC_state);
+                return ret;
+            } /* named and numeric backreferences */
+            assert(0); /* NOT REACHED */
+
+           case '?':           /* (??...) */
+               is_logical = 1;
+               if (*RExC_parse != '{') {
+                   RExC_parse++;
+                   vFAIL3("Sequence (%.*s...) not recognized", RExC_parse-seqstart, seqstart);
+                   /*NOTREACHED*/
+               }
+               *flagp |= POSTPONED;
+               paren = *RExC_parse++;
+               /* FALL THROUGH */
+           case '{':           /* (?{...}) */
+           {
+               U32 n = 0;
+               struct reg_code_block *cb;
+
+               RExC_seen_zerolen++;
+
+               if (   !pRExC_state->num_code_blocks
+                   || pRExC_state->code_index >= pRExC_state->num_code_blocks
+                   || pRExC_state->code_blocks[pRExC_state->code_index].start
+                       != (STRLEN)((RExC_parse -3 - (is_logical ? 1 : 0))
+                           - RExC_start)
+               ) {
+                   if (RExC_pm_flags & PMf_USE_RE_EVAL)
+                       FAIL("panic: Sequence (?{...}): no code block found\n");
+                   FAIL("Eval-group not allowed at runtime, use re 'eval'");
+               }
+               /* this is a pre-compiled code block (?{...}) */
+               cb = &pRExC_state->code_blocks[pRExC_state->code_index];
+               RExC_parse = RExC_start + cb->end;
+               if (!SIZE_ONLY) {
+                   OP *o = cb->block;
+                   if (cb->src_regex) {
+                       n = add_data(pRExC_state, 2, "rl");
+                       RExC_rxi->data->data[n] =
+                           (void*)SvREFCNT_inc((SV*)cb->src_regex);
+                       RExC_rxi->data->data[n+1] = (void*)o;
+                   }
+                   else {
+                       n = add_data(pRExC_state, 1,
+                              (RExC_pm_flags & PMf_HAS_CV) ? "L" : "l");
+                       RExC_rxi->data->data[n] = (void*)o;
+                   }
+               }
+               pRExC_state->code_index++;
+               nextchar(pRExC_state);
+
+               if (is_logical) {
+                    regnode *eval;
+                   ret = reg_node(pRExC_state, LOGICAL);
+                    eval = reganode(pRExC_state, EVAL, n);
+                   if (!SIZE_ONLY) {
+                       ret->flags = 2;
+                        /* for later propagation into (??{}) return value */
+                        eval->flags = (U8) (RExC_flags & RXf_PMf_COMPILETIME);
+                    }
+                    REGTAIL(pRExC_state, ret, eval);
+                    /* deal with the length of this later - MJD */
+                   return ret;
+               }
+               ret = reganode(pRExC_state, EVAL, n);
+               Set_Node_Length(ret, RExC_parse - parse_start + 1);
+               Set_Node_Offset(ret, parse_start);
+               return ret;
+           }
+           case '(':           /* (?(?{...})...) and (?(?=...)...) */
+           {
+               int is_define= 0;
+               if (RExC_parse[0] == '?') {        /* (?(?...)) */
+                   if (RExC_parse[1] == '=' || RExC_parse[1] == '!'
+                       || RExC_parse[1] == '<'
+                       || RExC_parse[1] == '{') { /* Lookahead or eval. */
+                       I32 flag;
+                        regnode *tail;
+
+                       ret = reg_node(pRExC_state, LOGICAL);
+                       if (!SIZE_ONLY)
+                           ret->flags = 1;
+                        
+                        tail = reg(pRExC_state, 1, &flag, depth+1);
+                        if (flag & RESTART_UTF8) {
+                            *flagp = RESTART_UTF8;
+                            return NULL;
+                        }
+                        REGTAIL(pRExC_state, ret, tail);
+                       goto insert_if;
+                   }
+               }
+               else if ( RExC_parse[0] == '<'     /* (?(<NAME>)...) */
+                        || RExC_parse[0] == '\'' ) /* (?('NAME')...) */
+               {
+                   char ch = RExC_parse[0] == '<' ? '>' : '\'';
+                   char *name_start= RExC_parse++;
+                   U32 num = 0;
+                   SV *sv_dat=reg_scan_name(pRExC_state,
+                       SIZE_ONLY ? REG_RSN_RETURN_NULL : REG_RSN_RETURN_DATA);
+                   if (RExC_parse == name_start || *RExC_parse != ch)
+                        vFAIL2("Sequence (?(%c... not terminated",
+                            (ch == '>' ? '<' : ch));
+                    RExC_parse++;
+                   if (!SIZE_ONLY) {
+                        num = add_data( pRExC_state, 1, "S" );
+                        RExC_rxi->data->data[num]=(void*)sv_dat;
+                        SvREFCNT_inc_simple_void(sv_dat);
+                    }
+                    ret = reganode(pRExC_state,NGROUPP,num);
+                    goto insert_if_check_paren;
+               }
+               else if (RExC_parse[0] == 'D' &&
+                        RExC_parse[1] == 'E' &&
+                        RExC_parse[2] == 'F' &&
+                        RExC_parse[3] == 'I' &&
+                        RExC_parse[4] == 'N' &&
+                        RExC_parse[5] == 'E')
+               {
+                   ret = reganode(pRExC_state,DEFINEP,0);
+                   RExC_parse +=6 ;
+                   is_define = 1;
+                   goto insert_if_check_paren;
+               }
+               else if (RExC_parse[0] == 'R') {
+                   RExC_parse++;
+                   parno = 0;
+                   if (RExC_parse[0] >= '1' && RExC_parse[0] <= '9' ) {
+                       parno = atoi(RExC_parse++);
+                       while (isDIGIT(*RExC_parse))
+                           RExC_parse++;
+                   } else if (RExC_parse[0] == '&') {
+                       SV *sv_dat;
+                       RExC_parse++;
+                       sv_dat = reg_scan_name(pRExC_state,
+                           SIZE_ONLY ? REG_RSN_RETURN_NULL : REG_RSN_RETURN_DATA);
+                       parno = sv_dat ? *((I32 *)SvPVX(sv_dat)) : 0;
+                   }
+                   ret = reganode(pRExC_state,INSUBP,parno); 
+                   goto insert_if_check_paren;
+               }
+               else if (RExC_parse[0] >= '1' && RExC_parse[0] <= '9' ) {
+                    /* (?(1)...) */
+                   char c;
+                   parno = atoi(RExC_parse++);
+
+                   while (isDIGIT(*RExC_parse))
+                       RExC_parse++;
+                    ret = reganode(pRExC_state, GROUPP, parno);
+
+                 insert_if_check_paren:
+                   if ((c = *nextchar(pRExC_state)) != ')')
+                       vFAIL("Switch condition not recognized");
+                 insert_if:
+                    REGTAIL(pRExC_state, ret, reganode(pRExC_state, IFTHEN, 0));
+                    br = regbranch(pRExC_state, &flags, 1,depth+1);
+                   if (br == NULL) {
+                        if (flags & RESTART_UTF8) {
+                            *flagp = RESTART_UTF8;
+                            return NULL;
+                        }
+                        FAIL2("panic: regbranch returned NULL, flags=%#"UVxf"",
+                              (UV) flags);
+                    } else
+                        REGTAIL(pRExC_state, br, reganode(pRExC_state, LONGJMP, 0));
+                   c = *nextchar(pRExC_state);
+                   if (flags&HASWIDTH)
+                       *flagp |= HASWIDTH;
+                   if (c == '|') {
+                       if (is_define) 
+                           vFAIL("(?(DEFINE)....) does not allow branches");
+                       lastbr = reganode(pRExC_state, IFTHEN, 0); /* Fake one for optimizer. */
+                        if (!regbranch(pRExC_state, &flags, 1,depth+1)) {
+                            if (flags & RESTART_UTF8) {
+                                *flagp = RESTART_UTF8;
+                                return NULL;
+                            }
+                            FAIL2("panic: regbranch returned NULL, flags=%#"UVxf"",
+                                  (UV) flags);
+                        }
+                        REGTAIL(pRExC_state, ret, lastbr);
+                       if (flags&HASWIDTH)
+                           *flagp |= HASWIDTH;
+                       c = *nextchar(pRExC_state);
+                   }
+                   else
+                       lastbr = NULL;
+                   if (c != ')')
+                       vFAIL("Switch (?(condition)... contains too many branches");
+                   ender = reg_node(pRExC_state, TAIL);
+                    REGTAIL(pRExC_state, br, ender);
+                   if (lastbr) {
+                        REGTAIL(pRExC_state, lastbr, ender);
+                        REGTAIL(pRExC_state, NEXTOPER(NEXTOPER(lastbr)), ender);
+                   }
+                   else
+                        REGTAIL(pRExC_state, ret, ender);
+                    RExC_size++; /* XXX WHY do we need this?!!
+                                    For large programs it seems to be required
+                                    but I can't figure out why. -- dmq*/
+                   return ret;
+               }
+               else {
+                   vFAIL2("Unknown switch condition (?(%.2s", RExC_parse);
+               }
+           }
+           case '[':           /* (?[ ... ]) */
+                return handle_regex_sets(pRExC_state, NULL, flagp, depth,
+                                         oregcomp_parse);
+            case 0:
+               RExC_parse--; /* for vFAIL to print correctly */
+                vFAIL("Sequence (? incomplete");
+                break;
+           default: /* e.g., (?i) */
+               --RExC_parse;
+              parse_flags:
+               parse_lparen_question_flags(pRExC_state);
+                if (UCHARAT(RExC_parse) != ':') {
+                    nextchar(pRExC_state);
+                    *flagp = TRYAGAIN;
+                    return NULL;
+                }
+                paren = ':';
+                nextchar(pRExC_state);
+                ret = NULL;
+                goto parse_rest;
+            } /* end switch */
+       }
+       else {                  /* (...) */
+         capturing_parens:
+           parno = RExC_npar;
+           RExC_npar++;
+           
+           ret = reganode(pRExC_state, OPEN, parno);
+           if (!SIZE_ONLY ){
+               if (!RExC_nestroot) 
+                   RExC_nestroot = parno;
+               if (RExC_seen & REG_SEEN_RECURSE
+                   && !RExC_open_parens[parno-1])
+               {
+                   DEBUG_OPTIMISE_MORE_r(PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log,
+                       "Setting open paren #%"IVdf" to %d\n", 
+                       (IV)parno, REG_NODE_NUM(ret)));
+                   RExC_open_parens[parno-1]= ret;
+               }
+           }
+            Set_Node_Length(ret, 1); /* MJD */
+            Set_Node_Offset(ret, RExC_parse); /* MJD */
+           is_open = 1;
+       }
+    }
+    else                        /* ! paren */
+       ret = NULL;
+   
+   parse_rest:
+    /* Pick up the branches, linking them together. */
+    parse_start = RExC_parse;   /* MJD */
+    br = regbranch(pRExC_state, &flags, 1,depth+1);
+
+    /*     branch_len = (paren != 0); */
+
+    if (br == NULL) {
+        if (flags & RESTART_UTF8) {
+            *flagp = RESTART_UTF8;
+            return NULL;
+        }
+        FAIL2("panic: regbranch returned NULL, flags=%#"UVxf"", (UV) flags);
+    }
+    if (*RExC_parse == '|') {
+       if (!SIZE_ONLY && RExC_extralen) {
+           reginsert(pRExC_state, BRANCHJ, br, depth+1);
+       }
+       else {                  /* MJD */
+           reginsert(pRExC_state, BRANCH, br, depth+1);
+            Set_Node_Length(br, paren != 0);
+            Set_Node_Offset_To_R(br-RExC_emit_start, parse_start-RExC_start);
+        }
+       have_branch = 1;
+       if (SIZE_ONLY)
+           RExC_extralen += 1;         /* For BRANCHJ-BRANCH. */
+    }
+    else if (paren == ':') {
+       *flagp |= flags&SIMPLE;
+    }
+    if (is_open) {                             /* Starts with OPEN. */
+        REGTAIL(pRExC_state, ret, br);          /* OPEN -> first. */
+    }
+    else if (paren != '?')             /* Not Conditional */
+       ret = br;
+    *flagp |= flags & (SPSTART | HASWIDTH | POSTPONED);
+    lastbr = br;
+    while (*RExC_parse == '|') {
+       if (!SIZE_ONLY && RExC_extralen) {
+           ender = reganode(pRExC_state, LONGJMP,0);
+            REGTAIL(pRExC_state, NEXTOPER(NEXTOPER(lastbr)), ender); /* Append to the previous. */
+       }
+       if (SIZE_ONLY)
+           RExC_extralen += 2;         /* Account for LONGJMP. */
+       nextchar(pRExC_state);
+       if (freeze_paren) {
+           if (RExC_npar > after_freeze)
+               after_freeze = RExC_npar;
+            RExC_npar = freeze_paren;      
+        }
+        br = regbranch(pRExC_state, &flags, 0, depth+1);
+
+       if (br == NULL) {
+            if (flags & RESTART_UTF8) {
+                *flagp = RESTART_UTF8;
+                return NULL;
+            }
+            FAIL2("panic: regbranch returned NULL, flags=%#"UVxf"", (UV) flags);
+        }
+        REGTAIL(pRExC_state, lastbr, br);               /* BRANCH -> BRANCH. */
+       lastbr = br;
+       *flagp |= flags & (SPSTART | HASWIDTH | POSTPONED);
+    }
+
+    if (have_branch || paren != ':') {
+       /* Make a closing node, and hook it on the end. */
+       switch (paren) {
+       case ':':
+           ender = reg_node(pRExC_state, TAIL);
+           break;
+       case 1: case 2:
+           ender = reganode(pRExC_state, CLOSE, parno);
+           if (!SIZE_ONLY && RExC_seen & REG_SEEN_RECURSE) {
+               DEBUG_OPTIMISE_MORE_r(PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log,
+                       "Setting close paren #%"IVdf" to %d\n", 
+                       (IV)parno, REG_NODE_NUM(ender)));
+               RExC_close_parens[parno-1]= ender;
+               if (RExC_nestroot == parno) 
+                   RExC_nestroot = 0;
+           }       
+            Set_Node_Offset(ender,RExC_parse+1); /* MJD */
+            Set_Node_Length(ender,1); /* MJD */
+           break;
+       case '<':
+       case ',':
+       case '=':
+       case '!':
+           *flagp &= ~HASWIDTH;
+           /* FALL THROUGH */
+       case '>':
+           ender = reg_node(pRExC_state, SUCCEED);
+           break;
+       case 0:
+           ender = reg_node(pRExC_state, END);
+           if (!SIZE_ONLY) {
+                assert(!RExC_opend); /* there can only be one! */
+                RExC_opend = ender;
+            }
+           break;
+       }
+        DEBUG_PARSE_r(if (!SIZE_ONLY) {
+            SV * const mysv_val1=sv_newmortal();
+            SV * const mysv_val2=sv_newmortal();
+            DEBUG_PARSE_MSG("lsbr");
+            regprop(RExC_rx, mysv_val1, lastbr);
+            regprop(RExC_rx, mysv_val2, ender);
+            PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log, "~ tying lastbr %s (%"IVdf") to ender %s (%"IVdf") offset %"IVdf"\n",
+                          SvPV_nolen_const(mysv_val1),
+                          (IV)REG_NODE_NUM(lastbr),
+                          SvPV_nolen_const(mysv_val2),
+                          (IV)REG_NODE_NUM(ender),
+                          (IV)(ender - lastbr)
+            );
+        });
+        REGTAIL(pRExC_state, lastbr, ender);
+
+       if (have_branch && !SIZE_ONLY) {
+            char is_nothing= 1;
+           if (depth==1)
+               RExC_seen |= REG_TOP_LEVEL_BRANCHES;
+
+           /* Hook the tails of the branches to the closing node. */
+           for (br = ret; br; br = regnext(br)) {
+               const U8 op = PL_regkind[OP(br)];
+               if (op == BRANCH) {
+                    REGTAIL_STUDY(pRExC_state, NEXTOPER(br), ender);
+                    if (OP(NEXTOPER(br)) != NOTHING || regnext(NEXTOPER(br)) != ender)
+                        is_nothing= 0;
+               }
+               else if (op == BRANCHJ) {
+                    REGTAIL_STUDY(pRExC_state, NEXTOPER(NEXTOPER(br)), ender);
+                    /* for now we always disable this optimisation * /
+                    if (OP(NEXTOPER(NEXTOPER(br))) != NOTHING || regnext(NEXTOPER(NEXTOPER(br))) != ender)
+                    */
+                        is_nothing= 0;
+               }
+           }
+            if (is_nothing) {
+                br= PL_regkind[OP(ret)] != BRANCH ? regnext(ret) : ret;
+                DEBUG_PARSE_r(if (!SIZE_ONLY) {
+                    SV * const mysv_val1=sv_newmortal();
+                    SV * const mysv_val2=sv_newmortal();
+                    DEBUG_PARSE_MSG("NADA");
+                    regprop(RExC_rx, mysv_val1, ret);
+                    regprop(RExC_rx, mysv_val2, ender);
+                    PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log, "~ converting ret %s (%"IVdf") to ender %s (%"IVdf") offset %"IVdf"\n",
+                                  SvPV_nolen_const(mysv_val1),
+                                  (IV)REG_NODE_NUM(ret),
+                                  SvPV_nolen_const(mysv_val2),
+                                  (IV)REG_NODE_NUM(ender),
+                                  (IV)(ender - ret)
+                    );
+                });
+                OP(br)= NOTHING;
+                if (OP(ender) == TAIL) {
+                    NEXT_OFF(br)= 0;
+                    RExC_emit= br + 1;
+                } else {
+                    regnode *opt;
+                    for ( opt= br + 1; opt < ender ; opt++ )
+                        OP(opt)= OPTIMIZED;
+                    NEXT_OFF(br)= ender - br;
+                }
+            }
+       }
+    }
+
+    {
+        const char *p;
+        static const char parens[] = "=!<,>";
+
+       if (paren && (p = strchr(parens, paren))) {
+           U8 node = ((p - parens) % 2) ? UNLESSM : IFMATCH;
+           int flag = (p - parens) > 1;
+
+           if (paren == '>')
+               node = SUSPEND, flag = 0;
+           reginsert(pRExC_state, node,ret, depth+1);
+            Set_Node_Cur_Length(ret, parse_start);
+           Set_Node_Offset(ret, parse_start + 1);
+           ret->flags = flag;
+            REGTAIL_STUDY(pRExC_state, ret, reg_node(pRExC_state, TAIL));
+       }
+    }
+
+    /* Check for proper termination. */
+    if (paren) {
+        /* restore original flags, but keep (?p) */
+       RExC_flags = oregflags | (RExC_flags & RXf_PMf_KEEPCOPY);
+       if (RExC_parse >= RExC_end || *nextchar(pRExC_state) != ')') {
+           RExC_parse = oregcomp_parse;
+           vFAIL("Unmatched (");
+       }
+    }
+    else if (!paren && RExC_parse < RExC_end) {
+       if (*RExC_parse == ')') {
+           RExC_parse++;
+           vFAIL("Unmatched )");
+       }
+       else
+           FAIL("Junk on end of regexp");      /* "Can't happen". */
+       assert(0); /* NOTREACHED */
+    }
+
+    if (RExC_in_lookbehind) {
+       RExC_in_lookbehind--;
+    }
+    if (after_freeze > RExC_npar)
+        RExC_npar = after_freeze;
+    return(ret);
+}
+
+/*
+ - regbranch - one alternative of an | operator
+ *
+ * Implements the concatenation operator.
+ *
+ * Returns NULL, setting *flagp to RESTART_UTF8 if the sizing scan needs to be
+ * restarted.
+ */
+STATIC regnode *
+S_regbranch(pTHX_ RExC_state_t *pRExC_state, I32 *flagp, I32 first, U32 depth)
+{
+    dVAR;
+    regnode *ret;
+    regnode *chain = NULL;
+    regnode *latest;
+    I32 flags = 0, c = 0;
+    GET_RE_DEBUG_FLAGS_DECL;
+
+    PERL_ARGS_ASSERT_REGBRANCH;
+
+    DEBUG_PARSE("brnc");
+
+    if (first)
+       ret = NULL;
+    else {
+       if (!SIZE_ONLY && RExC_extralen)
+           ret = reganode(pRExC_state, BRANCHJ,0);
+       else {
+           ret = reg_node(pRExC_state, BRANCH);
+            Set_Node_Length(ret, 1);
+        }
+    }
+
+    if (!first && SIZE_ONLY)
+       RExC_extralen += 1;                     /* BRANCHJ */
+
+    *flagp = WORST;                    /* Tentatively. */
+
+    RExC_parse--;
+    nextchar(pRExC_state);
+    while (RExC_parse < RExC_end && *RExC_parse != '|' && *RExC_parse != ')') {
+       flags &= ~TRYAGAIN;
+        latest = regpiece(pRExC_state, &flags,depth+1);
+       if (latest == NULL) {
+           if (flags & TRYAGAIN)
+               continue;
+            if (flags & RESTART_UTF8) {
+                *flagp = RESTART_UTF8;
+                return NULL;
+            }
+            FAIL2("panic: regpiece returned NULL, flags=%#"UVxf"", (UV) flags);
+       }
+       else if (ret == NULL)
+           ret = latest;
+       *flagp |= flags&(HASWIDTH|POSTPONED);
+       if (chain == NULL)      /* First piece. */
+           *flagp |= flags&SPSTART;
+       else {
+           RExC_naughty++;
+            REGTAIL(pRExC_state, chain, latest);
+       }
+       chain = latest;
+       c++;
+    }
+    if (chain == NULL) {       /* Loop ran zero times. */
+       chain = reg_node(pRExC_state, NOTHING);
+       if (ret == NULL)
+           ret = chain;
+    }
+    if (c == 1) {
+       *flagp |= flags&SIMPLE;
+    }
+
+    return ret;
+}
+
+/*
+ - regpiece - something followed by possible [*+?]
+ *
+ * Note that the branching code sequences used for ? and the general cases
+ * of * and + are somewhat optimized:  they use the same NOTHING node as
+ * both the endmarker for their branch list and the body of the last branch.
+ * It might seem that this node could be dispensed with entirely, but the
+ * endmarker role is not redundant.
+ *
+ * Returns NULL, setting *flagp to TRYAGAIN if regatom() returns NULL with
+ * TRYAGAIN.
+ * Returns NULL, setting *flagp to RESTART_UTF8 if the sizing scan needs to be
+ * restarted.
+ */
+STATIC regnode *
+S_regpiece(pTHX_ RExC_state_t *pRExC_state, I32 *flagp, U32 depth)
+{
+    dVAR;
+    regnode *ret;
+    char op;
+    char *next;
+    I32 flags;
+    const char * const origparse = RExC_parse;
+    I32 min;
+    I32 max = REG_INFTY;
+#ifdef RE_TRACK_PATTERN_OFFSETS
+    char *parse_start;
+#endif
+    const char *maxpos = NULL;
+
+    /* Save the original in case we change the emitted regop to a FAIL. */
+    regnode * const orig_emit = RExC_emit;
+
+    GET_RE_DEBUG_FLAGS_DECL;
+
+    PERL_ARGS_ASSERT_REGPIECE;
+
+    DEBUG_PARSE("piec");
+
+    ret = regatom(pRExC_state, &flags,depth+1);
+    if (ret == NULL) {
+       if (flags & (TRYAGAIN|RESTART_UTF8))
+           *flagp |= flags & (TRYAGAIN|RESTART_UTF8);
+        else
+            FAIL2("panic: regatom returned NULL, flags=%#"UVxf"", (UV) flags);
+       return(NULL);
+    }
+
+    op = *RExC_parse;
+
+    if (op == '{' && regcurly(RExC_parse, FALSE)) {
+       maxpos = NULL;
+#ifdef RE_TRACK_PATTERN_OFFSETS
+        parse_start = RExC_parse; /* MJD */
+#endif
+       next = RExC_parse + 1;
+       while (isDIGIT(*next) || *next == ',') {
+           if (*next == ',') {
+               if (maxpos)
+                   break;
+               else
+                   maxpos = next;
+           }
+           next++;
+       }
+       if (*next == '}') {             /* got one */
+           if (!maxpos)
+               maxpos = next;
+           RExC_parse++;
+           min = atoi(RExC_parse);
+           if (*maxpos == ',')
+               maxpos++;
+           else
+               maxpos = RExC_parse;
+           max = atoi(maxpos);
+           if (!max && *maxpos != '0')
+               max = REG_INFTY;                /* meaning "infinity" */
+           else if (max >= REG_INFTY)
+               vFAIL2("Quantifier in {,} bigger than %d", REG_INFTY - 1);
+           RExC_parse = next;
+           nextchar(pRExC_state);
+            if (max < min) {    /* If can't match, warn and optimize to fail
+                                   unconditionally */
+                if (SIZE_ONLY) {
+                    ckWARNreg(RExC_parse, "Quantifier {n,m} with n > m can't match");
+
+                    /* We can't back off the size because we have to reserve
+                     * enough space for all the things we are about to throw
+                     * away, but we can shrink it by the ammount we are about
+                     * to re-use here */
+                    RExC_size = PREVOPER(RExC_size) - regarglen[(U8)OPFAIL];
+                }
+                else {
+                    RExC_emit = orig_emit;
+                }
+                ret = reg_node(pRExC_state, OPFAIL);
+                return ret;
+            }
+            else if (max == 0) {    /* replace {0} with a nothing node */
+                if (SIZE_ONLY) {
+                    RExC_size = PREVOPER(RExC_size) - regarglen[(U8)NOTHING];
+                }
+                else {
+                    RExC_emit = orig_emit;
+                }
+                ret = reg_node(pRExC_state, NOTHING);
+
+                /* But the quantifier includes any '?', the non-greedy
+                 * modifier, after the {}, [perl #118375]
+                 * Likewise the '+', the possessive modifier. They are mutually exclusive.
+                 */
+                if (RExC_parse < RExC_end && (*RExC_parse == '?' || *RExC_parse == '+') ) {
+                    nextchar(pRExC_state);
+                }
+                return ret;
+            }
+
+       do_curly:
+           if ((flags&SIMPLE)) {
+               RExC_naughty += 2 + RExC_naughty / 2;
+               reginsert(pRExC_state, CURLY, ret, depth+1);
+                Set_Node_Offset(ret, parse_start+1); /* MJD */
+                Set_Node_Cur_Length(ret, parse_start);
+           }
+           else {
+               regnode * const w = reg_node(pRExC_state, WHILEM);
+
+               w->flags = 0;
+                REGTAIL(pRExC_state, ret, w);
+               if (!SIZE_ONLY && RExC_extralen) {
+                   reginsert(pRExC_state, LONGJMP,ret, depth+1);
+                   reginsert(pRExC_state, NOTHING,ret, depth+1);
+                   NEXT_OFF(ret) = 3;  /* Go over LONGJMP. */
+               }
+               reginsert(pRExC_state, CURLYX,ret, depth+1);
+                                /* MJD hk */
+                Set_Node_Offset(ret, parse_start+1);
+                Set_Node_Length(ret,
+                                op == '{' ? (RExC_parse - parse_start) : 1);
+
+               if (!SIZE_ONLY && RExC_extralen)
+                   NEXT_OFF(ret) = 3;  /* Go over NOTHING to LONGJMP. */
+                REGTAIL(pRExC_state, ret, reg_node(pRExC_state, NOTHING));
+               if (SIZE_ONLY)
+                   RExC_whilem_seen++, RExC_extralen += 3;
+               RExC_naughty += 4 + RExC_naughty;       /* compound interest */
+           }
+           ret->flags = 0;
+
+           if (min > 0)
+               *flagp = WORST;
+           if (max > 0)
+               *flagp |= HASWIDTH;
+           if (!SIZE_ONLY) {
+               ARG1_SET(ret, (U16)min);
+               ARG2_SET(ret, (U16)max);
+           }
+
+           goto nest_check;
+       }
+    }
+
+    if (!ISMULT1(op)) {
+       *flagp = flags;
+       return(ret);
+    }
+
+#if 0                          /* Now runtime fix should be reliable. */
+
+    /* if this is reinstated, don't forget to put this back into perldiag:
+
+           =item Regexp *+ operand could be empty at {#} in regex m/%s/
+
+          (F) The part of the regexp subject to either the * or + quantifier
+           could match an empty string. The {#} shows in the regular
+           expression about where the problem was discovered.
+
+    */
+
+    if (!(flags&HASWIDTH) && op != '?')
+      vFAIL("Regexp *+ operand could be empty");
+#endif
+
+#ifdef RE_TRACK_PATTERN_OFFSETS
+    parse_start = RExC_parse;
+#endif
+    nextchar(pRExC_state);
+
+    *flagp = (op != '+') ? (WORST|SPSTART|HASWIDTH) : (WORST|HASWIDTH);
+
+    if (op == '*' && (flags&SIMPLE)) {
+       reginsert(pRExC_state, STAR, ret, depth+1);
+       ret->flags = 0;
+       RExC_naughty += 4;
+    }
+    else if (op == '*') {
+       min = 0;
+       goto do_curly;
+    }
+    else if (op == '+' && (flags&SIMPLE)) {
+       reginsert(pRExC_state, PLUS, ret, depth+1);
+       ret->flags = 0;
+       RExC_naughty += 3;
+    }
+    else if (op == '+') {
+       min = 1;
+       goto do_curly;
+    }
+    else if (op == '?') {
+       min = 0; max = 1;
+       goto do_curly;
+    }
+  nest_check:
+    if (!SIZE_ONLY && !(flags&(HASWIDTH|POSTPONED)) && max > REG_INFTY/3) {
+       SAVEFREESV(RExC_rx_sv); /* in case of fatal warnings */
+       ckWARN3reg(RExC_parse,
+                  "%.*s matches null string many times",
+                  (int)(RExC_parse >= origparse ? RExC_parse - origparse : 0),
+                  origparse);
+       (void)ReREFCNT_inc(RExC_rx_sv);
+    }
+
+    if (RExC_parse < RExC_end && *RExC_parse == '?') {
+       nextchar(pRExC_state);
+       reginsert(pRExC_state, MINMOD, ret, depth+1);
+        REGTAIL(pRExC_state, ret, ret + NODE_STEP_REGNODE);
+    }
+    else
+    if (RExC_parse < RExC_end && *RExC_parse == '+') {
+        regnode *ender;
+        nextchar(pRExC_state);
+        ender = reg_node(pRExC_state, SUCCEED);
+        REGTAIL(pRExC_state, ret, ender);
+        reginsert(pRExC_state, SUSPEND, ret, depth+1);
+        ret->flags = 0;
+        ender = reg_node(pRExC_state, TAIL);
+        REGTAIL(pRExC_state, ret, ender);
+    }
+
+    if (RExC_parse < RExC_end && ISMULT2(RExC_parse)) {
+       RExC_parse++;
+       vFAIL("Nested quantifiers");
+    }
+
+    return(ret);
+}
+
+STATIC bool
+S_grok_bslash_N(pTHX_ RExC_state_t *pRExC_state, regnode** node_p, UV *valuep, I32 *flagp, U32 depth, bool in_char_class,
+        const bool strict   /* Apply stricter parsing rules? */
+    )
+{
+   
+ /* This is expected to be called by a parser routine that has recognized '\N'
+   and needs to handle the rest. RExC_parse is expected to point at the first
+   char following the N at the time of the call.  On successful return,
+   RExC_parse has been updated to point to just after the sequence identified
+   by this routine, and <*flagp> has been updated.
+
+   The \N may be inside (indicated by the boolean <in_char_class>) or outside a
+   character class.
+
+   \N may begin either a named sequence, or if outside a character class, mean
+   to match a non-newline.  For non single-quoted regexes, the tokenizer has
+   attempted to decide which, and in the case of a named sequence, converted it
+   into one of the forms: \N{} (if the sequence is null), or \N{U+c1.c2...},
+   where c1... are the characters in the sequence.  For single-quoted regexes,
+   the tokenizer passes the \N sequence through unchanged; this code will not
+   attempt to determine this nor expand those, instead raising a syntax error.
+   The net effect is that if the beginning of the passed-in pattern isn't '{U+'
+   or there is no '}', it signals that this \N occurrence means to match a
+   non-newline.
+
+   Only the \N{U+...} form should occur in a character class, for the same
+   reason that '.' inside a character class means to just match a period: it
+   just doesn't make sense.
+
+   The function raises an error (via vFAIL), and doesn't return for various
+   syntax errors.  Otherwise it returns TRUE and sets <node_p> or <valuep> on
+   success; it returns FALSE otherwise. Returns FALSE, setting *flagp to
+   RESTART_UTF8 if the sizing scan needs to be restarted. Such a restart is
+   only possible if node_p is non-NULL.
+
+
+   If <valuep> is non-null, it means the caller can accept an input sequence
+   consisting of a just a single code point; <*valuep> is set to that value
+   if the input is such.
+
+   If <node_p> is non-null it signifies that the caller can accept any other
+   legal sequence (i.e., one that isn't just a single code point).  <*node_p>
+   is set as follows:
+    1) \N means not-a-NL: points to a newly created REG_ANY node;
+    2) \N{}:              points to a new NOTHING node;
+    3) otherwise:         points to a new EXACT node containing the resolved
+                          string.
+   Note that FALSE is returned for single code point sequences if <valuep> is
+   null.
+ */
+
+    char * endbrace;    /* '}' following the name */
+    char* p;
+    char *endchar;     /* Points to '.' or '}' ending cur char in the input
+                           stream */
+    bool has_multiple_chars; /* true if the input stream contains a sequence of
+                                more than one character */
+
+    GET_RE_DEBUG_FLAGS_DECL;
+    PERL_ARGS_ASSERT_GROK_BSLASH_N;
+
+    GET_RE_DEBUG_FLAGS;
+
+    assert(cBOOL(node_p) ^ cBOOL(valuep));  /* Exactly one should be set */
+
+    /* The [^\n] meaning of \N ignores spaces and comments under the /x
+     * modifier.  The other meaning does not */
+    p = (RExC_flags & RXf_PMf_EXTENDED)
+       ? regwhite( pRExC_state, RExC_parse )
+       : RExC_parse;
+
+    /* Disambiguate between \N meaning a named character versus \N meaning
+     * [^\n].  The former is assumed when it can't be the latter. */
+    if (*p != '{' || regcurly(p, FALSE)) {
+       RExC_parse = p;
+       if (! node_p) {
+           /* no bare \N in a charclass */
+            if (in_char_class) {
+                vFAIL("\\N in a character class must be a named character: \\N{...}");
+            }
+            return FALSE;
+        }
+       nextchar(pRExC_state);
+       *node_p = reg_node(pRExC_state, REG_ANY);
+       *flagp |= HASWIDTH|SIMPLE;
+       RExC_naughty++;
+       RExC_parse--;
+        Set_Node_Length(*node_p, 1); /* MJD */
+       return TRUE;
+    }
+
+    /* Here, we have decided it should be a named character or sequence */
+
+    /* The test above made sure that the next real character is a '{', but
+     * under the /x modifier, it could be separated by space (or a comment and
+     * \n) and this is not allowed (for consistency with \x{...} and the
+     * tokenizer handling of \N{NAME}). */
+    if (*RExC_parse != '{') {
+       vFAIL("Missing braces on \\N{}");
+    }
+
+    RExC_parse++;      /* Skip past the '{' */
+
+    if (! (endbrace = strchr(RExC_parse, '}')) /* no trailing brace */
+       || ! (endbrace == RExC_parse            /* nothing between the {} */
+             || (endbrace - RExC_parse >= 2    /* U+ (bad hex is checked below */
+                 && strnEQ(RExC_parse, "U+", 2)))) /* for a better error msg) */
+    {
+       if (endbrace) RExC_parse = endbrace;    /* position msg's '<--HERE' */
+       vFAIL("\\N{NAME} must be resolved by the lexer");
+    }
+
+    if (endbrace == RExC_parse) {   /* empty: \N{} */
+        bool ret = TRUE;
+       if (node_p) {
+           *node_p = reg_node(pRExC_state,NOTHING);
+       }
+        else if (in_char_class) {
+            if (SIZE_ONLY && in_char_class) {
+                if (strict) {
+                    RExC_parse++;   /* Position after the "}" */
+                    vFAIL("Zero length \\N{}");
+                }
+                else {
+                    ckWARNreg(RExC_parse,
+                              "Ignoring zero length \\N{} in character class");
+                }
+            }
+            ret = FALSE;
+       }
+        else {
+            return FALSE;
+        }
+        nextchar(pRExC_state);
+        return ret;
+    }
+
+    RExC_uni_semantics = 1; /* Unicode named chars imply Unicode semantics */
+    RExC_parse += 2;   /* Skip past the 'U+' */
+
+    endchar = RExC_parse + strcspn(RExC_parse, ".}");
+
+    /* Code points are separated by dots.  If none, there is only one code
+     * point, and is terminated by the brace */
+    has_multiple_chars = (endchar < endbrace);
+
+    if (valuep && (! has_multiple_chars || in_char_class)) {
+       /* We only pay attention to the first char of
+        multichar strings being returned in char classes. I kinda wonder
+       if this makes sense as it does change the behaviour
+       from earlier versions, OTOH that behaviour was broken
+       as well. XXX Solution is to recharacterize as
+       [rest-of-class]|multi1|multi2... */
+
+       STRLEN length_of_hex = (STRLEN)(endchar - RExC_parse);
+       I32 grok_hex_flags = PERL_SCAN_ALLOW_UNDERSCORES
+           | PERL_SCAN_DISALLOW_PREFIX
+           | (SIZE_ONLY ? PERL_SCAN_SILENT_ILLDIGIT : 0);
+
+       *valuep = grok_hex(RExC_parse, &length_of_hex, &grok_hex_flags, NULL);
+
+       /* The tokenizer should have guaranteed validity, but it's possible to
+        * bypass it by using single quoting, so check */
+       if (length_of_hex == 0
+           || length_of_hex != (STRLEN)(endchar - RExC_parse) )
+       {
+           RExC_parse += length_of_hex;        /* Includes all the valid */
+           RExC_parse += (RExC_orig_utf8)      /* point to after 1st invalid */
+                           ? UTF8SKIP(RExC_parse)
+                           : 1;
+           /* Guard against malformed utf8 */
+           if (RExC_parse >= endchar) {
+                RExC_parse = endchar;
+            }
+           vFAIL("Invalid hexadecimal number in \\N{U+...}");
+       }
+
+        if (in_char_class && has_multiple_chars) {
+            if (strict) {
+                RExC_parse = endbrace;
+                vFAIL("\\N{} in character class restricted to one character");
+            }
+            else {
+                ckWARNreg(endchar, "Using just the first character returned by \\N{} in character class");
+            }
+        }
+
+        RExC_parse = endbrace + 1;
+    }
+    else if (! node_p || ! has_multiple_chars) {
+
+        /* Here, the input is legal, but not according to the caller's
+         * options.  We fail without advancing the parse, so that the
+         * caller can try again */
+        RExC_parse = p;
+        return FALSE;
+    }
+    else {
+
+       /* What is done here is to convert this to a sub-pattern of the form
+        * (?:\x{char1}\x{char2}...)
+        * and then call reg recursively.  That way, it retains its atomicness,
+        * while not having to worry about special handling that some code
+        * points may have.  toke.c has converted the original Unicode values
+        * to native, so that we can just pass on the hex values unchanged.  We
+        * do have to set a flag to keep recoding from happening in the
+        * recursion */
+
+       SV * substitute_parse = newSVpvn_flags("?:", 2, SVf_UTF8|SVs_TEMP);
+       STRLEN len;
+       char *orig_end = RExC_end;
+        I32 flags;
+
+       while (RExC_parse < endbrace) {
+
+           /* Convert to notation the rest of the code understands */
+           sv_catpv(substitute_parse, "\\x{");
+           sv_catpvn(substitute_parse, RExC_parse, endchar - RExC_parse);
+           sv_catpv(substitute_parse, "}");
+
+           /* Point to the beginning of the next character in the sequence. */
+           RExC_parse = endchar + 1;
+           endchar = RExC_parse + strcspn(RExC_parse, ".}");
+       }
+       sv_catpv(substitute_parse, ")");
+
+       RExC_parse = SvPV(substitute_parse, len);
+
+       /* Don't allow empty number */
+       if (len < 8) {
+           vFAIL("Invalid hexadecimal number in \\N{U+...}");
+       }
+       RExC_end = RExC_parse + len;
+
+       /* The values are Unicode, and therefore not subject to recoding */
+       RExC_override_recoding = 1;
+
+       if (!(*node_p = reg(pRExC_state, 1, &flags, depth+1))) {
+            if (flags & RESTART_UTF8) {
+                *flagp = RESTART_UTF8;
+                return FALSE;
+            }
+            FAIL2("panic: reg returned NULL to grok_bslash_N, flags=%#"UVxf"",
+                  (UV) flags);
+        } 
+       *flagp |= flags&(HASWIDTH|SPSTART|SIMPLE|POSTPONED);
+
+       RExC_parse = endbrace;
+       RExC_end = orig_end;
+       RExC_override_recoding = 0;
+
+        nextchar(pRExC_state);
+    }
+
+    return TRUE;
+}
+
+
+/*
+ * reg_recode
+ *
+ * It returns the code point in utf8 for the value in *encp.
+ *    value: a code value in the source encoding
+ *    encp:  a pointer to an Encode object
+ *
+ * If the result from Encode is not a single character,
+ * it returns U+FFFD (Replacement character) and sets *encp to NULL.
+ */
+STATIC UV
+S_reg_recode(pTHX_ const char value, SV **encp)
+{
+    STRLEN numlen = 1;
+    SV * const sv = newSVpvn_flags(&value, numlen, SVs_TEMP);
+    const char * const s = *encp ? sv_recode_to_utf8(sv, *encp) : SvPVX(sv);
+    const STRLEN newlen = SvCUR(sv);
+    UV uv = UNICODE_REPLACEMENT;
+
+    PERL_ARGS_ASSERT_REG_RECODE;
+
+    if (newlen)
+       uv = SvUTF8(sv)
+            ? utf8n_to_uvchr((U8*)s, newlen, &numlen, UTF8_ALLOW_DEFAULT)
+            : *(U8*)s;
+
+    if (!newlen || numlen != newlen) {
+       uv = UNICODE_REPLACEMENT;
+       *encp = NULL;
+    }
+    return uv;
+}
+
+PERL_STATIC_INLINE U8
+S_compute_EXACTish(pTHX_ RExC_state_t *pRExC_state)
+{
+    U8 op;
+
+    PERL_ARGS_ASSERT_COMPUTE_EXACTISH;
+
+    if (! FOLD) {
+        return EXACT;
+    }
+
+    op = get_regex_charset(RExC_flags);
+    if (op >= REGEX_ASCII_RESTRICTED_CHARSET) {
+        op--; /* /a is same as /u, and map /aa's offset to what /a's would have
+                 been, so there is no hole */
+    }
+
+    return op + EXACTF;
+}
+
+PERL_STATIC_INLINE void
+S_alloc_maybe_populate_EXACT(pTHX_ RExC_state_t *pRExC_state, regnode *node, I32* flagp, STRLEN len, UV code_point)
+{
+    /* This knows the details about sizing an EXACTish node, setting flags for
+     * it (by setting <*flagp>, and potentially populating it with a single
+     * character.
+     *
+     * If <len> (the length in bytes) is non-zero, this function assumes that
+     * the node has already been populated, and just does the sizing.  In this
+     * case <code_point> should be the final code point that has already been
+     * placed into the node.  This value will be ignored except that under some
+     * circumstances <*flagp> is set based on it.
+     *
+     * If <len> is zero, the function assumes that the node is to contain only
+     * the single character given by <code_point> and calculates what <len>
+     * should be.  In pass 1, it sizes the node appropriately.  In pass 2, it
+     * additionally will populate the node's STRING with <code_point>, if <len>
+     * is 0.  In both cases <*flagp> is appropriately set
+     *
+     * It knows that under FOLD, the Latin Sharp S and UTF characters above
+     * 255, must be folded (the former only when the rules indicate it can
+     * match 'ss') */
+
+    bool len_passed_in = cBOOL(len != 0);
+    U8 character[UTF8_MAXBYTES_CASE+1];
+
+    PERL_ARGS_ASSERT_ALLOC_MAYBE_POPULATE_EXACT;
+
+    if (! len_passed_in) {
+        if (UTF) {
+            if (FOLD && (! LOC || code_point > 255)) {
+                _to_uni_fold_flags(NATIVE_TO_UNI(code_point),
+                                   character,
+                                   &len,
+                                   FOLD_FLAGS_FULL | ((LOC)
+                                                     ? FOLD_FLAGS_LOCALE
+                                                     : (ASCII_FOLD_RESTRICTED)
+                                                       ? FOLD_FLAGS_NOMIX_ASCII
+                                                       : 0));
+            }
+            else {
+                uvchr_to_utf8( character, code_point);
+                len = UTF8SKIP(character);
+            }
+        }
+        else if (! FOLD
+                 || code_point != LATIN_SMALL_LETTER_SHARP_S
+                 || ASCII_FOLD_RESTRICTED
+                 || ! AT_LEAST_UNI_SEMANTICS)
+        {
+            *character = (U8) code_point;
+            len = 1;
+        }
+        else {
+            *character = 's';
+            *(character + 1) = 's';
+            len = 2;
+        }
+    }
+
+    if (SIZE_ONLY) {
+        RExC_size += STR_SZ(len);
+    }
+    else {
+        RExC_emit += STR_SZ(len);
+        STR_LEN(node) = len;
+        if (! len_passed_in) {
+            Copy((char *) character, STRING(node), len, char);
+        }
+    }
+
+    *flagp |= HASWIDTH;
+
+    /* A single character node is SIMPLE, except for the special-cased SHARP S
+     * under /di. */
+    if ((len == 1 || (UTF && len == UNISKIP(code_point)))
+        && (code_point != LATIN_SMALL_LETTER_SHARP_S
+            || ! FOLD || ! DEPENDS_SEMANTICS))
+    {
+        *flagp |= SIMPLE;
+    }
+}
+
+/*
+ - regatom - the lowest level
+
+   Try to identify anything special at the start of the pattern. If there
+   is, then handle it as required. This may involve generating a single regop,
+   such as for an assertion; or it may involve recursing, such as to
+   handle a () structure.
+
+   If the string doesn't start with something special then we gobble up
+   as much literal text as we can.
+
+   Once we have been able to handle whatever type of thing started the
+   sequence, we return.
+
+   Note: we have to be careful with escapes, as they can be both literal
+   and special, and in the case of \10 and friends, context determines which.
+
+   A summary of the code structure is:
+
+   switch (first_byte) {
+       cases for each special:
+           handle this special;
+           break;
+       case '\\':
+           switch (2nd byte) {
+               cases for each unambiguous special:
+                   handle this special;
+                   break;
+               cases for each ambigous special/literal:
+                   disambiguate;
+                   if (special)  handle here
+                   else goto defchar;
+               default: // unambiguously literal:
+                   goto defchar;
+           }
+       default:  // is a literal char
+           // FALL THROUGH
+       defchar:
+           create EXACTish node for literal;
+           while (more input and node isn't full) {
+               switch (input_byte) {
+                  cases for each special;
+                       make sure parse pointer is set so that the next call to
+                           regatom will see this special first
+                       goto loopdone; // EXACTish node terminated by prev. char
+                  default:
+                      append char to EXACTISH node;
+               }
+               get next input byte;
+           }
+        loopdone:
+   }
+   return the generated node;
+
+   Specifically there are two separate switches for handling
+   escape sequences, with the one for handling literal escapes requiring
+   a dummy entry for all of the special escapes that are actually handled
+   by the other.
+
+   Returns NULL, setting *flagp to TRYAGAIN if reg() returns NULL with
+   TRYAGAIN.  
+   Returns NULL, setting *flagp to RESTART_UTF8 if the sizing scan needs to be
+   restarted.
+   Otherwise does not return NULL.
+*/
+
+STATIC regnode *
+S_regatom(pTHX_ RExC_state_t *pRExC_state, I32 *flagp, U32 depth)
+{
+    dVAR;
+    regnode *ret = NULL;
+    I32 flags = 0;
+    char *parse_start = RExC_parse;
+    U8 op;
+    int invert = 0;
+
+    GET_RE_DEBUG_FLAGS_DECL;
+
+    *flagp = WORST;            /* Tentatively. */
+
+    DEBUG_PARSE("atom");
+
+    PERL_ARGS_ASSERT_REGATOM;
+
+tryagain:
+    switch ((U8)*RExC_parse) {
+    case '^':
+       RExC_seen_zerolen++;
+       nextchar(pRExC_state);
+       if (RExC_flags & RXf_PMf_MULTILINE)
+           ret = reg_node(pRExC_state, MBOL);
+       else if (RExC_flags & RXf_PMf_SINGLELINE)
+           ret = reg_node(pRExC_state, SBOL);
+       else
+           ret = reg_node(pRExC_state, BOL);
+        Set_Node_Length(ret, 1); /* MJD */
+       break;
+    case '$':
+       nextchar(pRExC_state);
+       if (*RExC_parse)
+           RExC_seen_zerolen++;
+       if (RExC_flags & RXf_PMf_MULTILINE)
+           ret = reg_node(pRExC_state, MEOL);
+       else if (RExC_flags & RXf_PMf_SINGLELINE)
+           ret = reg_node(pRExC_state, SEOL);
+       else
+           ret = reg_node(pRExC_state, EOL);
+        Set_Node_Length(ret, 1); /* MJD */
+       break;
+    case '.':
+       nextchar(pRExC_state);
+       if (RExC_flags & RXf_PMf_SINGLELINE)
+           ret = reg_node(pRExC_state, SANY);
+       else
+           ret = reg_node(pRExC_state, REG_ANY);
+       *flagp |= HASWIDTH|SIMPLE;
+       RExC_naughty++;
+        Set_Node_Length(ret, 1); /* MJD */
+       break;
+    case '[':
+    {
+       char * const oregcomp_parse = ++RExC_parse;
+        ret = regclass(pRExC_state, flagp,depth+1,
+                       FALSE, /* means parse the whole char class */
+                       TRUE, /* allow multi-char folds */
+                       FALSE, /* don't silence non-portable warnings. */
+                       NULL);
+       if (*RExC_parse != ']') {
+           RExC_parse = oregcomp_parse;
+           vFAIL("Unmatched [");
+       }
+        if (ret == NULL) {
+            if (*flagp & RESTART_UTF8)
+                return NULL;
+            FAIL2("panic: regclass returned NULL to regatom, flags=%#"UVxf"",
+                  (UV) *flagp);
+        }
+       nextchar(pRExC_state);
+        Set_Node_Length(ret, RExC_parse - oregcomp_parse + 1); /* MJD */
+       break;
+    }
+    case '(':
+       nextchar(pRExC_state);
+        ret = reg(pRExC_state, 2, &flags,depth+1);
+       if (ret == NULL) {
+               if (flags & TRYAGAIN) {
+                   if (RExC_parse == RExC_end) {
+                        /* Make parent create an empty node if needed. */
+                       *flagp |= TRYAGAIN;
+                       return(NULL);
+                   }
+                   goto tryagain;
+               }
+                if (flags & RESTART_UTF8) {
+                    *flagp = RESTART_UTF8;
+                    return NULL;
+                }
+                FAIL2("panic: reg returned NULL to regatom, flags=%#"UVxf"", (UV) flags);
+       }
+       *flagp |= flags&(HASWIDTH|SPSTART|SIMPLE|POSTPONED);
+       break;
+    case '|':
+    case ')':
+       if (flags & TRYAGAIN) {
+           *flagp |= TRYAGAIN;
+           return NULL;
+       }
+       vFAIL("Internal urp");
+                               /* Supposed to be caught earlier. */
+       break;
+    case '{':
+       if (!regcurly(RExC_parse, FALSE)) {
+           RExC_parse++;
+           goto defchar;
+       }
+       /* FALL THROUGH */
+    case '?':
+    case '+':
+    case '*':
+       RExC_parse++;
+       vFAIL("Quantifier follows nothing");
+       break;
+    case '\\':
+       /* Special Escapes
+
+          This switch handles escape sequences that resolve to some kind
+          of special regop and not to literal text. Escape sequnces that
+          resolve to literal text are handled below in the switch marked
+          "Literal Escapes".
+
+          Every entry in this switch *must* have a corresponding entry
+          in the literal escape switch. However, the opposite is not
+          required, as the default for this switch is to jump to the
+          literal text handling code.
+       */
+       switch ((U8)*++RExC_parse) {
+            U8 arg;
+       /* Special Escapes */
+       case 'A':
+           RExC_seen_zerolen++;
+           ret = reg_node(pRExC_state, SBOL);
+           *flagp |= SIMPLE;
+           goto finish_meta_pat;
+       case 'G':
+           ret = reg_node(pRExC_state, GPOS);
+           RExC_seen |= REG_SEEN_GPOS;
+           *flagp |= SIMPLE;
+           goto finish_meta_pat;
+       case 'K':
+           RExC_seen_zerolen++;
+           ret = reg_node(pRExC_state, KEEPS);
+           *flagp |= SIMPLE;
+           /* XXX:dmq : disabling in-place substitution seems to
+            * be necessary here to avoid cases of memory corruption, as
+            * with: C<$_="x" x 80; s/x\K/y/> -- rgs
+            */
+           RExC_seen |= REG_SEEN_LOOKBEHIND;
+           goto finish_meta_pat;
+       case 'Z':
+           ret = reg_node(pRExC_state, SEOL);
+           *flagp |= SIMPLE;
+           RExC_seen_zerolen++;                /* Do not optimize RE away */
+           goto finish_meta_pat;
+       case 'z':
+           ret = reg_node(pRExC_state, EOS);
+           *flagp |= SIMPLE;
+           RExC_seen_zerolen++;                /* Do not optimize RE away */
+           goto finish_meta_pat;
+       case 'C':
+           ret = reg_node(pRExC_state, CANY);
+           RExC_seen |= REG_SEEN_CANY;
+           *flagp |= HASWIDTH|SIMPLE;
+           goto finish_meta_pat;
+       case 'X':
+           ret = reg_node(pRExC_state, CLUMP);
+           *flagp |= HASWIDTH;
+           goto finish_meta_pat;
+
+       case 'W':
+            invert = 1;
+            /* FALLTHROUGH */
+       case 'w':
+            arg = ANYOF_WORDCHAR;
+            goto join_posix;
+
+       case 'b':
+           RExC_seen_zerolen++;
+           RExC_seen |= REG_SEEN_LOOKBEHIND;
+           op = BOUND + get_regex_charset(RExC_flags);
+            if (op > BOUNDA) {  /* /aa is same as /a */
+                op = BOUNDA;
+            }
+           ret = reg_node(pRExC_state, op);
+           FLAGS(ret) = get_regex_charset(RExC_flags);
+           *flagp |= SIMPLE;
+           if (! SIZE_ONLY && (U8) *(RExC_parse + 1) == '{') {
+               ckWARNdep(RExC_parse, "\"\\b{\" is deprecated; use \"\\b\\{\" or \"\\b[{]\" instead");
+           }
+           goto finish_meta_pat;
+       case 'B':
+           RExC_seen_zerolen++;
+           RExC_seen |= REG_SEEN_LOOKBEHIND;
+           op = NBOUND + get_regex_charset(RExC_flags);
+            if (op > NBOUNDA) { /* /aa is same as /a */
+                op = NBOUNDA;
+            }
+           ret = reg_node(pRExC_state, op);
+           FLAGS(ret) = get_regex_charset(RExC_flags);
+           *flagp |= SIMPLE;
+           if (! SIZE_ONLY && (U8) *(RExC_parse + 1) == '{') {
+               ckWARNdep(RExC_parse, "\"\\B{\" is deprecated; use \"\\B\\{\" or \"\\B[{]\" instead");
+           }
+           goto finish_meta_pat;
+
+       case 'D':
+            invert = 1;
+            /* FALLTHROUGH */
+       case 'd':
+            arg = ANYOF_DIGIT;
+            goto join_posix;
+
+       case 'R':
+           ret = reg_node(pRExC_state, LNBREAK);
+           *flagp |= HASWIDTH|SIMPLE;
+           goto finish_meta_pat;
+
+       case 'H':
+            invert = 1;
+            /* FALLTHROUGH */
+       case 'h':
+           arg = ANYOF_BLANK;
+            op = POSIXU;
+            goto join_posix_op_known;
+
+       case 'V':
+            invert = 1;
+            /* FALLTHROUGH */
+       case 'v':
+           arg = ANYOF_VERTWS;
+            op = POSIXU;
+            goto join_posix_op_known;
+
+       case 'S':
+            invert = 1;
+            /* FALLTHROUGH */
+       case 's':
+            arg = ANYOF_SPACE;
+
+        join_posix:
+
+           op = POSIXD + get_regex_charset(RExC_flags);
+            if (op > POSIXA) {  /* /aa is same as /a */
+                op = POSIXA;
+            }
+
+        join_posix_op_known:
+
+            if (invert) {
+                op += NPOSIXD - POSIXD;
+            }
+
+           ret = reg_node(pRExC_state, op);
+            if (! SIZE_ONLY) {
+                FLAGS(ret) = namedclass_to_classnum(arg);
+            }
+
+           *flagp |= HASWIDTH|SIMPLE;
+            /* FALL THROUGH */
+
+         finish_meta_pat:          
+           nextchar(pRExC_state);
+            Set_Node_Length(ret, 2); /* MJD */
+           break;          
+       case 'p':
+       case 'P':
+           {
+#ifdef DEBUGGING
+               char* parse_start = RExC_parse - 2;
+#endif
+
+               RExC_parse--;
+
+                ret = regclass(pRExC_state, flagp,depth+1,
+                               TRUE, /* means just parse this element */
+                               FALSE, /* don't allow multi-char folds */
+                               FALSE, /* don't silence non-portable warnings.
+                                         It would be a bug if these returned
+                                         non-portables */
+                               NULL);
+                /* regclass() can only return RESTART_UTF8 if multi-char folds
+                   are allowed.  */
+                if (!ret)
+                    FAIL2("panic: regclass returned NULL to regatom, flags=%#"UVxf"",
+                          (UV) *flagp);
+
+               RExC_parse--;
+
+               Set_Node_Offset(ret, parse_start + 2);
+                Set_Node_Cur_Length(ret, parse_start);
+               nextchar(pRExC_state);
+           }
+           break;
+        case 'N': 
+            /* Handle \N and \N{NAME} with multiple code points here and not
+             * below because it can be multicharacter. join_exact() will join
+             * them up later on.  Also this makes sure that things like
+             * /\N{BLAH}+/ and \N{BLAH} being multi char Just Happen. dmq.
+             * The options to the grok function call causes it to fail if the
+             * sequence is just a single code point.  We then go treat it as
+             * just another character in the current EXACT node, and hence it
+             * gets uniform treatment with all the other characters.  The
+             * special treatment for quantifiers is not needed for such single
+             * character sequences */
+            ++RExC_parse;
+            if (! grok_bslash_N(pRExC_state, &ret, NULL, flagp, depth, FALSE,
+                                FALSE /* not strict */ )) {
+                if (*flagp & RESTART_UTF8)
+                    return NULL;
+                RExC_parse--;
+                goto defchar;
+            }
+            break;
+       case 'k':    /* Handle \k<NAME> and \k'NAME' */
+       parse_named_seq:
+        {   
+            char ch= RExC_parse[1];        
+           if (ch != '<' && ch != '\'' && ch != '{') {
+               RExC_parse++;
+               vFAIL2("Sequence %.2s... not terminated",parse_start);
+           } else {
+               /* this pretty much dupes the code for (?P=...) in reg(), if
+                   you change this make sure you change that */
+               char* name_start = (RExC_parse += 2);
+               U32 num = 0;
+                SV *sv_dat = reg_scan_name(pRExC_state,
+                    SIZE_ONLY ? REG_RSN_RETURN_NULL : REG_RSN_RETURN_DATA);
+                ch= (ch == '<') ? '>' : (ch == '{') ? '}' : '\'';
+                if (RExC_parse == name_start || *RExC_parse != ch)
+                    vFAIL2("Sequence %.3s... not terminated",parse_start);
+
+                if (!SIZE_ONLY) {
+                    num = add_data( pRExC_state, 1, "S" );
+                    RExC_rxi->data->data[num]=(void*)sv_dat;
+                    SvREFCNT_inc_simple_void(sv_dat);
+                }
+
+                RExC_sawback = 1;
+                ret = reganode(pRExC_state,
+                               ((! FOLD)
+                                 ? NREF
+                                : (ASCII_FOLD_RESTRICTED)
+                                  ? NREFFA
+                                   : (AT_LEAST_UNI_SEMANTICS)
+                                     ? NREFFU
+                                     : (LOC)
+                                       ? NREFFL
+                                       : NREFF),
+                                num);
+                *flagp |= HASWIDTH;
+
+                /* override incorrect value set in reganode MJD */
+                Set_Node_Offset(ret, parse_start+1);
+                Set_Node_Cur_Length(ret, parse_start);
+                nextchar(pRExC_state);
+
+            }
+            break;
+       }
+       case 'g': 
+       case '1': case '2': case '3': case '4':
+       case '5': case '6': case '7': case '8': case '9':
+           {
+               I32 num;
+               bool isg = *RExC_parse == 'g';
+               bool isrel = 0; 
+               bool hasbrace = 0;
+               if (isg) {
+                   RExC_parse++;
+                   if (*RExC_parse == '{') {
+                       RExC_parse++;
+                       hasbrace = 1;
+                   }
+                   if (*RExC_parse == '-') {
+                       RExC_parse++;
+                       isrel = 1;
+                   }
+                   if (hasbrace && !isDIGIT(*RExC_parse)) {
+                       if (isrel) RExC_parse--;
+                        RExC_parse -= 2;                           
+                       goto parse_named_seq;
+               }   }
+               num = atoi(RExC_parse);
+               if (isg && num == 0) {
+                   if (*RExC_parse == '0') {
+                        vFAIL("Reference to invalid group 0");
+                    }
+                    else {
+                       vFAIL("Unterminated \\g... pattern");
+                    }
+                }
+                if (isrel) {
+                    num = RExC_npar - num;
+                    if (num < 1)
+                        vFAIL("Reference to nonexistent or unclosed group");
+                }
+               if (!isg && num > 9 && num >= RExC_npar)
+                    /* Probably a character specified in octal, e.g. \35 */
+                   goto defchar;
+               else {
+#ifdef RE_TRACK_PATTERN_OFFSETS
+                   char * const parse_start = RExC_parse - 1; /* MJD */
+#endif
+                   while (isDIGIT(*RExC_parse))
+                       RExC_parse++;
+                    if (hasbrace) {
+                        if (*RExC_parse != '}') 
+                            vFAIL("Unterminated \\g{...} pattern");
+                        RExC_parse++;
+                    }    
+                   if (!SIZE_ONLY) {
+                       if (num > (I32)RExC_rx->nparens)
+                           vFAIL("Reference to nonexistent group");
+                   }
+                   RExC_sawback = 1;
+                   ret = reganode(pRExC_state,
+                                  ((! FOLD)
+                                    ? REF
+                                    : (ASCII_FOLD_RESTRICTED)
+                                      ? REFFA
+                                       : (AT_LEAST_UNI_SEMANTICS)
+                                         ? REFFU
+                                         : (LOC)
+                                           ? REFFL
+                                           : REFF),
+                                   num);
+                   *flagp |= HASWIDTH;
+
+                    /* override incorrect value set in reganode MJD */
+                    Set_Node_Offset(ret, parse_start+1);
+                    Set_Node_Cur_Length(ret, parse_start);
+                   RExC_parse--;
+                   nextchar(pRExC_state);
+               }
+           }
+           break;
+       case '\0':
+           if (RExC_parse >= RExC_end)
+               FAIL("Trailing \\");
+           /* FALL THROUGH */
+       default:
+           /* Do not generate "unrecognized" warnings here, we fall
+              back into the quick-grab loop below */
+           parse_start--;
+           goto defchar;
+       }
+       break;
+
+    case '#':
+       if (RExC_flags & RXf_PMf_EXTENDED) {
+           if ( reg_skipcomment( pRExC_state ) )
+               goto tryagain;
+       }
+       /* FALL THROUGH */
+
+    default:
+
+            parse_start = RExC_parse - 1;
+
+           RExC_parse++;
+
+       defchar: {
+           STRLEN len = 0;
+           UV ender;
+           char *p;
+           char *s;
+#define MAX_NODE_STRING_SIZE 127
+           char foldbuf[MAX_NODE_STRING_SIZE+UTF8_MAXBYTES_CASE];
+           char *s0;
+           U8 upper_parse = MAX_NODE_STRING_SIZE;
+           STRLEN foldlen;
+            U8 node_type;
+            bool next_is_quantifier;
+            char * oldp = NULL;
+
+            /* If a folding node contains only code points that don't
+             * participate in folds, it can be changed into an EXACT node,
+             * which allows the optimizer more things to look for */
+            bool maybe_exact;
+
+           ender = 0;
+            node_type = compute_EXACTish(pRExC_state);
+           ret = reg_node(pRExC_state, node_type);
+
+            /* In pass1, folded, we use a temporary buffer instead of the
+             * actual node, as the node doesn't exist yet */
+           s = (SIZE_ONLY && FOLD) ? foldbuf : STRING(ret);
+
+            s0 = s;
+
+       reparse:
+
+            /* We do the EXACTFish to EXACT node only if folding, and not if in
+             * locale, as whether a character folds or not isn't known until
+             * runtime */
+            maybe_exact = FOLD && ! LOC;
+
+           /* XXX The node can hold up to 255 bytes, yet this only goes to
+             * 127.  I (khw) do not know why.  Keeping it somewhat less than
+             * 255 allows us to not have to worry about overflow due to
+             * converting to utf8 and fold expansion, but that value is
+             * 255-UTF8_MAXBYTES_CASE.  join_exact() may join adjacent nodes
+             * split up by this limit into a single one using the real max of
+             * 255.  Even at 127, this breaks under rare circumstances.  If
+             * folding, we do not want to split a node at a character that is a
+             * non-final in a multi-char fold, as an input string could just
+             * happen to want to match across the node boundary.  The join
+             * would solve that problem if the join actually happens.  But a
+             * series of more than two nodes in a row each of 127 would cause
+             * the first join to succeed to get to 254, but then there wouldn't
+             * be room for the next one, which could at be one of those split
+             * multi-char folds.  I don't know of any fool-proof solution.  One
+             * could back off to end with only a code point that isn't such a
+             * non-final, but it is possible for there not to be any in the
+             * entire node. */
+           for (p = RExC_parse - 1;
+                len < upper_parse && p < RExC_end;
+                len++)
+           {
+               oldp = p;
+
+               if (RExC_flags & RXf_PMf_EXTENDED)
+                   p = regwhite( pRExC_state, p );
+               switch ((U8)*p) {
+               case '^':
+               case '$':
+               case '.':
+               case '[':
+               case '(':
+               case ')':
+               case '|':
+                   goto loopdone;
+               case '\\':
+                   /* Literal Escapes Switch
+
+                      This switch is meant to handle escape sequences that
+                      resolve to a literal character.
+
+                      Every escape sequence that represents something
+                      else, like an assertion or a char class, is handled
+                      in the switch marked 'Special Escapes' above in this
+                      routine, but also has an entry here as anything that
+                      isn't explicitly mentioned here will be treated as
+                      an unescaped equivalent literal.
+                   */
+
+                   switch ((U8)*++p) {
+                   /* These are all the special escapes. */
+                   case 'A':             /* Start assertion */
+                   case 'b': case 'B':   /* Word-boundary assertion*/
+                   case 'C':             /* Single char !DANGEROUS! */
+                   case 'd': case 'D':   /* digit class */
+                   case 'g': case 'G':   /* generic-backref, pos assertion */
+                   case 'h': case 'H':   /* HORIZWS */
+                   case 'k': case 'K':   /* named backref, keep marker */
+                   case 'p': case 'P':   /* Unicode property */
+                             case 'R':   /* LNBREAK */
+                   case 's': case 'S':   /* space class */
+                   case 'v': case 'V':   /* VERTWS */
+                   case 'w': case 'W':   /* word class */
+                   case 'X':             /* eXtended Unicode "combining character sequence" */
+                   case 'z': case 'Z':   /* End of line/string assertion */
+                       --p;
+                       goto loopdone;
+
+                   /* Anything after here is an escape that resolves to a
+                      literal. (Except digits, which may or may not)
+                    */
+                   case 'n':
+                       ender = '\n';
+                       p++;
+                       break;
+                   case 'N': /* Handle a single-code point named character. */
+                        /* The options cause it to fail if a multiple code
+                         * point sequence.  Handle those in the switch() above
+                         * */
+                        RExC_parse = p + 1;
+                        if (! grok_bslash_N(pRExC_state, NULL, &ender,
+                                            flagp, depth, FALSE,
+                                            FALSE /* not strict */ ))
+                        {
+                            if (*flagp & RESTART_UTF8)
+                                FAIL("panic: grok_bslash_N set RESTART_UTF8");
+                            RExC_parse = p = oldp;
+                            goto loopdone;
+                        }
+                        p = RExC_parse;
+                        if (ender > 0xff) {
+                            REQUIRE_UTF8;
+                        }
+                        break;
+                   case 'r':
+                       ender = '\r';
+                       p++;
+                       break;
+                   case 't':
+                       ender = '\t';
+                       p++;
+                       break;
+                   case 'f':
+                       ender = '\f';
+                       p++;
+                       break;
+                   case 'e':
+                         ender = ASCII_TO_NATIVE('\033');
+                       p++;
+                       break;
+                   case 'a':
+                         ender = ASCII_TO_NATIVE('\007');
+                       p++;
+                       break;
+                   case 'o':
+                       {
+                           UV result;
+                           const char* error_msg;
+
+                           bool valid = grok_bslash_o(&p,
+                                                      &result,
+                                                      &error_msg,
+                                                      TRUE, /* out warnings */
+                                                       FALSE, /* not strict */
+                                                       TRUE, /* Output warnings
+                                                                for non-
+                                                                portables */
+                                                       UTF);
+                           if (! valid) {
+                               RExC_parse = p; /* going to die anyway; point
+                                                  to exact spot of failure */
+                               vFAIL(error_msg);
+                           }
+                            ender = result;
+                           if (PL_encoding && ender < 0x100) {
+                               goto recode_encoding;
+                           }
+                           if (ender > 0xff) {
+                               REQUIRE_UTF8;
+                           }
+                           break;
+                       }
+                   case 'x':
+                       {
+                            UV result = UV_MAX; /* initialize to erroneous
+                                                   value */
+                           const char* error_msg;
+
+                           bool valid = grok_bslash_x(&p,
+                                                      &result,
+                                                      &error_msg,
+                                                      TRUE, /* out warnings */
+                                                       FALSE, /* not strict */
+                                                       TRUE, /* Output warnings
+                                                                for non-
+                                                                portables */
+                                                       UTF);
+                           if (! valid) {
+                               RExC_parse = p; /* going to die anyway; point
+                                                  to exact spot of failure */
+                               vFAIL(error_msg);
+                           }
+                            ender = result;
+
+                           if (PL_encoding && ender < 0x100) {
+                               goto recode_encoding;
+                           }
+                           if (ender > 0xff) {
+                               REQUIRE_UTF8;
+                           }
+                           break;
+                       }
+                   case 'c':
+                       p++;
+                       ender = grok_bslash_c(*p++, UTF, SIZE_ONLY);
+                       break;
+                   case '0': case '1': case '2': case '3':case '4':
+                   case '5': case '6': case '7':
+                       if (*p == '0' ||
+                           (isDIGIT(p[1]) && atoi(p) >= RExC_npar))
+                       {
+                           I32 flags = PERL_SCAN_SILENT_ILLDIGIT;
+                           STRLEN numlen = 3;
+                           ender = grok_oct(p, &numlen, &flags, NULL);
+                           if (ender > 0xff) {
+                               REQUIRE_UTF8;
+                           }
+                           p += numlen;
+                            if (SIZE_ONLY   /* like \08, \178 */
+                                && numlen < 3
+                                && p < RExC_end
+                                && isDIGIT(*p) && ckWARN(WARN_REGEXP))
+                            {
+                               reg_warn_non_literal_string(
+                                         p + 1,
+                                         form_short_octal_warning(p, numlen));
+                            }
+                       }
+                        else {  /* Not to be treated as an octal constant, go
+                                   find backref */
+                           --p;
+                           goto loopdone;
+                       }
+                       if (PL_encoding && ender < 0x100)
+                           goto recode_encoding;
+                       break;
+                   recode_encoding:
+                       if (! RExC_override_recoding) {
+                           SV* enc = PL_encoding;
+                           ender = reg_recode((const char)(U8)ender, &enc);
+                           if (!enc && SIZE_ONLY)
+                               ckWARNreg(p, "Invalid escape in the specified encoding");
+                           REQUIRE_UTF8;
+                       }
+                       break;
+                   case '\0':
+                       if (p >= RExC_end)
+                           FAIL("Trailing \\");
+                       /* FALL THROUGH */
+                   default:
+                       if (!SIZE_ONLY&& isALPHANUMERIC(*p)) {
+                           /* Include any { following the alpha to emphasize
+                            * that it could be part of an escape at some point
+                            * in the future */
+                           int len = (isALPHA(*p) && *(p + 1) == '{') ? 2 : 1;
+                           ckWARN3reg(p + len, "Unrecognized escape \\%.*s passed through", len, p);
+                       }
+                       goto normal_default;
+                   } /* End of switch on '\' */
+                   break;
+               default:    /* A literal character */
+
+                    if (! SIZE_ONLY
+                        && RExC_flags & RXf_PMf_EXTENDED
+                        && ckWARN_d(WARN_DEPRECATED)
+                        && is_PATWS_non_low(p, UTF))
+                    {
+                        vWARN_dep(p + ((UTF) ? UTF8SKIP(p) : 1),
+                                "Escape literal pattern white space under /x");
+                    }
+
+                 normal_default:
+                   if (UTF8_IS_START(*p) && UTF) {
+                       STRLEN numlen;
+                       ender = utf8n_to_uvchr((U8*)p, RExC_end - p,
+                                              &numlen, UTF8_ALLOW_DEFAULT);
+                       p += numlen;
+                   }
+                   else
+                       ender = (U8) *p++;
+                   break;
+               } /* End of switch on the literal */
+
+               /* Here, have looked at the literal character and <ender>
+                * contains its ordinal, <p> points to the character after it
+                */
+
+               if ( RExC_flags & RXf_PMf_EXTENDED)
+                   p = regwhite( pRExC_state, p );
+
+                /* If the next thing is a quantifier, it applies to this
+                 * character only, which means that this character has to be in
+                 * its own node and can't just be appended to the string in an
+                 * existing node, so if there are already other characters in
+                 * the node, close the node with just them, and set up to do
+                 * this character again next time through, when it will be the
+                 * only thing in its new node */
+                if ((next_is_quantifier = (p < RExC_end && ISMULT2(p))) && len)
+               {
+                    p = oldp;
+                    goto loopdone;
+                }
+
+                if (! FOLD) {
+                    if (UTF) {
+                        const STRLEN unilen = reguni(pRExC_state, ender, s);
+                        if (unilen > 0) {
+                           s   += unilen;
+                           len += unilen;
+                        }
+
+                        /* The loop increments <len> each time, as all but this
+                         * path (and one other) through it add a single byte to
+                         * the EXACTish node.  But this one has changed len to
+                         * be the correct final value, so subtract one to
+                         * cancel out the increment that follows */
+                        len--;
+                    }
+                    else {
+                        REGC((char)ender, s++);
+                    }
+                }
+                else /* FOLD */
+                     if (! ( UTF
+                        /* See comments for join_exact() as to why we fold this
+                         * non-UTF at compile time */
+                        || (node_type == EXACTFU
+                            && ender == LATIN_SMALL_LETTER_SHARP_S)))
+                {
+                    *(s++) = (char) ender;
+                    maybe_exact &= ! IS_IN_SOME_FOLD_L1(ender);
+                }
+                else {  /* UTF */
+
+                    /* Prime the casefolded buffer.  Locale rules, which apply
+                     * only to code points < 256, aren't known until execution,
+                     * so for them, just output the original character using
+                     * utf8.  If we start to fold non-UTF patterns, be sure to
+                     * update join_exact() */
+                    if (LOC && ender < 256) {
+                        if (UNI_IS_INVARIANT(ender)) {
+                            *s = (U8) ender;
+                            foldlen = 1;
+                        } else {
+                            *s = UTF8_TWO_BYTE_HI(ender);
+                            *(s + 1) = UTF8_TWO_BYTE_LO(ender);
+                            foldlen = 2;
+                        }
+                    }
+                    else {
+                        UV folded = _to_uni_fold_flags(
+                                       ender,
+                                       (U8 *) s,
+                                       &foldlen,
+                                       FOLD_FLAGS_FULL
+                                       | ((LOC) ?  FOLD_FLAGS_LOCALE
+                                                : (ASCII_FOLD_RESTRICTED)
+                                                  ? FOLD_FLAGS_NOMIX_ASCII
+                                                  : 0)
+                                        );
+
+                        /* If this node only contains non-folding code points
+                         * so far, see if this new one is also non-folding */
+                        if (maybe_exact) {
+                            if (folded != ender) {
+                                maybe_exact = FALSE;
+                            }
+                            else {
+                                /* Here the fold is the original; we have
+                                 * to check further to see if anything
+                                 * folds to it */
+                                if (! PL_utf8_foldable) {
+                                    SV* swash = swash_init("utf8",
+                                                       "_Perl_Any_Folds",
+                                                       &PL_sv_undef, 1, 0);
+                                    PL_utf8_foldable =
+                                                _get_swash_invlist(swash);
+                                    SvREFCNT_dec_NN(swash);
+                                }
+                                if (_invlist_contains_cp(PL_utf8_foldable,
+                                                         ender))
+                                {
+                                    maybe_exact = FALSE;
+                                }
+                            }
+                        }
+                        ender = folded;
+                    }
+                    s += foldlen;
+
+                    /* The loop increments <len> each time, as all but this
+                     * path (and one other) through it add a single byte to the
+                     * EXACTish node.  But this one has changed len to be the
+                     * correct final value, so subtract one to cancel out the
+                     * increment that follows */
+                    len += foldlen - 1;
+               }
+
+               if (next_is_quantifier) {
+
+                    /* Here, the next input is a quantifier, and to get here,
+                     * the current character is the only one in the node.
+                     * Also, here <len> doesn't include the final byte for this
+                     * character */
+                    len++;
+                    goto loopdone;
+               }
+
+           } /* End of loop through literal characters */
+
+            /* Here we have either exhausted the input or ran out of room in
+             * the node.  (If we encountered a character that can't be in the
+             * node, transfer is made directly to <loopdone>, and so we
+             * wouldn't have fallen off the end of the loop.)  In the latter
+             * case, we artificially have to split the node into two, because
+             * we just don't have enough space to hold everything.  This
+             * creates a problem if the final character participates in a
+             * multi-character fold in the non-final position, as a match that
+             * should have occurred won't, due to the way nodes are matched,
+             * and our artificial boundary.  So back off until we find a non-
+             * problematic character -- one that isn't at the beginning or
+             * middle of such a fold.  (Either it doesn't participate in any
+             * folds, or appears only in the final position of all the folds it
+             * does participate in.)  A better solution with far fewer false
+             * positives, and that would fill the nodes more completely, would
+             * be to actually have available all the multi-character folds to
+             * test against, and to back-off only far enough to be sure that
+             * this node isn't ending with a partial one.  <upper_parse> is set
+             * further below (if we need to reparse the node) to include just
+             * up through that final non-problematic character that this code
+             * identifies, so when it is set to less than the full node, we can
+             * skip the rest of this */
+            if (FOLD && p < RExC_end && upper_parse == MAX_NODE_STRING_SIZE) {
+
+                const STRLEN full_len = len;
+
+               assert(len >= MAX_NODE_STRING_SIZE);
+
+                /* Here, <s> points to the final byte of the final character.
+                 * Look backwards through the string until find a non-
+                 * problematic character */
+
+               if (! UTF) {
+
+                    /* These two have no multi-char folds to non-UTF characters
+                     */
+                    if (ASCII_FOLD_RESTRICTED || LOC) {
+                        goto loopdone;
+                    }
+
+                    while (--s >= s0 && IS_NON_FINAL_FOLD(*s)) { }
+                    len = s - s0 + 1;
+               }
+                else {
+                    if (!  PL_NonL1NonFinalFold) {
+                        PL_NonL1NonFinalFold = _new_invlist_C_array(
+                                        NonL1_Perl_Non_Final_Folds_invlist);
+                    }
+
+                    /* Point to the first byte of the final character */
+                    s = (char *) utf8_hop((U8 *) s, -1);
+
+                    while (s >= s0) {   /* Search backwards until find
+                                           non-problematic char */
+                        if (UTF8_IS_INVARIANT(*s)) {
+
+                            /* There are no ascii characters that participate
+                             * in multi-char folds under /aa.  In EBCDIC, the
+                             * non-ascii invariants are all control characters,
+                             * so don't ever participate in any folds. */
+                            if (ASCII_FOLD_RESTRICTED
+                                || ! IS_NON_FINAL_FOLD(*s))
+                            {
+                                break;
+                            }
+                        }
+                        else if (UTF8_IS_DOWNGRADEABLE_START(*s)) {
+
+                            /* No Latin1 characters participate in multi-char
+                             * folds under /l */
+                            if (LOC
+                                || ! IS_NON_FINAL_FOLD(TWO_BYTE_UTF8_TO_UNI(
+                                                                *s, *(s+1))))
+                            {
+                                break;
+                            }
+                        }
+                        else if (! _invlist_contains_cp(
+                                        PL_NonL1NonFinalFold,
+                                        valid_utf8_to_uvchr((U8 *) s, NULL)))
+                        {
+                            break;
+                        }
+
+                        /* Here, the current character is problematic in that
+                         * it does occur in the non-final position of some
+                         * fold, so try the character before it, but have to
+                         * special case the very first byte in the string, so
+                         * we don't read outside the string */
+                        s = (s == s0) ? s -1 : (char *) utf8_hop((U8 *) s, -1);
+                    } /* End of loop backwards through the string */
+
+                    /* If there were only problematic characters in the string,
+                     * <s> will point to before s0, in which case the length
+                     * should be 0, otherwise include the length of the
+                     * non-problematic character just found */
+                    len = (s < s0) ? 0 : s - s0 + UTF8SKIP(s);
+               }
+
+                /* Here, have found the final character, if any, that is
+                 * non-problematic as far as ending the node without splitting
+                 * it across a potential multi-char fold.  <len> contains the
+                 * number of bytes in the node up-to and including that
+                 * character, or is 0 if there is no such character, meaning
+                 * the whole node contains only problematic characters.  In
+                 * this case, give up and just take the node as-is.  We can't
+                 * do any better */
+                if (len == 0) {
+                    len = full_len;
+                } else {
+
+                    /* Here, the node does contain some characters that aren't
+                     * problematic.  If one such is the final character in the
+                     * node, we are done */
+                    if (len == full_len) {
+                        goto loopdone;
+                    }
+                    else if (len + ((UTF) ? UTF8SKIP(s) : 1) == full_len) {
+
+                        /* If the final character is problematic, but the
+                         * penultimate is not, back-off that last character to
+                         * later start a new node with it */
+                        p = oldp;
+                        goto loopdone;
+                    }
+
+                    /* Here, the final non-problematic character is earlier
+                     * in the input than the penultimate character.  What we do
+                     * is reparse from the beginning, going up only as far as
+                     * this final ok one, thus guaranteeing that the node ends
+                     * in an acceptable character.  The reason we reparse is
+                     * that we know how far in the character is, but we don't
+                     * know how to correlate its position with the input parse.
+                     * An alternate implementation would be to build that
+                     * correlation as we go along during the original parse,
+                     * but that would entail extra work for every node, whereas
+                     * this code gets executed only when the string is too
+                     * large for the node, and the final two characters are
+                     * problematic, an infrequent occurrence.  Yet another
+                     * possible strategy would be to save the tail of the
+                     * string, and the next time regatom is called, initialize
+                     * with that.  The problem with this is that unless you
+                     * back off one more character, you won't be guaranteed
+                     * regatom will get called again, unless regbranch,
+                     * regpiece ... are also changed.  If you do back off that
+                     * extra character, so that there is input guaranteed to
+                     * force calling regatom, you can't handle the case where
+                     * just the first character in the node is acceptable.  I
+                     * (khw) decided to try this method which doesn't have that
+                     * pitfall; if performance issues are found, we can do a
+                     * combination of the current approach plus that one */
+                    upper_parse = len;
+                    len = 0;
+                    s = s0;
+                    goto reparse;
+                }
+           }   /* End of verifying node ends with an appropriate char */
+
+       loopdone:   /* Jumped to when encounters something that shouldn't be in
+                      the node */
+
+            /* I (khw) don't know if you can get here with zero length, but the
+             * old code handled this situation by creating a zero-length EXACT
+             * node.  Might as well be NOTHING instead */
+            if (len == 0) {
+                OP(ret) = NOTHING;
+            }
+            else{
+
+                /* If 'maybe_exact' is still set here, means there are no
+                 * code points in the node that participate in folds */
+                if (FOLD && maybe_exact) {
+                    OP(ret) = EXACT;
+                }
+                alloc_maybe_populate_EXACT(pRExC_state, ret, flagp, len, ender);
+            }
+
+           RExC_parse = p - 1;
+            Set_Node_Cur_Length(ret, parse_start);
+           nextchar(pRExC_state);
+           {
+               /* len is STRLEN which is unsigned, need to copy to signed */
+               IV iv = len;
+               if (iv < 0)
+                   vFAIL("Internal disaster");
+           }
+
+       } /* End of label 'defchar:' */
+       break;
+    } /* End of giant switch on input character */
+
+    return(ret);
+}
+
+STATIC char *
+S_regwhite( RExC_state_t *pRExC_state, char *p )
+{
+    const char *e = RExC_end;
+
+    PERL_ARGS_ASSERT_REGWHITE;
+
+    while (p < e) {
+       if (isSPACE(*p))
+           ++p;
+       else if (*p == '#') {
+            bool ended = 0;
+           do {
+               if (*p++ == '\n') {
+                   ended = 1;
+                   break;
+               }
+           } while (p < e);
+           if (!ended)
+               RExC_seen |= REG_SEEN_RUN_ON_COMMENT;
+       }
+       else
+           break;
+    }
+    return p;
+}
+
+STATIC char *
+S_regpatws( RExC_state_t *pRExC_state, char *p , const bool recognize_comment )
+{
+    /* Returns the next non-pattern-white space, non-comment character (the
+     * latter only if 'recognize_comment is true) in the string p, which is
+     * ended by RExC_end.  If there is no line break ending a comment,
+     * RExC_seen has added the REG_SEEN_RUN_ON_COMMENT flag; */
+    const char *e = RExC_end;
+
+    PERL_ARGS_ASSERT_REGPATWS;
+
+    while (p < e) {
+        STRLEN len;
+       if ((len = is_PATWS_safe(p, e, UTF))) {
+           p += len;
+        }
+       else if (recognize_comment && *p == '#') {
+            bool ended = 0;
+           do {
+                p++;
+                if (is_LNBREAK_safe(p, e, UTF)) {
+                   ended = 1;
+                   break;
+               }
+           } while (p < e);
+           if (!ended)
+               RExC_seen |= REG_SEEN_RUN_ON_COMMENT;
+       }
+       else
+           break;
+    }
+    return p;
+}
+
+/* Parse POSIX character classes: [[:foo:]], [[=foo=]], [[.foo.]].
+   Character classes ([:foo:]) can also be negated ([:^foo:]).
+   Returns a named class id (ANYOF_XXX) if successful, -1 otherwise.
+   Equivalence classes ([=foo=]) and composites ([.foo.]) are parsed,
+   but trigger failures because they are currently unimplemented. */
+
+#define POSIXCC_DONE(c)   ((c) == ':')
+#define POSIXCC_NOTYET(c) ((c) == '=' || (c) == '.')
+#define POSIXCC(c) (POSIXCC_DONE(c) || POSIXCC_NOTYET(c))
+
+PERL_STATIC_INLINE I32
+S_regpposixcc(pTHX_ RExC_state_t *pRExC_state, I32 value, const bool strict)
+{
+    dVAR;
+    I32 namedclass = OOB_NAMEDCLASS;
+
+    PERL_ARGS_ASSERT_REGPPOSIXCC;
+
+    if (value == '[' && RExC_parse + 1 < RExC_end &&
+       /* I smell either [: or [= or [. -- POSIX has been here, right? */
+       POSIXCC(UCHARAT(RExC_parse)))
+    {
+       const char c = UCHARAT(RExC_parse);
+       char* const s = RExC_parse++;
+
+       while (RExC_parse < RExC_end && UCHARAT(RExC_parse) != c)
+           RExC_parse++;
+       if (RExC_parse == RExC_end) {
+            if (strict) {
+
+                /* Try to give a better location for the error (than the end of
+                 * the string) by looking for the matching ']' */
+                RExC_parse = s;
+                while (RExC_parse < RExC_end && UCHARAT(RExC_parse) != ']') {
+                    RExC_parse++;
+                }
+                vFAIL2("Unmatched '%c' in POSIX class", c);
+            }
+           /* Grandfather lone [:, [=, [. */
+           RExC_parse = s;
+        }
+       else {
+           const char* const t = RExC_parse++; /* skip over the c */
+           assert(*t == c);
+
+           if (UCHARAT(RExC_parse) == ']') {
+               const char *posixcc = s + 1;
+               RExC_parse++; /* skip over the ending ] */
+
+               if (*s == ':') {
+                   const I32 complement = *posixcc == '^' ? *posixcc++ : 0;
+                   const I32 skip = t - posixcc;
+
+                   /* Initially switch on the length of the name.  */
+                   switch (skip) {
+                   case 4:
+                        if (memEQ(posixcc, "word", 4)) /* this is not POSIX,
+                                                          this is the Perl \w
+                                                        */
+                           namedclass = ANYOF_WORDCHAR;
+                       break;
+                   case 5:
+                       /* Names all of length 5.  */
+                       /* alnum alpha ascii blank cntrl digit graph lower
+                          print punct space upper  */
+                       /* Offset 4 gives the best switch position.  */
+                       switch (posixcc[4]) {
+                       case 'a':
+                           if (memEQ(posixcc, "alph", 4)) /* alpha */
+                               namedclass = ANYOF_ALPHA;
+                           break;
+                       case 'e':
+                           if (memEQ(posixcc, "spac", 4)) /* space */
+                               namedclass = ANYOF_PSXSPC;
+                           break;
+                       case 'h':
+                           if (memEQ(posixcc, "grap", 4)) /* graph */
+                               namedclass = ANYOF_GRAPH;
+                           break;
+                       case 'i':
+                           if (memEQ(posixcc, "asci", 4)) /* ascii */
+                               namedclass = ANYOF_ASCII;
+                           break;
+                       case 'k':
+                           if (memEQ(posixcc, "blan", 4)) /* blank */
+                               namedclass = ANYOF_BLANK;
+                           break;
+                       case 'l':
+                           if (memEQ(posixcc, "cntr", 4)) /* cntrl */
+                               namedclass = ANYOF_CNTRL;
+                           break;
+                       case 'm':
+                           if (memEQ(posixcc, "alnu", 4)) /* alnum */
+                               namedclass = ANYOF_ALPHANUMERIC;
+                           break;
+                       case 'r':
+                           if (memEQ(posixcc, "lowe", 4)) /* lower */
+                               namedclass = (FOLD) ? ANYOF_CASED : ANYOF_LOWER;
+                           else if (memEQ(posixcc, "uppe", 4)) /* upper */
+                               namedclass = (FOLD) ? ANYOF_CASED : ANYOF_UPPER;
+                           break;
+                       case 't':
+                           if (memEQ(posixcc, "digi", 4)) /* digit */
+                               namedclass = ANYOF_DIGIT;
+                           else if (memEQ(posixcc, "prin", 4)) /* print */
+                               namedclass = ANYOF_PRINT;
+                           else if (memEQ(posixcc, "punc", 4)) /* punct */
+                               namedclass = ANYOF_PUNCT;
+                           break;
+                       }
+                       break;
+                   case 6:
+                       if (memEQ(posixcc, "xdigit", 6))
+                           namedclass = ANYOF_XDIGIT;
+                       break;
+                   }
+
+                   if (namedclass == OOB_NAMEDCLASS)
+                       Simple_vFAIL3("POSIX class [:%.*s:] unknown",
+                                     t - s - 1, s + 1);
+
+                    /* The #defines are structured so each complement is +1 to
+                     * the normal one */
+                    if (complement) {
+                        namedclass++;
+                    }
+                   assert (posixcc[skip] == ':');
+                   assert (posixcc[skip+1] == ']');
+               } else if (!SIZE_ONLY) {
+                   /* [[=foo=]] and [[.foo.]] are still future. */
+
+                   /* adjust RExC_parse so the warning shows after
+                      the class closes */
+                   while (UCHARAT(RExC_parse) && UCHARAT(RExC_parse) != ']')
+                       RExC_parse++;
+                   vFAIL3("POSIX syntax [%c %c] is reserved for future extensions", c, c);
+               }
+           } else {
+               /* Maternal grandfather:
+                * "[:" ending in ":" but not in ":]" */
+                if (strict) {
+                    vFAIL("Unmatched '[' in POSIX class");
+                }
+
+                /* Grandfather lone [:, [=, [. */
+               RExC_parse = s;
+           }
+       }
+    }
+
+    return namedclass;
+}
+
+STATIC bool
+S_could_it_be_a_POSIX_class(pTHX_ RExC_state_t *pRExC_state)
+{
+    /* This applies some heuristics at the current parse position (which should
+     * be at a '[') to see if what follows might be intended to be a [:posix:]
+     * class.  It returns true if it really is a posix class, of course, but it
+     * also can return true if it thinks that what was intended was a posix
+     * class that didn't quite make it.
+     *
+     * It will return true for
+     *      [:alphanumerics:
+     *      [:alphanumerics]  (as long as the ] isn't followed immediately by a
+     *                         ')' indicating the end of the (?[
+     *      [:any garbage including %^&$ punctuation:]
+     *
+     * This is designed to be called only from S_handle_regex_sets; it could be
+     * easily adapted to be called from the spot at the beginning of regclass()
+     * that checks to see in a normal bracketed class if the surrounding []
+     * have been omitted ([:word:] instead of [[:word:]]).  But doing so would
+     * change long-standing behavior, so I (khw) didn't do that */
+    char* p = RExC_parse + 1;
+    char first_char = *p;
+
+    PERL_ARGS_ASSERT_COULD_IT_BE_A_POSIX_CLASS;
+
+    assert(*(p - 1) == '[');
+
+    if (! POSIXCC(first_char)) {
+        return FALSE;
+    }
+
+    p++;
+    while (p < RExC_end && isWORDCHAR(*p)) p++;
+
+    if (p >= RExC_end) {
+        return FALSE;
+    }
+
+    if (p - RExC_parse > 2    /* Got at least 1 word character */
+        && (*p == first_char
+            || (*p == ']' && p + 1 < RExC_end && *(p + 1) != ')')))
+    {
+        return TRUE;
+    }
+
+    p = (char *) memchr(RExC_parse, ']', RExC_end - RExC_parse);
+
+    return (p
+            && p - RExC_parse > 2 /* [:] evaluates to colon;
+                                      [::] is a bad posix class. */
+            && first_char == *(p - 1));
+}
+
+STATIC regnode *
+S_handle_regex_sets(pTHX_ RExC_state_t *pRExC_state, SV** return_invlist, I32 *flagp, U32 depth,
+                   char * const oregcomp_parse)
+{
+    /* Handle the (?[...]) construct to do set operations */
+
+    U8 curchar;
+    UV start, end;     /* End points of code point ranges */
+    SV* result_string;
+    char *save_end, *save_parse;
+    SV* final;
+    STRLEN len;
+    regnode* node;
+    AV* stack;
+    const bool save_fold = FOLD;
+
+    GET_RE_DEBUG_FLAGS_DECL;
+
+    PERL_ARGS_ASSERT_HANDLE_REGEX_SETS;
+
+    if (LOC) {
+        vFAIL("(?[...]) not valid in locale");
+    }
+    RExC_uni_semantics = 1;
+
+    /* This will return only an ANYOF regnode, or (unlikely) something smaller
+     * (such as EXACT).  Thus we can skip most everything if just sizing.  We
+     * call regclass to handle '[]' so as to not have to reinvent its parsing
+     * rules here (throwing away the size it computes each time).  And, we exit
+     * upon an unescaped ']' that isn't one ending a regclass.  To do both
+     * these things, we need to realize that something preceded by a backslash
+     * is escaped, so we have to keep track of backslashes */
+    if (SIZE_ONLY) {
+        UV depth = 0; /* how many nested (?[...]) constructs */
+
+        Perl_ck_warner_d(aTHX_
+            packWARN(WARN_EXPERIMENTAL__REGEX_SETS),
+            "The regex_sets feature is experimental" REPORT_LOCATION,
+            (int) (RExC_parse - RExC_precomp) , RExC_precomp, RExC_parse);
+
+        while (RExC_parse < RExC_end) {
+            SV* current = NULL;
+            RExC_parse = regpatws(pRExC_state, RExC_parse,
+                                TRUE); /* means recognize comments */
+            switch (*RExC_parse) {
+                case '?':
+                    if (RExC_parse[1] == '[') depth++, RExC_parse++;
+                    /* FALL THROUGH */
+                default:
+                    break;
+                case '\\':
+                    /* Skip the next byte (which could cause us to end up in
+                     * the middle of a UTF-8 character, but since none of those
+                     * are confusable with anything we currently handle in this
+                     * switch (invariants all), it's safe.  We'll just hit the
+                     * default: case next time and keep on incrementing until
+                     * we find one of the invariants we do handle. */
+                    RExC_parse++;
+                    break;
+                case '[':
+                {
+                    /* If this looks like it is a [:posix:] class, leave the
+                     * parse pointer at the '[' to fool regclass() into
+                     * thinking it is part of a '[[:posix:]]'.  That function
+                     * will use strict checking to force a syntax error if it
+                     * doesn't work out to a legitimate class */
+                    bool is_posix_class
+                                    = could_it_be_a_POSIX_class(pRExC_state);
+                    if (! is_posix_class) {
+                        RExC_parse++;
+                    }
+
+                    /* regclass() can only return RESTART_UTF8 if multi-char
+                       folds are allowed.  */
+                    if (!regclass(pRExC_state, flagp,depth+1,
+                                  is_posix_class, /* parse the whole char
+                                                     class only if not a
+                                                     posix class */
+                                  FALSE, /* don't allow multi-char folds */
+                                  TRUE, /* silence non-portable warnings. */
+                                  &current))
+                        FAIL2("panic: regclass returned NULL to handle_sets, flags=%#"UVxf"",
+                              (UV) *flagp);
+
+                    /* function call leaves parse pointing to the ']', except
+                     * if we faked it */
+                    if (is_posix_class) {
+                        RExC_parse--;
+                    }
+
+                    SvREFCNT_dec(current);   /* In case it returned something */
+                    break;
+                }
+
+                case ']':
+                    if (depth--) break;
+                    RExC_parse++;
+                    if (RExC_parse < RExC_end
+                        && *RExC_parse == ')')
+                    {
+                        node = reganode(pRExC_state, ANYOF, 0);
+                        RExC_size += ANYOF_SKIP;
+                        nextchar(pRExC_state);
+                        Set_Node_Length(node,
+                                RExC_parse - oregcomp_parse + 1); /* MJD */
+                        return node;
+                    }
+                    goto no_close;
+            }
+            RExC_parse++;
+        }
+
+        no_close:
+        FAIL("Syntax error in (?[...])");
+    }
+
+    /* Pass 2 only after this.  Everything in this construct is a
+     * metacharacter.  Operands begin with either a '\' (for an escape
+     * sequence), or a '[' for a bracketed character class.  Any other
+     * character should be an operator, or parenthesis for grouping.  Both
+     * types of operands are handled by calling regclass() to parse them.  It
+     * is called with a parameter to indicate to return the computed inversion
+     * list.  The parsing here is implemented via a stack.  Each entry on the
+     * stack is a single character representing one of the operators, or the
+     * '('; or else a pointer to an operand inversion list. */
+
+#define IS_OPERAND(a)  (! SvIOK(a))
+
+    /* The stack starts empty.  It is a syntax error if the first thing parsed
+     * is a binary operator; everything else is pushed on the stack.  When an
+     * operand is parsed, the top of the stack is examined.  If it is a binary
+     * operator, the item before it should be an operand, and both are replaced
+     * by the result of doing that operation on the new operand and the one on
+     * the stack.   Thus a sequence of binary operands is reduced to a single
+     * one before the next one is parsed.
+     *
+     * A unary operator may immediately follow a binary in the input, for
+     * example
+     *      [a] + ! [b]
+     * When an operand is parsed and the top of the stack is a unary operator,
+     * the operation is performed, and then the stack is rechecked to see if
+     * this new operand is part of a binary operation; if so, it is handled as
+     * above.
+     *
+     * A '(' is simply pushed on the stack; it is valid only if the stack is
+     * empty, or the top element of the stack is an operator or another '('
+     * (for which the parenthesized expression will become an operand).  By the
+     * time the corresponding ')' is parsed everything in between should have
+     * been parsed and evaluated to a single operand (or else is a syntax
+     * error), and is handled as a regular operand */
+
+    sv_2mortal((SV *)(stack = newAV()));
+
+    while (RExC_parse < RExC_end) {
+        I32 top_index = av_tindex(stack);
+        SV** top_ptr;
+        SV* current = NULL;
+
+        /* Skip white space */
+        RExC_parse = regpatws(pRExC_state, RExC_parse,
+                                TRUE); /* means recognize comments */
+        if (RExC_parse >= RExC_end) {
+            Perl_croak(aTHX_ "panic: Read past end of '(?[ ])'");
+        }
+        if ((curchar = UCHARAT(RExC_parse)) == ']') {
+            break;
+        }
+
+        switch (curchar) {
+
+            case '?':
+                if (av_tindex(stack) >= 0   /* This makes sure that we can
+                                               safely subtract 1 from
+                                               RExC_parse in the next clause.
+                                               If we have something on the
+                                               stack, we have parsed something
+                                             */
+                    && UCHARAT(RExC_parse - 1) == '('
+                    && RExC_parse < RExC_end)
+                {
+                    /* If is a '(?', could be an embedded '(?flags:(?[...])'.
+                     * This happens when we have some thing like
+                     *
+                     *   my $thai_or_lao = qr/(?[ \p{Thai} + \p{Lao} ])/;
+                     *   ...
+                     *   qr/(?[ \p{Digit} & $thai_or_lao ])/;
+                     *
+                     * Here we would be handling the interpolated
+                     * '$thai_or_lao'.  We handle this by a recursive call to
+                     * ourselves which returns the inversion list the
+                     * interpolated expression evaluates to.  We use the flags
+                     * from the interpolated pattern. */
+                    U32 save_flags = RExC_flags;
+                    const char * const save_parse = ++RExC_parse;
+
+                    parse_lparen_question_flags(pRExC_state);
+
+                    if (RExC_parse == save_parse  /* Makes sure there was at
+                                                     least one flag (or this
+                                                     embedding wasn't compiled)
+                                                   */
+                        || RExC_parse >= RExC_end - 4
+                        || UCHARAT(RExC_parse) != ':'
+                        || UCHARAT(++RExC_parse) != '('
+                        || UCHARAT(++RExC_parse) != '?'
+                        || UCHARAT(++RExC_parse) != '[')
+                    {
+
+                        /* In combination with the above, this moves the
+                         * pointer to the point just after the first erroneous
+                         * character (or if there are no flags, to where they
+                         * should have been) */
+                        if (RExC_parse >= RExC_end - 4) {
+                            RExC_parse = RExC_end;
+                        }
+                        else if (RExC_parse != save_parse) {
+                            RExC_parse += (UTF) ? UTF8SKIP(RExC_parse) : 1;
+                        }
+                        vFAIL("Expecting '(?flags:(?[...'");
+                    }
+                    RExC_parse++;
+                    (void) handle_regex_sets(pRExC_state, &current, flagp,
+                                                    depth+1, oregcomp_parse);
+
+                    /* Here, 'current' contains the embedded expression's
+                     * inversion list, and RExC_parse points to the trailing
+                     * ']'; the next character should be the ')' which will be
+                     * paired with the '(' that has been put on the stack, so
+                     * the whole embedded expression reduces to '(operand)' */
+                    RExC_parse++;
+
+                    RExC_flags = save_flags;
+                    goto handle_operand;
+                }
+                /* FALL THROUGH */
+
+            default:
+                RExC_parse += (UTF) ? UTF8SKIP(RExC_parse) : 1;
+                vFAIL("Unexpected character");
+
+            case '\\':
+                /* regclass() can only return RESTART_UTF8 if multi-char
+                   folds are allowed.  */
+                if (!regclass(pRExC_state, flagp,depth+1,
+                              TRUE, /* means parse just the next thing */
+                              FALSE, /* don't allow multi-char folds */
+                              FALSE, /* don't silence non-portable warnings.  */
+                              &current))
+                    FAIL2("panic: regclass returned NULL to handle_sets, flags=%#"UVxf"",
+                          (UV) *flagp);
+                /* regclass() will return with parsing just the \ sequence,
+                 * leaving the parse pointer at the next thing to parse */
+                RExC_parse--;
+                goto handle_operand;
+
+            case '[':   /* Is a bracketed character class */
+            {
+                bool is_posix_class = could_it_be_a_POSIX_class(pRExC_state);
+
+                if (! is_posix_class) {
+                    RExC_parse++;
+                }
+
+                /* regclass() can only return RESTART_UTF8 if multi-char
+                   folds are allowed.  */
+                if(!regclass(pRExC_state, flagp,depth+1,
+                             is_posix_class, /* parse the whole char class
+                                                only if not a posix class */
+                             FALSE, /* don't allow multi-char folds */
+                             FALSE, /* don't silence non-portable warnings.  */
+                             &current))
+                    FAIL2("panic: regclass returned NULL to handle_sets, flags=%#"UVxf"",
+                          (UV) *flagp);
+                /* function call leaves parse pointing to the ']', except if we
+                 * faked it */
+                if (is_posix_class) {
+                    RExC_parse--;
+                }
+
+                goto handle_operand;
+            }
+
+            case '&':
+            case '|':
+            case '+':
+            case '-':
+            case '^':
+                if (top_index < 0
+                    || ( ! (top_ptr = av_fetch(stack, top_index, FALSE)))
+                    || ! IS_OPERAND(*top_ptr))
+                {
+                    RExC_parse++;
+                    vFAIL2("Unexpected binary operator '%c' with no preceding operand", curchar);
+                }
+                av_push(stack, newSVuv(curchar));
+                break;
+
+            case '!':
+                av_push(stack, newSVuv(curchar));
+                break;
+
+            case '(':
+                if (top_index >= 0) {
+                    top_ptr = av_fetch(stack, top_index, FALSE);
+                    assert(top_ptr);
+                    if (IS_OPERAND(*top_ptr)) {
+                        RExC_parse++;
+                        vFAIL("Unexpected '(' with no preceding operator");
+                    }
+                }
+                av_push(stack, newSVuv(curchar));
+                break;
+
+            case ')':
+            {
+                SV* lparen;
+                if (top_index < 1
+                    || ! (current = av_pop(stack))
+                    || ! IS_OPERAND(current)
+                    || ! (lparen = av_pop(stack))
+                    || IS_OPERAND(lparen)
+                    || SvUV(lparen) != '(')
+                {
+                    SvREFCNT_dec(current);
+                    RExC_parse++;
+                    vFAIL("Unexpected ')'");
+                }
+                top_index -= 2;
+                SvREFCNT_dec_NN(lparen);
+
+                /* FALL THROUGH */
+            }
+
+              handle_operand:
+
+                /* Here, we have an operand to process, in 'current' */
+
+                if (top_index < 0) {    /* Just push if stack is empty */
+                    av_push(stack, current);
+                }
+                else {
+                    SV* top = av_pop(stack);
+                    SV *prev = NULL;
+                    char current_operator;
+
+                    if (IS_OPERAND(top)) {
+                        SvREFCNT_dec_NN(top);
+                        SvREFCNT_dec_NN(current);
+                        vFAIL("Operand with no preceding operator");
+                    }
+                    current_operator = (char) SvUV(top);
+                    switch (current_operator) {
+                        case '(':   /* Push the '(' back on followed by the new
+                                       operand */
+                            av_push(stack, top);
+                            av_push(stack, current);
+                            SvREFCNT_inc(top);  /* Counters the '_dec' done
+                                                   just after the 'break', so
+                                                   it doesn't get wrongly freed
+                                                 */
+                            break;
+
+                        case '!':
+                            _invlist_invert(current);
+
+                            /* Unlike binary operators, the top of the stack,
+                             * now that this unary one has been popped off, may
+                             * legally be an operator, and we now have operand
+                             * for it. */
+                            top_index--;
+                            SvREFCNT_dec_NN(top);
+                            goto handle_operand;
+
+                        case '&':
+                            prev = av_pop(stack);
+                            _invlist_intersection(prev,
+                                                   current,
+                                                   &current);
+                            av_push(stack, current);
+                            break;
+
+                        case '|':
+                        case '+':
+                            prev = av_pop(stack);
+                            _invlist_union(prev, current, &current);
+                            av_push(stack, current);
+                            break;
+
+                        case '-':
+                            prev = av_pop(stack);;
+                            _invlist_subtract(prev, current, &current);
+                            av_push(stack, current);
+                            break;
+
+                        case '^':   /* The union minus the intersection */
+                        {
+                            SV* i = NULL;
+                            SV* u = NULL;
+                            SV* element;
+
+                            prev = av_pop(stack);
+                            _invlist_union(prev, current, &u);
+                            _invlist_intersection(prev, current, &i);
+                            /* _invlist_subtract will overwrite current
+                                without freeing what it already contains */
+                            element = current;
+                            _invlist_subtract(u, i, &current);
+                            av_push(stack, current);
+                            SvREFCNT_dec_NN(i);
+                            SvREFCNT_dec_NN(u);
+                            SvREFCNT_dec_NN(element);
+                            break;
+                        }
+
+                        default:
+                            Perl_croak(aTHX_ "panic: Unexpected item on '(?[ ])' stack");
+                }
+                SvREFCNT_dec_NN(top);
+                SvREFCNT_dec(prev);
+            }
+        }
+
+        RExC_parse += (UTF) ? UTF8SKIP(RExC_parse) : 1;
+    }
+
+    if (av_tindex(stack) < 0   /* Was empty */
+        || ((final = av_pop(stack)) == NULL)
+        || ! IS_OPERAND(final)
+        || av_tindex(stack) >= 0)  /* More left on stack */
+    {
+        vFAIL("Incomplete expression within '(?[ ])'");
+    }
+
+    /* Here, 'final' is the resultant inversion list from evaluating the
+     * expression.  Return it if so requested */
+    if (return_invlist) {
+        *return_invlist = final;
+        return END;
+    }
+
+    /* Otherwise generate a resultant node, based on 'final'.  regclass() is
+     * expecting a string of ranges and individual code points */
+    invlist_iterinit(final);
+    result_string = newSVpvs("");
+    while (invlist_iternext(final, &start, &end)) {
+        if (start == end) {
+            Perl_sv_catpvf(aTHX_ result_string, "\\x{%"UVXf"}", start);
+        }
+        else {
+            Perl_sv_catpvf(aTHX_ result_string, "\\x{%"UVXf"}-\\x{%"UVXf"}",
+                                                     start,          end);
+        }
+    }
+
+    save_parse = RExC_parse;
+    RExC_parse = SvPV(result_string, len);
+    save_end = RExC_end;
+    RExC_end = RExC_parse + len;
+
+    /* We turn off folding around the call, as the class we have constructed
+     * already has all folding taken into consideration, and we don't want
+     * regclass() to add to that */
+    RExC_flags &= ~RXf_PMf_FOLD;
+    /* regclass() can only return RESTART_UTF8 if multi-char folds are allowed.
+     */
+    node = regclass(pRExC_state, flagp,depth+1,
+                    FALSE, /* means parse the whole char class */
+                    FALSE, /* don't allow multi-char folds */
+                    TRUE, /* silence non-portable warnings.  The above may very
+                             well have generated non-portable code points, but
+                             they're valid on this machine */
+                    NULL);
+    if (!node)
+        FAIL2("panic: regclass returned NULL to handle_sets, flags=%#"UVxf,
+                    PTR2UV(flagp));
+    if (save_fold) {
+        RExC_flags |= RXf_PMf_FOLD;
+    }
+    RExC_parse = save_parse + 1;
+    RExC_end = save_end;
+    SvREFCNT_dec_NN(final);
+    SvREFCNT_dec_NN(result_string);
+
+    nextchar(pRExC_state);
+    Set_Node_Length(node, RExC_parse - oregcomp_parse + 1); /* MJD */
+    return node;
+}
+#undef IS_OPERAND
+
+/* The names of properties whose definitions are not known at compile time are
+ * stored in this SV, after a constant heading.  So if the length has been
+ * changed since initialization, then there is a run-time definition. */
+#define HAS_NONLOCALE_RUNTIME_PROPERTY_DEFINITION (SvCUR(listsv) != initial_listsv_len)
+
+STATIC regnode *
+S_regclass(pTHX_ RExC_state_t *pRExC_state, I32 *flagp, U32 depth,
+                 const bool stop_at_1,  /* Just parse the next thing, don't
+                                           look for a full character class */
+                 bool allow_multi_folds,
+                 const bool silence_non_portable,   /* Don't output warnings
+                                                       about too large
+                                                       characters */
+                 SV** ret_invlist)  /* Return an inversion list, not a node */
+{
+    /* parse a bracketed class specification.  Most of these will produce an
+     * ANYOF node; but something like [a] will produce an EXACT node; [aA], an
+     * EXACTFish node; [[:ascii:]], a POSIXA node; etc.  It is more complex
+     * under /i with multi-character folds: it will be rewritten following the
+     * paradigm of this example, where the <multi-fold>s are characters which
+     * fold to multiple character sequences:
+     *      /[abc\x{multi-fold1}def\x{multi-fold2}ghi]/i
+     * gets effectively rewritten as:
+     *      /(?:\x{multi-fold1}|\x{multi-fold2}|[abcdefghi]/i
+     * reg() gets called (recursively) on the rewritten version, and this
+     * function will return what it constructs.  (Actually the <multi-fold>s
+     * aren't physically removed from the [abcdefghi], it's just that they are
+     * ignored in the recursion by means of a flag:
+     * <RExC_in_multi_char_class>.)
+     *
+     * ANYOF nodes contain a bit map for the first 256 characters, with the
+     * corresponding bit set if that character is in the list.  For characters
+     * above 255, a range list or swash is used.  There are extra bits for \w,
+     * etc. in locale ANYOFs, as what these match is not determinable at
+     * compile time
+     *
+     * Returns NULL, setting *flagp to RESTART_UTF8 if the sizing scan needs
+     * to be restarted.  This can only happen if ret_invlist is non-NULL.
+     */
+
+    dVAR;
+    UV prevvalue = OOB_UNICODE, save_prevvalue = OOB_UNICODE;
+    IV range = 0;
+    UV value = OOB_UNICODE, save_value = OOB_UNICODE;
+    regnode *ret;
+    STRLEN numlen;
+    IV namedclass = OOB_NAMEDCLASS;
+    char *rangebegin = NULL;
+    bool need_class = 0;
+    SV *listsv = NULL;
+    STRLEN initial_listsv_len = 0; /* Kind of a kludge to see if it is more
+                                     than just initialized.  */
+    SV* properties = NULL;    /* Code points that match \p{} \P{} */
+    SV* posixes = NULL;     /* Code points that match classes like, [:word:],
+                               extended beyond the Latin1 range */
+    UV element_count = 0;   /* Number of distinct elements in the class.
+                              Optimizations may be possible if this is tiny */
+    AV * multi_char_matches = NULL; /* Code points that fold to more than one
+                                       character; used under /i */
+    UV n;
+    char * stop_ptr = RExC_end;    /* where to stop parsing */
+    const bool skip_white = cBOOL(ret_invlist); /* ignore unescaped white
+                                                   space? */
+    const bool strict = cBOOL(ret_invlist); /* Apply strict parsing rules? */
+
+    /* Unicode properties are stored in a swash; this holds the current one
+     * being parsed.  If this swash is the only above-latin1 component of the
+     * character class, an optimization is to pass it directly on to the
+     * execution engine.  Otherwise, it is set to NULL to indicate that there
+     * are other things in the class that have to be dealt with at execution
+     * time */
+    SV* swash = NULL;          /* Code points that match \p{} \P{} */
+
+    /* Set if a component of this character class is user-defined; just passed
+     * on to the engine */
+    bool has_user_defined_property = FALSE;
+
+    /* inversion list of code points this node matches only when the target
+     * string is in UTF-8.  (Because is under /d) */
+    SV* depends_list = NULL;
+
+    /* inversion list of code points this node matches.  For much of the
+     * function, it includes only those that match regardless of the utf8ness
+     * of the target string */
+    SV* cp_list = NULL;
+
+#ifdef EBCDIC
+    /* In a range, counts how many 0-2 of the ends of it came from literals,
+     * not escapes.  Thus we can tell if 'A' was input vs \x{C1} */
+    UV literal_endpoint = 0;
+#endif
+    bool invert = FALSE;    /* Is this class to be complemented */
+
+    /* Is there any thing like \W or [:^digit:] that matches above the legal
+     * Unicode range? */
+    bool runtime_posix_matches_above_Unicode = FALSE;
+
+    regnode * const orig_emit = RExC_emit; /* Save the original RExC_emit in
+        case we need to change the emitted regop to an EXACT. */
+    const char * orig_parse = RExC_parse;
+    const I32 orig_size = RExC_size;
+    GET_RE_DEBUG_FLAGS_DECL;
+
+    PERL_ARGS_ASSERT_REGCLASS;
+#ifndef DEBUGGING
+    PERL_UNUSED_ARG(depth);
+#endif
+
+    DEBUG_PARSE("clas");
+
+    /* Assume we are going to generate an ANYOF node. */
+    ret = reganode(pRExC_state, ANYOF, 0);
+
+    if (SIZE_ONLY) {
+       RExC_size += ANYOF_SKIP;
+       listsv = &PL_sv_undef; /* For code scanners: listsv always non-NULL. */
+    }
+    else {
+        ANYOF_FLAGS(ret) = 0;
+
+       RExC_emit += ANYOF_SKIP;
+       if (LOC) {
+           ANYOF_FLAGS(ret) |= ANYOF_LOCALE;
+       }
+       listsv = newSVpvs_flags("# comment\n", SVs_TEMP);
+       initial_listsv_len = SvCUR(listsv);
+        SvTEMP_off(listsv); /* Grr, TEMPs and mortals are conflated.  */
+    }
+
+    if (skip_white) {
+        RExC_parse = regpatws(pRExC_state, RExC_parse,
+                              FALSE /* means don't recognize comments */);
+    }
+
+    if (UCHARAT(RExC_parse) == '^') {  /* Complement of range. */
+       RExC_parse++;
+        invert = TRUE;
+        allow_multi_folds = FALSE;
+        RExC_naughty++;
+        if (skip_white) {
+            RExC_parse = regpatws(pRExC_state, RExC_parse,
+                                  FALSE /* means don't recognize comments */);
+        }
+    }
+
+    /* Check that they didn't say [:posix:] instead of [[:posix:]] */
+    if (!SIZE_ONLY && RExC_parse < RExC_end && POSIXCC(UCHARAT(RExC_parse))) {
+       const char *s = RExC_parse;
+       const char  c = *s++;
+
+       while (isWORDCHAR(*s))
+           s++;
+       if (*s && c == *s && s[1] == ']') {
+           SAVEFREESV(RExC_rx_sv);
+           ckWARN3reg(s+2,
+                      "POSIX syntax [%c %c] belongs inside character classes",
+                      c, c);
+           (void)ReREFCNT_inc(RExC_rx_sv);
+       }
+    }
+
+    /* If the caller wants us to just parse a single element, accomplish this
+     * by faking the loop ending condition */
+    if (stop_at_1 && RExC_end > RExC_parse) {
+        stop_ptr = RExC_parse + 1;
+    }
+
+    /* allow 1st char to be ']' (allowing it to be '-' is dealt with later) */
+    if (UCHARAT(RExC_parse) == ']')
+       goto charclassloop;
+
+parseit:
+    while (1) {
+        if  (RExC_parse >= stop_ptr) {
+            break;
+        }
+
+        if (skip_white) {
+            RExC_parse = regpatws(pRExC_state, RExC_parse,
+                                  FALSE /* means don't recognize comments */);
+        }
+
+        if  (UCHARAT(RExC_parse) == ']') {
+            break;
+        }
+
+    charclassloop:
+
+       namedclass = OOB_NAMEDCLASS; /* initialize as illegal */
+        save_value = value;
+        save_prevvalue = prevvalue;
+
+       if (!range) {
+           rangebegin = RExC_parse;
+           element_count++;
+       }
+       if (UTF) {
+           value = utf8n_to_uvchr((U8*)RExC_parse,
+                                  RExC_end - RExC_parse,
+                                  &numlen, UTF8_ALLOW_DEFAULT);
+           RExC_parse += numlen;
+       }
+       else
+           value = UCHARAT(RExC_parse++);
+
+        if (value == '['
+            && RExC_parse < RExC_end
+            && POSIXCC(UCHARAT(RExC_parse)))
+        {
+            namedclass = regpposixcc(pRExC_state, value, strict);
+        }
+        else if (value == '\\') {
+           if (UTF) {
+               value = utf8n_to_uvchr((U8*)RExC_parse,
+                                  RExC_end - RExC_parse,
+                                  &numlen, UTF8_ALLOW_DEFAULT);
+               RExC_parse += numlen;
+           }
+           else
+               value = UCHARAT(RExC_parse++);
+
+           /* Some compilers cannot handle switching on 64-bit integer
+            * values, therefore value cannot be an UV.  Yes, this will
+            * be a problem later if we want switch on Unicode.
+            * A similar issue a little bit later when switching on
+            * namedclass. --jhi */
+
+            /* If the \ is escaping white space when white space is being
+             * skipped, it means that that white space is wanted literally, and
+             * is already in 'value'.  Otherwise, need to translate the escape
+             * into what it signifies. */
+            if (! skip_white || ! is_PATWS_cp(value)) switch ((I32)value) {
+
+           case 'w':   namedclass = ANYOF_WORDCHAR;    break;
+           case 'W':   namedclass = ANYOF_NWORDCHAR;   break;
+           case 's':   namedclass = ANYOF_SPACE;       break;
+           case 'S':   namedclass = ANYOF_NSPACE;      break;
+           case 'd':   namedclass = ANYOF_DIGIT;       break;
+           case 'D':   namedclass = ANYOF_NDIGIT;      break;
+           case 'v':   namedclass = ANYOF_VERTWS;      break;
+           case 'V':   namedclass = ANYOF_NVERTWS;     break;
+           case 'h':   namedclass = ANYOF_HORIZWS;     break;
+           case 'H':   namedclass = ANYOF_NHORIZWS;    break;
+            case 'N':  /* Handle \N{NAME} in class */
+                {
+                    /* We only pay attention to the first char of 
+                    multichar strings being returned. I kinda wonder
+                    if this makes sense as it does change the behaviour
+                    from earlier versions, OTOH that behaviour was broken
+                    as well. */
+                    if (! grok_bslash_N(pRExC_state, NULL, &value, flagp, depth,
+                                      TRUE, /* => charclass */
+                                      strict))
+                    {
+                        if (*flagp & RESTART_UTF8)
+                            FAIL("panic: grok_bslash_N set RESTART_UTF8");
+                        goto parseit;
+                    }
+                }
+                break;
+           case 'p':
+           case 'P':
+               {
+               char *e;
+
+                /* We will handle any undefined properties ourselves */
+                U8 swash_init_flags = _CORE_SWASH_INIT_RETURN_IF_UNDEF;
+
+               if (RExC_parse >= RExC_end)
+                   vFAIL2("Empty \\%c{}", (U8)value);
+               if (*RExC_parse == '{') {
+                   const U8 c = (U8)value;
+                   e = strchr(RExC_parse++, '}');
+                    if (!e)
+                        vFAIL2("Missing right brace on \\%c{}", c);
+                   while (isSPACE(UCHARAT(RExC_parse)))
+                       RExC_parse++;
+                    if (e == RExC_parse)
+                        vFAIL2("Empty \\%c{}", c);
+                   n = e - RExC_parse;
+                   while (isSPACE(UCHARAT(RExC_parse + n - 1)))
+                       n--;
+               }
+               else {
+                   e = RExC_parse;
+                   n = 1;
+               }
+               if (!SIZE_ONLY) {
+                    SV* invlist;
+                    char* name;
+
+                   if (UCHARAT(RExC_parse) == '^') {
+                        RExC_parse++;
+                        n--;
+                         /* toggle.  (The rhs xor gets the single bit that
+                          * differs between P and p; the other xor inverts just
+                          * that bit) */
+                         value ^= 'P' ^ 'p';
+
+                        while (isSPACE(UCHARAT(RExC_parse))) {
+                             RExC_parse++;
+                             n--;
+                        }
+                   }
+                    /* Try to get the definition of the property into
+                     * <invlist>.  If /i is in effect, the effective property
+                     * will have its name be <__NAME_i>.  The design is
+                     * discussed in commit
+                     * 2f833f5208e26b208886e51e09e2c072b5eabb46 */
+                    Newx(name, n + sizeof("_i__\n"), char);
+
+                    sprintf(name, "%s%.*s%s\n",
+                                    (FOLD) ? "__" : "",
+                                    (int)n,
+                                    RExC_parse,
+                                    (FOLD) ? "_i" : ""
+                    );
+
+                    /* Look up the property name, and get its swash and
+                     * inversion list, if the property is found  */
+                    if (swash) {
+                        SvREFCNT_dec_NN(swash);
+                    }
+                    swash = _core_swash_init("utf8", name, &PL_sv_undef,
+                                             1, /* binary */
+                                             0, /* not tr/// */
+                                             NULL, /* No inversion list */
+                                             &swash_init_flags
+                                            );
+                    if (! swash || ! (invlist = _get_swash_invlist(swash))) {
+                        if (swash) {
+                            SvREFCNT_dec_NN(swash);
+                            swash = NULL;
+                        }
+
+                        /* Here didn't find it.  It could be a user-defined
+                         * property that will be available at run-time.  If we
+                         * accept only compile-time properties, is an error;
+                         * otherwise add it to the list for run-time look up */
+                        if (ret_invlist) {
+                            RExC_parse = e + 1;
+                            vFAIL3("Property '%.*s' is unknown", (int) n, name);
+                        }
+                        Perl_sv_catpvf(aTHX_ listsv, "%cutf8::%s\n",
+                                        (value == 'p' ? '+' : '!'),
+                                        name);
+                        has_user_defined_property = TRUE;
+
+                        /* We don't know yet, so have to assume that the
+                         * property could match something in the Latin1 range,
+                         * hence something that isn't utf8.  Note that this
+                         * would cause things in <depends_list> to match
+                         * inappropriately, except that any \p{}, including
+                         * this one forces Unicode semantics, which means there
+                         * is <no depends_list> */
+                        ANYOF_FLAGS(ret) |= ANYOF_NONBITMAP_NON_UTF8;
+                    }
+                    else {
+
+                        /* Here, did get the swash and its inversion list.  If
+                         * the swash is from a user-defined property, then this
+                         * whole character class should be regarded as such */
+                        has_user_defined_property =
+                                    (swash_init_flags
+                                     & _CORE_SWASH_INIT_USER_DEFINED_PROPERTY);
+
+                        /* Invert if asking for the complement */
+                        if (value == 'P') {
+                           _invlist_union_complement_2nd(properties,
+                                                          invlist,
+                                                          &properties);
+
+                            /* The swash can't be used as-is, because we've
+                            * inverted things; delay removing it to here after
+                            * have copied its invlist above */
+                            SvREFCNT_dec_NN(swash);
+                            swash = NULL;
+                        }
+                        else {
+                            _invlist_union(properties, invlist, &properties);
+                       }
+                   }
+                   Safefree(name);
+               }
+               RExC_parse = e + 1;
+                namedclass = ANYOF_UNIPROP;  /* no official name, but it's
+                                                named */
+
+               /* \p means they want Unicode semantics */
+               RExC_uni_semantics = 1;
+               }
+               break;
+           case 'n':   value = '\n';                   break;
+           case 'r':   value = '\r';                   break;
+           case 't':   value = '\t';                   break;
+           case 'f':   value = '\f';                   break;
+           case 'b':   value = '\b';                   break;
+           case 'e':   value = ASCII_TO_NATIVE('\033');break;
+           case 'a':   value = ASCII_TO_NATIVE('\007');break;
+           case 'o':
+               RExC_parse--;   /* function expects to be pointed at the 'o' */
+               {
+                   const char* error_msg;
+                   bool valid = grok_bslash_o(&RExC_parse,
+                                              &value,
+                                              &error_msg,
+                                               SIZE_ONLY,   /* warnings in pass
+                                                               1 only */
+                                               strict,
+                                               silence_non_portable,
+                                               UTF);
+                   if (! valid) {
+                       vFAIL(error_msg);
+                   }
+               }
+               if (PL_encoding && value < 0x100) {
+                   goto recode_encoding;
+               }
+               break;
+           case 'x':
+               RExC_parse--;   /* function expects to be pointed at the 'x' */
+               {
+                   const char* error_msg;
+                   bool valid = grok_bslash_x(&RExC_parse,
+                                              &value,
+                                              &error_msg,
+                                              TRUE, /* Output warnings */
+                                               strict,
+                                               silence_non_portable,
+                                               UTF);
+                    if (! valid) {
+                       vFAIL(error_msg);
+                   }
+               }
+               if (PL_encoding && value < 0x100)
+                   goto recode_encoding;
+               break;
+           case 'c':
+               value = grok_bslash_c(*RExC_parse++, UTF, SIZE_ONLY);
+               break;
+           case '0': case '1': case '2': case '3': case '4':
+           case '5': case '6': case '7':
+               {
+                   /* Take 1-3 octal digits */
+                   I32 flags = PERL_SCAN_SILENT_ILLDIGIT;
+                    numlen = (strict) ? 4 : 3;
+                    value = grok_oct(--RExC_parse, &numlen, &flags, NULL);
+                   RExC_parse += numlen;
+                    if (numlen != 3) {
+                        if (strict) {
+                            RExC_parse += (UTF) ? UTF8SKIP(RExC_parse) : 1;
+                            vFAIL("Need exactly 3 octal digits");
+                        }
+                        else if (! SIZE_ONLY /* like \08, \178 */
+                                 && numlen < 3
+                                 && RExC_parse < RExC_end
+                                 && isDIGIT(*RExC_parse)
+                                 && ckWARN(WARN_REGEXP))
+                        {
+                            SAVEFREESV(RExC_rx_sv);
+                            reg_warn_non_literal_string(
+                                 RExC_parse + 1,
+                                 form_short_octal_warning(RExC_parse, numlen));
+                            (void)ReREFCNT_inc(RExC_rx_sv);
+                        }
+                    }
+                   if (PL_encoding && value < 0x100)
+                       goto recode_encoding;
+                   break;
+               }
+           recode_encoding:
+               if (! RExC_override_recoding) {
+                   SV* enc = PL_encoding;
+                   value = reg_recode((const char)(U8)value, &enc);
+                   if (!enc) {
+                        if (strict) {
+                            vFAIL("Invalid escape in the specified encoding");
+                        }
+                        else if (SIZE_ONLY) {
+                            ckWARNreg(RExC_parse,
+                                 "Invalid escape in the specified encoding");
+                        }
+                    }
+                   break;
+               }
+           default:
+               /* Allow \_ to not give an error */
+               if (!SIZE_ONLY && isWORDCHAR(value) && value != '_') {
+                    if (strict) {
+                        vFAIL2("Unrecognized escape \\%c in character class",
+                               (int)value);
+                    }
+                    else {
+                        SAVEFREESV(RExC_rx_sv);
+                        ckWARN2reg(RExC_parse,
+                            "Unrecognized escape \\%c in character class passed through",
+                            (int)value);
+                        (void)ReREFCNT_inc(RExC_rx_sv);
+                    }
+               }
+               break;
+           }   /* End of switch on char following backslash */
+       } /* end of handling backslash escape sequences */
+#ifdef EBCDIC
+        else
+            literal_endpoint++;
+#endif
+
+        /* Here, we have the current token in 'value' */
+
+        /* What matches in a locale is not known until runtime.  This includes
+         * what the Posix classes (like \w, [:space:]) match.  Room must be
+         * reserved (one time per class) to store such classes, either if Perl
+         * is compiled so that locale nodes always should have this space, or
+         * if there is such class info to be stored.  The space will contain a
+         * bit for each named class that is to be matched against.  This isn't
+         * needed for \p{} and pseudo-classes, as they are not affected by
+         * locale, and hence are dealt with separately */
+        if (LOC
+            && ! need_class
+            && (ANYOF_LOCALE == ANYOF_CLASS
+                || (namedclass > OOB_NAMEDCLASS && namedclass < ANYOF_MAX)))
+        {
+            need_class = 1;
+            if (SIZE_ONLY) {
+                RExC_size += ANYOF_CLASS_SKIP - ANYOF_SKIP;
+            }
+            else {
+                RExC_emit += ANYOF_CLASS_SKIP - ANYOF_SKIP;
+                ANYOF_CLASS_ZERO(ret);
+            }
+            ANYOF_FLAGS(ret) |= ANYOF_CLASS;
+        }
+
+       if (namedclass > OOB_NAMEDCLASS) { /* this is a named class \blah */
+
+           /* a bad range like a-\d, a-[:digit:].  The '-' is taken as a
+            * literal, as is the character that began the false range, i.e.
+            * the 'a' in the examples */
+           if (range) {
+               if (!SIZE_ONLY) {
+                   const int w = (RExC_parse >= rangebegin)
+                                  ? RExC_parse - rangebegin
+                                  : 0;
+                    if (strict) {
+                        vFAIL4("False [] range \"%*.*s\"", w, w, rangebegin);
+                    }
+                    else {
+                        SAVEFREESV(RExC_rx_sv); /* in case of fatal warnings */
+                        ckWARN4reg(RExC_parse,
+                                "False [] range \"%*.*s\"",
+                                w, w, rangebegin);
+                        (void)ReREFCNT_inc(RExC_rx_sv);
+                        cp_list = add_cp_to_invlist(cp_list, '-');
+                        cp_list = add_cp_to_invlist(cp_list, prevvalue);
+                    }
+               }
+
+               range = 0; /* this was not a true range */
+                element_count += 2; /* So counts for three values */
+           }
+
+           if (! SIZE_ONLY) {
+                U8 classnum = namedclass_to_classnum(namedclass);
+                if (namedclass >= ANYOF_MAX) {  /* If a special class */
+                    if (namedclass != ANYOF_UNIPROP) { /* UNIPROP = \p and \P */
+
+                        /* Here, should be \h, \H, \v, or \V.  Neither /d nor
+                         * /l make a difference in what these match.  There
+                         * would be problems if these characters had folds
+                         * other than themselves, as cp_list is subject to
+                         * folding. */
+                        if (classnum != _CC_VERTSPACE) {
+                            assert(   namedclass == ANYOF_HORIZWS
+                                   || namedclass == ANYOF_NHORIZWS);
+
+                            /* It turns out that \h is just a synonym for
+                             * XPosixBlank */
+                            classnum = _CC_BLANK;
+                        }
+
+                        _invlist_union_maybe_complement_2nd(
+                                cp_list,
+                                PL_XPosix_ptrs[classnum],
+                                cBOOL(namedclass % 2), /* Complement if odd
+                                                          (NHORIZWS, NVERTWS)
+                                                        */
+                                &cp_list);
+                    }
+                }
+                else if (classnum == _CC_ASCII) {
+#ifdef HAS_ISASCII
+                    if (LOC) {
+                        ANYOF_CLASS_SET(ret, namedclass);
+                    }
+                    else
+#endif  /* Not isascii(); just use the hard-coded definition for it */
+                        _invlist_union_maybe_complement_2nd(
+                                posixes,
+                                PL_ASCII,
+                                cBOOL(namedclass % 2), /* Complement if odd
+                                                          (NASCII) */
+                                &posixes);
+                }
+                else {  /* Garden variety class */
+
+                    /* The ascii range inversion list */
+                    SV* ascii_source = PL_Posix_ptrs[classnum];
+
+                    /* The full Latin1 range inversion list */
+                    SV* l1_source = PL_L1Posix_ptrs[classnum];
+
+                    /* This code is structured into two major clauses.  The
+                     * first is for classes whose complete definitions may not
+                     * already be known.  It not, the Latin1 definition
+                     * (guaranteed to already known) is used plus code is
+                     * generated to load the rest at run-time (only if needed).
+                     * If the complete definition is known, it drops down to
+                     * the second clause, where the complete definition is
+                     * known */
+
+                    if (classnum < _FIRST_NON_SWASH_CC) {
+
+                        /* Here, the class has a swash, which may or not
+                         * already be loaded */
+
+                        /* The name of the property to use to match the full
+                         * eXtended Unicode range swash for this character
+                         * class */
+                        const char *Xname = swash_property_names[classnum];
+
+                        /* If returning the inversion list, we can't defer
+                         * getting this until runtime */
+                        if (ret_invlist && !  PL_utf8_swash_ptrs[classnum]) {
+                            PL_utf8_swash_ptrs[classnum] =
+                                _core_swash_init("utf8", Xname, &PL_sv_undef,
+                                             1, /* binary */
+                                             0, /* not tr/// */
+                                             NULL, /* No inversion list */
+                                             NULL  /* No flags */
+                                            );
+                            assert(PL_utf8_swash_ptrs[classnum]);
+                        }
+                        if ( !  PL_utf8_swash_ptrs[classnum]) {
+                            if (namedclass % 2 == 0) { /* A non-complemented
+                                                          class */
+                                /* If not /a matching, there are code points we
+                                 * don't know at compile time.  Arrange for the
+                                 * unknown matches to be loaded at run-time, if
+                                 * needed */
+                                if (! AT_LEAST_ASCII_RESTRICTED) {
+                                    Perl_sv_catpvf(aTHX_ listsv, "+utf8::%s\n",
+                                                                 Xname);
+                                }
+                                if (LOC) {  /* Under locale, set run-time
+                                               lookup */
+                                    ANYOF_CLASS_SET(ret, namedclass);
+                                }
+                                else {
+                                    /* Add the current class's code points to
+                                     * the running total */
+                                    _invlist_union(posixes,
+                                                   (AT_LEAST_ASCII_RESTRICTED)
+                                                        ? ascii_source
+                                                        : l1_source,
+                                                   &posixes);
+                                }
+                            }
+                            else {  /* A complemented class */
+                                if (AT_LEAST_ASCII_RESTRICTED) {
+                                    /* Under /a should match everything above
+                                     * ASCII, plus the complement of the set's
+                                     * ASCII matches */
+                                    _invlist_union_complement_2nd(posixes,
+                                                                  ascii_source,
+                                                                  &posixes);
+                                }
+                                else {
+                                    /* Arrange for the unknown matches to be
+                                     * loaded at run-time, if needed */
+                                    Perl_sv_catpvf(aTHX_ listsv, "!utf8::%s\n",
+                                                                 Xname);
+                                    runtime_posix_matches_above_Unicode = TRUE;
+                                    if (LOC) {
+                                        ANYOF_CLASS_SET(ret, namedclass);
+                                    }
+                                    else {
+
+                                        /* We want to match everything in
+                                         * Latin1, except those things that
+                                         * l1_source matches */
+                                        SV* scratch_list = NULL;
+                                        _invlist_subtract(PL_Latin1, l1_source,
+                                                          &scratch_list);
+
+                                        /* Add the list from this class to the
+                                         * running total */
+                                        if (! posixes) {
+                                            posixes = scratch_list;
+                                        }
+                                        else {
+                                            _invlist_union(posixes,
+                                                           scratch_list,
+                                                           &posixes);
+                                            SvREFCNT_dec_NN(scratch_list);
+                                        }
+                                        if (DEPENDS_SEMANTICS) {
+                                            ANYOF_FLAGS(ret)
+                                                  |= ANYOF_NON_UTF8_LATIN1_ALL;
+                                        }
+                                    }
+                                }
+                            }
+                            goto namedclass_done;
+                        }
+
+                        /* Here, there is a swash loaded for the class.  If no
+                         * inversion list for it yet, get it */
+                        if (! PL_XPosix_ptrs[classnum]) {
+                            PL_XPosix_ptrs[classnum]
+                             = _swash_to_invlist(PL_utf8_swash_ptrs[classnum]);
+                        }
+                    }
+
+                    /* Here there is an inversion list already loaded for the
+                     * entire class */
+
+                    if (namedclass % 2 == 0) {  /* A non-complemented class,
+                                                   like ANYOF_PUNCT */
+                        if (! LOC) {
+                            /* For non-locale, just add it to any existing list
+                             * */
+                            _invlist_union(posixes,
+                                           (AT_LEAST_ASCII_RESTRICTED)
+                                               ? ascii_source
+                                               : PL_XPosix_ptrs[classnum],
+                                           &posixes);
+                        }
+                        else {  /* Locale */
+                            SV* scratch_list = NULL;
+
+                            /* For above Latin1 code points, we use the full
+                             * Unicode range */
+                            _invlist_intersection(PL_AboveLatin1,
+                                                  PL_XPosix_ptrs[classnum],
+                                                  &scratch_list);
+                            /* And set the output to it, adding instead if
+                             * there already is an output.  Checking if
+                             * 'posixes' is NULL first saves an extra clone.
+                             * Its reference count will be decremented at the
+                             * next union, etc, or if this is the only
+                             * instance, at the end of the routine */
+                            if (! posixes) {
+                                posixes = scratch_list;
+                            }
+                            else {
+                                _invlist_union(posixes, scratch_list, &posixes);
+                                SvREFCNT_dec_NN(scratch_list);
+                            }
+
+#ifndef HAS_ISBLANK
+                            if (namedclass != ANYOF_BLANK) {
+#endif
+                                /* Set this class in the node for runtime
+                                 * matching */
+                                ANYOF_CLASS_SET(ret, namedclass);
+#ifndef HAS_ISBLANK
+                            }
+                            else {
+                                /* No isblank(), use the hard-coded ASCII-range
+                                 * blanks, adding them to the running total. */
+
+                                _invlist_union(posixes, ascii_source, &posixes);
+                            }
+#endif
+                        }
+                    }
+                    else {  /* A complemented class, like ANYOF_NPUNCT */
+                        if (! LOC) {
+                            _invlist_union_complement_2nd(
+                                                posixes,
+                                                (AT_LEAST_ASCII_RESTRICTED)
+                                                    ? ascii_source
+                                                    : PL_XPosix_ptrs[classnum],
+                                                &posixes);
+                            /* Under /d, everything in the upper half of the
+                             * Latin1 range matches this complement */
+                            if (DEPENDS_SEMANTICS) {
+                                ANYOF_FLAGS(ret) |= ANYOF_NON_UTF8_LATIN1_ALL;
+                            }
+                        }
+                        else {  /* Locale */
+                            SV* scratch_list = NULL;
+                            _invlist_subtract(PL_AboveLatin1,
+                                              PL_XPosix_ptrs[classnum],
+                                              &scratch_list);
+                            if (! posixes) {
+                                posixes = scratch_list;
+                            }
+                            else {
+                                _invlist_union(posixes, scratch_list, &posixes);
+                                SvREFCNT_dec_NN(scratch_list);
+                            }
+#ifndef HAS_ISBLANK
+                            if (namedclass != ANYOF_NBLANK) {
+#endif
+                                ANYOF_CLASS_SET(ret, namedclass);
+#ifndef HAS_ISBLANK
+                            }
+                            else {
+                                /* Get the list of all code points in Latin1
+                                 * that are not ASCII blanks, and add them to
+                                 * the running total */
+                                _invlist_subtract(PL_Latin1, ascii_source,
+                                                  &scratch_list);
+                                _invlist_union(posixes, scratch_list, &posixes);
+                                SvREFCNT_dec_NN(scratch_list);
+                            }
+#endif
+                        }
+                    }
+                }
+              namedclass_done:
+               continue;   /* Go get next character */
+           }
+       } /* end of namedclass \blah */
+
+        /* Here, we have a single value.  If 'range' is set, it is the ending
+         * of a range--check its validity.  Later, we will handle each
+         * individual code point in the range.  If 'range' isn't set, this
+         * could be the beginning of a range, so check for that by looking
+         * ahead to see if the next real character to be processed is the range
+         * indicator--the minus sign */
+
+        if (skip_white) {
+            RExC_parse = regpatws(pRExC_state, RExC_parse,
+                                FALSE /* means don't recognize comments */);
+        }
+
+       if (range) {
+           if (prevvalue > value) /* b-a */ {
+               const int w = RExC_parse - rangebegin;
+               Simple_vFAIL4("Invalid [] range \"%*.*s\"", w, w, rangebegin);
+               range = 0; /* not a valid range */
+           }
+       }
+       else {
+            prevvalue = value; /* save the beginning of the potential range */
+            if (! stop_at_1     /* Can't be a range if parsing just one thing */
+                && *RExC_parse == '-')
+            {
+                char* next_char_ptr = RExC_parse + 1;
+                if (skip_white) {   /* Get the next real char after the '-' */
+                    next_char_ptr = regpatws(pRExC_state,
+                                             RExC_parse + 1,
+                                             FALSE); /* means don't recognize
+                                                        comments */
+                }
+
+                /* If the '-' is at the end of the class (just before the ']',
+                 * it is a literal minus; otherwise it is a range */
+                if (next_char_ptr < RExC_end && *next_char_ptr != ']') {
+                    RExC_parse = next_char_ptr;
+
+                    /* a bad range like \w-, [:word:]- ? */
+                    if (namedclass > OOB_NAMEDCLASS) {
+                        if (strict || ckWARN(WARN_REGEXP)) {
+                            const int w =
+                                RExC_parse >= rangebegin ?
+                                RExC_parse - rangebegin : 0;
+                            if (strict) {
+                                vFAIL4("False [] range \"%*.*s\"",
+                                    w, w, rangebegin);
+                            }
+                            else {
+                                vWARN4(RExC_parse,
+                                    "False [] range \"%*.*s\"",
+                                    w, w, rangebegin);
+                            }
+                        }
+                        if (!SIZE_ONLY) {
+                            cp_list = add_cp_to_invlist(cp_list, '-');
+                        }
+                        element_count++;
+                    } else
+                        range = 1;     /* yeah, it's a range! */
+                    continue;  /* but do it the next time */
+                }
+           }
+       }
+
+        /* Here, <prevvalue> is the beginning of the range, if any; or <value>
+         * if not */
+
+       /* non-Latin1 code point implies unicode semantics.  Must be set in
+        * pass1 so is there for the whole of pass 2 */
+       if (value > 255) {
+           RExC_uni_semantics = 1;
+       }
+
+        /* Ready to process either the single value, or the completed range.
+         * For single-valued non-inverted ranges, we consider the possibility
+         * of multi-char folds.  (We made a conscious decision to not do this
+         * for the other cases because it can often lead to non-intuitive
+         * results.  For example, you have the peculiar case that:
+         *  "s s" =~ /^[^\xDF]+$/i => Y
+         *  "ss"  =~ /^[^\xDF]+$/i => N
+         *
+         * See [perl #89750] */
+        if (FOLD && allow_multi_folds && value == prevvalue) {
+            if (value == LATIN_SMALL_LETTER_SHARP_S
+                || (value > 255 && _invlist_contains_cp(PL_HasMultiCharFold,
+                                                        value)))
+            {
+                /* Here <value> is indeed a multi-char fold.  Get what it is */
+
+                U8 foldbuf[UTF8_MAXBYTES_CASE];
+                STRLEN foldlen;
+
+                UV folded = _to_uni_fold_flags(
+                                value,
+                                foldbuf,
+                                &foldlen,
+                                FOLD_FLAGS_FULL
+                                | ((LOC) ?  FOLD_FLAGS_LOCALE
+                                            : (ASCII_FOLD_RESTRICTED)
+                                              ? FOLD_FLAGS_NOMIX_ASCII
+                                              : 0)
+                                );
+
+                /* Here, <folded> should be the first character of the
+                 * multi-char fold of <value>, with <foldbuf> containing the
+                 * whole thing.  But, if this fold is not allowed (because of
+                 * the flags), <fold> will be the same as <value>, and should
+                 * be processed like any other character, so skip the special
+                 * handling */
+                if (folded != value) {
+
+                    /* Skip if we are recursed, currently parsing the class
+                     * again.  Otherwise add this character to the list of
+                     * multi-char folds. */
+                    if (! RExC_in_multi_char_class) {
+                        AV** this_array_ptr;
+                        AV* this_array;
+                        STRLEN cp_count = utf8_length(foldbuf,
+                                                      foldbuf + foldlen);
+                        SV* multi_fold = sv_2mortal(newSVpvn("", 0));
+
+                        Perl_sv_catpvf(aTHX_ multi_fold, "\\x{%"UVXf"}", value);
+
+
+                        if (! multi_char_matches) {
+                            multi_char_matches = newAV();
+                        }
+
+                        /* <multi_char_matches> is actually an array of arrays.
+                         * There will be one or two top-level elements: [2],
+                         * and/or [3].  The [2] element is an array, each
+                         * element thereof is a character which folds to TWO
+                         * characters; [3] is for folds to THREE characters.
+                         * (Unicode guarantees a maximum of 3 characters in any
+                         * fold.)  When we rewrite the character class below,
+                         * we will do so such that the longest folds are
+                         * written first, so that it prefers the longest
+                         * matching strings first.  This is done even if it
+                         * turns out that any quantifier is non-greedy, out of
+                         * programmer laziness.  Tom Christiansen has agreed
+                         * that this is ok.  This makes the test for the
+                         * ligature 'ffi' come before the test for 'ff' */
+                        if (av_exists(multi_char_matches, cp_count)) {
+                            this_array_ptr = (AV**) av_fetch(multi_char_matches,
+                                                             cp_count, FALSE);
+                            this_array = *this_array_ptr;
+                        }
+                        else {
+                            this_array = newAV();
+                            av_store(multi_char_matches, cp_count,
+                                     (SV*) this_array);
+                        }
+                        av_push(this_array, multi_fold);
+                    }
+
+                    /* This element should not be processed further in this
+                     * class */
+                    element_count--;
+                    value = save_value;
+                    prevvalue = save_prevvalue;
+                    continue;
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        /* Deal with this element of the class */
+       if (! SIZE_ONLY) {
+#ifndef EBCDIC
+            cp_list = _add_range_to_invlist(cp_list, prevvalue, value);
+#else
+            SV* this_range = _new_invlist(1);
+            _append_range_to_invlist(this_range, prevvalue, value);
+
+            /* In EBCDIC, the ranges 'A-Z' and 'a-z' are each not contiguous.
+             * If this range was specified using something like 'i-j', we want
+             * to include only the 'i' and the 'j', and not anything in
+             * between, so exclude non-ASCII, non-alphabetics from it.
+             * However, if the range was specified with something like
+             * [\x89-\x91] or [\x89-j], all code points within it should be
+             * included.  literal_endpoint==2 means both ends of the range used
+             * a literal character, not \x{foo} */
+           if (literal_endpoint == 2
+                && (prevvalue >= 'a' && value <= 'z')
+                    || (prevvalue >= 'A' && value <= 'Z'))
+            {
+                _invlist_intersection(this_range, PL_Posix_ptrs[_CC_ALPHA],
+                                      &this_range);
+            }
+            _invlist_union(cp_list, this_range, &cp_list);
+            literal_endpoint = 0;
+#endif
+        }
+
+       range = 0; /* this range (if it was one) is done now */
+    } /* End of loop through all the text within the brackets */
+
+    /* If anything in the class expands to more than one character, we have to
+     * deal with them by building up a substitute parse string, and recursively
+     * calling reg() on it, instead of proceeding */
+    if (multi_char_matches) {
+       SV * substitute_parse = newSVpvn_flags("?:", 2, SVs_TEMP);
+        I32 cp_count;
+       STRLEN len;
+       char *save_end = RExC_end;
+       char *save_parse = RExC_parse;
+        bool first_time = TRUE;     /* First multi-char occurrence doesn't get
+                                       a "|" */
+        I32 reg_flags;
+
+        assert(! invert);
+#if 0   /* Have decided not to deal with multi-char folds in inverted classes,
+           because too confusing */
+        if (invert) {
+            sv_catpv(substitute_parse, "(?:");
+        }
+#endif
+
+        /* Look at the longest folds first */
+        for (cp_count = av_len(multi_char_matches); cp_count > 0; cp_count--) {
+
+            if (av_exists(multi_char_matches, cp_count)) {
+                AV** this_array_ptr;
+                SV* this_sequence;
+
+                this_array_ptr = (AV**) av_fetch(multi_char_matches,
+                                                 cp_count, FALSE);
+                while ((this_sequence = av_pop(*this_array_ptr)) !=
+                                                                &PL_sv_undef)
+                {
+                    if (! first_time) {
+                        sv_catpv(substitute_parse, "|");
+                    }
+                    first_time = FALSE;
+
+                    sv_catpv(substitute_parse, SvPVX(this_sequence));
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        /* If the character class contains anything else besides these
+         * multi-character folds, have to include it in recursive parsing */
+        if (element_count) {
+            sv_catpv(substitute_parse, "|[");
+            sv_catpvn(substitute_parse, orig_parse, RExC_parse - orig_parse);
+            sv_catpv(substitute_parse, "]");
+        }
+
+        sv_catpv(substitute_parse, ")");
+#if 0
+        if (invert) {
+            /* This is a way to get the parse to skip forward a whole named
+             * sequence instead of matching the 2nd character when it fails the
+             * first */
+            sv_catpv(substitute_parse, "(*THEN)(*SKIP)(*FAIL)|.)");
+        }
+#endif
+
+       RExC_parse = SvPV(substitute_parse, len);
+       RExC_end = RExC_parse + len;
+        RExC_in_multi_char_class = 1;
+        RExC_emit = (regnode *)orig_emit;
+
+       ret = reg(pRExC_state, 1, &reg_flags, depth+1);
+
+       *flagp |= reg_flags&(HASWIDTH|SIMPLE|SPSTART|POSTPONED|RESTART_UTF8);
+
+       RExC_parse = save_parse;
+       RExC_end = save_end;
+       RExC_in_multi_char_class = 0;
+        SvREFCNT_dec_NN(multi_char_matches);
+        return ret;
+    }
+
+    /* If the character class contains only a single element, it may be
+     * optimizable into another node type which is smaller and runs faster.
+     * Check if this is the case for this class */
+    if (element_count == 1 && ! ret_invlist) {
+        U8 op = END;
+        U8 arg = 0;
+
+        if (namedclass > OOB_NAMEDCLASS) { /* this is a named class, like \w or
+                                              [:digit:] or \p{foo} */
+
+            /* All named classes are mapped into POSIXish nodes, with its FLAG
+             * argument giving which class it is */
+            switch ((I32)namedclass) {
+                case ANYOF_UNIPROP:
+                    break;
+
+                /* These don't depend on the charset modifiers.  They always
+                 * match under /u rules */
+                case ANYOF_NHORIZWS:
+                case ANYOF_HORIZWS:
+                    namedclass = ANYOF_BLANK + namedclass - ANYOF_HORIZWS;
+                    /* FALLTHROUGH */
+
+                case ANYOF_NVERTWS:
+                case ANYOF_VERTWS:
+                    op = POSIXU;
+                    goto join_posix;
+
+                /* The actual POSIXish node for all the rest depends on the
+                 * charset modifier.  The ones in the first set depend only on
+                 * ASCII or, if available on this platform, locale */
+                case ANYOF_ASCII:
+                case ANYOF_NASCII:
+#ifdef HAS_ISASCII
+                    op = (LOC) ? POSIXL : POSIXA;
+#else
+                    op = POSIXA;
+#endif
+                    goto join_posix;
+
+                case ANYOF_NCASED:
+                case ANYOF_LOWER:
+                case ANYOF_NLOWER:
+                case ANYOF_UPPER:
+                case ANYOF_NUPPER:
+                    /* under /a could be alpha */
+                    if (FOLD) {
+                        if (ASCII_RESTRICTED) {
+                            namedclass = ANYOF_ALPHA + (namedclass % 2);
+                        }
+                        else if (! LOC) {
+                            break;
+                        }
+                    }
+                    /* FALLTHROUGH */
+
+                /* The rest have more possibilities depending on the charset.
+                 * We take advantage of the enum ordering of the charset
+                 * modifiers to get the exact node type, */
+                default:
+                    op = POSIXD + get_regex_charset(RExC_flags);
+                    if (op > POSIXA) { /* /aa is same as /a */
+                        op = POSIXA;
+                    }
+#ifndef HAS_ISBLANK
+                    if (op == POSIXL
+                        && (namedclass == ANYOF_BLANK
+                            || namedclass == ANYOF_NBLANK))
+                    {
+                        op = POSIXA;
+                    }
+#endif
+
+                join_posix:
+                    /* The odd numbered ones are the complements of the
+                     * next-lower even number one */
+                    if (namedclass % 2 == 1) {
+                        invert = ! invert;
+                        namedclass--;
+                    }
+                    arg = namedclass_to_classnum(namedclass);
+                    break;
+            }
+        }
+        else if (value == prevvalue) {
+
+            /* Here, the class consists of just a single code point */
+
+            if (invert) {
+                if (! LOC && value == '\n') {
+                    op = REG_ANY; /* Optimize [^\n] */
+                    *flagp |= HASWIDTH|SIMPLE;
+                    RExC_naughty++;
+                }
+            }
+            else if (value < 256 || UTF) {
+
+                /* Optimize a single value into an EXACTish node, but not if it
+                 * would require converting the pattern to UTF-8. */
+                op = compute_EXACTish(pRExC_state);
+            }
+        } /* Otherwise is a range */
+        else if (! LOC) {   /* locale could vary these */
+            if (prevvalue == '0') {
+                if (value == '9') {
+                    arg = _CC_DIGIT;
+                    op = POSIXA;
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        /* Here, we have changed <op> away from its initial value iff we found
+         * an optimization */
+        if (op != END) {
+
+            /* Throw away this ANYOF regnode, and emit the calculated one,
+             * which should correspond to the beginning, not current, state of
+             * the parse */
+            const char * cur_parse = RExC_parse;
+            RExC_parse = (char *)orig_parse;
+            if ( SIZE_ONLY) {
+                if (! LOC) {
+
+                    /* To get locale nodes to not use the full ANYOF size would
+                     * require moving the code above that writes the portions
+                     * of it that aren't in other nodes to after this point.
+                     * e.g.  ANYOF_CLASS_SET */
+                    RExC_size = orig_size;
+                }
+            }
+            else {
+                RExC_emit = (regnode *)orig_emit;
+                if (PL_regkind[op] == POSIXD) {
+                    if (invert) {
+                        op += NPOSIXD - POSIXD;
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+
+            ret = reg_node(pRExC_state, op);
+
+            if (PL_regkind[op] == POSIXD || PL_regkind[op] == NPOSIXD) {
+                if (! SIZE_ONLY) {
+                    FLAGS(ret) = arg;
+                }
+                *flagp |= HASWIDTH|SIMPLE;
+            }
+            else if (PL_regkind[op] == EXACT) {
+                alloc_maybe_populate_EXACT(pRExC_state, ret, flagp, 0, value);
+            }
+
+            RExC_parse = (char *) cur_parse;
+
+            SvREFCNT_dec(posixes);
+            SvREFCNT_dec(cp_list);
+            return ret;
+        }
+    }
+
+    if (SIZE_ONLY)
+        return ret;
+    /****** !SIZE_ONLY (Pass 2) AFTER HERE *********/
+
+    /* If folding, we calculate all characters that could fold to or from the
+     * ones already on the list */
+    if (FOLD && cp_list) {
+       UV start, end;  /* End points of code point ranges */
+
+       SV* fold_intersection = NULL;
+
+        /* If the highest code point is within Latin1, we can use the
+         * compiled-in Alphas list, and not have to go out to disk.  This
+         * yields two false positives, the masculine and feminine ordinal
+         * indicators, which are weeded out below using the
+         * IS_IN_SOME_FOLD_L1() macro */
+        if (invlist_highest(cp_list) < 256) {
+            _invlist_intersection(PL_L1Posix_ptrs[_CC_ALPHA], cp_list,
+                                                           &fold_intersection);
+        }
+        else {
+
+            /* Here, there are non-Latin1 code points, so we will have to go
+             * fetch the list of all the characters that participate in folds
+             */
+            if (! PL_utf8_foldable) {
+                SV* swash = swash_init("utf8", "_Perl_Any_Folds",
+                                       &PL_sv_undef, 1, 0);
+                PL_utf8_foldable = _get_swash_invlist(swash);
+                SvREFCNT_dec_NN(swash);
+            }
+
+            /* This is a hash that for a particular fold gives all characters
+             * that are involved in it */
+            if (! PL_utf8_foldclosures) {
+
+                /* If we were unable to find any folds, then we likely won't be
+                 * able to find the closures.  So just create an empty list.
+                 * Folding will effectively be restricted to the non-Unicode
+                 * rules hard-coded into Perl.  (This case happens legitimately
+                 * during compilation of Perl itself before the Unicode tables
+                 * are generated) */
+                if (_invlist_len(PL_utf8_foldable) == 0) {
+                    PL_utf8_foldclosures = newHV();
+                }
+                else {
+                    /* If the folds haven't been read in, call a fold function
+                     * to force that */
+                    if (! PL_utf8_tofold) {
+                        U8 dummy[UTF8_MAXBYTES+1];
+
+                        /* This string is just a short named one above \xff */
+                        to_utf8_fold((U8*) HYPHEN_UTF8, dummy, NULL);
+                        assert(PL_utf8_tofold); /* Verify that worked */
+                    }
+                    PL_utf8_foldclosures =
+                                    _swash_inversion_hash(PL_utf8_tofold);
+                }
+            }
+
+            /* Only the characters in this class that participate in folds need
+             * be checked.  Get the intersection of this class and all the
+             * possible characters that are foldable.  This can quickly narrow
+             * down a large class */
+            _invlist_intersection(PL_utf8_foldable, cp_list,
+                                  &fold_intersection);
+        }
+
+       /* Now look at the foldable characters in this class individually */
+       invlist_iterinit(fold_intersection);
+       while (invlist_iternext(fold_intersection, &start, &end)) {
+           UV j;
+
+            /* Locale folding for Latin1 characters is deferred until runtime */
+            if (LOC && start < 256) {
+                start = 256;
+            }
+
+           /* Look at every character in the range */
+           for (j = start; j <= end; j++) {
+
+               U8 foldbuf[UTF8_MAXBYTES_CASE+1];
+               STRLEN foldlen;
+                SV** listp;
+
+                if (j < 256) {
+
+                    /* We have the latin1 folding rules hard-coded here so that
+                     * an innocent-looking character class, like /[ks]/i won't
+                     * have to go out to disk to find the possible matches.
+                     * XXX It would be better to generate these via regen, in
+                     * case a new version of the Unicode standard adds new
+                     * mappings, though that is not really likely, and may be
+                     * caught by the default: case of the switch below. */
+
+                    if (IS_IN_SOME_FOLD_L1(j)) {
+
+                        /* ASCII is always matched; non-ASCII is matched only
+                         * under Unicode rules */
+                        if (isASCII(j) || AT_LEAST_UNI_SEMANTICS) {
+                            cp_list =
+                                add_cp_to_invlist(cp_list, PL_fold_latin1[j]);
+                        }
+                        else {
+                            depends_list =
+                             add_cp_to_invlist(depends_list, PL_fold_latin1[j]);
+                        }
+                    }
+
+                    if (HAS_NONLATIN1_FOLD_CLOSURE(j)
+                        && (! isASCII(j) || ! ASCII_FOLD_RESTRICTED))
+                    {
+                        /* Certain Latin1 characters have matches outside
+                         * Latin1.  To get here, <j> is one of those
+                         * characters.   None of these matches is valid for
+                         * ASCII characters under /aa, which is why the 'if'
+                         * just above excludes those.  These matches only
+                         * happen when the target string is utf8.  The code
+                         * below adds the single fold closures for <j> to the
+                         * inversion list. */
+                        switch (j) {
+                            case 'k':
+                            case 'K':
+                                cp_list =
+                                    add_cp_to_invlist(cp_list, KELVIN_SIGN);
+                                break;
+                            case 's':
+                            case 'S':
+                                cp_list = add_cp_to_invlist(cp_list,
+                                                    LATIN_SMALL_LETTER_LONG_S);
+                                break;
+                            case MICRO_SIGN:
+                                cp_list = add_cp_to_invlist(cp_list,
+                                                    GREEK_CAPITAL_LETTER_MU);
+                                cp_list = add_cp_to_invlist(cp_list,
+                                                    GREEK_SMALL_LETTER_MU);
+                                break;
+                            case LATIN_CAPITAL_LETTER_A_WITH_RING_ABOVE:
+                            case LATIN_SMALL_LETTER_A_WITH_RING_ABOVE:
+                                cp_list =
+                                    add_cp_to_invlist(cp_list, ANGSTROM_SIGN);
+                                break;
+                            case LATIN_SMALL_LETTER_Y_WITH_DIAERESIS:
+                                cp_list = add_cp_to_invlist(cp_list,
+                                        LATIN_CAPITAL_LETTER_Y_WITH_DIAERESIS);
+                                break;
+                            case LATIN_SMALL_LETTER_SHARP_S:
+                                cp_list = add_cp_to_invlist(cp_list,
+                                                LATIN_CAPITAL_LETTER_SHARP_S);
+                                break;
+                            case 'F': case 'f':
+                            case 'I': case 'i':
+                            case 'L': case 'l':
+                            case 'T': case 't':
+                            case 'A': case 'a':
+                            case 'H': case 'h':
+                            case 'J': case 'j':
+                            case 'N': case 'n':
+                            case 'W': case 'w':
+                            case 'Y': case 'y':
+                                /* These all are targets of multi-character
+                                 * folds from code points that require UTF8 to
+                                 * express, so they can't match unless the
+                                 * target string is in UTF-8, so no action here
+                                 * is necessary, as regexec.c properly handles
+                                 * the general case for UTF-8 matching and
+                                 * multi-char folds */
+                                break;
+                            default:
+                                /* Use deprecated warning to increase the
+                                 * chances of this being output */
+                                ckWARN2regdep(RExC_parse, "Perl folding rules are not up-to-date for 0x%"UVXf"; please use the perlbug utility to report;", j);
+                                break;
+                        }
+                    }
+                    continue;
+                }
+
+                /* Here is an above Latin1 character.  We don't have the rules
+                 * hard-coded for it.  First, get its fold.  This is the simple
+                 * fold, as the multi-character folds have been handled earlier
+                 * and separated out */
+               _to_uni_fold_flags(j, foldbuf, &foldlen,
+                                               ((LOC)
+                                               ? FOLD_FLAGS_LOCALE
+                                               : (ASCII_FOLD_RESTRICTED)
+                                                  ? FOLD_FLAGS_NOMIX_ASCII
+                                                  : 0));
+
+                /* Single character fold of above Latin1.  Add everything in
+                 * its fold closure to the list that this node should match.
+                 * The fold closures data structure is a hash with the keys
+                 * being the UTF-8 of every character that is folded to, like
+                 * 'k', and the values each an array of all code points that
+                 * fold to its key.  e.g. [ 'k', 'K', KELVIN_SIGN ].
+                 * Multi-character folds are not included */
+                if ((listp = hv_fetch(PL_utf8_foldclosures,
+                                      (char *) foldbuf, foldlen, FALSE)))
+                {
+                    AV* list = (AV*) *listp;
+                    IV k;
+                    for (k = 0; k <= av_len(list); k++) {
+                        SV** c_p = av_fetch(list, k, FALSE);
+                        UV c;
+                        if (c_p == NULL) {
+                            Perl_croak(aTHX_ "panic: invalid PL_utf8_foldclosures structure");
+                        }
+                        c = SvUV(*c_p);
+
+                        /* /aa doesn't allow folds between ASCII and non-; /l
+                         * doesn't allow them between above and below 256 */
+                        if ((ASCII_FOLD_RESTRICTED
+                                  && (isASCII(c) != isASCII(j)))
+                            || (LOC && c < 256)) {
+                            continue;
+                        }
+
+                        /* Folds involving non-ascii Latin1 characters
+                         * under /d are added to a separate list */
+                        if (isASCII(c) || c > 255 || AT_LEAST_UNI_SEMANTICS)
+                        {
+                            cp_list = add_cp_to_invlist(cp_list, c);
+                        }
+                        else {
+                          depends_list = add_cp_to_invlist(depends_list, c);
+                        }
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+       }
+       SvREFCNT_dec_NN(fold_intersection);
+    }
+
+    /* And combine the result (if any) with any inversion list from posix
+     * classes.  The lists are kept separate up to now because we don't want to
+     * fold the classes (folding of those is automatically handled by the swash
+     * fetching code) */
+    if (posixes) {
+        if (! DEPENDS_SEMANTICS) {
+            if (cp_list) {
+                _invlist_union(cp_list, posixes, &cp_list);
+                SvREFCNT_dec_NN(posixes);
+            }
+            else {
+                cp_list = posixes;
+            }
+        }
+        else {
+            /* Under /d, we put into a separate list the Latin1 things that
+             * match only when the target string is utf8 */
+            SV* nonascii_but_latin1_properties = NULL;
+            _invlist_intersection(posixes, PL_Latin1,
+                                  &nonascii_but_latin1_properties);
+            _invlist_subtract(nonascii_but_latin1_properties, PL_ASCII,
+                              &nonascii_but_latin1_properties);
+            _invlist_subtract(posixes, nonascii_but_latin1_properties,
+                              &posixes);
+            if (cp_list) {
+                _invlist_union(cp_list, posixes, &cp_list);
+                SvREFCNT_dec_NN(posixes);
+            }
+            else {
+                cp_list = posixes;
+            }
+
+            if (depends_list) {
+                _invlist_union(depends_list, nonascii_but_latin1_properties,
+                               &depends_list);
+                SvREFCNT_dec_NN(nonascii_but_latin1_properties);
+            }
+            else {
+                depends_list = nonascii_but_latin1_properties;
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    /* And combine the result (if any) with any inversion list from properties.
+     * The lists are kept separate up to now so that we can distinguish the two
+     * in regards to matching above-Unicode.  A run-time warning is generated
+     * if a Unicode property is matched against a non-Unicode code point. But,
+     * we allow user-defined properties to match anything, without any warning,
+     * and we also suppress the warning if there is a portion of the character
+     * class that isn't a Unicode property, and which matches above Unicode, \W
+     * or [\x{110000}] for example.
+     * (Note that in this case, unlike the Posix one above, there is no
+     * <depends_list>, because having a Unicode property forces Unicode
+     * semantics */
+    if (properties) {
+        bool warn_super = ! has_user_defined_property;
+        if (cp_list) {
+
+            /* If it matters to the final outcome, see if a non-property
+             * component of the class matches above Unicode.  If so, the
+             * warning gets suppressed.  This is true even if just a single
+             * such code point is specified, as though not strictly correct if
+             * another such code point is matched against, the fact that they
+             * are using above-Unicode code points indicates they should know
+             * the issues involved */
+            if (warn_super) {
+                bool non_prop_matches_above_Unicode =
+                            runtime_posix_matches_above_Unicode
+                            | (invlist_highest(cp_list) > PERL_UNICODE_MAX);
+                if (invert) {
+                    non_prop_matches_above_Unicode =
+                                            !  non_prop_matches_above_Unicode;
+                }
+                warn_super = ! non_prop_matches_above_Unicode;
+            }
+
+            _invlist_union(properties, cp_list, &cp_list);
+            SvREFCNT_dec_NN(properties);
+        }
+        else {
+            cp_list = properties;
+        }
+
+        if (warn_super) {
+            OP(ret) = ANYOF_WARN_SUPER;
+        }
+    }
+
+    /* Here, we have calculated what code points should be in the character
+     * class.
+     *
+     * Now we can see about various optimizations.  Fold calculation (which we
+     * did above) needs to take place before inversion.  Otherwise /[^k]/i
+     * would invert to include K, which under /i would match k, which it
+     * shouldn't.  Therefore we can't invert folded locale now, as it won't be
+     * folded until runtime */
+
+    /* Optimize inverted simple patterns (e.g. [^a-z]) when everything is known
+     * at compile time.  Besides not inverting folded locale now, we can't
+     * invert if there are things such as \w, which aren't known until runtime
+     * */
+    if (invert
+        && ! (LOC && (FOLD || (ANYOF_FLAGS(ret) & ANYOF_CLASS)))
+       && ! depends_list
+       && ! HAS_NONLOCALE_RUNTIME_PROPERTY_DEFINITION)
+    {
+        _invlist_invert(cp_list);
+
+        /* Any swash can't be used as-is, because we've inverted things */
+        if (swash) {
+            SvREFCNT_dec_NN(swash);
+            swash = NULL;
+        }
+
+       /* Clear the invert flag since have just done it here */
+       invert = FALSE;
+    }
+
+    if (ret_invlist) {
+        *ret_invlist = cp_list;
+        SvREFCNT_dec(swash);
+
+        /* Discard the generated node */
+        if (SIZE_ONLY) {
+            RExC_size = orig_size;
+        }
+        else {
+            RExC_emit = orig_emit;
+        }
+        return orig_emit;
+    }
+
+    /* If we didn't do folding, it's because some information isn't available
+     * until runtime; set the run-time fold flag for these.  (We don't have to
+     * worry about properties folding, as that is taken care of by the swash
+     * fetching) */
+    if (FOLD && LOC)
+    {
+       ANYOF_FLAGS(ret) |= ANYOF_LOC_FOLD;
+    }
+
+    /* Some character classes are equivalent to other nodes.  Such nodes take
+     * up less room and generally fewer operations to execute than ANYOF nodes.
+     * Above, we checked for and optimized into some such equivalents for
+     * certain common classes that are easy to test.  Getting to this point in
+     * the code means that the class didn't get optimized there.  Since this
+     * code is only executed in Pass 2, it is too late to save space--it has
+     * been allocated in Pass 1, and currently isn't given back.  But turning
+     * things into an EXACTish node can allow the optimizer to join it to any
+     * adjacent such nodes.  And if the class is equivalent to things like /./,
+     * expensive run-time swashes can be avoided.  Now that we have more
+     * complete information, we can find things necessarily missed by the
+     * earlier code.  I (khw) am not sure how much to look for here.  It would
+     * be easy, but perhaps too slow, to check any candidates against all the
+     * node types they could possibly match using _invlistEQ(). */
+
+    if (cp_list
+        && ! invert
+        && ! depends_list
+        && ! (ANYOF_FLAGS(ret) & ANYOF_CLASS)
+        && ! HAS_NONLOCALE_RUNTIME_PROPERTY_DEFINITION)
+    {
+        UV start, end;
+        U8 op = END;  /* The optimzation node-type */
+        const char * cur_parse= RExC_parse;
+
+        invlist_iterinit(cp_list);
+        if (! invlist_iternext(cp_list, &start, &end)) {
+
+            /* Here, the list is empty.  This happens, for example, when a
+             * Unicode property is the only thing in the character class, and
+             * it doesn't match anything.  (perluniprops.pod notes such
+             * properties) */
+            op = OPFAIL;
+            *flagp |= HASWIDTH|SIMPLE;
+        }
+        else if (start == end) {    /* The range is a single code point */
+            if (! invlist_iternext(cp_list, &start, &end)
+
+                    /* Don't do this optimization if it would require changing
+                     * the pattern to UTF-8 */
+                && (start < 256 || UTF))
+            {
+                /* Here, the list contains a single code point.  Can optimize
+                 * into an EXACT node */
+
+                value = start;
+
+                if (! FOLD) {
+                    op = EXACT;
+                }
+                else if (LOC) {
+
+                    /* A locale node under folding with one code point can be
+                     * an EXACTFL, as its fold won't be calculated until
+                     * runtime */
+                    op = EXACTFL;
+                }
+                else {
+
+                    /* Here, we are generally folding, but there is only one
+                     * code point to match.  If we have to, we use an EXACT
+                     * node, but it would be better for joining with adjacent
+                     * nodes in the optimization pass if we used the same
+                     * EXACTFish node that any such are likely to be.  We can
+                     * do this iff the code point doesn't participate in any
+                     * folds.  For example, an EXACTF of a colon is the same as
+                     * an EXACT one, since nothing folds to or from a colon. */
+                    if (value < 256) {
+                        if (IS_IN_SOME_FOLD_L1(value)) {
+                            op = EXACT;
+                        }
+                    }
+                    else {
+                        if (! PL_utf8_foldable) {
+                            SV* swash = swash_init("utf8", "_Perl_Any_Folds",
+                                                &PL_sv_undef, 1, 0);
+                            PL_utf8_foldable = _get_swash_invlist(swash);
+                            SvREFCNT_dec_NN(swash);
+                        }
+                        if (_invlist_contains_cp(PL_utf8_foldable, value)) {
+                            op = EXACT;
+                        }
+                    }
+
+                    /* If we haven't found the node type, above, it means we
+                     * can use the prevailing one */
+                    if (op == END) {
+                        op = compute_EXACTish(pRExC_state);
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        else if (start == 0) {
+            if (end == UV_MAX) {
+                op = SANY;
+                *flagp |= HASWIDTH|SIMPLE;
+                RExC_naughty++;
+            }
+            else if (end == '\n' - 1
+                    && invlist_iternext(cp_list, &start, &end)
+                    && start == '\n' + 1 && end == UV_MAX)
+            {
+                op = REG_ANY;
+                *flagp |= HASWIDTH|SIMPLE;
+                RExC_naughty++;
+            }
+        }
+        invlist_iterfinish(cp_list);
+
+        if (op != END) {
+            RExC_parse = (char *)orig_parse;
+            RExC_emit = (regnode *)orig_emit;
+
+            ret = reg_node(pRExC_state, op);
+
+            RExC_parse = (char *)cur_parse;
+
+            if (PL_regkind[op] == EXACT) {
+                alloc_maybe_populate_EXACT(pRExC_state, ret, flagp, 0, value);
+            }
+
+            SvREFCNT_dec_NN(cp_list);
+            return ret;
+        }
+    }
+
+    /* Here, <cp_list> contains all the code points we can determine at
+     * compile time that match under all conditions.  Go through it, and
+     * for things that belong in the bitmap, put them there, and delete from
+     * <cp_list>.  While we are at it, see if everything above 255 is in the
+     * list, and if so, set a flag to speed up execution */
+    ANYOF_BITMAP_ZERO(ret);
+    if (cp_list) {
+
+       /* This gets set if we actually need to modify things */
+       bool change_invlist = FALSE;
+
+       UV start, end;
+
+       /* Start looking through <cp_list> */
+       invlist_iterinit(cp_list);
+       while (invlist_iternext(cp_list, &start, &end)) {
+           UV high;
+           int i;
+
+            if (end == UV_MAX && start <= 256) {
+                ANYOF_FLAGS(ret) |= ANYOF_UNICODE_ALL;
+            }
+
+           /* Quit if are above what we should change */
+           if (start > 255) {
+               break;
+           }
+
+           change_invlist = TRUE;
+
+           /* Set all the bits in the range, up to the max that we are doing */
+           high = (end < 255) ? end : 255;
+           for (i = start; i <= (int) high; i++) {
+               if (! ANYOF_BITMAP_TEST(ret, i)) {
+                   ANYOF_BITMAP_SET(ret, i);
+                   prevvalue = value;
+                   value = i;
+               }
+           }
+       }
+       invlist_iterfinish(cp_list);
+
+        /* Done with loop; remove any code points that are in the bitmap from
+         * <cp_list> */
+       if (change_invlist) {
+           _invlist_subtract(cp_list, PL_Latin1, &cp_list);
+       }
+
+       /* If have completely emptied it, remove it completely */
+       if (_invlist_len(cp_list) == 0) {
+           SvREFCNT_dec_NN(cp_list);
+           cp_list = NULL;
+       }
+    }
+
+    if (invert) {
+        ANYOF_FLAGS(ret) |= ANYOF_INVERT;
+    }
+
+    /* Here, the bitmap has been populated with all the Latin1 code points that
+     * always match.  Can now add to the overall list those that match only
+     * when the target string is UTF-8 (<depends_list>). */
+    if (depends_list) {
+       if (cp_list) {
+           _invlist_union(cp_list, depends_list, &cp_list);
+           SvREFCNT_dec_NN(depends_list);
+       }
+       else {
+           cp_list = depends_list;
+       }
+    }
+
+    /* If there is a swash and more than one element, we can't use the swash in
+     * the optimization below. */
+    if (swash && element_count > 1) {
+       SvREFCNT_dec_NN(swash);
+       swash = NULL;
+    }
+
+    if (! cp_list
+       && ! HAS_NONLOCALE_RUNTIME_PROPERTY_DEFINITION)
+    {
+       ARG_SET(ret, ANYOF_NONBITMAP_EMPTY);
+    }
+    else {
+       /* av[0] stores the character class description in its textual form:
+        *       used later (regexec.c:Perl_regclass_swash()) to initialize the
+        *       appropriate swash, and is also useful for dumping the regnode.
+        * av[1] if NULL, is a placeholder to later contain the swash computed
+        *       from av[0].  But if no further computation need be done, the
+        *       swash is stored there now.
+        * av[2] stores the cp_list inversion list for use in addition or
+        *       instead of av[0]; used only if av[1] is NULL
+        * av[3] is set if any component of the class is from a user-defined
+        *       property; used only if av[1] is NULL */
+       AV * const av = newAV();
+       SV *rv;
+
+       av_store(av, 0, (HAS_NONLOCALE_RUNTIME_PROPERTY_DEFINITION)
+                       ? SvREFCNT_inc(listsv) : &PL_sv_undef);
+       if (swash) {
+           av_store(av, 1, swash);
+           SvREFCNT_dec_NN(cp_list);
+       }
+       else {
+           av_store(av, 1, NULL);
+           if (cp_list) {
+               av_store(av, 2, cp_list);
+               av_store(av, 3, newSVuv(has_user_defined_property));
+           }
+       }
+
+       rv = newRV_noinc(MUTABLE_SV(av));
+       n = add_data(pRExC_state, 1, "s");
+       RExC_rxi->data->data[n] = (void*)rv;
+       ARG_SET(ret, n);
+    }
+
+    *flagp |= HASWIDTH|SIMPLE;
+    return ret;
+}
+#undef HAS_NONLOCALE_RUNTIME_PROPERTY_DEFINITION
+
+
+/* reg_skipcomment()
+
+   Absorbs an /x style # comments from the input stream.
+   Returns true if there is more text remaining in the stream.
+   Will set the REG_SEEN_RUN_ON_COMMENT flag if the comment
+   terminates the pattern without including a newline.
+
+   Note its the callers responsibility to ensure that we are
+   actually in /x mode
+
+*/
+
+STATIC bool
+S_reg_skipcomment(pTHX_ RExC_state_t *pRExC_state)
+{
+    bool ended = 0;
+
+    PERL_ARGS_ASSERT_REG_SKIPCOMMENT;
+
+    while (RExC_parse < RExC_end)
+        if (*RExC_parse++ == '\n') {
+            ended = 1;
+            break;
+        }
+    if (!ended) {
+        /* we ran off the end of the pattern without ending
+           the comment, so we have to add an \n when wrapping */
+        RExC_seen |= REG_SEEN_RUN_ON_COMMENT;
+        return 0;
+    } else
+        return 1;
+}
+
+/* nextchar()
+
+   Advances the parse position, and optionally absorbs
+   "whitespace" from the inputstream.
+
+   Without /x "whitespace" means (?#...) style comments only,
+   with /x this means (?#...) and # comments and whitespace proper.
+
+   Returns the RExC_parse point from BEFORE the scan occurs.
+
+   This is the /x friendly way of saying RExC_parse++.
+*/
+
+STATIC char*
+S_nextchar(pTHX_ RExC_state_t *pRExC_state)
+{
+    char* const retval = RExC_parse++;
+
+    PERL_ARGS_ASSERT_NEXTCHAR;
+
+    for (;;) {
+       if (RExC_end - RExC_parse >= 3
+           && *RExC_parse == '('
+           && RExC_parse[1] == '?'
+           && RExC_parse[2] == '#')
+       {
+           while (*RExC_parse != ')') {
+               if (RExC_parse == RExC_end)
+                   FAIL("Sequence (?#... not terminated");
+               RExC_parse++;
+           }
+           RExC_parse++;
+           continue;
+       }
+       if (RExC_flags & RXf_PMf_EXTENDED) {
+           if (isSPACE(*RExC_parse)) {
+               RExC_parse++;
+               continue;
+           }
+           else if (*RExC_parse == '#') {
+               if ( reg_skipcomment( pRExC_state ) )
+                   continue;
+           }
+       }
+       return retval;
+    }
+}
+
+/*
+- reg_node - emit a node
+*/
+STATIC regnode *                       /* Location. */
+S_reg_node(pTHX_ RExC_state_t *pRExC_state, U8 op)
+{
+    dVAR;
+    regnode *ptr;
+    regnode * const ret = RExC_emit;
+    GET_RE_DEBUG_FLAGS_DECL;
+
+    PERL_ARGS_ASSERT_REG_NODE;
+
+    if (SIZE_ONLY) {
+       SIZE_ALIGN(RExC_size);
+       RExC_size += 1;
+       return(ret);
+    }
+    if (RExC_emit >= RExC_emit_bound)
+        Perl_croak(aTHX_ "panic: reg_node overrun trying to emit %d, %p>=%p",
+                  op, RExC_emit, RExC_emit_bound);
+
+    NODE_ALIGN_FILL(ret);
+    ptr = ret;
+    FILL_ADVANCE_NODE(ptr, op);
+#ifdef RE_TRACK_PATTERN_OFFSETS
+    if (RExC_offsets) {         /* MJD */
+       MJD_OFFSET_DEBUG(("%s:%d: (op %s) %s %"UVuf" (len %"UVuf") (max %"UVuf").\n", 
+              "reg_node", __LINE__, 
+              PL_reg_name[op],
+              (UV)(RExC_emit - RExC_emit_start) > RExC_offsets[0] 
+               ? "Overwriting end of array!\n" : "OK",
+              (UV)(RExC_emit - RExC_emit_start),
+              (UV)(RExC_parse - RExC_start),
+              (UV)RExC_offsets[0])); 
+       Set_Node_Offset(RExC_emit, RExC_parse + (op == END));
+    }
+#endif
+    RExC_emit = ptr;
+    return(ret);
+}
+
+/*
+- reganode - emit a node with an argument
+*/
+STATIC regnode *                       /* Location. */
+S_reganode(pTHX_ RExC_state_t *pRExC_state, U8 op, U32 arg)
+{
+    dVAR;
+    regnode *ptr;
+    regnode * const ret = RExC_emit;
+    GET_RE_DEBUG_FLAGS_DECL;
+
+    PERL_ARGS_ASSERT_REGANODE;
+
+    if (SIZE_ONLY) {
+       SIZE_ALIGN(RExC_size);
+       RExC_size += 2;
+       /* 
+          We can't do this:
+          
+          assert(2==regarglen[op]+1); 
+
+          Anything larger than this has to allocate the extra amount.
+          If we changed this to be:
+          
+          RExC_size += (1 + regarglen[op]);
+          
+          then it wouldn't matter. Its not clear what side effect
+          might come from that so its not done so far.
+          -- dmq
+       */
+       return(ret);
+    }
+    if (RExC_emit >= RExC_emit_bound)
+        Perl_croak(aTHX_ "panic: reg_node overrun trying to emit %d, %p>=%p",
+                  op, RExC_emit, RExC_emit_bound);
+
+    NODE_ALIGN_FILL(ret);
+    ptr = ret;
+    FILL_ADVANCE_NODE_ARG(ptr, op, arg);
+#ifdef RE_TRACK_PATTERN_OFFSETS
+    if (RExC_offsets) {         /* MJD */
+       MJD_OFFSET_DEBUG(("%s(%d): (op %s) %s %"UVuf" <- %"UVuf" (max %"UVuf").\n", 
+              "reganode",
+             __LINE__,
+             PL_reg_name[op],
+              (UV)(RExC_emit - RExC_emit_start) > RExC_offsets[0] ? 
+              "Overwriting end of array!\n" : "OK",
+              (UV)(RExC_emit - RExC_emit_start),
+              (UV)(RExC_parse - RExC_start),
+              (UV)RExC_offsets[0])); 
+       Set_Cur_Node_Offset;
+    }
+#endif            
+    RExC_emit = ptr;
+    return(ret);
+}
+
+/*
+- reguni - emit (if appropriate) a Unicode character
+*/
+STATIC STRLEN
+S_reguni(pTHX_ const RExC_state_t *pRExC_state, UV uv, char* s)
+{
+    dVAR;
+
+    PERL_ARGS_ASSERT_REGUNI;
+
+    return SIZE_ONLY ? UNISKIP(uv) : (uvchr_to_utf8((U8*)s, uv) - (U8*)s);
+}
+
+/*
+- reginsert - insert an operator in front of already-emitted operand
+*
+* Means relocating the operand.
+*/
+STATIC void
+S_reginsert(pTHX_ RExC_state_t *pRExC_state, U8 op, regnode *opnd, U32 depth)
+{
+    dVAR;
+    regnode *src;
+    regnode *dst;
+    regnode *place;
+    const int offset = regarglen[(U8)op];
+    const int size = NODE_STEP_REGNODE + offset;
+    GET_RE_DEBUG_FLAGS_DECL;
+
+    PERL_ARGS_ASSERT_REGINSERT;
+    PERL_UNUSED_ARG(depth);
+/* (PL_regkind[(U8)op] == CURLY ? EXTRA_STEP_2ARGS : 0); */
+    DEBUG_PARSE_FMT("inst"," - %s",PL_reg_name[op]);
+    if (SIZE_ONLY) {
+       RExC_size += size;
+       return;
+    }
+
+    src = RExC_emit;
+    RExC_emit += size;
+    dst = RExC_emit;
+    if (RExC_open_parens) {
+        int paren;
+        /*DEBUG_PARSE_FMT("inst"," - %"IVdf, (IV)RExC_npar);*/
+        for ( paren=0 ; paren < RExC_npar ; paren++ ) {
+            if ( RExC_open_parens[paren] >= opnd ) {
+                /*DEBUG_PARSE_FMT("open"," - %d",size);*/
+                RExC_open_parens[paren] += size;
+            } else {
+                /*DEBUG_PARSE_FMT("open"," - %s","ok");*/
+            }
+            if ( RExC_close_parens[paren] >= opnd ) {
+                /*DEBUG_PARSE_FMT("close"," - %d",size);*/
+                RExC_close_parens[paren] += size;
+            } else {
+                /*DEBUG_PARSE_FMT("close"," - %s","ok");*/
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    while (src > opnd) {
+       StructCopy(--src, --dst, regnode);
+#ifdef RE_TRACK_PATTERN_OFFSETS
+        if (RExC_offsets) {     /* MJD 20010112 */
+           MJD_OFFSET_DEBUG(("%s(%d): (op %s) %s copy %"UVuf" -> %"UVuf" (max %"UVuf").\n",
+                  "reg_insert",
+                 __LINE__,
+                 PL_reg_name[op],
+                  (UV)(dst - RExC_emit_start) > RExC_offsets[0] 
+                   ? "Overwriting end of array!\n" : "OK",
+                  (UV)(src - RExC_emit_start),
+                  (UV)(dst - RExC_emit_start),
+                  (UV)RExC_offsets[0])); 
+           Set_Node_Offset_To_R(dst-RExC_emit_start, Node_Offset(src));
+           Set_Node_Length_To_R(dst-RExC_emit_start, Node_Length(src));
+        }
+#endif
+    }
+    
+
+    place = opnd;              /* Op node, where operand used to be. */
+#ifdef RE_TRACK_PATTERN_OFFSETS
+    if (RExC_offsets) {         /* MJD */
+       MJD_OFFSET_DEBUG(("%s(%d): (op %s) %s %"UVuf" <- %"UVuf" (max %"UVuf").\n", 
+              "reginsert",
+             __LINE__,
+             PL_reg_name[op],
+              (UV)(place - RExC_emit_start) > RExC_offsets[0] 
+              ? "Overwriting end of array!\n" : "OK",
+              (UV)(place - RExC_emit_start),
+              (UV)(RExC_parse - RExC_start),
+              (UV)RExC_offsets[0]));
+       Set_Node_Offset(place, RExC_parse);
+       Set_Node_Length(place, 1);
+    }
+#endif    
+    src = NEXTOPER(place);
+    FILL_ADVANCE_NODE(place, op);
+    Zero(src, offset, regnode);
+}
+
+/*
+- regtail - set the next-pointer at the end of a node chain of p to val.
+- SEE ALSO: regtail_study
+*/
+/* TODO: All three parms should be const */
+STATIC void
+S_regtail(pTHX_ RExC_state_t *pRExC_state, regnode *p, const regnode *val,U32 depth)
+{
+    dVAR;
+    regnode *scan;
+    GET_RE_DEBUG_FLAGS_DECL;
+
+    PERL_ARGS_ASSERT_REGTAIL;
+#ifndef DEBUGGING
+    PERL_UNUSED_ARG(depth);
+#endif
+
+    if (SIZE_ONLY)
+       return;
+
+    /* Find last node. */
+    scan = p;
+    for (;;) {
+       regnode * const temp = regnext(scan);
+        DEBUG_PARSE_r({
+            SV * const mysv=sv_newmortal();
+            DEBUG_PARSE_MSG((scan==p ? "tail" : ""));
+            regprop(RExC_rx, mysv, scan);
+            PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log, "~ %s (%d) %s %s\n",
+                SvPV_nolen_const(mysv), REG_NODE_NUM(scan),
+                    (temp == NULL ? "->" : ""),
+                    (temp == NULL ? PL_reg_name[OP(val)] : "")
+            );
+        });
+        if (temp == NULL)
+            break;
+        scan = temp;
+    }
+
+    if (reg_off_by_arg[OP(scan)]) {
+        ARG_SET(scan, val - scan);
+    }
+    else {
+        NEXT_OFF(scan) = val - scan;
+    }
+}
+
+#ifdef DEBUGGING
+/*
+- regtail_study - set the next-pointer at the end of a node chain of p to val.
+- Look for optimizable sequences at the same time.
+- currently only looks for EXACT chains.
+
+This is experimental code. The idea is to use this routine to perform 
+in place optimizations on branches and groups as they are constructed,
+with the long term intention of removing optimization from study_chunk so
+that it is purely analytical.
+
+Currently only used when in DEBUG mode. The macro REGTAIL_STUDY() is used
+to control which is which.
+
+*/
+/* TODO: All four parms should be const */
+
+STATIC U8
+S_regtail_study(pTHX_ RExC_state_t *pRExC_state, regnode *p, const regnode *val,U32 depth)
+{
+    dVAR;
+    regnode *scan;
+    U8 exact = PSEUDO;
+#ifdef EXPERIMENTAL_INPLACESCAN
+    I32 min = 0;
+#endif
+    GET_RE_DEBUG_FLAGS_DECL;
+
+    PERL_ARGS_ASSERT_REGTAIL_STUDY;
+
+
+    if (SIZE_ONLY)
+        return exact;
+
+    /* Find last node. */
+
+    scan = p;
+    for (;;) {
+        regnode * const temp = regnext(scan);
+#ifdef EXPERIMENTAL_INPLACESCAN
+        if (PL_regkind[OP(scan)] == EXACT) {
+           bool has_exactf_sharp_s;    /* Unexamined in this routine */
+            if (join_exact(pRExC_state,scan,&min, &has_exactf_sharp_s, 1,val,depth+1))
+                return EXACT;
+       }
+#endif
+        if ( exact ) {
+            switch (OP(scan)) {
+                case EXACT:
+                case EXACTF:
+                case EXACTFA:
+                case EXACTFU:
+                case EXACTFU_SS:
+                case EXACTFU_TRICKYFOLD:
+                case EXACTFL:
+                        if( exact == PSEUDO )
+                            exact= OP(scan);
+                        else if ( exact != OP(scan) )
+                            exact= 0;
+                case NOTHING:
+                    break;
+                default:
+                    exact= 0;
+            }
+        }
+        DEBUG_PARSE_r({
+            SV * const mysv=sv_newmortal();
+            DEBUG_PARSE_MSG((scan==p ? "tsdy" : ""));
+            regprop(RExC_rx, mysv, scan);
+            PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log, "~ %s (%d) -> %s\n",
+                SvPV_nolen_const(mysv),
+                REG_NODE_NUM(scan),
+                PL_reg_name[exact]);
+        });
+       if (temp == NULL)
+           break;
+       scan = temp;
+    }
+    DEBUG_PARSE_r({
+        SV * const mysv_val=sv_newmortal();
+        DEBUG_PARSE_MSG("");
+        regprop(RExC_rx, mysv_val, val);
+        PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log, "~ attach to %s (%"IVdf") offset to %"IVdf"\n",
+                     SvPV_nolen_const(mysv_val),
+                     (IV)REG_NODE_NUM(val),
+                     (IV)(val - scan)
+        );
+    });
+    if (reg_off_by_arg[OP(scan)]) {
+       ARG_SET(scan, val - scan);
+    }
+    else {
+       NEXT_OFF(scan) = val - scan;
+    }
+
+    return exact;
+}
+#endif
+
+/*
+ - regdump - dump a regexp onto Perl_debug_log in vaguely comprehensible form
+ */
+#ifdef DEBUGGING
+static void 
+S_regdump_extflags(pTHX_ const char *lead, const U32 flags)
+{
+    int bit;
+    int set=0;
+    regex_charset cs;
+
+    for (bit=0; bit<32; bit++) {
+        if (flags & (1<<bit)) {
+           if ((1<<bit) & RXf_PMf_CHARSET) {   /* Output separately, below */
+               continue;
+           }
+            if (!set++ && lead) 
+                PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log, "%s",lead);
+            PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log, "%s ",PL_reg_extflags_name[bit]);
+        }              
+    }     
+    if ((cs = get_regex_charset(flags)) != REGEX_DEPENDS_CHARSET) {
+            if (!set++ && lead) {
+                PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log, "%s",lead);
+            }
+            switch (cs) {
+                case REGEX_UNICODE_CHARSET:
+                    PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log, "UNICODE");
+                    break;
+                case REGEX_LOCALE_CHARSET:
+                    PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log, "LOCALE");
+                    break;
+                case REGEX_ASCII_RESTRICTED_CHARSET:
+                    PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log, "ASCII-RESTRICTED");
+                    break;
+                case REGEX_ASCII_MORE_RESTRICTED_CHARSET:
+                    PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log, "ASCII-MORE_RESTRICTED");
+                    break;
+                default:
+                    PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log, "UNKNOWN CHARACTER SET");
+                    break;
+            }
+    }
+    if (lead)  {
+        if (set) 
+            PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log, "\n");
+        else 
+            PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log, "%s[none-set]\n",lead);
+    }            
+}   
+#endif
+
+void
+Perl_regdump(pTHX_ const regexp *r)
+{
+#ifdef DEBUGGING
+    dVAR;
+    SV * const sv = sv_newmortal();
+    SV *dsv= sv_newmortal();
+    RXi_GET_DECL(r,ri);
+    GET_RE_DEBUG_FLAGS_DECL;
+
+    PERL_ARGS_ASSERT_REGDUMP;
+
+    (void)dumpuntil(r, ri->program, ri->program + 1, NULL, NULL, sv, 0, 0);
+
+    /* Header fields of interest. */
+    if (r->anchored_substr) {
+       RE_PV_QUOTED_DECL(s, 0, dsv, SvPVX_const(r->anchored_substr), 
+           RE_SV_DUMPLEN(r->anchored_substr), 30);
+       PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log,
+                     "anchored %s%s at %"IVdf" ",
+                     s, RE_SV_TAIL(r->anchored_substr),
+                     (IV)r->anchored_offset);
+    } else if (r->anchored_utf8) {
+       RE_PV_QUOTED_DECL(s, 1, dsv, SvPVX_const(r->anchored_utf8), 
+           RE_SV_DUMPLEN(r->anchored_utf8), 30);
+       PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log,
+                     "anchored utf8 %s%s at %"IVdf" ",
+                     s, RE_SV_TAIL(r->anchored_utf8),
+                     (IV)r->anchored_offset);
+    }                
+    if (r->float_substr) {
+       RE_PV_QUOTED_DECL(s, 0, dsv, SvPVX_const(r->float_substr), 
+           RE_SV_DUMPLEN(r->float_substr), 30);
+       PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log,
+                     "floating %s%s at %"IVdf"..%"UVuf" ",
+                     s, RE_SV_TAIL(r->float_substr),
+                     (IV)r->float_min_offset, (UV)r->float_max_offset);
+    } else if (r->float_utf8) {
+       RE_PV_QUOTED_DECL(s, 1, dsv, SvPVX_const(r->float_utf8), 
+           RE_SV_DUMPLEN(r->float_utf8), 30);
+       PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log,
+                     "floating utf8 %s%s at %"IVdf"..%"UVuf" ",
+                     s, RE_SV_TAIL(r->float_utf8),
+                     (IV)r->float_min_offset, (UV)r->float_max_offset);
+    }
+    if (r->check_substr || r->check_utf8)
+       PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log,
+                     (const char *)
+                     (r->check_substr == r->float_substr
+                      && r->check_utf8 == r->float_utf8
+                      ? "(checking floating" : "(checking anchored"));
+    if (r->extflags & RXf_NOSCAN)
+       PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log, " noscan");
+    if (r->extflags & RXf_CHECK_ALL)
+       PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log, " isall");
+    if (r->check_substr || r->check_utf8)
+       PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log, ") ");
+
+    if (ri->regstclass) {
+       regprop(r, sv, ri->regstclass);
+       PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log, "stclass %s ", SvPVX_const(sv));
+    }
+    if (r->extflags & RXf_ANCH) {
+       PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log, "anchored");
+       if (r->extflags & RXf_ANCH_BOL)
+           PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log, "(BOL)");
+       if (r->extflags & RXf_ANCH_MBOL)
+           PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log, "(MBOL)");
+       if (r->extflags & RXf_ANCH_SBOL)
+           PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log, "(SBOL)");
+       if (r->extflags & RXf_ANCH_GPOS)
+           PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log, "(GPOS)");
+       PerlIO_putc(Perl_debug_log, ' ');
+    }
+    if (r->extflags & RXf_GPOS_SEEN)
+       PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log, "GPOS:%"UVuf" ", (UV)r->gofs);
+    if (r->intflags & PREGf_SKIP)
+       PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log, "plus ");
+    if (r->intflags & PREGf_IMPLICIT)
+       PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log, "implicit ");
+    PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log, "minlen %"IVdf" ", (IV)r->minlen);
+    if (r->extflags & RXf_EVAL_SEEN)
+       PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log, "with eval ");
+    PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log, "\n");
+    DEBUG_FLAGS_r(regdump_extflags("r->extflags: ",r->extflags));            
+#else
+    PERL_ARGS_ASSERT_REGDUMP;
+    PERL_UNUSED_CONTEXT;
+    PERL_UNUSED_ARG(r);
+#endif /* DEBUGGING */
+}
+
+/*
+- regprop - printable representation of opcode
+*/
+#define EMIT_ANYOF_TEST_SEPARATOR(do_sep,sv,flags) \
+STMT_START { \
+        if (do_sep) {                           \
+            Perl_sv_catpvf(aTHX_ sv,"%s][%s",PL_colors[1],PL_colors[0]); \
+            if (flags & ANYOF_INVERT)           \
+                /*make sure the invert info is in each */ \
+                sv_catpvs(sv, "^");             \
+            do_sep = 0;                         \
+        }                                       \
+} STMT_END
+
+void
+Perl_regprop(pTHX_ const regexp *prog, SV *sv, const regnode *o)
+{
+#ifdef DEBUGGING
+    dVAR;
+    int k;
+
+    /* Should be synchronized with * ANYOF_ #xdefines in regcomp.h */
+    static const char * const anyofs[] = {
+#if _CC_WORDCHAR != 0 || _CC_DIGIT != 1 || _CC_ALPHA != 2 || _CC_LOWER != 3 \
+    || _CC_UPPER != 4 || _CC_PUNCT != 5 || _CC_PRINT != 6                   \
+    || _CC_ALPHANUMERIC != 7 || _CC_GRAPH != 8 || _CC_CASED != 9            \
+    || _CC_SPACE != 10 || _CC_BLANK != 11 || _CC_XDIGIT != 12               \
+    || _CC_PSXSPC != 13 || _CC_CNTRL != 14 || _CC_ASCII != 15               \
+    || _CC_VERTSPACE != 16
+  #error Need to adjust order of anyofs[]
+#endif
+        "[\\w]",
+        "[\\W]",
+        "[\\d]",
+        "[\\D]",
+        "[:alpha:]",
+        "[:^alpha:]",
+        "[:lower:]",
+        "[:^lower:]",
+        "[:upper:]",
+        "[:^upper:]",
+        "[:punct:]",
+        "[:^punct:]",
+        "[:print:]",
+        "[:^print:]",
+        "[:alnum:]",
+        "[:^alnum:]",
+        "[:graph:]",
+        "[:^graph:]",
+        "[:cased:]",
+        "[:^cased:]",
+        "[\\s]",
+        "[\\S]",
+        "[:blank:]",
+        "[:^blank:]",
+        "[:xdigit:]",
+        "[:^xdigit:]",
+        "[:space:]",
+        "[:^space:]",
+        "[:cntrl:]",
+        "[:^cntrl:]",
+        "[:ascii:]",
+        "[:^ascii:]",
+        "[\\v]",
+        "[\\V]"
+    };
+    RXi_GET_DECL(prog,progi);
+    GET_RE_DEBUG_FLAGS_DECL;
+    
+    PERL_ARGS_ASSERT_REGPROP;
+
+    sv_setpvs(sv, "");
+
+    if (OP(o) > REGNODE_MAX)           /* regnode.type is unsigned */
+       /* It would be nice to FAIL() here, but this may be called from
+          regexec.c, and it would be hard to supply pRExC_state. */
+       Perl_croak(aTHX_ "Corrupted regexp opcode %d > %d", (int)OP(o), (int)REGNODE_MAX);
+    sv_catpv(sv, PL_reg_name[OP(o)]); /* Take off const! */
+
+    k = PL_regkind[OP(o)];
+
+    if (k == EXACT) {
+       sv_catpvs(sv, " ");
+       /* Using is_utf8_string() (via PERL_PV_UNI_DETECT) 
+        * is a crude hack but it may be the best for now since 
+        * we have no flag "this EXACTish node was UTF-8" 
+        * --jhi */
+       pv_pretty(sv, STRING(o), STR_LEN(o), 60, PL_colors[0], PL_colors[1],
+                 PERL_PV_ESCAPE_UNI_DETECT |
+                 PERL_PV_ESCAPE_NONASCII   |
+                 PERL_PV_PRETTY_ELLIPSES   |
+                 PERL_PV_PRETTY_LTGT       |
+                 PERL_PV_PRETTY_NOCLEAR
+                 );
+    } else if (k == TRIE) {
+       /* print the details of the trie in dumpuntil instead, as
+        * progi->data isn't available here */
+        const char op = OP(o);
+        const U32 n = ARG(o);
+        const reg_ac_data * const ac = IS_TRIE_AC(op) ?
+               (reg_ac_data *)progi->data->data[n] :
+               NULL;
+        const reg_trie_data * const trie
+           = (reg_trie_data*)progi->data->data[!IS_TRIE_AC(op) ? n : ac->trie];
+        
+        Perl_sv_catpvf(aTHX_ sv, "-%s",PL_reg_name[o->flags]);
+        DEBUG_TRIE_COMPILE_r(
+            Perl_sv_catpvf(aTHX_ sv,
+                "<S:%"UVuf"/%"IVdf" W:%"UVuf" L:%"UVuf"/%"UVuf" C:%"UVuf"/%"UVuf">",
+                (UV)trie->startstate,
+                (IV)trie->statecount-1, /* -1 because of the unused 0 element */
+                (UV)trie->wordcount,
+                (UV)trie->minlen,
+                (UV)trie->maxlen,
+                (UV)TRIE_CHARCOUNT(trie),
+                (UV)trie->uniquecharcount
+            )
+        );
+        if ( IS_ANYOF_TRIE(op) || trie->bitmap ) {
+            int i;
+            int rangestart = -1;
+            U8* bitmap = IS_ANYOF_TRIE(op) ? (U8*)ANYOF_BITMAP(o) : (U8*)TRIE_BITMAP(trie);
+            sv_catpvs(sv, "[");
+            for (i = 0; i <= 256; i++) {
+                if (i < 256 && BITMAP_TEST(bitmap,i)) {
+                    if (rangestart == -1)
+                        rangestart = i;
+                } else if (rangestart != -1) {
+                    if (i <= rangestart + 3)
+                        for (; rangestart < i; rangestart++)
+                            put_byte(sv, rangestart);
+                    else {
+                        put_byte(sv, rangestart);
+                        sv_catpvs(sv, "-");
+                        put_byte(sv, i - 1);
+                    }
+                    rangestart = -1;
+                }
+            }
+            sv_catpvs(sv, "]");
+        } 
+        
+    } else if (k == CURLY) {
+       if (OP(o) == CURLYM || OP(o) == CURLYN || OP(o) == CURLYX)
+           Perl_sv_catpvf(aTHX_ sv, "[%d]", o->flags); /* Parenth number */
+       Perl_sv_catpvf(aTHX_ sv, " {%d,%d}", ARG1(o), ARG2(o));
+    }
+    else if (k == WHILEM && o->flags)                  /* Ordinal/of */
+       Perl_sv_catpvf(aTHX_ sv, "[%d/%d]", o->flags & 0xf, o->flags>>4);
+    else if (k == REF || k == OPEN || k == CLOSE || k == GROUPP || OP(o)==ACCEPT) {
+       Perl_sv_catpvf(aTHX_ sv, "%d", (int)ARG(o));    /* Parenth number */
+       if ( RXp_PAREN_NAMES(prog) ) {
+            if ( k != REF || (OP(o) < NREF)) {
+               AV *list= MUTABLE_AV(progi->data->data[progi->name_list_idx]);
+               SV **name= av_fetch(list, ARG(o), 0 );
+               if (name)
+                   Perl_sv_catpvf(aTHX_ sv, " '%"SVf"'", SVfARG(*name));
+            }      
+            else {
+                AV *list= MUTABLE_AV(progi->data->data[ progi->name_list_idx ]);
+                SV *sv_dat= MUTABLE_SV(progi->data->data[ ARG( o ) ]);
+                I32 *nums=(I32*)SvPVX(sv_dat);
+                SV **name= av_fetch(list, nums[0], 0 );
+                I32 n;
+                if (name) {
+                    for ( n=0; n<SvIVX(sv_dat); n++ ) {
+                        Perl_sv_catpvf(aTHX_ sv, "%s%"IVdf,
+                                   (n ? "," : ""), (IV)nums[n]);
+                    }
+                    Perl_sv_catpvf(aTHX_ sv, " '%"SVf"'", SVfARG(*name));
+                }
+            }
+        }            
+    } else if (k == GOSUB) 
+       Perl_sv_catpvf(aTHX_ sv, "%d[%+d]", (int)ARG(o),(int)ARG2L(o)); /* Paren and offset */
+    else if (k == VERB) {
+        if (!o->flags) 
+            Perl_sv_catpvf(aTHX_ sv, ":%"SVf, 
+                          SVfARG((MUTABLE_SV(progi->data->data[ ARG( o ) ]))));
+    } else if (k == LOGICAL)
+       Perl_sv_catpvf(aTHX_ sv, "[%d]", o->flags);     /* 2: embedded, otherwise 1 */
+    else if (k == ANYOF) {
+       int i, rangestart = -1;
+       const U8 flags = ANYOF_FLAGS(o);
+       int do_sep = 0;
+
+
+       if (flags & ANYOF_LOCALE)
+           sv_catpvs(sv, "{loc}");
+       if (flags & ANYOF_LOC_FOLD)
+           sv_catpvs(sv, "{i}");
+       Perl_sv_catpvf(aTHX_ sv, "[%s", PL_colors[0]);
+       if (flags & ANYOF_INVERT)
+           sv_catpvs(sv, "^");
+
+       /* output what the standard cp 0-255 bitmap matches */
+       for (i = 0; i <= 256; i++) {
+           if (i < 256 && ANYOF_BITMAP_TEST(o,i)) {
+               if (rangestart == -1)
+                   rangestart = i;
+           } else if (rangestart != -1) {
+               if (i <= rangestart + 3)
+                   for (; rangestart < i; rangestart++)
+                       put_byte(sv, rangestart);
+               else {
+                   put_byte(sv, rangestart);
+                   sv_catpvs(sv, "-");
+                   put_byte(sv, i - 1);
+               }
+               do_sep = 1;
+               rangestart = -1;
+           }
+       }
+        
+        EMIT_ANYOF_TEST_SEPARATOR(do_sep,sv,flags);
+        /* output any special charclass tests (used entirely under use locale) */
+       if (ANYOF_CLASS_TEST_ANY_SET(o))
+           for (i = 0; i < (int)(sizeof(anyofs)/sizeof(char*)); i++)
+               if (ANYOF_CLASS_TEST(o,i)) {
+                   sv_catpv(sv, anyofs[i]);
+                   do_sep = 1;
+               }
+        
+        EMIT_ANYOF_TEST_SEPARATOR(do_sep,sv,flags);
+        
+       if (flags & ANYOF_NON_UTF8_LATIN1_ALL) {
+           sv_catpvs(sv, "{non-utf8-latin1-all}");
+       }
+
+        /* output information about the unicode matching */
+       if (flags & ANYOF_UNICODE_ALL)
+           sv_catpvs(sv, "{unicode_all}");
+       else if (ANYOF_NONBITMAP(o))
+           sv_catpvs(sv, "{unicode}");
+       if (flags & ANYOF_NONBITMAP_NON_UTF8)
+           sv_catpvs(sv, "{outside bitmap}");
+
+       if (ANYOF_NONBITMAP(o)) {
+           SV *lv; /* Set if there is something outside the bit map */
+           SV * const sw = regclass_swash(prog, o, FALSE, &lv, NULL);
+            bool byte_output = FALSE;   /* If something in the bitmap has been
+                                           output */
+
+           if (lv && lv != &PL_sv_undef) {
+               if (sw) {
+                   U8 s[UTF8_MAXBYTES_CASE+1];
+
+                   for (i = 0; i <= 256; i++) { /* Look at chars in bitmap */
+                       uvchr_to_utf8(s, i);
+
+                       if (i < 256
+                            && ! ANYOF_BITMAP_TEST(o, i)    /* Don't duplicate
+                                                               things already
+                                                               output as part
+                                                               of the bitmap */
+                            && swash_fetch(sw, s, TRUE))
+                        {
+                           if (rangestart == -1)
+                               rangestart = i;
+                       } else if (rangestart != -1) {
+                            byte_output = TRUE;
+                           if (i <= rangestart + 3)
+                               for (; rangestart < i; rangestart++) {
+                                   put_byte(sv, rangestart);
+                               }
+                           else {
+                               put_byte(sv, rangestart);
+                               sv_catpvs(sv, "-");
+                               put_byte(sv, i-1);
+                           }
+                           rangestart = -1;
+                       }
+                   }
+               }
+
+               {
+                   char *s = savesvpv(lv);
+                   char * const origs = s;
+
+                   while (*s && *s != '\n')
+                       s++;
+
+                   if (*s == '\n') {
+                       const char * const t = ++s;
+
+                        if (byte_output) {
+                            sv_catpvs(sv, " ");
+                        }
+
+                       while (*s) {
+                           if (*s == '\n') {
+
+                                /* Truncate very long output */
+                               if (s - origs > 256) {
+                                   Perl_sv_catpvf(aTHX_ sv,
+                                                  "%.*s...",
+                                                  (int) (s - origs - 1),
+                                                  t);
+                                   goto out_dump;
+                               }
+                               *s = ' ';
+                           }
+                           else if (*s == '\t') {
+                               *s = '-';
+                           }
+                           s++;
+                       }
+                       if (s[-1] == ' ')
+                           s[-1] = 0;
+
+                       sv_catpv(sv, t);
+                   }
+
+               out_dump:
+
+                   Safefree(origs);
+               }
+               SvREFCNT_dec_NN(lv);
+           }
+       }
+
+       Perl_sv_catpvf(aTHX_ sv, "%s]", PL_colors[1]);
+    }
+    else if (k == POSIXD || k == NPOSIXD) {
+        U8 index = FLAGS(o) * 2;
+        if (index > (sizeof(anyofs) / sizeof(anyofs[0]))) {
+            Perl_sv_catpvf(aTHX_ sv, "[illegal type=%d])", index);
+        }
+        else {
+            sv_catpv(sv, anyofs[index]);
+        }
+    }
+    else if (k == BRANCHJ && (OP(o) == UNLESSM || OP(o) == IFMATCH))
+       Perl_sv_catpvf(aTHX_ sv, "[%d]", -(o->flags));
+#else
+    PERL_UNUSED_CONTEXT;
+    PERL_UNUSED_ARG(sv);
+    PERL_UNUSED_ARG(o);
+    PERL_UNUSED_ARG(prog);
+#endif /* DEBUGGING */
+}
+
+SV *
+Perl_re_intuit_string(pTHX_ REGEXP * const r)
+{                              /* Assume that RE_INTUIT is set */
+    dVAR;
+    struct regexp *const prog = ReANY(r);
+    GET_RE_DEBUG_FLAGS_DECL;
+
+    PERL_ARGS_ASSERT_RE_INTUIT_STRING;
+    PERL_UNUSED_CONTEXT;
+
+    DEBUG_COMPILE_r(
+       {
+           const char * const s = SvPV_nolen_const(prog->check_substr
+                     ? prog->check_substr : prog->check_utf8);
+
+           if (!PL_colorset) reginitcolors();
+           PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log,
+                     "%sUsing REx %ssubstr:%s \"%s%.60s%s%s\"\n",
+                     PL_colors[4],
+                     prog->check_substr ? "" : "utf8 ",
+                     PL_colors[5],PL_colors[0],
+                     s,
+                     PL_colors[1],
+                     (strlen(s) > 60 ? "..." : ""));
+       } );
+
+    return prog->check_substr ? prog->check_substr : prog->check_utf8;
+}
+
+/* 
+   pregfree() 
+   
+   handles refcounting and freeing the perl core regexp structure. When 
+   it is necessary to actually free the structure the first thing it 
+   does is call the 'free' method of the regexp_engine associated to
+   the regexp, allowing the handling of the void *pprivate; member 
+   first. (This routine is not overridable by extensions, which is why 
+   the extensions free is called first.)
+   
+   See regdupe and regdupe_internal if you change anything here. 
+*/
+#ifndef PERL_IN_XSUB_RE
+void
+Perl_pregfree(pTHX_ REGEXP *r)
+{
+    SvREFCNT_dec(r);
+}
+
+void
+Perl_pregfree2(pTHX_ REGEXP *rx)
+{
+    dVAR;
+    struct regexp *const r = ReANY(rx);
+    GET_RE_DEBUG_FLAGS_DECL;
+
+    PERL_ARGS_ASSERT_PREGFREE2;
+
+    if (r->mother_re) {
+        ReREFCNT_dec(r->mother_re);
+    } else {
+        CALLREGFREE_PVT(rx); /* free the private data */
+        SvREFCNT_dec(RXp_PAREN_NAMES(r));
+       Safefree(r->xpv_len_u.xpvlenu_pv);
+    }        
+    if (r->substrs) {
+        SvREFCNT_dec(r->anchored_substr);
+        SvREFCNT_dec(r->anchored_utf8);
+        SvREFCNT_dec(r->float_substr);
+        SvREFCNT_dec(r->float_utf8);
+       Safefree(r->substrs);
+    }
+    RX_MATCH_COPY_FREE(rx);
+#ifdef PERL_ANY_COW
+    SvREFCNT_dec(r->saved_copy);
+#endif
+    Safefree(r->offs);
+    SvREFCNT_dec(r->qr_anoncv);
+    rx->sv_u.svu_rx = 0;
+}
+
+/*  reg_temp_copy()
+    
+    This is a hacky workaround to the structural issue of match results
+    being stored in the regexp structure which is in turn stored in
+    PL_curpm/PL_reg_curpm. The problem is that due to qr// the pattern
+    could be PL_curpm in multiple contexts, and could require multiple
+    result sets being associated with the pattern simultaneously, such
+    as when doing a recursive match with (??{$qr})
+    
+    The solution is to make a lightweight copy of the regexp structure 
+    when a qr// is returned from the code executed by (??{$qr}) this
+    lightweight copy doesn't actually own any of its data except for
+    the starp/end and the actual regexp structure itself. 
+    
+*/    
+    
+    
+REGEXP *
+Perl_reg_temp_copy (pTHX_ REGEXP *ret_x, REGEXP *rx)
+{
+    struct regexp *ret;
+    struct regexp *const r = ReANY(rx);
+    const bool islv = ret_x && SvTYPE(ret_x) == SVt_PVLV;
+
+    PERL_ARGS_ASSERT_REG_TEMP_COPY;
+
+    if (!ret_x)
+       ret_x = (REGEXP*) newSV_type(SVt_REGEXP);
+    else {
+       SvOK_off((SV *)ret_x);
+       if (islv) {
+           /* For PVLVs, SvANY points to the xpvlv body while sv_u points
+              to the regexp.  (For SVt_REGEXPs, sv_upgrade has already
+              made both spots point to the same regexp body.) */
+           REGEXP *temp = (REGEXP *)newSV_type(SVt_REGEXP);
+           assert(!SvPVX(ret_x));
+           ret_x->sv_u.svu_rx = temp->sv_any;
+           temp->sv_any = NULL;
+           SvFLAGS(temp) = (SvFLAGS(temp) & ~SVTYPEMASK) | SVt_NULL;
+           SvREFCNT_dec_NN(temp);
+           /* SvCUR still resides in the xpvlv struct, so the regexp copy-
+              ing below will not set it. */
+           SvCUR_set(ret_x, SvCUR(rx));
+       }
+    }
+    /* This ensures that SvTHINKFIRST(sv) is true, and hence that
+       sv_force_normal(sv) is called.  */
+    SvFAKE_on(ret_x);
+    ret = ReANY(ret_x);
+    
+    SvFLAGS(ret_x) |= SvUTF8(rx);
+    /* We share the same string buffer as the original regexp, on which we
+       hold a reference count, incremented when mother_re is set below.
+       The string pointer is copied here, being part of the regexp struct.
+     */
+    memcpy(&(ret->xpv_cur), &(r->xpv_cur),
+          sizeof(regexp) - STRUCT_OFFSET(regexp, xpv_cur));
+    if (r->offs) {
+        const I32 npar = r->nparens+1;
+        Newx(ret->offs, npar, regexp_paren_pair);
+        Copy(r->offs, ret->offs, npar, regexp_paren_pair);
+    }
+    if (r->substrs) {
+        Newx(ret->substrs, 1, struct reg_substr_data);
+       StructCopy(r->substrs, ret->substrs, struct reg_substr_data);
+
+       SvREFCNT_inc_void(ret->anchored_substr);
+       SvREFCNT_inc_void(ret->anchored_utf8);
+       SvREFCNT_inc_void(ret->float_substr);
+       SvREFCNT_inc_void(ret->float_utf8);
+
+       /* check_substr and check_utf8, if non-NULL, point to either their
+          anchored or float namesakes, and don't hold a second reference.  */
+    }
+    RX_MATCH_COPIED_off(ret_x);
+#ifdef PERL_ANY_COW
+    ret->saved_copy = NULL;
+#endif
+    ret->mother_re = ReREFCNT_inc(r->mother_re ? r->mother_re : rx);
+    SvREFCNT_inc_void(ret->qr_anoncv);
+    
+    return ret_x;
+}
+#endif
+
+/* regfree_internal() 
+
+   Free the private data in a regexp. This is overloadable by 
+   extensions. Perl takes care of the regexp structure in pregfree(), 
+   this covers the *pprivate pointer which technically perl doesn't 
+   know about, however of course we have to handle the 
+   regexp_internal structure when no extension is in use. 
+   
+   Note this is called before freeing anything in the regexp 
+   structure. 
+ */
+void
+Perl_regfree_internal(pTHX_ REGEXP * const rx)
+{
+    dVAR;
+    struct regexp *const r = ReANY(rx);
+    RXi_GET_DECL(r,ri);
+    GET_RE_DEBUG_FLAGS_DECL;
+
+    PERL_ARGS_ASSERT_REGFREE_INTERNAL;
+
+    DEBUG_COMPILE_r({
+       if (!PL_colorset)
+           reginitcolors();
+       {
+           SV *dsv= sv_newmortal();
+            RE_PV_QUOTED_DECL(s, RX_UTF8(rx),
+                dsv, RX_PRECOMP(rx), RX_PRELEN(rx), 60);
+            PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log,"%sFreeing REx:%s %s\n", 
+                PL_colors[4],PL_colors[5],s);
+        }
+    });
+#ifdef RE_TRACK_PATTERN_OFFSETS
+    if (ri->u.offsets)
+        Safefree(ri->u.offsets);             /* 20010421 MJD */
+#endif
+    if (ri->code_blocks) {
+       int n;
+       for (n = 0; n < ri->num_code_blocks; n++)
+           SvREFCNT_dec(ri->code_blocks[n].src_regex);
+       Safefree(ri->code_blocks);
+    }
+
+    if (ri->data) {
+       int n = ri->data->count;
+
+       while (--n >= 0) {
+          /* If you add a ->what type here, update the comment in regcomp.h */
+           switch (ri->data->what[n]) {
+           case 'a':
+           case 'r':
+           case 's':
+           case 'S':
+           case 'u':
+               SvREFCNT_dec(MUTABLE_SV(ri->data->data[n]));
+               break;
+           case 'f':
+               Safefree(ri->data->data[n]);
+               break;
+           case 'l':
+           case 'L':
+               break;
+            case 'T':          
+                { /* Aho Corasick add-on structure for a trie node.
+                     Used in stclass optimization only */
+                    U32 refcount;
+                    reg_ac_data *aho=(reg_ac_data*)ri->data->data[n];
+                    OP_REFCNT_LOCK;
+                    refcount = --aho->refcount;
+                    OP_REFCNT_UNLOCK;
+                    if ( !refcount ) {
+                        PerlMemShared_free(aho->states);
+                        PerlMemShared_free(aho->fail);
+                        /* do this last!!!! */
+                        PerlMemShared_free(ri->data->data[n]);
+                        PerlMemShared_free(ri->regstclass);
+                    }
+                }
+                break;
+           case 't':
+               {
+                   /* trie structure. */
+                   U32 refcount;
+                   reg_trie_data *trie=(reg_trie_data*)ri->data->data[n];
+                    OP_REFCNT_LOCK;
+                    refcount = --trie->refcount;
+                    OP_REFCNT_UNLOCK;
+                    if ( !refcount ) {
+                        PerlMemShared_free(trie->charmap);
+                        PerlMemShared_free(trie->states);
+                        PerlMemShared_free(trie->trans);
+                        if (trie->bitmap)
+                            PerlMemShared_free(trie->bitmap);
+                        if (trie->jump)
+                            PerlMemShared_free(trie->jump);
+                       PerlMemShared_free(trie->wordinfo);
+                        /* do this last!!!! */
+                        PerlMemShared_free(ri->data->data[n]);
+                   }
+               }
+               break;
+           default:
+               Perl_croak(aTHX_ "panic: regfree data code '%c'", ri->data->what[n]);
+           }
+       }
+       Safefree(ri->data->what);
+       Safefree(ri->data);
+    }
+
+    Safefree(ri);
+}
+
+#define av_dup_inc(s,t)        MUTABLE_AV(sv_dup_inc((const SV *)s,t))
+#define hv_dup_inc(s,t)        MUTABLE_HV(sv_dup_inc((const SV *)s,t))
+#define SAVEPVN(p,n)   ((p) ? savepvn(p,n) : NULL)
+
+/* 
+   re_dup - duplicate a regexp. 
+   
+   This routine is expected to clone a given regexp structure. It is only
+   compiled under USE_ITHREADS.
+
+   After all of the core data stored in struct regexp is duplicated
+   the regexp_engine.dupe method is used to copy any private data
+   stored in the *pprivate pointer. This allows extensions to handle
+   any duplication it needs to do.
+
+   See pregfree() and regfree_internal() if you change anything here. 
+*/
+#if defined(USE_ITHREADS)
+#ifndef PERL_IN_XSUB_RE
+void
+Perl_re_dup_guts(pTHX_ const REGEXP *sstr, REGEXP *dstr, CLONE_PARAMS *param)
+{
+    dVAR;
+    I32 npar;
+    const struct regexp *r = ReANY(sstr);
+    struct regexp *ret = ReANY(dstr);
+    
+    PERL_ARGS_ASSERT_RE_DUP_GUTS;
+
+    npar = r->nparens+1;
+    Newx(ret->offs, npar, regexp_paren_pair);
+    Copy(r->offs, ret->offs, npar, regexp_paren_pair);
+
+    if (ret->substrs) {
+       /* Do it this way to avoid reading from *r after the StructCopy().
+          That way, if any of the sv_dup_inc()s dislodge *r from the L1
+          cache, it doesn't matter.  */
+       const bool anchored = r->check_substr
+           ? r->check_substr == r->anchored_substr
+           : r->check_utf8 == r->anchored_utf8;
+        Newx(ret->substrs, 1, struct reg_substr_data);
+       StructCopy(r->substrs, ret->substrs, struct reg_substr_data);
+
+       ret->anchored_substr = sv_dup_inc(ret->anchored_substr, param);
+       ret->anchored_utf8 = sv_dup_inc(ret->anchored_utf8, param);
+       ret->float_substr = sv_dup_inc(ret->float_substr, param);
+       ret->float_utf8 = sv_dup_inc(ret->float_utf8, param);
+
+       /* check_substr and check_utf8, if non-NULL, point to either their
+          anchored or float namesakes, and don't hold a second reference.  */
+
+       if (ret->check_substr) {
+           if (anchored) {
+               assert(r->check_utf8 == r->anchored_utf8);
+               ret->check_substr = ret->anchored_substr;
+               ret->check_utf8 = ret->anchored_utf8;
+           } else {
+               assert(r->check_substr == r->float_substr);
+               assert(r->check_utf8 == r->float_utf8);
+               ret->check_substr = ret->float_substr;
+               ret->check_utf8 = ret->float_utf8;
+           }
+       } else if (ret->check_utf8) {
+           if (anchored) {
+               ret->check_utf8 = ret->anchored_utf8;
+           } else {
+               ret->check_utf8 = ret->float_utf8;
+           }
+       }
+    }
+
+    RXp_PAREN_NAMES(ret) = hv_dup_inc(RXp_PAREN_NAMES(ret), param);
+    ret->qr_anoncv = MUTABLE_CV(sv_dup_inc((const SV *)ret->qr_anoncv, param));
+
+    if (ret->pprivate)
+       RXi_SET(ret,CALLREGDUPE_PVT(dstr,param));
+
+    if (RX_MATCH_COPIED(dstr))
+       ret->subbeg  = SAVEPVN(ret->subbeg, ret->sublen);
+    else
+       ret->subbeg = NULL;
+#ifdef PERL_ANY_COW
+    ret->saved_copy = NULL;
+#endif
+
+    /* Whether mother_re be set or no, we need to copy the string.  We
+       cannot refrain from copying it when the storage points directly to
+       our mother regexp, because that's
+              1: a buffer in a different thread
+              2: something we no longer hold a reference on
+              so we need to copy it locally.  */
+    RX_WRAPPED(dstr) = SAVEPVN(RX_WRAPPED(sstr), SvCUR(sstr)+1);
+    ret->mother_re   = NULL;
+    ret->gofs = 0;
+}
+#endif /* PERL_IN_XSUB_RE */
+
+/*
+   regdupe_internal()
+   
+   This is the internal complement to regdupe() which is used to copy
+   the structure pointed to by the *pprivate pointer in the regexp.
+   This is the core version of the extension overridable cloning hook.
+   The regexp structure being duplicated will be copied by perl prior
+   to this and will be provided as the regexp *r argument, however 
+   with the /old/ structures pprivate pointer value. Thus this routine
+   may override any copying normally done by perl.
+   
+   It returns a pointer to the new regexp_internal structure.
+*/
+
+void *
+Perl_regdupe_internal(pTHX_ REGEXP * const rx, CLONE_PARAMS *param)
+{
+    dVAR;
+    struct regexp *const r = ReANY(rx);
+    regexp_internal *reti;
+    int len;
+    RXi_GET_DECL(r,ri);
+
+    PERL_ARGS_ASSERT_REGDUPE_INTERNAL;
+    
+    len = ProgLen(ri);
+    
+    Newxc(reti, sizeof(regexp_internal) + len*sizeof(regnode), char, regexp_internal);
+    Copy(ri->program, reti->program, len+1, regnode);
+
+    reti->num_code_blocks = ri->num_code_blocks;
+    if (ri->code_blocks) {
+       int n;
+       Newxc(reti->code_blocks, ri->num_code_blocks, struct reg_code_block,
+               struct reg_code_block);
+       Copy(ri->code_blocks, reti->code_blocks, ri->num_code_blocks,
+               struct reg_code_block);
+       for (n = 0; n < ri->num_code_blocks; n++)
+            reti->code_blocks[n].src_regex = (REGEXP*)
+                   sv_dup_inc((SV*)(ri->code_blocks[n].src_regex), param);
+    }
+    else
+       reti->code_blocks = NULL;
+
+    reti->regstclass = NULL;
+
+    if (ri->data) {
+       struct reg_data *d;
+        const int count = ri->data->count;
+       int i;
+
+       Newxc(d, sizeof(struct reg_data) + count*sizeof(void *),
+               char, struct reg_data);
+       Newx(d->what, count, U8);
+
+       d->count = count;
+       for (i = 0; i < count; i++) {
+           d->what[i] = ri->data->what[i];
+           switch (d->what[i]) {
+               /* see also regcomp.h and regfree_internal() */
+           case 'a': /* actually an AV, but the dup function is identical.  */
+           case 'r':
+           case 's':
+           case 'S':
+           case 'u': /* actually an HV, but the dup function is identical.  */
+               d->data[i] = sv_dup_inc((const SV *)ri->data->data[i], param);
+               break;
+           case 'f':
+               /* This is cheating. */
+               Newx(d->data[i], 1, struct regnode_charclass_class);
+               StructCopy(ri->data->data[i], d->data[i],
+                           struct regnode_charclass_class);
+               reti->regstclass = (regnode*)d->data[i];
+               break;
+           case 'T':
+               /* Trie stclasses are readonly and can thus be shared
+                * without duplication. We free the stclass in pregfree
+                * when the corresponding reg_ac_data struct is freed.
+                */
+               reti->regstclass= ri->regstclass;
+               /* Fall through */
+           case 't':
+               OP_REFCNT_LOCK;
+               ((reg_trie_data*)ri->data->data[i])->refcount++;
+               OP_REFCNT_UNLOCK;
+               /* Fall through */
+           case 'l':
+           case 'L':
+               d->data[i] = ri->data->data[i];
+               break;
+            default:
+               Perl_croak(aTHX_ "panic: re_dup unknown data code '%c'", ri->data->what[i]);
+           }
+       }
+
+       reti->data = d;
+    }
+    else
+       reti->data = NULL;
+
+    reti->name_list_idx = ri->name_list_idx;
+
+#ifdef RE_TRACK_PATTERN_OFFSETS
+    if (ri->u.offsets) {
+        Newx(reti->u.offsets, 2*len+1, U32);
+        Copy(ri->u.offsets, reti->u.offsets, 2*len+1, U32);
+    }
+#else
+    SetProgLen(reti,len);
+#endif
+
+    return (void*)reti;
+}
+
+#endif    /* USE_ITHREADS */
+
+#ifndef PERL_IN_XSUB_RE
+
+/*
+ - regnext - dig the "next" pointer out of a node
+ */
+regnode *
+Perl_regnext(pTHX_ regnode *p)
+{
+    dVAR;
+    I32 offset;
+
+    if (!p)
+       return(NULL);
+
+    if (OP(p) > REGNODE_MAX) {         /* regnode.type is unsigned */
+       Perl_croak(aTHX_ "Corrupted regexp opcode %d > %d", (int)OP(p), (int)REGNODE_MAX);
+    }
+
+    offset = (reg_off_by_arg[OP(p)] ? ARG(p) : NEXT_OFF(p));
+    if (offset == 0)
+       return(NULL);
+
+    return(p+offset);
+}
+#endif
+
+STATIC void
+S_re_croak2(pTHX_ const char* pat1,const char* pat2,...)
+{
+    va_list args;
+    STRLEN l1 = strlen(pat1);
+    STRLEN l2 = strlen(pat2);
+    char buf[512];
+    SV *msv;
+    const char *message;
+
+    PERL_ARGS_ASSERT_RE_CROAK2;
+
+    if (l1 > 510)
+       l1 = 510;
+    if (l1 + l2 > 510)
+       l2 = 510 - l1;
+    Copy(pat1, buf, l1 , char);
+    Copy(pat2, buf + l1, l2 , char);
+    buf[l1 + l2] = '\n';
+    buf[l1 + l2 + 1] = '\0';
+#ifdef I_STDARG
+    /* ANSI variant takes additional second argument */
+    va_start(args, pat2);
+#else
+    va_start(args);
+#endif
+    msv = vmess(buf, &args);
+    va_end(args);
+    message = SvPV_const(msv,l1);
+    if (l1 > 512)
+       l1 = 512;
+    Copy(message, buf, l1 , char);
+    buf[l1-1] = '\0';                  /* Overwrite \n */
+    Perl_croak(aTHX_ "%s", buf);
+}
+
+/* XXX Here's a total kludge.  But we need to re-enter for swash routines. */
+
+#ifndef PERL_IN_XSUB_RE
+void
+Perl_save_re_context(pTHX)
+{
+    dVAR;
+
+    /* Save $1..$n (#18107: UTF-8 s/(\w+)/uc($1)/e); AMS 20021106. */
+    if (PL_curpm) {
+       const REGEXP * const rx = PM_GETRE(PL_curpm);
+       if (rx) {
+           U32 i;
+           for (i = 1; i <= RX_NPARENS(rx); i++) {
+               char digits[TYPE_CHARS(long)];
+               const STRLEN len = my_snprintf(digits, sizeof(digits), "%lu", (long)i);
+               GV *const *const gvp
+                   = (GV**)hv_fetch(PL_defstash, digits, len, 0);
+
+               if (gvp) {
+                   GV * const gv = *gvp;
+                   if (SvTYPE(gv) == SVt_PVGV && GvSV(gv))
+                       save_scalar(gv);
+               }
+           }
+       }
+    }
+}
+#endif
+
+#ifdef DEBUGGING
+
+STATIC void
+S_put_byte(pTHX_ SV *sv, int c)
+{
+    PERL_ARGS_ASSERT_PUT_BYTE;
+
+    /* Our definition of isPRINT() ignores locales, so only bytes that are
+       not part of UTF-8 are considered printable. I assume that the same
+       holds for UTF-EBCDIC.
+       Also, code point 255 is not printable in either (it's E0 in EBCDIC,
+       which Wikipedia says:
+
+       EO, or Eight Ones, is an 8-bit EBCDIC character code represented as all
+       ones (binary 1111 1111, hexadecimal FF). It is similar, but not
+       identical, to the ASCII delete (DEL) or rubout control character. ...
+       it is typically mapped to hexadecimal code 9F, in order to provide a
+       unique character mapping in both directions)
+
+       So the old condition can be simplified to !isPRINT(c)  */
+    if (!isPRINT(c)) {
+       if (c < 256) {
+           Perl_sv_catpvf(aTHX_ sv, "\\x%02x", c);
+       }
+       else {
+           Perl_sv_catpvf(aTHX_ sv, "\\x{%x}", c);
+       }
+    }
+    else {
+       const char string = c;
+       if (c == '-' || c == ']' || c == '\\' || c == '^')
+           sv_catpvs(sv, "\\");
+       sv_catpvn(sv, &string, 1);
+    }
+}
+
+
+#define CLEAR_OPTSTART \
+    if (optstart) STMT_START { \
+           DEBUG_OPTIMISE_r(PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log, " (%"IVdf" nodes)\n", (IV)(node - optstart))); \
+           optstart=NULL; \
+    } STMT_END
+
+#define DUMPUNTIL(b,e) CLEAR_OPTSTART; node=dumpuntil(r,start,(b),(e),last,sv,indent+1,depth+1);
+
+STATIC const regnode *
+S_dumpuntil(pTHX_ const regexp *r, const regnode *start, const regnode *node,
+           const regnode *last, const regnode *plast, 
+           SV* sv, I32 indent, U32 depth)
+{
+    dVAR;
+    U8 op = PSEUDO;    /* Arbitrary non-END op. */
+    const regnode *next;
+    const regnode *optstart= NULL;
+    
+    RXi_GET_DECL(r,ri);
+    GET_RE_DEBUG_FLAGS_DECL;
+
+    PERL_ARGS_ASSERT_DUMPUNTIL;
+
+#ifdef DEBUG_DUMPUNTIL
+    PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log, "--- %d : %d - %d - %d\n",indent,node-start,
+        last ? last-start : 0,plast ? plast-start : 0);
+#endif
+            
+    if (plast && plast < last) 
+        last= plast;
+
+    while (PL_regkind[op] != END && (!last || node < last)) {
+       /* While that wasn't END last time... */
+       NODE_ALIGN(node);
+       op = OP(node);
+       if (op == CLOSE || op == WHILEM)
+           indent--;
+       next = regnext((regnode *)node);
+
+       /* Where, what. */
+       if (OP(node) == OPTIMIZED) {
+           if (!optstart && RE_DEBUG_FLAG(RE_DEBUG_COMPILE_OPTIMISE))
+               optstart = node;
+           else
+               goto after_print;
+       } else
+           CLEAR_OPTSTART;
+
+       regprop(r, sv, node);
+       PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log, "%4"IVdf":%*s%s", (IV)(node - start),
+                     (int)(2*indent + 1), "", SvPVX_const(sv));
+        
+        if (OP(node) != OPTIMIZED) {                 
+            if (next == NULL)          /* Next ptr. */
+                PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log, " (0)");
+            else if (PL_regkind[(U8)op] == BRANCH && PL_regkind[OP(next)] != BRANCH )
+                PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log, " (FAIL)");
+            else 
+                PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log, " (%"IVdf")", (IV)(next - start));
+            (void)PerlIO_putc(Perl_debug_log, '\n'); 
+        }
+        
+      after_print:
+       if (PL_regkind[(U8)op] == BRANCHJ) {
+           assert(next);
+           {
+                const regnode *nnode = (OP(next) == LONGJMP
+                                       ? regnext((regnode *)next)
+                                       : next);
+                if (last && nnode > last)
+                    nnode = last;
+                DUMPUNTIL(NEXTOPER(NEXTOPER(node)), nnode);
+           }
+       }
+       else if (PL_regkind[(U8)op] == BRANCH) {
+           assert(next);
+           DUMPUNTIL(NEXTOPER(node), next);
+       }
+       else if ( PL_regkind[(U8)op]  == TRIE ) {
+           const regnode *this_trie = node;
+           const char op = OP(node);
+            const U32 n = ARG(node);
+           const reg_ac_data * const ac = op>=AHOCORASICK ?
+               (reg_ac_data *)ri->data->data[n] :
+               NULL;
+           const reg_trie_data * const trie =
+               (reg_trie_data*)ri->data->data[op<AHOCORASICK ? n : ac->trie];
+#ifdef DEBUGGING
+           AV *const trie_words = MUTABLE_AV(ri->data->data[n + TRIE_WORDS_OFFSET]);
+#endif
+           const regnode *nextbranch= NULL;
+           I32 word_idx;
+            sv_setpvs(sv, "");
+           for (word_idx= 0; word_idx < (I32)trie->wordcount; word_idx++) {
+               SV ** const elem_ptr = av_fetch(trie_words,word_idx,0);
+
+                PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log, "%*s%s ",
+                   (int)(2*(indent+3)), "",
+                    elem_ptr ? pv_pretty(sv, SvPV_nolen_const(*elem_ptr), SvCUR(*elem_ptr), 60,
+                           PL_colors[0], PL_colors[1],
+                           (SvUTF8(*elem_ptr) ? PERL_PV_ESCAPE_UNI : 0) |
+                           PERL_PV_PRETTY_ELLIPSES    |
+                           PERL_PV_PRETTY_LTGT
+                            )
+                            : "???"
+                );
+                if (trie->jump) {
+                    U16 dist= trie->jump[word_idx+1];
+                   PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log, "(%"UVuf")\n",
+                                 (UV)((dist ? this_trie + dist : next) - start));
+                    if (dist) {
+                        if (!nextbranch)
+                            nextbranch= this_trie + trie->jump[0];    
+                       DUMPUNTIL(this_trie + dist, nextbranch);
+                    }
+                    if (nextbranch && PL_regkind[OP(nextbranch)]==BRANCH)
+                        nextbranch= regnext((regnode *)nextbranch);
+                } else {
+                    PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log, "\n");
+               }
+           }
+           if (last && next > last)
+               node= last;
+           else
+               node= next;
+       }
+       else if ( op == CURLY ) {   /* "next" might be very big: optimizer */
+           DUMPUNTIL(NEXTOPER(node) + EXTRA_STEP_2ARGS,
+                    NEXTOPER(node) + EXTRA_STEP_2ARGS + 1);
+       }
+       else if (PL_regkind[(U8)op] == CURLY && op != CURLYX) {
+           assert(next);
+           DUMPUNTIL(NEXTOPER(node) + EXTRA_STEP_2ARGS, next);
+       }
+       else if ( op == PLUS || op == STAR) {
+           DUMPUNTIL(NEXTOPER(node), NEXTOPER(node) + 1);
+       }
+       else if (PL_regkind[(U8)op] == ANYOF) {
+           /* arglen 1 + class block */
+           node += 1 + ((ANYOF_FLAGS(node) & ANYOF_CLASS)
+                   ? ANYOF_CLASS_SKIP : ANYOF_SKIP);
+           node = NEXTOPER(node);
+       }
+       else if (PL_regkind[(U8)op] == EXACT) {
+            /* Literal string, where present. */
+           node += NODE_SZ_STR(node) - 1;
+           node = NEXTOPER(node);
+       }
+       else {
+           node = NEXTOPER(node);
+           node += regarglen[(U8)op];
+       }
+       if (op == CURLYX || op == OPEN)
+           indent++;
+    }
+    CLEAR_OPTSTART;
+#ifdef DEBUG_DUMPUNTIL    
+    PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log, "--- %d\n", (int)indent);
+#endif
+    return node;
+}
+
+#endif /* DEBUGGING */
+
+/*
+ * Local variables:
+ * c-indentation-style: bsd
+ * c-basic-offset: 4
+ * indent-tabs-mode: nil
+ * End:
+ *
+ * ex: set ts=8 sts=4 sw=4 et:
+ */
diff --git a/src/5019001/orig/regexec.c b/src/5019001/orig/regexec.c
new file mode 100644 (file)
index 0000000..12548d5
--- /dev/null
@@ -0,0 +1,7724 @@
+/*    regexec.c
+ */
+
+/*
+ *     One Ring to rule them all, One Ring to find them
+ &
+ *     [p.v of _The Lord of the Rings_, opening poem]
+ *     [p.50 of _The Lord of the Rings_, I/iii: "The Shadow of the Past"]
+ *     [p.254 of _The Lord of the Rings_, II/ii: "The Council of Elrond"]
+ */
+
+/* This file contains functions for executing a regular expression.  See
+ * also regcomp.c which funnily enough, contains functions for compiling
+ * a regular expression.
+ *
+ * This file is also copied at build time to ext/re/re_exec.c, where
+ * it's built with -DPERL_EXT_RE_BUILD -DPERL_EXT_RE_DEBUG -DPERL_EXT.
+ * This causes the main functions to be compiled under new names and with
+ * debugging support added, which makes "use re 'debug'" work.
+ */
+
+/* NOTE: this is derived from Henry Spencer's regexp code, and should not
+ * confused with the original package (see point 3 below).  Thanks, Henry!
+ */
+
+/* Additional note: this code is very heavily munged from Henry's version
+ * in places.  In some spots I've traded clarity for efficiency, so don't
+ * blame Henry for some of the lack of readability.
+ */
+
+/* The names of the functions have been changed from regcomp and
+ * regexec to  pregcomp and pregexec in order to avoid conflicts
+ * with the POSIX routines of the same names.
+*/
+
+#ifdef PERL_EXT_RE_BUILD
+#include "re_top.h"
+#endif
+
+/* At least one required character in the target string is expressible only in
+ * UTF-8. */
+static const char* const non_utf8_target_but_utf8_required
+                = "Can't match, because target string needs to be in UTF-8\n";
+
+#define NON_UTF8_TARGET_BUT_UTF8_REQUIRED(target) STMT_START { \
+    DEBUG_EXECUTE_r(PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log, "%s", non_utf8_target_but_utf8_required));\
+    goto target; \
+} STMT_END
+
+/*
+ * pregcomp and pregexec -- regsub and regerror are not used in perl
+ *
+ *     Copyright (c) 1986 by University of Toronto.
+ *     Written by Henry Spencer.  Not derived from licensed software.
+ *
+ *     Permission is granted to anyone to use this software for any
+ *     purpose on any computer system, and to redistribute it freely,
+ *     subject to the following restrictions:
+ *
+ *     1. The author is not responsible for the consequences of use of
+ *             this software, no matter how awful, even if they arise
+ *             from defects in it.
+ *
+ *     2. The origin of this software must not be misrepresented, either
+ *             by explicit claim or by omission.
+ *
+ *     3. Altered versions must be plainly marked as such, and must not
+ *             be misrepresented as being the original software.
+ *
+ ****    Alterations to Henry's code are...
+ ****
+ ****    Copyright (C) 1991, 1992, 1993, 1994, 1995, 1996, 1997, 1998, 1999,
+ ****    2000, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2008
+ ****    by Larry Wall and others
+ ****
+ ****    You may distribute under the terms of either the GNU General Public
+ ****    License or the Artistic License, as specified in the README file.
+ *
+ * Beware that some of this code is subtly aware of the way operator
+ * precedence is structured in regular expressions.  Serious changes in
+ * regular-expression syntax might require a total rethink.
+ */
+#include "EXTERN.h"
+#define PERL_IN_REGEXEC_C
+#include "perl.h"
+
+#ifdef PERL_IN_XSUB_RE
+#  include "re_comp.h"
+#else
+#  include "regcomp.h"
+#endif
+
+#include "inline_invlist.c"
+#include "unicode_constants.h"
+
+#define HAS_NONLATIN1_FOLD_CLOSURE(i) _HAS_NONLATIN1_FOLD_CLOSURE_ONLY_FOR_USE_BY_REGCOMP_DOT_C_AND_REGEXEC_DOT_C(i)
+
+#ifndef STATIC
+#define        STATIC  static
+#endif
+
+/* Valid for non-utf8 strings: avoids the reginclass
+ * call if there are no complications: i.e., if everything matchable is
+ * straight forward in the bitmap */
+#define REGINCLASS(prog,p,c)  (ANYOF_FLAGS(p) ? reginclass(prog,p,c,0)   \
+                                             : ANYOF_BITMAP_TEST(p,*(c)))
+
+/*
+ * Forwards.
+ */
+
+#define CHR_SVLEN(sv) (utf8_target ? sv_len_utf8(sv) : SvCUR(sv))
+#define CHR_DIST(a,b) (reginfo->is_utf8_target ? utf8_distance(a,b) : a - b)
+
+#define HOPc(pos,off) \
+       (char *)(reginfo->is_utf8_target \
+           ? reghop3((U8*)pos, off, \
+                    (U8*)(off >= 0 ? reginfo->strend : reginfo->strbeg)) \
+           : (U8*)(pos + off))
+#define HOPBACKc(pos, off) \
+       (char*)(reginfo->is_utf8_target \
+           ? reghopmaybe3((U8*)pos, -off, (U8*)(reginfo->strbeg)) \
+           : (pos - off >= reginfo->strbeg)    \
+               ? (U8*)pos - off                \
+               : NULL)
+
+#define HOP3(pos,off,lim) (reginfo->is_utf8_target  ? reghop3((U8*)(pos), off, (U8*)(lim)) : (U8*)(pos + off))
+#define HOP3c(pos,off,lim) ((char*)HOP3(pos,off,lim))
+
+
+#define NEXTCHR_EOS -10 /* nextchr has fallen off the end */
+#define NEXTCHR_IS_EOS (nextchr < 0)
+
+#define SET_nextchr \
+    nextchr = ((locinput < reginfo->strend) ? UCHARAT(locinput) : NEXTCHR_EOS)
+
+#define SET_locinput(p) \
+    locinput = (p);  \
+    SET_nextchr
+
+
+#define LOAD_UTF8_CHARCLASS(swash_ptr, property_name) STMT_START {            \
+        if (!swash_ptr) {                                                     \
+            U8 flags = _CORE_SWASH_INIT_ACCEPT_INVLIST;                       \
+            swash_ptr = _core_swash_init("utf8", property_name, &PL_sv_undef, \
+                                         1, 0, NULL, &flags);                 \
+            assert(swash_ptr);                                                \
+        }                                                                     \
+    } STMT_END
+
+/* If in debug mode, we test that a known character properly matches */
+#ifdef DEBUGGING
+#   define LOAD_UTF8_CHARCLASS_DEBUG_TEST(swash_ptr,                          \
+                                          property_name,                      \
+                                          utf8_char_in_property)              \
+        LOAD_UTF8_CHARCLASS(swash_ptr, property_name);                        \
+        assert(swash_fetch(swash_ptr, (U8 *) utf8_char_in_property, TRUE));
+#else
+#   define LOAD_UTF8_CHARCLASS_DEBUG_TEST(swash_ptr,                          \
+                                          property_name,                      \
+                                          utf8_char_in_property)              \
+        LOAD_UTF8_CHARCLASS(swash_ptr, property_name)
+#endif
+
+#define LOAD_UTF8_CHARCLASS_ALNUM() LOAD_UTF8_CHARCLASS_DEBUG_TEST(           \
+                                        PL_utf8_swash_ptrs[_CC_WORDCHAR],     \
+                                        swash_property_names[_CC_WORDCHAR],   \
+                                        GREEK_SMALL_LETTER_IOTA_UTF8)
+
+#define LOAD_UTF8_CHARCLASS_GCB()  /* Grapheme cluster boundaries */          \
+    STMT_START {                                                              \
+       LOAD_UTF8_CHARCLASS_DEBUG_TEST(PL_utf8_X_regular_begin,               \
+                                       "_X_regular_begin",                    \
+                                       GREEK_SMALL_LETTER_IOTA_UTF8);         \
+       LOAD_UTF8_CHARCLASS_DEBUG_TEST(PL_utf8_X_extend,                      \
+                                       "_X_extend",                           \
+                                       COMBINING_GRAVE_ACCENT_UTF8);          \
+    } STMT_END
+
+#define PLACEHOLDER    /* Something for the preprocessor to grab onto */
+/* TODO: Combine JUMPABLE and HAS_TEXT to cache OP(rn) */
+
+/* for use after a quantifier and before an EXACT-like node -- japhy */
+/* it would be nice to rework regcomp.sym to generate this stuff. sigh
+ *
+ * NOTE that *nothing* that affects backtracking should be in here, specifically
+ * VERBS must NOT be included. JUMPABLE is used to determine  if we can ignore a
+ * node that is in between two EXACT like nodes when ascertaining what the required
+ * "follow" character is. This should probably be moved to regex compile time
+ * although it may be done at run time beause of the REF possibility - more
+ * investigation required. -- demerphq
+*/
+#define JUMPABLE(rn) (      \
+    OP(rn) == OPEN ||       \
+    (OP(rn) == CLOSE && (!cur_eval || cur_eval->u.eval.close_paren != ARG(rn))) || \
+    OP(rn) == EVAL ||   \
+    OP(rn) == SUSPEND || OP(rn) == IFMATCH || \
+    OP(rn) == PLUS || OP(rn) == MINMOD || \
+    OP(rn) == KEEPS || \
+    (PL_regkind[OP(rn)] == CURLY && ARG1(rn) > 0) \
+)
+#define IS_EXACT(rn) (PL_regkind[OP(rn)] == EXACT)
+
+#define HAS_TEXT(rn) ( IS_EXACT(rn) || PL_regkind[OP(rn)] == REF )
+
+#if 0 
+/* Currently these are only used when PL_regkind[OP(rn)] == EXACT so
+   we don't need this definition. */
+#define IS_TEXT(rn)   ( OP(rn)==EXACT   || OP(rn)==REF   || OP(rn)==NREF   )
+#define IS_TEXTF(rn)  ( OP(rn)==EXACTFU || OP(rn)==EXACTFU_SS || OP(rn)==EXACTFU_TRICKYFOLD || OP(rn)==EXACTFA || OP(rn)==EXACTF || OP(rn)==REFF  || OP(rn)==NREFF )
+#define IS_TEXTFL(rn) ( OP(rn)==EXACTFL || OP(rn)==REFFL || OP(rn)==NREFFL )
+
+#else
+/* ... so we use this as its faster. */
+#define IS_TEXT(rn)   ( OP(rn)==EXACT   )
+#define IS_TEXTFU(rn)  ( OP(rn)==EXACTFU || OP(rn)==EXACTFU_SS || OP(rn)==EXACTFU_TRICKYFOLD || OP(rn) == EXACTFA)
+#define IS_TEXTF(rn)  ( OP(rn)==EXACTF  )
+#define IS_TEXTFL(rn) ( OP(rn)==EXACTFL )
+
+#endif
+
+/*
+  Search for mandatory following text node; for lookahead, the text must
+  follow but for lookbehind (rn->flags != 0) we skip to the next step.
+*/
+#define FIND_NEXT_IMPT(rn) STMT_START { \
+    while (JUMPABLE(rn)) { \
+       const OPCODE type = OP(rn); \
+       if (type == SUSPEND || PL_regkind[type] == CURLY) \
+           rn = NEXTOPER(NEXTOPER(rn)); \
+       else if (type == PLUS) \
+           rn = NEXTOPER(rn); \
+       else if (type == IFMATCH) \
+           rn = (rn->flags == 0) ? NEXTOPER(NEXTOPER(rn)) : rn + ARG(rn); \
+       else rn += NEXT_OFF(rn); \
+    } \
+} STMT_END 
+
+/* These constants are for finding GCB=LV and GCB=LVT in the CLUMP regnode.
+ * These are for the pre-composed Hangul syllables, which are all in a
+ * contiguous block and arranged there in such a way so as to facilitate
+ * alorithmic determination of their characteristics.  As such, they don't need
+ * a swash, but can be determined by simple arithmetic.  Almost all are
+ * GCB=LVT, but every 28th one is a GCB=LV */
+#define SBASE 0xAC00    /* Start of block */
+#define SCount 11172    /* Length of block */
+#define TCount 28
+
+#define SLAB_FIRST(s) (&(s)->states[0])
+#define SLAB_LAST(s)  (&(s)->states[PERL_REGMATCH_SLAB_SLOTS-1])
+
+static void S_setup_eval_state(pTHX_ regmatch_info *const reginfo);
+static void S_cleanup_regmatch_info_aux(pTHX_ void *arg);
+static regmatch_state * S_push_slab(pTHX);
+
+#define REGCP_PAREN_ELEMS 3
+#define REGCP_OTHER_ELEMS 3
+#define REGCP_FRAME_ELEMS 1
+/* REGCP_FRAME_ELEMS are not part of the REGCP_OTHER_ELEMS and
+ * are needed for the regexp context stack bookkeeping. */
+
+STATIC CHECKPOINT
+S_regcppush(pTHX_ const regexp *rex, I32 parenfloor, U32 maxopenparen)
+{
+    dVAR;
+    const int retval = PL_savestack_ix;
+    const int paren_elems_to_push =
+                (maxopenparen - parenfloor) * REGCP_PAREN_ELEMS;
+    const UV total_elems = paren_elems_to_push + REGCP_OTHER_ELEMS;
+    const UV elems_shifted = total_elems << SAVE_TIGHT_SHIFT;
+    I32 p;
+    GET_RE_DEBUG_FLAGS_DECL;
+
+    PERL_ARGS_ASSERT_REGCPPUSH;
+
+    if (paren_elems_to_push < 0)
+       Perl_croak(aTHX_ "panic: paren_elems_to_push, %i < 0",
+                  paren_elems_to_push);
+
+    if ((elems_shifted >> SAVE_TIGHT_SHIFT) != total_elems)
+       Perl_croak(aTHX_ "panic: paren_elems_to_push offset %"UVuf
+                  " out of range (%lu-%ld)",
+                  total_elems,
+                   (unsigned long)maxopenparen,
+                   (long)parenfloor);
+
+    SSGROW(total_elems + REGCP_FRAME_ELEMS);
+    
+    DEBUG_BUFFERS_r(
+       if ((int)maxopenparen > (int)parenfloor)
+           PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log,
+               "rex=0x%"UVxf" offs=0x%"UVxf": saving capture indices:\n",
+               PTR2UV(rex),
+               PTR2UV(rex->offs)
+           );
+    );
+    for (p = parenfloor+1; p <= (I32)maxopenparen;  p++) {
+/* REGCP_PARENS_ELEMS are pushed per pairs of parentheses. */
+       SSPUSHINT(rex->offs[p].end);
+       SSPUSHINT(rex->offs[p].start);
+       SSPUSHINT(rex->offs[p].start_tmp);
+       DEBUG_BUFFERS_r(PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log,
+           "    \\%"UVuf": %"IVdf"(%"IVdf")..%"IVdf"\n",
+           (UV)p,
+           (IV)rex->offs[p].start,
+           (IV)rex->offs[p].start_tmp,
+           (IV)rex->offs[p].end
+       ));
+    }
+/* REGCP_OTHER_ELEMS are pushed in any case, parentheses or no. */
+    SSPUSHINT(maxopenparen);
+    SSPUSHINT(rex->lastparen);
+    SSPUSHINT(rex->lastcloseparen);
+    SSPUSHUV(SAVEt_REGCONTEXT | elems_shifted); /* Magic cookie. */
+
+    return retval;
+}
+
+/* These are needed since we do not localize EVAL nodes: */
+#define REGCP_SET(cp)                                           \
+    DEBUG_STATE_r(                                              \
+            PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log,                      \
+               "  Setting an EVAL scope, savestack=%"IVdf"\n", \
+               (IV)PL_savestack_ix));                          \
+    cp = PL_savestack_ix
+
+#define REGCP_UNWIND(cp)                                        \
+    DEBUG_STATE_r(                                              \
+        if (cp != PL_savestack_ix)                             \
+           PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log,                       \
+               "  Clearing an EVAL scope, savestack=%"IVdf"..%"IVdf"\n", \
+               (IV)(cp), (IV)PL_savestack_ix));                \
+    regcpblow(cp)
+
+#define UNWIND_PAREN(lp, lcp)               \
+    for (n = rex->lastparen; n > lp; n--)   \
+        rex->offs[n].end = -1;              \
+    rex->lastparen = n;                     \
+    rex->lastcloseparen = lcp;
+
+
+STATIC void
+S_regcppop(pTHX_ regexp *rex, U32 *maxopenparen_p)
+{
+    dVAR;
+    UV i;
+    U32 paren;
+    GET_RE_DEBUG_FLAGS_DECL;
+
+    PERL_ARGS_ASSERT_REGCPPOP;
+
+    /* Pop REGCP_OTHER_ELEMS before the parentheses loop starts. */
+    i = SSPOPUV;
+    assert((i & SAVE_MASK) == SAVEt_REGCONTEXT); /* Check that the magic cookie is there. */
+    i >>= SAVE_TIGHT_SHIFT; /* Parentheses elements to pop. */
+    rex->lastcloseparen = SSPOPINT;
+    rex->lastparen = SSPOPINT;
+    *maxopenparen_p = SSPOPINT;
+
+    i -= REGCP_OTHER_ELEMS;
+    /* Now restore the parentheses context. */
+    DEBUG_BUFFERS_r(
+       if (i || rex->lastparen + 1 <= rex->nparens)
+           PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log,
+               "rex=0x%"UVxf" offs=0x%"UVxf": restoring capture indices to:\n",
+               PTR2UV(rex),
+               PTR2UV(rex->offs)
+           );
+    );
+    paren = *maxopenparen_p;
+    for ( ; i > 0; i -= REGCP_PAREN_ELEMS) {
+       I32 tmps;
+       rex->offs[paren].start_tmp = SSPOPINT;
+       rex->offs[paren].start = SSPOPINT;
+       tmps = SSPOPINT;
+       if (paren <= rex->lastparen)
+           rex->offs[paren].end = tmps;
+       DEBUG_BUFFERS_r( PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log,
+           "    \\%"UVuf": %"IVdf"(%"IVdf")..%"IVdf"%s\n",
+           (UV)paren,
+           (IV)rex->offs[paren].start,
+           (IV)rex->offs[paren].start_tmp,
+           (IV)rex->offs[paren].end,
+           (paren > rex->lastparen ? "(skipped)" : ""));
+       );
+       paren--;
+    }
+#if 1
+    /* It would seem that the similar code in regtry()
+     * already takes care of this, and in fact it is in
+     * a better location to since this code can #if 0-ed out
+     * but the code in regtry() is needed or otherwise tests
+     * requiring null fields (pat.t#187 and split.t#{13,14}
+     * (as of patchlevel 7877)  will fail.  Then again,
+     * this code seems to be necessary or otherwise
+     * this erroneously leaves $1 defined: "1" =~ /^(?:(\d)x)?\d$/
+     * --jhi updated by dapm */
+    for (i = rex->lastparen + 1; i <= rex->nparens; i++) {
+       if (i > *maxopenparen_p)
+           rex->offs[i].start = -1;
+       rex->offs[i].end = -1;
+       DEBUG_BUFFERS_r( PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log,
+           "    \\%"UVuf": %s   ..-1 undeffing\n",
+           (UV)i,
+           (i > *maxopenparen_p) ? "-1" : "  "
+       ));
+    }
+#endif
+}
+
+/* restore the parens and associated vars at savestack position ix,
+ * but without popping the stack */
+
+STATIC void
+S_regcp_restore(pTHX_ regexp *rex, I32 ix, U32 *maxopenparen_p)
+{
+    I32 tmpix = PL_savestack_ix;
+    PL_savestack_ix = ix;
+    regcppop(rex, maxopenparen_p);
+    PL_savestack_ix = tmpix;
+}
+
+#define regcpblow(cp) LEAVE_SCOPE(cp)  /* Ignores regcppush()ed data. */
+
+STATIC bool
+S_isFOO_lc(pTHX_ const U8 classnum, const U8 character)
+{
+    /* Returns a boolean as to whether or not 'character' is a member of the
+     * Posix character class given by 'classnum' that should be equivalent to a
+     * value in the typedef '_char_class_number'.
+     *
+     * Ideally this could be replaced by a just an array of function pointers
+     * to the C library functions that implement the macros this calls.
+     * However, to compile, the precise function signatures are required, and
+     * these may vary from platform to to platform.  To avoid having to figure
+     * out what those all are on each platform, I (khw) am using this method,
+     * which adds an extra layer of function call overhead (unless the C
+     * optimizer strips it away).  But we don't particularly care about
+     * performance with locales anyway. */
+
+    switch ((_char_class_number) classnum) {
+        case _CC_ENUM_ALPHANUMERIC: return isALPHANUMERIC_LC(character);
+        case _CC_ENUM_ALPHA:     return isALPHA_LC(character);
+        case _CC_ENUM_ASCII:     return isASCII_LC(character);
+        case _CC_ENUM_BLANK:     return isBLANK_LC(character);
+        case _CC_ENUM_CASED:     return isLOWER_LC(character)
+                                        || isUPPER_LC(character);
+        case _CC_ENUM_CNTRL:     return isCNTRL_LC(character);
+        case _CC_ENUM_DIGIT:     return isDIGIT_LC(character);
+        case _CC_ENUM_GRAPH:     return isGRAPH_LC(character);
+        case _CC_ENUM_LOWER:     return isLOWER_LC(character);
+        case _CC_ENUM_PRINT:     return isPRINT_LC(character);
+        case _CC_ENUM_PSXSPC:    return isPSXSPC_LC(character);
+        case _CC_ENUM_PUNCT:     return isPUNCT_LC(character);
+        case _CC_ENUM_SPACE:     return isSPACE_LC(character);
+        case _CC_ENUM_UPPER:     return isUPPER_LC(character);
+        case _CC_ENUM_WORDCHAR:  return isWORDCHAR_LC(character);
+        case _CC_ENUM_XDIGIT:    return isXDIGIT_LC(character);
+        default:    /* VERTSPACE should never occur in locales */
+            Perl_croak(aTHX_ "panic: isFOO_lc() has an unexpected character class '%d'", classnum);
+    }
+
+    assert(0); /* NOTREACHED */
+    return FALSE;
+}
+
+STATIC bool
+S_isFOO_utf8_lc(pTHX_ const U8 classnum, const U8* character)
+{
+    /* Returns a boolean as to whether or not the (well-formed) UTF-8-encoded
+     * 'character' is a member of the Posix character class given by 'classnum'
+     * that should be equivalent to a value in the typedef
+     * '_char_class_number'.
+     *
+     * This just calls isFOO_lc on the code point for the character if it is in
+     * the range 0-255.  Outside that range, all characters avoid Unicode
+     * rules, ignoring any locale.  So use the Unicode function if this class
+     * requires a swash, and use the Unicode macro otherwise. */
+
+    PERL_ARGS_ASSERT_ISFOO_UTF8_LC;
+
+    if (UTF8_IS_INVARIANT(*character)) {
+        return isFOO_lc(classnum, *character);
+    }
+    else if (UTF8_IS_DOWNGRADEABLE_START(*character)) {
+        return isFOO_lc(classnum,
+                        TWO_BYTE_UTF8_TO_UNI(*character, *(character + 1)));
+    }
+
+    if (classnum < _FIRST_NON_SWASH_CC) {
+
+        /* Initialize the swash unless done already */
+        if (! PL_utf8_swash_ptrs[classnum]) {
+            U8 flags = _CORE_SWASH_INIT_ACCEPT_INVLIST;
+            PL_utf8_swash_ptrs[classnum] = _core_swash_init("utf8",
+                swash_property_names[classnum], &PL_sv_undef, 1, 0, NULL, &flags);
+        }
+
+        return cBOOL(swash_fetch(PL_utf8_swash_ptrs[classnum], (U8 *)
+                                 character,
+                                 TRUE /* is UTF */ ));
+    }
+
+    switch ((_char_class_number) classnum) {
+        case _CC_ENUM_SPACE:
+        case _CC_ENUM_PSXSPC:    return is_XPERLSPACE_high(character);
+
+        case _CC_ENUM_BLANK:     return is_HORIZWS_high(character);
+        case _CC_ENUM_XDIGIT:    return is_XDIGIT_high(character);
+        case _CC_ENUM_VERTSPACE: return is_VERTWS_high(character);
+        default:                 return 0;  /* Things like CNTRL are always
+                                               below 256 */
+    }
+
+    assert(0); /* NOTREACHED */
+    return FALSE;
+}
+
+/*
+ * pregexec and friends
+ */
+
+#ifndef PERL_IN_XSUB_RE
+/*
+ - pregexec - match a regexp against a string
+ */
+I32
+Perl_pregexec(pTHX_ REGEXP * const prog, char* stringarg, char *strend,
+        char *strbeg, I32 minend, SV *screamer, U32 nosave)
+/* stringarg: the point in the string at which to begin matching */
+/* strend:    pointer to null at end of string */
+/* strbeg:    real beginning of string */
+/* minend:    end of match must be >= minend bytes after stringarg. */
+/* screamer:  SV being matched: only used for utf8 flag, pos() etc; string
+ *            itself is accessed via the pointers above */
+/* nosave:    For optimizations. */
+{
+    PERL_ARGS_ASSERT_PREGEXEC;
+
+    return
+       regexec_flags(prog, stringarg, strend, strbeg, minend, screamer, NULL,
+                     nosave ? 0 : REXEC_COPY_STR);
+}
+#endif
+
+/*
+ * Need to implement the following flags for reg_anch:
+ *
+ * USE_INTUIT_NOML             - Useful to call re_intuit_start() first
+ * USE_INTUIT_ML
+ * INTUIT_AUTORITATIVE_NOML    - Can trust a positive answer
+ * INTUIT_AUTORITATIVE_ML
+ * INTUIT_ONCE_NOML            - Intuit can match in one location only.
+ * INTUIT_ONCE_ML
+ *
+ * Another flag for this function: SECOND_TIME (so that float substrs
+ * with giant delta may be not rechecked).
+ */
+
+/* Assumptions: if ANCH_GPOS, then strpos is anchored. XXXX Check GPOS logic */
+
+/* If SCREAM, then SvPVX_const(sv) should be compatible with strpos and strend.
+   Otherwise, only SvCUR(sv) is used to get strbeg. */
+
+/* XXXX We assume that strpos is strbeg unless sv. */
+
+/* XXXX Some places assume that there is a fixed substring.
+       An update may be needed if optimizer marks as "INTUITable"
+       RExen without fixed substrings.  Similarly, it is assumed that
+       lengths of all the strings are no more than minlen, thus they
+       cannot come from lookahead.
+       (Or minlen should take into account lookahead.) 
+  NOTE: Some of this comment is not correct. minlen does now take account
+  of lookahead/behind. Further research is required. -- demerphq
+
+*/
+
+/* A failure to find a constant substring means that there is no need to make
+   an expensive call to REx engine, thus we celebrate a failure.  Similarly,
+   finding a substring too deep into the string means that fewer calls to
+   regtry() should be needed.
+
+   REx compiler's optimizer found 4 possible hints:
+       a) Anchored substring;
+       b) Fixed substring;
+       c) Whether we are anchored (beginning-of-line or \G);
+       d) First node (of those at offset 0) which may distinguish positions;
+   We use a)b)d) and multiline-part of c), and try to find a position in the
+   string which does not contradict any of them.
+ */
+
+/* Most of decisions we do here should have been done at compile time.
+   The nodes of the REx which we used for the search should have been
+   deleted from the finite automaton. */
+
+/* args:
+ * rx:     the regex to match against
+ * sv:     the SV being matched: only used for utf8 flag; the string
+ *         itself is accessed via the pointers below. Note that on
+ *         something like an overloaded SV, SvPOK(sv) may be false
+ *         and the string pointers may point to something unrelated to
+ *         the SV itself.
+ * strbeg: real beginning of string
+ * strpos: the point in the string at which to begin matching
+ * strend: pointer to the byte following the last char of the string
+ * flags   currently unused; set to 0
+ * data:   currently unused; set to NULL
+ */
+
+char *
+Perl_re_intuit_start(pTHX_
+                    REGEXP * const rx,
+                    SV *sv,
+                    const char * const strbeg,
+                    char *strpos,
+                    char *strend,
+                    const U32 flags,
+                    re_scream_pos_data *data)
+{
+    dVAR;
+    struct regexp *const prog = ReANY(rx);
+    I32 start_shift = 0;
+    /* Should be nonnegative! */
+    I32 end_shift   = 0;
+    char *s;
+    SV *check;
+    char *t;
+    const bool utf8_target = (sv && SvUTF8(sv)) ? 1 : 0; /* if no sv we have to assume bytes */
+    I32 ml_anch;
+    char *other_last = NULL;   /* other substr checked before this */
+    char *check_at = NULL;             /* check substr found at this pos */
+    char *checked_upto = NULL;          /* how far into the string we have already checked using find_byclass*/
+    const I32 multiline = prog->extflags & RXf_PMf_MULTILINE;
+    RXi_GET_DECL(prog,progi);
+    regmatch_info reginfo_buf;  /* create some info to pass to find_byclass */
+    regmatch_info *const reginfo = &reginfo_buf;
+#ifdef DEBUGGING
+    const char * const i_strpos = strpos;
+#endif
+    GET_RE_DEBUG_FLAGS_DECL;
+
+    PERL_ARGS_ASSERT_RE_INTUIT_START;
+    PERL_UNUSED_ARG(flags);
+    PERL_UNUSED_ARG(data);
+
+    /* CHR_DIST() would be more correct here but it makes things slow. */
+    if (prog->minlen > strend - strpos) {
+       DEBUG_EXECUTE_r(PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log,
+                             "String too short... [re_intuit_start]\n"));
+       goto fail;
+    }
+
+    reginfo->is_utf8_target = cBOOL(utf8_target);
+    reginfo->info_aux = NULL;
+    reginfo->strbeg = strbeg;
+    reginfo->strend = strend;
+    reginfo->is_utf8_pat = cBOOL(RX_UTF8(rx));
+    reginfo->intuit = 1;
+    /* not actually used within intuit, but zero for safety anyway */
+    reginfo->poscache_maxiter = 0;
+
+    if (utf8_target) {
+       if (!prog->check_utf8 && prog->check_substr)
+           to_utf8_substr(prog);
+       check = prog->check_utf8;
+    } else {
+       if (!prog->check_substr && prog->check_utf8) {
+           if (! to_byte_substr(prog)) {
+                NON_UTF8_TARGET_BUT_UTF8_REQUIRED(fail);
+            }
+        }
+       check = prog->check_substr;
+    }
+    if (prog->extflags & RXf_ANCH) {   /* Match at beg-of-str or after \n */
+       ml_anch = !( (prog->extflags & RXf_ANCH_SINGLE)
+                    || ( (prog->extflags & RXf_ANCH_BOL)
+                         && !multiline ) );    /* Check after \n? */
+
+       if (!ml_anch) {
+         if ( !(prog->extflags & RXf_ANCH_GPOS) /* Checked by the caller */
+               && !(prog->intflags & PREGf_IMPLICIT) /* not a real BOL */
+              && (strpos != strbeg)) {
+             DEBUG_EXECUTE_r(PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log, "Not at start...\n"));
+             goto fail;
+         }
+         if (prog->check_offset_min == prog->check_offset_max
+              && !(prog->extflags & RXf_CANY_SEEN)
+              && ! multiline)   /* /m can cause \n's to match that aren't
+                                   accounted for in the string max length.
+                                   See [perl #115242] */
+          {
+           /* Substring at constant offset from beg-of-str... */
+           I32 slen;
+
+           s = HOP3c(strpos, prog->check_offset_min, strend);
+           
+           if (SvTAIL(check)) {
+               slen = SvCUR(check);    /* >= 1 */
+
+               if ( strend - s > slen || strend - s < slen - 1
+                    || (strend - s == slen && strend[-1] != '\n')) {
+                   DEBUG_EXECUTE_r(PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log, "String too long...\n"));
+                   goto fail_finish;
+               }
+               /* Now should match s[0..slen-2] */
+               slen--;
+               if (slen && (*SvPVX_const(check) != *s
+                            || (slen > 1
+                                && memNE(SvPVX_const(check), s, slen)))) {
+                 report_neq:
+                   DEBUG_EXECUTE_r(PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log, "String not equal...\n"));
+                   goto fail_finish;
+               }
+           }
+           else if (*SvPVX_const(check) != *s
+                    || ((slen = SvCUR(check)) > 1
+                        && memNE(SvPVX_const(check), s, slen)))
+               goto report_neq;
+           check_at = s;
+           goto success_at_start;
+         }
+       }
+       /* Match is anchored, but substr is not anchored wrt beg-of-str. */
+       s = strpos;
+       start_shift = prog->check_offset_min; /* okay to underestimate on CC */
+       end_shift = prog->check_end_shift;
+       
+       if (!ml_anch) {
+           const I32 end = prog->check_offset_max + CHR_SVLEN(check)
+                                        - (SvTAIL(check) != 0);
+           const I32 eshift = CHR_DIST((U8*)strend, (U8*)s) - end;
+
+           if (end_shift < eshift)
+               end_shift = eshift;
+       }
+    }
+    else {                             /* Can match at random position */
+       ml_anch = 0;
+       s = strpos;
+       start_shift = prog->check_offset_min;  /* okay to underestimate on CC */
+       end_shift = prog->check_end_shift;
+       
+       /* end shift should be non negative here */
+    }
+
+#ifdef QDEBUGGING      /* 7/99: reports of failure (with the older version) */
+    if (end_shift < 0)
+       Perl_croak(aTHX_ "panic: end_shift: %"IVdf" pattern:\n%s\n ",
+                  (IV)end_shift, RX_PRECOMP(prog));
+#endif
+
+  restart:
+    /* Find a possible match in the region s..strend by looking for
+       the "check" substring in the region corrected by start/end_shift. */
+    
+    {
+        I32 srch_start_shift = start_shift;
+        I32 srch_end_shift = end_shift;
+        U8* start_point;
+        U8* end_point;
+        if (srch_start_shift < 0 && strbeg - s > srch_start_shift) {
+           srch_end_shift -= ((strbeg - s) - srch_start_shift); 
+           srch_start_shift = strbeg - s;
+       }
+    DEBUG_OPTIMISE_MORE_r({
+        PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log, "Check offset min: %"IVdf" Start shift: %"IVdf" End shift %"IVdf" Real End Shift: %"IVdf"\n",
+            (IV)prog->check_offset_min,
+            (IV)srch_start_shift,
+            (IV)srch_end_shift, 
+            (IV)prog->check_end_shift);
+    });       
+        
+        if (prog->extflags & RXf_CANY_SEEN) {
+            start_point= (U8*)(s + srch_start_shift);
+            end_point= (U8*)(strend - srch_end_shift);
+        } else {
+           start_point= HOP3(s, srch_start_shift, srch_start_shift < 0 ? strbeg : strend);
+            end_point= HOP3(strend, -srch_end_shift, strbeg);
+       }
+       DEBUG_OPTIMISE_MORE_r({
+            PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log, "fbm_instr len=%d str=<%.*s>\n", 
+                (int)(end_point - start_point),
+                (int)(end_point - start_point) > 20 ? 20 : (int)(end_point - start_point), 
+                start_point);
+        });
+
+       s = fbm_instr( start_point, end_point,
+                     check, multiline ? FBMrf_MULTILINE : 0);
+    }
+    /* Update the count-of-usability, remove useless subpatterns,
+       unshift s.  */
+
+    DEBUG_EXECUTE_r({
+        RE_PV_QUOTED_DECL(quoted, utf8_target, PERL_DEBUG_PAD_ZERO(0),
+            SvPVX_const(check), RE_SV_DUMPLEN(check), 30);
+        PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log, "%s %s substr %s%s%s",
+                         (s ? "Found" : "Did not find"),
+           (check == (utf8_target ? prog->anchored_utf8 : prog->anchored_substr)
+               ? "anchored" : "floating"),
+           quoted,
+           RE_SV_TAIL(check),
+           (s ? " at offset " : "...\n") ); 
+    });
+
+    if (!s)
+       goto fail_finish;
+    /* Finish the diagnostic message */
+    DEBUG_EXECUTE_r(PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log, "%ld...\n", (long)(s - i_strpos)) );
+
+    /* XXX dmq: first branch is for positive lookbehind...
+       Our check string is offset from the beginning of the pattern.
+       So we need to do any stclass tests offset forward from that 
+       point. I think. :-(
+     */
+    
+        
+    
+    check_at=s;
+     
+
+    /* Got a candidate.  Check MBOL anchoring, and the *other* substr.
+       Start with the other substr.
+       XXXX no SCREAM optimization yet - and a very coarse implementation
+       XXXX /ttx+/ results in anchored="ttx", floating="x".  floating will
+               *always* match.  Probably should be marked during compile...
+       Probably it is right to do no SCREAM here...
+     */
+
+    if (utf8_target ? (prog->float_utf8 && prog->anchored_utf8)
+                : (prog->float_substr && prog->anchored_substr)) 
+    {
+       /* Take into account the "other" substring. */
+       /* XXXX May be hopelessly wrong for UTF... */
+       if (!other_last)
+           other_last = strpos;
+       if (check == (utf8_target ? prog->float_utf8 : prog->float_substr)) {
+         do_other_anchored:
+           {
+               char * const last = HOP3c(s, -start_shift, strbeg);
+               char *last1, *last2;
+               char * const saved_s = s;
+               SV* must;
+
+               t = s - prog->check_offset_max;
+               if (s - strpos > prog->check_offset_max  /* signed-corrected t > strpos */
+                   && (!utf8_target
+                       || ((t = (char*)reghopmaybe3((U8*)s, -(prog->check_offset_max), (U8*)strpos))
+                           && t > strpos)))
+                   NOOP;
+               else
+                   t = strpos;
+               t = HOP3c(t, prog->anchored_offset, strend);
+               if (t < other_last)     /* These positions already checked */
+                   t = other_last;
+               last2 = last1 = HOP3c(strend, -prog->minlen, strbeg);
+               if (last < last1)
+                   last1 = last;
+                /* XXXX It is not documented what units *_offsets are in.  
+                   We assume bytes, but this is clearly wrong. 
+                   Meaning this code needs to be carefully reviewed for errors.
+                   dmq.
+                  */
+               /* On end-of-str: see comment below. */
+               must = utf8_target ? prog->anchored_utf8 : prog->anchored_substr;
+               if (must == &PL_sv_undef) {
+                   s = (char*)NULL;
+                   DEBUG_r(must = prog->anchored_utf8);        /* for debug */
+               }
+               else
+                   s = fbm_instr(
+                       (unsigned char*)t,
+                       HOP3(HOP3(last1, prog->anchored_offset, strend)
+                               + SvCUR(must), -(SvTAIL(must)!=0), strbeg),
+                       must,
+                       multiline ? FBMrf_MULTILINE : 0
+                   );
+                DEBUG_EXECUTE_r({
+                    RE_PV_QUOTED_DECL(quoted, utf8_target, PERL_DEBUG_PAD_ZERO(0),
+                        SvPVX_const(must), RE_SV_DUMPLEN(must), 30);
+                    PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log, "%s anchored substr %s%s",
+                       (s ? "Found" : "Contradicts"),
+                        quoted, RE_SV_TAIL(must));
+                });                
+               
+                           
+               if (!s) {
+                   if (last1 >= last2) {
+                       DEBUG_EXECUTE_r(PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log,
+                                               ", giving up...\n"));
+                       goto fail_finish;
+                   }
+                   DEBUG_EXECUTE_r(PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log,
+                       ", trying floating at offset %ld...\n",
+                       (long)(HOP3c(saved_s, 1, strend) - i_strpos)));
+                   other_last = HOP3c(last1, prog->anchored_offset+1, strend);
+                   s = HOP3c(last, 1, strend);
+                   goto restart;
+               }
+               else {
+                   DEBUG_EXECUTE_r(PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log, " at offset %ld...\n",
+                         (long)(s - i_strpos)));
+                   t = HOP3c(s, -prog->anchored_offset, strbeg);
+                   other_last = HOP3c(s, 1, strend);
+                   s = saved_s;
+                   if (t == strpos)
+                       goto try_at_start;
+                   goto try_at_offset;
+               }
+           }
+       }
+       else {          /* Take into account the floating substring. */
+           char *last, *last1;
+           char * const saved_s = s;
+           SV* must;
+
+           t = HOP3c(s, -start_shift, strbeg);
+           last1 = last =
+               HOP3c(strend, -prog->minlen + prog->float_min_offset, strbeg);
+           if (CHR_DIST((U8*)last, (U8*)t) > prog->float_max_offset)
+               last = HOP3c(t, prog->float_max_offset, strend);
+           s = HOP3c(t, prog->float_min_offset, strend);
+           if (s < other_last)
+               s = other_last;
+ /* XXXX It is not documented what units *_offsets are in.  Assume bytes.  */
+           must = utf8_target ? prog->float_utf8 : prog->float_substr;
+           /* fbm_instr() takes into account exact value of end-of-str
+              if the check is SvTAIL(ed).  Since false positives are OK,
+              and end-of-str is not later than strend we are OK. */
+           if (must == &PL_sv_undef) {
+               s = (char*)NULL;
+               DEBUG_r(must = prog->float_utf8);       /* for debug message */
+           }
+           else
+               s = fbm_instr((unsigned char*)s,
+                             (unsigned char*)last + SvCUR(must)
+                                 - (SvTAIL(must)!=0),
+                             must, multiline ? FBMrf_MULTILINE : 0);
+           DEBUG_EXECUTE_r({
+               RE_PV_QUOTED_DECL(quoted, utf8_target, PERL_DEBUG_PAD_ZERO(0),
+                   SvPVX_const(must), RE_SV_DUMPLEN(must), 30);
+               PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log, "%s floating substr %s%s",
+                   (s ? "Found" : "Contradicts"),
+                   quoted, RE_SV_TAIL(must));
+            });
+           if (!s) {
+               if (last1 == last) {
+                   DEBUG_EXECUTE_r(PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log,
+                                           ", giving up...\n"));
+                   goto fail_finish;
+               }
+               DEBUG_EXECUTE_r(PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log,
+                   ", trying anchored starting at offset %ld...\n",
+                   (long)(saved_s + 1 - i_strpos)));
+               other_last = last;
+               s = HOP3c(t, 1, strend);
+               goto restart;
+           }
+           else {
+               DEBUG_EXECUTE_r(PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log, " at offset %ld...\n",
+                     (long)(s - i_strpos)));
+               other_last = s; /* Fix this later. --Hugo */
+               s = saved_s;
+               if (t == strpos)
+                   goto try_at_start;
+               goto try_at_offset;
+           }
+       }
+    }
+
+    
+    t= (char*)HOP3( s, -prog->check_offset_max, (prog->check_offset_max<0) ? strend : strpos);
+        
+    DEBUG_OPTIMISE_MORE_r(
+        PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log, 
+            "Check offset min:%"IVdf" max:%"IVdf" S:%"IVdf" t:%"IVdf" D:%"IVdf" end:%"IVdf"\n",
+            (IV)prog->check_offset_min,
+            (IV)prog->check_offset_max,
+            (IV)(s-strpos),
+            (IV)(t-strpos),
+            (IV)(t-s),
+            (IV)(strend-strpos)
+        )
+    );
+
+    if (s - strpos > prog->check_offset_max  /* signed-corrected t > strpos */
+        && (!utf8_target
+           || ((t = (char*)reghopmaybe3((U8*)s, -prog->check_offset_max, (U8*) ((prog->check_offset_max<0) ? strend : strpos)))
+                && t > strpos))) 
+    {
+       /* Fixed substring is found far enough so that the match
+          cannot start at strpos. */
+      try_at_offset:
+       if (ml_anch && t[-1] != '\n') {
+           /* Eventually fbm_*() should handle this, but often
+              anchored_offset is not 0, so this check will not be wasted. */
+           /* XXXX In the code below we prefer to look for "^" even in
+              presence of anchored substrings.  And we search even
+              beyond the found float position.  These pessimizations
+              are historical artefacts only.  */
+         find_anchor:
+           while (t < strend - prog->minlen) {
+               if (*t == '\n') {
+                   if (t < check_at - prog->check_offset_min) {
+                       if (utf8_target ? prog->anchored_utf8 : prog->anchored_substr) {
+                           /* Since we moved from the found position,
+                              we definitely contradict the found anchored
+                              substr.  Due to the above check we do not
+                              contradict "check" substr.
+                              Thus we can arrive here only if check substr
+                              is float.  Redo checking for "other"=="fixed".
+                            */
+                           strpos = t + 1;                     
+                           DEBUG_EXECUTE_r(PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log, "Found /%s^%s/m at offset %ld, rescanning for anchored from offset %ld...\n",
+                               PL_colors[0], PL_colors[1], (long)(strpos - i_strpos), (long)(strpos - i_strpos + prog->anchored_offset)));
+                           goto do_other_anchored;
+                       }
+                       /* We don't contradict the found floating substring. */
+                       /* XXXX Why not check for STCLASS? */
+                       s = t + 1;
+                       DEBUG_EXECUTE_r(PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log, "Found /%s^%s/m at offset %ld...\n",
+                           PL_colors[0], PL_colors[1], (long)(s - i_strpos)));
+                       goto set_useful;
+                   }
+                   /* Position contradicts check-string */
+                   /* XXXX probably better to look for check-string
+                      than for "\n", so one should lower the limit for t? */
+                   DEBUG_EXECUTE_r(PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log, "Found /%s^%s/m, restarting lookup for check-string at offset %ld...\n",
+                       PL_colors[0], PL_colors[1], (long)(t + 1 - i_strpos)));
+                   other_last = strpos = s = t + 1;
+                   goto restart;
+               }
+               t++;
+           }
+           DEBUG_EXECUTE_r(PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log, "Did not find /%s^%s/m...\n",
+                       PL_colors[0], PL_colors[1]));
+           goto fail_finish;
+       }
+       else {
+           DEBUG_EXECUTE_r(PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log, "Starting position does not contradict /%s^%s/m...\n",
+                       PL_colors[0], PL_colors[1]));
+       }
+       s = t;
+      set_useful:
+       ++BmUSEFUL(utf8_target ? prog->check_utf8 : prog->check_substr);        /* hooray/5 */
+    }
+    else {
+       /* The found string does not prohibit matching at strpos,
+          - no optimization of calling REx engine can be performed,
+          unless it was an MBOL and we are not after MBOL,
+          or a future STCLASS check will fail this. */
+      try_at_start:
+       /* Even in this situation we may use MBOL flag if strpos is offset
+          wrt the start of the string. */
+       if (ml_anch && (strpos != strbeg) && strpos[-1] != '\n'
+           /* May be due to an implicit anchor of m{.*foo}  */
+           && !(prog->intflags & PREGf_IMPLICIT))
+       {
+           t = strpos;
+           goto find_anchor;
+       }
+       DEBUG_EXECUTE_r( if (ml_anch)
+           PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log, "Position at offset %ld does not contradict /%s^%s/m...\n",
+                         (long)(strpos - i_strpos), PL_colors[0], PL_colors[1]);
+       );
+      success_at_start:
+       if (!(prog->intflags & PREGf_NAUGHTY)   /* XXXX If strpos moved? */
+           && (utf8_target ? (
+               prog->check_utf8                /* Could be deleted already */
+               && --BmUSEFUL(prog->check_utf8) < 0
+               && (prog->check_utf8 == prog->float_utf8)
+           ) : (
+               prog->check_substr              /* Could be deleted already */
+               && --BmUSEFUL(prog->check_substr) < 0
+               && (prog->check_substr == prog->float_substr)
+           )))
+       {
+           /* If flags & SOMETHING - do not do it many times on the same match */
+           DEBUG_EXECUTE_r(PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log, "... Disabling check substring...\n"));
+           /* XXX Does the destruction order has to change with utf8_target? */
+           SvREFCNT_dec(utf8_target ? prog->check_utf8 : prog->check_substr);
+           SvREFCNT_dec(utf8_target ? prog->check_substr : prog->check_utf8);
+           prog->check_substr = prog->check_utf8 = NULL;       /* disable */
+           prog->float_substr = prog->float_utf8 = NULL;       /* clear */
+           check = NULL;                       /* abort */
+           s = strpos;
+           /* XXXX If the check string was an implicit check MBOL, then we need to unset the relevant flag
+                   see http://bugs.activestate.com/show_bug.cgi?id=87173 */
+           if (prog->intflags & PREGf_IMPLICIT)
+               prog->extflags &= ~RXf_ANCH_MBOL;
+           /* XXXX This is a remnant of the old implementation.  It
+                   looks wasteful, since now INTUIT can use many
+                   other heuristics. */
+           prog->extflags &= ~RXf_USE_INTUIT;
+           /* XXXX What other flags might need to be cleared in this branch? */
+       }
+       else
+           s = strpos;
+    }
+
+    /* Last resort... */
+    /* XXXX BmUSEFUL already changed, maybe multiple change is meaningful... */
+    /* trie stclasses are too expensive to use here, we are better off to
+       leave it to regmatch itself */
+    if (progi->regstclass && PL_regkind[OP(progi->regstclass)]!=TRIE) {
+       /* minlen == 0 is possible if regstclass is \b or \B,
+          and the fixed substr is ''$.
+          Since minlen is already taken into account, s+1 is before strend;
+          accidentally, minlen >= 1 guaranties no false positives at s + 1
+          even for \b or \B.  But (minlen? 1 : 0) below assumes that
+          regstclass does not come from lookahead...  */
+       /* If regstclass takes bytelength more than 1: If charlength==1, OK.
+          This leaves EXACTF-ish only, which are dealt with in find_byclass().  */
+        const U8* const str = (U8*)STRING(progi->regstclass);
+        const int cl_l = (PL_regkind[OP(progi->regstclass)] == EXACT
+                   ? CHR_DIST(str+STR_LEN(progi->regstclass), str)
+                   : 1);
+       char * endpos;
+       if (prog->anchored_substr || prog->anchored_utf8 || ml_anch)
+            endpos= HOP3c(s, (prog->minlen ? cl_l : 0), strend);
+        else if (prog->float_substr || prog->float_utf8)
+           endpos= HOP3c(HOP3c(check_at, -start_shift, strbeg), cl_l, strend);
+        else 
+            endpos= strend;
+                   
+        if (checked_upto < s)
+           checked_upto = s;
+        DEBUG_EXECUTE_r(PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log, "start_shift: %"IVdf" check_at: %"IVdf" s: %"IVdf" endpos: %"IVdf" checked_upto: %"IVdf"\n",
+                                      (IV)start_shift, (IV)(check_at - strbeg), (IV)(s - strbeg), (IV)(endpos - strbeg), (IV)(checked_upto- strbeg)));
+
+       t = s;
+        s = find_byclass(prog, progi->regstclass, checked_upto, endpos,
+                            reginfo);
+       if (s) {
+           checked_upto = s;
+       } else {
+#ifdef DEBUGGING
+           const char *what = NULL;
+#endif
+           if (endpos == strend) {
+               DEBUG_EXECUTE_r( PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log,
+                               "Could not match STCLASS...\n") );
+               goto fail;
+           }
+           DEBUG_EXECUTE_r( PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log,
+                                  "This position contradicts STCLASS...\n") );
+           if ((prog->extflags & RXf_ANCH) && !ml_anch)
+               goto fail;
+           checked_upto = HOPBACKc(endpos, start_shift);
+           DEBUG_EXECUTE_r(PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log, "start_shift: %"IVdf" check_at: %"IVdf" endpos: %"IVdf" checked_upto: %"IVdf"\n",
+                                      (IV)start_shift, (IV)(check_at - strbeg), (IV)(endpos - strbeg), (IV)(checked_upto- strbeg)));
+           /* Contradict one of substrings */
+           if (prog->anchored_substr || prog->anchored_utf8) {
+               if ((utf8_target ? prog->anchored_utf8 : prog->anchored_substr) == check) {
+                   DEBUG_EXECUTE_r( what = "anchored" );
+                 hop_and_restart:
+                   s = HOP3c(t, 1, strend);
+                   if (s + start_shift + end_shift > strend) {
+                       /* XXXX Should be taken into account earlier? */
+                       DEBUG_EXECUTE_r( PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log,
+                                              "Could not match STCLASS...\n") );
+                       goto fail;
+                   }
+                   if (!check)
+                       goto giveup;
+                   DEBUG_EXECUTE_r( PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log,
+                               "Looking for %s substr starting at offset %ld...\n",
+                                what, (long)(s + start_shift - i_strpos)) );
+                   goto restart;
+               }
+               /* Have both, check_string is floating */
+               if (t + start_shift >= check_at) /* Contradicts floating=check */
+                   goto retry_floating_check;
+               /* Recheck anchored substring, but not floating... */
+               s = check_at;
+               if (!check)
+                   goto giveup;
+               DEBUG_EXECUTE_r( PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log,
+                         "Looking for anchored substr starting at offset %ld...\n",
+                         (long)(other_last - i_strpos)) );
+               goto do_other_anchored;
+           }
+           /* Another way we could have checked stclass at the
+               current position only: */
+           if (ml_anch) {
+               s = t = t + 1;
+               if (!check)
+                   goto giveup;
+               DEBUG_EXECUTE_r( PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log,
+                         "Looking for /%s^%s/m starting at offset %ld...\n",
+                         PL_colors[0], PL_colors[1], (long)(t - i_strpos)) );
+               goto try_at_offset;
+           }
+           if (!(utf8_target ? prog->float_utf8 : prog->float_substr)) /* Could have been deleted */
+               goto fail;
+           /* Check is floating substring. */
+         retry_floating_check:
+           t = check_at - start_shift;
+           DEBUG_EXECUTE_r( what = "floating" );
+           goto hop_and_restart;
+       }
+       if (t != s) {
+            DEBUG_EXECUTE_r(PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log,
+                       "By STCLASS: moving %ld --> %ld\n",
+                                  (long)(t - i_strpos), (long)(s - i_strpos))
+                   );
+        }
+        else {
+            DEBUG_EXECUTE_r(PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log,
+                                  "Does not contradict STCLASS...\n"); 
+                   );
+        }
+    }
+  giveup:
+    DEBUG_EXECUTE_r(PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log, "%s%s:%s match at offset %ld\n",
+                         PL_colors[4], (check ? "Guessed" : "Giving up"),
+                         PL_colors[5], (long)(s - i_strpos)) );
+    return s;
+
+  fail_finish:                         /* Substring not found */
+    if (prog->check_substr || prog->check_utf8)                /* could be removed already */
+       BmUSEFUL(utf8_target ? prog->check_utf8 : prog->check_substr) += 5; /* hooray */
+  fail:
+    DEBUG_EXECUTE_r(PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log, "%sMatch rejected by optimizer%s\n",
+                         PL_colors[4], PL_colors[5]));
+    return NULL;
+}
+
+#define DECL_TRIE_TYPE(scan) \
+    const enum { trie_plain, trie_utf8, trie_utf8_fold, trie_latin_utf8_fold } \
+                    trie_type = ((scan->flags == EXACT) \
+                              ? (utf8_target ? trie_utf8 : trie_plain) \
+                              : (utf8_target ? trie_utf8_fold : trie_latin_utf8_fold))
+
+#define REXEC_TRIE_READ_CHAR(trie_type, trie, widecharmap, uc, uscan, len, uvc, charid, foldlen, foldbuf, uniflags) \
+STMT_START {                               \
+    STRLEN skiplen;                                                                 \
+    switch (trie_type) {                                                            \
+    case trie_utf8_fold:                                                            \
+        if ( foldlen>0 ) {                                                          \
+            uvc = utf8n_to_uvuni( (const U8*) uscan, UTF8_MAXLEN, &len, uniflags ); \
+            foldlen -= len;                                                         \
+            uscan += len;                                                           \
+            len=0;                                                                  \
+        } else {                                                                    \
+            uvc = to_utf8_fold( (const U8*) uc, foldbuf, &foldlen );                \
+            len = UTF8SKIP(uc);                                                     \
+            skiplen = UNISKIP( uvc );                                               \
+            foldlen -= skiplen;                                                     \
+            uscan = foldbuf + skiplen;                                              \
+        }                                                                           \
+        break;                                                                      \
+    case trie_latin_utf8_fold:                                                      \
+        if ( foldlen>0 ) {                                                          \
+            uvc = utf8n_to_uvuni( (const U8*) uscan, UTF8_MAXLEN, &len, uniflags ); \
+            foldlen -= len;                                                         \
+            uscan += len;                                                           \
+            len=0;                                                                  \
+        } else {                                                                    \
+            len = 1;                                                                \
+            uvc = _to_fold_latin1( (U8) *uc, foldbuf, &foldlen, FOLD_FLAGS_FULL);   \
+            skiplen = UNISKIP( uvc );                                               \
+            foldlen -= skiplen;                                                     \
+            uscan = foldbuf + skiplen;                                              \
+        }                                                                           \
+        break;                                                                      \
+    case trie_utf8:                                                                 \
+        uvc = utf8n_to_uvuni( (const U8*) uc, UTF8_MAXLEN, &len, uniflags );        \
+        break;                                                                      \
+    case trie_plain:                                                                \
+        uvc = (UV)*uc;                                                              \
+        len = 1;                                                                    \
+    }                                                                               \
+    if (uvc < 256) {                                                                \
+        charid = trie->charmap[ uvc ];                                              \
+    }                                                                               \
+    else {                                                                          \
+        charid = 0;                                                                 \
+        if (widecharmap) {                                                          \
+            SV** const svpp = hv_fetch(widecharmap,                                 \
+                        (char*)&uvc, sizeof(UV), 0);                                \
+            if (svpp)                                                               \
+                charid = (U16)SvIV(*svpp);                                          \
+        }                                                                           \
+    }                                                                               \
+} STMT_END
+
+#define REXEC_FBC_EXACTISH_SCAN(CoNd)                     \
+STMT_START {                                              \
+    while (s <= e) {                                      \
+       if ( (CoNd)                                       \
+            && (ln == 1 || folder(s, pat_string, ln))    \
+            && (reginfo->intuit || regtry(reginfo, &s)) )\
+           goto got_it;                                  \
+       s++;                                              \
+    }                                                     \
+} STMT_END
+
+#define REXEC_FBC_UTF8_SCAN(CoDe)                     \
+STMT_START {                                          \
+    while (s < strend) {                              \
+       CoDe                                          \
+       s += UTF8SKIP(s);                             \
+    }                                                 \
+} STMT_END
+
+#define REXEC_FBC_SCAN(CoDe)                          \
+STMT_START {                                          \
+    while (s < strend) {                              \
+       CoDe                                          \
+       s++;                                          \
+    }                                                 \
+} STMT_END
+
+#define REXEC_FBC_UTF8_CLASS_SCAN(CoNd)               \
+REXEC_FBC_UTF8_SCAN(                                  \
+    if (CoNd) {                                       \
+       if (tmp && (reginfo->intuit || regtry(reginfo, &s))) \
+           goto got_it;                              \
+       else                                          \
+           tmp = doevery;                            \
+    }                                                 \
+    else                                              \
+       tmp = 1;                                      \
+)
+
+#define REXEC_FBC_CLASS_SCAN(CoNd)                    \
+REXEC_FBC_SCAN(                                       \
+    if (CoNd) {                                       \
+       if (tmp && (reginfo->intuit || regtry(reginfo, &s)))  \
+           goto got_it;                              \
+       else                                          \
+           tmp = doevery;                            \
+    }                                                 \
+    else                                              \
+       tmp = 1;                                      \
+)
+
+#define REXEC_FBC_TRYIT               \
+if ((reginfo->intuit || regtry(reginfo, &s))) \
+    goto got_it
+
+#define REXEC_FBC_CSCAN(CoNdUtF8,CoNd)                         \
+    if (utf8_target) {                                             \
+       REXEC_FBC_UTF8_CLASS_SCAN(CoNdUtF8);                   \
+    }                                                          \
+    else {                                                     \
+       REXEC_FBC_CLASS_SCAN(CoNd);                            \
+    }
+    
+#define DUMP_EXEC_POS(li,s,doutf8) \
+    dump_exec_pos(li,s,(reginfo->strend),(reginfo->strbeg), \
+                startpos, doutf8)
+
+
+#define UTF8_NOLOAD(TEST_NON_UTF8, IF_SUCCESS, IF_FAIL) \
+       tmp = (s != reginfo->strbeg) ? UCHARAT(s - 1) : '\n';                  \
+       tmp = TEST_NON_UTF8(tmp);                                              \
+       REXEC_FBC_UTF8_SCAN(                                                   \
+           if (tmp == ! TEST_NON_UTF8((U8) *s)) { \
+               tmp = !tmp;                                                    \
+               IF_SUCCESS;                                                    \
+           }                                                                  \
+           else {                                                             \
+               IF_FAIL;                                                       \
+           }                                                                  \
+       );                                                                     \
+
+#define UTF8_LOAD(TeSt1_UtF8, TeSt2_UtF8, IF_SUCCESS, IF_FAIL) \
+       if (s == reginfo->strbeg) {                                            \
+           tmp = '\n';                                                        \
+       }                                                                      \
+       else {                                                                 \
+           U8 * const r = reghop3((U8*)s, -1, (U8*)reginfo->strbeg);          \
+           tmp = utf8n_to_uvchr(r, UTF8SKIP(r), 0, UTF8_ALLOW_DEFAULT);       \
+       }                                                                      \
+       tmp = TeSt1_UtF8;                                                      \
+       LOAD_UTF8_CHARCLASS_ALNUM();                                                                \
+       REXEC_FBC_UTF8_SCAN(                                                   \
+           if (tmp == ! (TeSt2_UtF8)) { \
+               tmp = !tmp;                                                    \
+               IF_SUCCESS;                                                    \
+           }                                                                  \
+           else {                                                             \
+               IF_FAIL;                                                       \
+           }                                                                  \
+       );                                                                     \
+
+/* The only difference between the BOUND and NBOUND cases is that
+ * REXEC_FBC_TRYIT is called when matched in BOUND, and when non-matched in
+ * NBOUND.  This is accomplished by passing it in either the if or else clause,
+ * with the other one being empty */
+#define FBC_BOUND(TEST_NON_UTF8, TEST1_UTF8, TEST2_UTF8) \
+    FBC_BOUND_COMMON(UTF8_LOAD(TEST1_UTF8, TEST2_UTF8, REXEC_FBC_TRYIT, PLACEHOLDER), TEST_NON_UTF8, REXEC_FBC_TRYIT, PLACEHOLDER)
+
+#define FBC_BOUND_NOLOAD(TEST_NON_UTF8, TEST1_UTF8, TEST2_UTF8) \
+    FBC_BOUND_COMMON(UTF8_NOLOAD(TEST_NON_UTF8, REXEC_FBC_TRYIT, PLACEHOLDER), TEST_NON_UTF8, REXEC_FBC_TRYIT, PLACEHOLDER)
+
+#define FBC_NBOUND(TEST_NON_UTF8, TEST1_UTF8, TEST2_UTF8) \
+    FBC_BOUND_COMMON(UTF8_LOAD(TEST1_UTF8, TEST2_UTF8, PLACEHOLDER, REXEC_FBC_TRYIT), TEST_NON_UTF8, PLACEHOLDER, REXEC_FBC_TRYIT)
+
+#define FBC_NBOUND_NOLOAD(TEST_NON_UTF8, TEST1_UTF8, TEST2_UTF8) \
+    FBC_BOUND_COMMON(UTF8_NOLOAD(TEST_NON_UTF8, PLACEHOLDER, REXEC_FBC_TRYIT), TEST_NON_UTF8, PLACEHOLDER, REXEC_FBC_TRYIT)
+
+
+/* Common to the BOUND and NBOUND cases.  Unfortunately the UTF8 tests need to
+ * be passed in completely with the variable name being tested, which isn't
+ * such a clean interface, but this is easier to read than it was before.  We
+ * are looking for the boundary (or non-boundary between a word and non-word
+ * character.  The utf8 and non-utf8 cases have the same logic, but the details
+ * must be different.  Find the "wordness" of the character just prior to this
+ * one, and compare it with the wordness of this one.  If they differ, we have
+ * a boundary.  At the beginning of the string, pretend that the previous
+ * character was a new-line */
+#define FBC_BOUND_COMMON(UTF8_CODE, TEST_NON_UTF8, IF_SUCCESS, IF_FAIL) \
+    if (utf8_target) {                                                         \
+               UTF8_CODE \
+    }                                                                          \
+    else {  /* Not utf8 */                                                     \
+       tmp = (s != reginfo->strbeg) ? UCHARAT(s - 1) : '\n';                  \
+       tmp = TEST_NON_UTF8(tmp);                                              \
+       REXEC_FBC_SCAN(                                                        \
+           if (tmp == ! TEST_NON_UTF8((U8) *s)) {                             \
+               tmp = !tmp;                                                    \
+               IF_SUCCESS;                                                    \
+           }                                                                  \
+           else {                                                             \
+               IF_FAIL;                                                       \
+           }                                                                  \
+       );                                                                     \
+    }                                                                          \
+    if ((!prog->minlen && tmp) && (reginfo->intuit || regtry(reginfo, &s)))           \
+       goto got_it;
+
+/* We know what class REx starts with.  Try to find this position... */
+/* if reginfo->intuit, its a dryrun */
+/* annoyingly all the vars in this routine have different names from their counterparts
+   in regmatch. /grrr */
+
+STATIC char *
+S_find_byclass(pTHX_ regexp * prog, const regnode *c, char *s, 
+    const char *strend, regmatch_info *reginfo)
+{
+    dVAR;
+    const I32 doevery = (prog->intflags & PREGf_SKIP) == 0;
+    char *pat_string;   /* The pattern's exactish string */
+    char *pat_end;         /* ptr to end char of pat_string */
+    re_fold_t folder;  /* Function for computing non-utf8 folds */
+    const U8 *fold_array;   /* array for folding ords < 256 */
+    STRLEN ln;
+    STRLEN lnc;
+    U8 c1;
+    U8 c2;
+    char *e;
+    I32 tmp = 1;       /* Scratch variable? */
+    const bool utf8_target = reginfo->is_utf8_target;
+    UV utf8_fold_flags = 0;
+    const bool is_utf8_pat = reginfo->is_utf8_pat;
+    bool to_complement = FALSE; /* Invert the result?  Taking the xor of this
+                                   with a result inverts that result, as 0^1 =
+                                   1 and 1^1 = 0 */
+    _char_class_number classnum;
+
+    RXi_GET_DECL(prog,progi);
+
+    PERL_ARGS_ASSERT_FIND_BYCLASS;
+
+    /* We know what class it must start with. */
+    switch (OP(c)) {
+    case ANYOF:
+    case ANYOF_SYNTHETIC:
+    case ANYOF_WARN_SUPER:
+        if (utf8_target) {
+            REXEC_FBC_UTF8_CLASS_SCAN(
+                      reginclass(prog, c, (U8*)s, utf8_target));
+        }
+        else {
+            REXEC_FBC_CLASS_SCAN(REGINCLASS(prog, c, (U8*)s));
+        }
+        break;
+    case CANY:
+        REXEC_FBC_SCAN(
+            if (tmp && (reginfo->intuit || regtry(reginfo, &s)))
+                goto got_it;
+            else
+                tmp = doevery;
+        );
+        break;
+
+    case EXACTFA:
+        if (is_utf8_pat || utf8_target) {
+            utf8_fold_flags = FOLDEQ_UTF8_NOMIX_ASCII;
+            goto do_exactf_utf8;
+        }
+        fold_array = PL_fold_latin1;    /* Latin1 folds are not affected by */
+        folder = foldEQ_latin1;                /* /a, except the sharp s one which */
+        goto do_exactf_non_utf8;       /* isn't dealt with by these */
+
+    case EXACTF:
+        if (utf8_target) {
+
+            /* regcomp.c already folded this if pattern is in UTF-8 */
+            utf8_fold_flags = 0;
+            goto do_exactf_utf8;
+        }
+        fold_array = PL_fold;
+        folder = foldEQ;
+        goto do_exactf_non_utf8;
+
+    case EXACTFL:
+        if (is_utf8_pat || utf8_target) {
+            utf8_fold_flags = FOLDEQ_UTF8_LOCALE;
+            goto do_exactf_utf8;
+        }
+        fold_array = PL_fold_locale;
+        folder = foldEQ_locale;
+        goto do_exactf_non_utf8;
+
+    case EXACTFU_SS:
+        if (is_utf8_pat) {
+            utf8_fold_flags = FOLDEQ_S2_ALREADY_FOLDED;
+        }
+        goto do_exactf_utf8;
+
+    case EXACTFU_TRICKYFOLD:
+    case EXACTFU:
+        if (is_utf8_pat || utf8_target) {
+            utf8_fold_flags = is_utf8_pat ? FOLDEQ_S2_ALREADY_FOLDED : 0;
+            goto do_exactf_utf8;
+        }
+
+        /* Any 'ss' in the pattern should have been replaced by regcomp,
+         * so we don't have to worry here about this single special case
+         * in the Latin1 range */
+        fold_array = PL_fold_latin1;
+        folder = foldEQ_latin1;
+
+        /* FALL THROUGH */
+
+    do_exactf_non_utf8: /* Neither pattern nor string are UTF8, and there
+                           are no glitches with fold-length differences
+                           between the target string and pattern */
+
+        /* The idea in the non-utf8 EXACTF* cases is to first find the
+         * first character of the EXACTF* node and then, if necessary,
+         * case-insensitively compare the full text of the node.  c1 is the
+         * first character.  c2 is its fold.  This logic will not work for
+         * Unicode semantics and the german sharp ss, which hence should
+         * not be compiled into a node that gets here. */
+        pat_string = STRING(c);
+        ln  = STR_LEN(c);      /* length to match in octets/bytes */
+
+        /* We know that we have to match at least 'ln' bytes (which is the
+         * same as characters, since not utf8).  If we have to match 3
+         * characters, and there are only 2 availabe, we know without
+         * trying that it will fail; so don't start a match past the
+         * required minimum number from the far end */
+        e = HOP3c(strend, -((I32)ln), s);
+
+        if (reginfo->intuit && e < s) {
+            e = s;                     /* Due to minlen logic of intuit() */
+        }
+
+        c1 = *pat_string;
+        c2 = fold_array[c1];
+        if (c1 == c2) { /* If char and fold are the same */
+            REXEC_FBC_EXACTISH_SCAN(*(U8*)s == c1);
+        }
+        else {
+            REXEC_FBC_EXACTISH_SCAN(*(U8*)s == c1 || *(U8*)s == c2);
+        }
+        break;
+
+    do_exactf_utf8:
+    {
+        unsigned expansion;
+
+        /* If one of the operands is in utf8, we can't use the simpler folding
+         * above, due to the fact that many different characters can have the
+         * same fold, or portion of a fold, or different- length fold */
+        pat_string = STRING(c);
+        ln  = STR_LEN(c);      /* length to match in octets/bytes */
+        pat_end = pat_string + ln;
+        lnc = is_utf8_pat       /* length to match in characters */
+                ? utf8_length((U8 *) pat_string, (U8 *) pat_end)
+                : ln;
+
+        /* We have 'lnc' characters to match in the pattern, but because of
+         * multi-character folding, each character in the target can match
+         * up to 3 characters (Unicode guarantees it will never exceed
+         * this) if it is utf8-encoded; and up to 2 if not (based on the
+         * fact that the Latin 1 folds are already determined, and the
+         * only multi-char fold in that range is the sharp-s folding to
+         * 'ss'.  Thus, a pattern character can match as little as 1/3 of a
+         * string character.  Adjust lnc accordingly, rounding up, so that
+         * if we need to match at least 4+1/3 chars, that really is 5. */
+        expansion = (utf8_target) ? UTF8_MAX_FOLD_CHAR_EXPAND : 2;
+        lnc = (lnc + expansion - 1) / expansion;
+
+        /* As in the non-UTF8 case, if we have to match 3 characters, and
+         * only 2 are left, it's guaranteed to fail, so don't start a
+         * match that would require us to go beyond the end of the string
+         */
+        e = HOP3c(strend, -((I32)lnc), s);
+
+        if (reginfo->intuit && e < s) {
+            e = s;                     /* Due to minlen logic of intuit() */
+        }
+
+        /* XXX Note that we could recalculate e to stop the loop earlier,
+         * as the worst case expansion above will rarely be met, and as we
+         * go along we would usually find that e moves further to the left.
+         * This would happen only after we reached the point in the loop
+         * where if there were no expansion we should fail.  Unclear if
+         * worth the expense */
+
+        while (s <= e) {
+            char *my_strend= (char *)strend;
+            if (foldEQ_utf8_flags(s, &my_strend, 0,  utf8_target,
+                  pat_string, NULL, ln, is_utf8_pat, utf8_fold_flags)
+                && (reginfo->intuit || regtry(reginfo, &s)) )
+            {
+                goto got_it;
+            }
+            s += (utf8_target) ? UTF8SKIP(s) : 1;
+        }
+        break;
+    }
+    case BOUNDL:
+        RXp_MATCH_TAINTED_on(prog);
+        FBC_BOUND(isWORDCHAR_LC,
+                  isWORDCHAR_LC_uvchr(UNI_TO_NATIVE(tmp)),
+                  isWORDCHAR_LC_utf8((U8*)s));
+        break;
+    case NBOUNDL:
+        RXp_MATCH_TAINTED_on(prog);
+        FBC_NBOUND(isWORDCHAR_LC,
+                   isWORDCHAR_LC_uvchr(UNI_TO_NATIVE(tmp)),
+                   isWORDCHAR_LC_utf8((U8*)s));
+        break;
+    case BOUND:
+        FBC_BOUND(isWORDCHAR,
+                  isWORDCHAR_uni(tmp),
+                  cBOOL(swash_fetch(PL_utf8_swash_ptrs[_CC_WORDCHAR], (U8*)s, utf8_target)));
+        break;
+    case BOUNDA:
+        FBC_BOUND_NOLOAD(isWORDCHAR_A,
+                         isWORDCHAR_A(tmp),
+                         isWORDCHAR_A((U8*)s));
+        break;
+    case NBOUND:
+        FBC_NBOUND(isWORDCHAR,
+                   isWORDCHAR_uni(tmp),
+                   cBOOL(swash_fetch(PL_utf8_swash_ptrs[_CC_WORDCHAR], (U8*)s, utf8_target)));
+        break;
+    case NBOUNDA:
+        FBC_NBOUND_NOLOAD(isWORDCHAR_A,
+                          isWORDCHAR_A(tmp),
+                          isWORDCHAR_A((U8*)s));
+        break;
+    case BOUNDU:
+        FBC_BOUND(isWORDCHAR_L1,
+                  isWORDCHAR_uni(tmp),
+                  cBOOL(swash_fetch(PL_utf8_swash_ptrs[_CC_WORDCHAR], (U8*)s, utf8_target)));
+        break;
+    case NBOUNDU:
+        FBC_NBOUND(isWORDCHAR_L1,
+                   isWORDCHAR_uni(tmp),
+                   cBOOL(swash_fetch(PL_utf8_swash_ptrs[_CC_WORDCHAR], (U8*)s, utf8_target)));
+        break;
+    case LNBREAK:
+        REXEC_FBC_CSCAN(is_LNBREAK_utf8_safe(s, strend),
+                        is_LNBREAK_latin1_safe(s, strend)
+        );
+        break;
+
+    /* The argument to all the POSIX node types is the class number to pass to
+     * _generic_isCC() to build a mask for searching in PL_charclass[] */
+
+    case NPOSIXL:
+        to_complement = 1;
+        /* FALLTHROUGH */
+
+    case POSIXL:
+        RXp_MATCH_TAINTED_on(prog);
+        REXEC_FBC_CSCAN(to_complement ^ cBOOL(isFOO_utf8_lc(FLAGS(c), (U8 *) s)),
+                        to_complement ^ cBOOL(isFOO_lc(FLAGS(c), *s)));
+        break;
+
+    case NPOSIXD:
+        to_complement = 1;
+        /* FALLTHROUGH */
+
+    case POSIXD:
+        if (utf8_target) {
+            goto posix_utf8;
+        }
+        goto posixa;
+
+    case NPOSIXA:
+        if (utf8_target) {
+            /* The complement of something that matches only ASCII matches all
+             * UTF-8 variant code points, plus everything in ASCII that isn't
+             * in the class */
+            REXEC_FBC_UTF8_CLASS_SCAN(! UTF8_IS_INVARIANT(*s)
+                                      || ! _generic_isCC_A(*s, FLAGS(c)));
+            break;
+        }
+
+        to_complement = 1;
+        /* FALLTHROUGH */
+
+    case POSIXA:
+      posixa:
+        /* Don't need to worry about utf8, as it can match only a single
+         * byte invariant character. */
+        REXEC_FBC_CLASS_SCAN(
+                        to_complement ^ cBOOL(_generic_isCC_A(*s, FLAGS(c))));
+        break;
+
+    case NPOSIXU:
+        to_complement = 1;
+        /* FALLTHROUGH */
+
+    case POSIXU:
+        if (! utf8_target) {
+            REXEC_FBC_CLASS_SCAN(to_complement ^ cBOOL(_generic_isCC(*s,
+                                                                    FLAGS(c))));
+        }
+        else {
+
+      posix_utf8:
+            classnum = (_char_class_number) FLAGS(c);
+            if (classnum < _FIRST_NON_SWASH_CC) {
+                while (s < strend) {
+
+                    /* We avoid loading in the swash as long as possible, but
+                     * should we have to, we jump to a separate loop.  This
+                     * extra 'if' statement is what keeps this code from being
+                     * just a call to REXEC_FBC_UTF8_CLASS_SCAN() */
+                    if (UTF8_IS_ABOVE_LATIN1(*s)) {
+                        goto found_above_latin1;
+                    }
+                    if ((UTF8_IS_INVARIANT(*s)
+                         && to_complement ^ cBOOL(_generic_isCC((U8) *s,
+                                                                classnum)))
+                        || (UTF8_IS_DOWNGRADEABLE_START(*s)
+                            && to_complement ^ cBOOL(
+                                _generic_isCC(TWO_BYTE_UTF8_TO_UNI(*s, *(s + 1)),
+                                              classnum))))
+                    {
+                        if (tmp && (reginfo->intuit || regtry(reginfo, &s)))
+                            goto got_it;
+                        else {
+                            tmp = doevery;
+                        }
+                    }
+                    else {
+                        tmp = 1;
+                    }
+                    s += UTF8SKIP(s);
+                }
+            }
+            else switch (classnum) {    /* These classes are implemented as
+                                           macros */
+                case _CC_ENUM_SPACE: /* XXX would require separate code if we
+                                        revert the change of \v matching this */
+                    /* FALL THROUGH */
+
+                case _CC_ENUM_PSXSPC:
+                    REXEC_FBC_UTF8_CLASS_SCAN(
+                                        to_complement ^ cBOOL(isSPACE_utf8(s)));
+                    break;
+
+                case _CC_ENUM_BLANK:
+                    REXEC_FBC_UTF8_CLASS_SCAN(
+                                        to_complement ^ cBOOL(isBLANK_utf8(s)));
+                    break;
+
+                case _CC_ENUM_XDIGIT:
+                    REXEC_FBC_UTF8_CLASS_SCAN(
+                                       to_complement ^ cBOOL(isXDIGIT_utf8(s)));
+                    break;
+
+                case _CC_ENUM_VERTSPACE:
+                    REXEC_FBC_UTF8_CLASS_SCAN(
+                                       to_complement ^ cBOOL(isVERTWS_utf8(s)));
+                    break;
+
+                case _CC_ENUM_CNTRL:
+                    REXEC_FBC_UTF8_CLASS_SCAN(
+                                        to_complement ^ cBOOL(isCNTRL_utf8(s)));
+                    break;
+
+                default:
+                    Perl_croak(aTHX_ "panic: find_byclass() node %d='%s' has an unexpected character class '%d'", OP(c), PL_reg_name[OP(c)], classnum);
+                    assert(0); /* NOTREACHED */
+            }
+        }
+        break;
+
+      found_above_latin1:   /* Here we have to load a swash to get the result
+                               for the current code point */
+        if (! PL_utf8_swash_ptrs[classnum]) {
+            U8 flags = _CORE_SWASH_INIT_ACCEPT_INVLIST;
+            PL_utf8_swash_ptrs[classnum] =
+                    _core_swash_init("utf8", swash_property_names[classnum],
+                                     &PL_sv_undef, 1, 0, NULL, &flags);
+        }
+
+        /* This is a copy of the loop above for swash classes, though using the
+         * FBC macro instead of being expanded out.  Since we've loaded the
+         * swash, we don't have to check for that each time through the loop */
+        REXEC_FBC_UTF8_CLASS_SCAN(
+                to_complement ^ cBOOL(_generic_utf8(
+                                      classnum,
+                                      s,
+                                      swash_fetch(PL_utf8_swash_ptrs[classnum],
+                                                  (U8 *) s, TRUE))));
+        break;
+
+    case AHOCORASICKC:
+    case AHOCORASICK:
+        {
+            DECL_TRIE_TYPE(c);
+            /* what trie are we using right now */
+            reg_ac_data *aho = (reg_ac_data*)progi->data->data[ ARG( c ) ];
+            reg_trie_data *trie = (reg_trie_data*)progi->data->data[ aho->trie ];
+            HV *widecharmap = MUTABLE_HV(progi->data->data[ aho->trie + 1 ]);
+
+            const char *last_start = strend - trie->minlen;
+#ifdef DEBUGGING
+            const char *real_start = s;
+#endif
+            STRLEN maxlen = trie->maxlen;
+            SV *sv_points;
+            U8 **points; /* map of where we were in the input string
+                            when reading a given char. For ASCII this
+                            is unnecessary overhead as the relationship
+                            is always 1:1, but for Unicode, especially
+                            case folded Unicode this is not true. */
+            U8 foldbuf[ UTF8_MAXBYTES_CASE + 1 ];
+            U8 *bitmap=NULL;
+
+
+            GET_RE_DEBUG_FLAGS_DECL;
+
+            /* We can't just allocate points here. We need to wrap it in
+             * an SV so it gets freed properly if there is a croak while
+             * running the match */
+            ENTER;
+            SAVETMPS;
+            sv_points=newSV(maxlen * sizeof(U8 *));
+            SvCUR_set(sv_points,
+                maxlen * sizeof(U8 *));
+            SvPOK_on(sv_points);
+            sv_2mortal(sv_points);
+            points=(U8**)SvPV_nolen(sv_points );
+            if ( trie_type != trie_utf8_fold
+                 && (trie->bitmap || OP(c)==AHOCORASICKC) )
+            {
+                if (trie->bitmap)
+                    bitmap=(U8*)trie->bitmap;
+                else
+                    bitmap=(U8*)ANYOF_BITMAP(c);
+            }
+            /* this is the Aho-Corasick algorithm modified a touch
+               to include special handling for long "unknown char" sequences.
+               The basic idea being that we use AC as long as we are dealing
+               with a possible matching char, when we encounter an unknown char
+               (and we have not encountered an accepting state) we scan forward
+               until we find a legal starting char.
+               AC matching is basically that of trie matching, except that when
+               we encounter a failing transition, we fall back to the current
+               states "fail state", and try the current char again, a process
+               we repeat until we reach the root state, state 1, or a legal
+               transition. If we fail on the root state then we can either
+               terminate if we have reached an accepting state previously, or
+               restart the entire process from the beginning if we have not.
+
+             */
+            while (s <= last_start) {
+                const U32 uniflags = UTF8_ALLOW_DEFAULT;
+                U8 *uc = (U8*)s;
+                U16 charid = 0;
+                U32 base = 1;
+                U32 state = 1;
+                UV uvc = 0;
+                STRLEN len = 0;
+                STRLEN foldlen = 0;
+                U8 *uscan = (U8*)NULL;
+                U8 *leftmost = NULL;
+#ifdef DEBUGGING
+                U32 accepted_word= 0;
+#endif
+                U32 pointpos = 0;
+
+                while ( state && uc <= (U8*)strend ) {
+                    int failed=0;
+                    U32 word = aho->states[ state ].wordnum;
+
+                    if( state==1 ) {
+                        if ( bitmap ) {
+                            DEBUG_TRIE_EXECUTE_r(
+                                if ( uc <= (U8*)last_start && !BITMAP_TEST(bitmap,*uc) ) {
+                                    dump_exec_pos( (char *)uc, c, strend, real_start,
+                                        (char *)uc, utf8_target );
+                                    PerlIO_printf( Perl_debug_log,
+                                        " Scanning for legal start char...\n");
+                                }
+                            );
+                            if (utf8_target) {
+                                while ( uc <= (U8*)last_start && !BITMAP_TEST(bitmap,*uc) ) {
+                                    uc += UTF8SKIP(uc);
+                                }
+                            } else {
+                                while ( uc <= (U8*)last_start  && !BITMAP_TEST(bitmap,*uc) ) {
+                                    uc++;
+                                }
+                            }
+                            s= (char *)uc;
+                        }
+                        if (uc >(U8*)last_start) break;
+                    }
+
+                    if ( word ) {
+                        U8 *lpos= points[ (pointpos - trie->wordinfo[word].len) % maxlen ];
+                        if (!leftmost || lpos < leftmost) {
+                            DEBUG_r(accepted_word=word);
+                            leftmost= lpos;
+                        }
+                        if (base==0) break;
+
+                    }
+                    points[pointpos++ % maxlen]= uc;
+                    if (foldlen || uc < (U8*)strend) {
+                        REXEC_TRIE_READ_CHAR(trie_type, trie,
+                                         widecharmap, uc,
+                                         uscan, len, uvc, charid, foldlen,
+                                         foldbuf, uniflags);
+                        DEBUG_TRIE_EXECUTE_r({
+                            dump_exec_pos( (char *)uc, c, strend,
+                                        real_start, s, utf8_target);
+                            PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log,
+                                " Charid:%3u CP:%4"UVxf" ",
+                                 charid, uvc);
+                        });
+                    }
+                    else {
+                        len = 0;
+                        charid = 0;
+                    }
+
+
+                    do {
+#ifdef DEBUGGING
+                        word = aho->states[ state ].wordnum;
+#endif
+                        base = aho->states[ state ].trans.base;
+
+                        DEBUG_TRIE_EXECUTE_r({
+                            if (failed)
+                                dump_exec_pos( (char *)uc, c, strend, real_start,
+                                    s,   utf8_target );
+                            PerlIO_printf( Perl_debug_log,
+                                "%sState: %4"UVxf", word=%"UVxf,
+                                failed ? " Fail transition to " : "",
+                                (UV)state, (UV)word);
+                        });
+                        if ( base ) {
+                            U32 tmp;
+                            I32 offset;
+                            if (charid &&
+                                 ( ((offset = base + charid
+                                    - 1 - trie->uniquecharcount)) >= 0)
+                                 && ((U32)offset < trie->lasttrans)
+                                 && trie->trans[offset].check == state
+                                 && (tmp=trie->trans[offset].next))
+                            {
+                                DEBUG_TRIE_EXECUTE_r(
+                                    PerlIO_printf( Perl_debug_log," - legal\n"));
+                                state = tmp;
+                                break;
+                            }
+                            else {
+                                DEBUG_TRIE_EXECUTE_r(
+                                    PerlIO_printf( Perl_debug_log," - fail\n"));
+                                failed = 1;
+                                state = aho->fail[state];
+                            }
+                        }
+                        else {
+                            /* we must be accepting here */
+                            DEBUG_TRIE_EXECUTE_r(
+                                    PerlIO_printf( Perl_debug_log," - accepting\n"));
+                            failed = 1;
+                            break;
+                        }
+                    } while(state);
+                    uc += len;
+                    if (failed) {
+                        if (leftmost)
+                            break;
+                        if (!state) state = 1;
+                    }
+                }
+                if ( aho->states[ state ].wordnum ) {
+                    U8 *lpos = points[ (pointpos - trie->wordinfo[aho->states[ state ].wordnum].len) % maxlen ];
+                    if (!leftmost || lpos < leftmost) {
+                        DEBUG_r(accepted_word=aho->states[ state ].wordnum);
+                        leftmost = lpos;
+                    }
+                }
+                if (leftmost) {
+                    s = (char*)leftmost;
+                    DEBUG_TRIE_EXECUTE_r({
+                        PerlIO_printf(
+                            Perl_debug_log,"Matches word #%"UVxf" at position %"IVdf". Trying full pattern...\n",
+                            (UV)accepted_word, (IV)(s - real_start)
+                        );
+                    });
+                    if (reginfo->intuit || regtry(reginfo, &s)) {
+                        FREETMPS;
+                        LEAVE;
+                        goto got_it;
+                    }
+                    s = HOPc(s,1);
+                    DEBUG_TRIE_EXECUTE_r({
+                        PerlIO_printf( Perl_debug_log,"Pattern failed. Looking for new start point...\n");
+                    });
+                } else {
+                    DEBUG_TRIE_EXECUTE_r(
+                        PerlIO_printf( Perl_debug_log,"No match.\n"));
+                    break;
+                }
+            }
+            FREETMPS;
+            LEAVE;
+        }
+        break;
+    default:
+        Perl_croak(aTHX_ "panic: unknown regstclass %d", (int)OP(c));
+        break;
+    }
+    return 0;
+  got_it:
+    return s;
+}
+
+
+/*
+ - regexec_flags - match a regexp against a string
+ */
+I32
+Perl_regexec_flags(pTHX_ REGEXP * const rx, char *stringarg, char *strend,
+             char *strbeg, I32 minend, SV *sv, void *data, U32 flags)
+/* stringarg: the point in the string at which to begin matching */
+/* strend:    pointer to null at end of string */
+/* strbeg:    real beginning of string */
+/* minend:    end of match must be >= minend bytes after stringarg. */
+/* sv:        SV being matched: only used for utf8 flag, pos() etc; string
+ *            itself is accessed via the pointers above */
+/* data:      May be used for some additional optimizations.
+              Currently its only used, with a U32 cast, for transmitting
+              the ganch offset when doing a /g match. This will change */
+/* nosave:    For optimizations. */
+
+{
+    dVAR;
+    struct regexp *const prog = ReANY(rx);
+    char *s;
+    regnode *c;
+    char *startpos = stringarg;
+    I32 minlen;                /* must match at least this many chars */
+    I32 dontbother = 0;        /* how many characters not to try at end */
+    I32 end_shift = 0;                 /* Same for the end. */         /* CC */
+    I32 scream_pos = -1;               /* Internal iterator of scream. */
+    char *scream_olds = NULL;
+    const bool utf8_target = cBOOL(DO_UTF8(sv));
+    I32 multiline;
+    RXi_GET_DECL(prog,progi);
+    regmatch_info reginfo_buf;  /* create some info to pass to regtry etc */
+    regmatch_info *const reginfo = &reginfo_buf;
+    regexp_paren_pair *swap = NULL;
+    I32 oldsave;
+    GET_RE_DEBUG_FLAGS_DECL;
+
+    PERL_ARGS_ASSERT_REGEXEC_FLAGS;
+    PERL_UNUSED_ARG(data);
+
+    /* Be paranoid... */
+    if (prog == NULL || startpos == NULL) {
+       Perl_croak(aTHX_ "NULL regexp parameter");
+       return 0;
+    }
+
+    DEBUG_EXECUTE_r(
+        debug_start_match(rx, utf8_target, startpos, strend,
+        "Matching");
+    );
+
+
+    /* at the end of this function, we'll do a LEAVE_SCOPE(oldsave),
+     * which will call destuctors to reset PL_regmatch_state, free higher
+     * PL_regmatch_slabs, and clean up regmatch_info_aux and
+     * regmatch_info_aux_eval */
+
+    oldsave = PL_savestack_ix;
+
+    multiline = prog->extflags & RXf_PMf_MULTILINE;
+    minlen = prog->minlen;
+    
+    if (strend - startpos < (minlen+(prog->check_offset_min<0?prog->check_offset_min:0))) {
+        DEBUG_EXECUTE_r(PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log,
+                             "String too short [regexec_flags]...\n"));
+       goto phooey;
+    }
+    
+    /* Check validity of program. */
+    if (UCHARAT(progi->program) != REG_MAGIC) {
+       Perl_croak(aTHX_ "corrupted regexp program");
+    }
+
+    RX_MATCH_TAINTED_off(rx);
+
+    reginfo->prog = rx;         /* Yes, sorry that this is confusing.  */
+    reginfo->intuit = 0;
+    reginfo->is_utf8_target = cBOOL(utf8_target);
+    reginfo->is_utf8_pat = cBOOL(RX_UTF8(rx));
+    reginfo->warned = FALSE;
+    reginfo->strbeg  = strbeg;
+    reginfo->sv = sv;
+    reginfo->poscache_maxiter = 0; /* not yet started a countdown */
+    reginfo->strend = strend;
+    /* see how far we have to get to not match where we matched before */
+    reginfo->till = startpos+minend;
+
+    /* reserve next 2 or 3 slots in PL_regmatch_state:
+     * slot N+0: may currently be in use: skip it
+     * slot N+1: use for regmatch_info_aux struct
+     * slot N+2: use for regmatch_info_aux_eval struct if we have (?{})'s
+     * slot N+3: ready for use by regmatch()
+     */
+
+    {
+        regmatch_state *old_regmatch_state;
+        regmatch_slab  *old_regmatch_slab;
+        int i, max = (prog->extflags & RXf_EVAL_SEEN) ? 2 : 1;
+
+        /* on first ever match, allocate first slab */
+        if (!PL_regmatch_slab) {
+            Newx(PL_regmatch_slab, 1, regmatch_slab);
+            PL_regmatch_slab->prev = NULL;
+            PL_regmatch_slab->next = NULL;
+            PL_regmatch_state = SLAB_FIRST(PL_regmatch_slab);
+        }
+
+        old_regmatch_state = PL_regmatch_state;
+        old_regmatch_slab  = PL_regmatch_slab;
+
+        for (i=0; i <= max; i++) {
+            if (i == 1)
+                reginfo->info_aux = &(PL_regmatch_state->u.info_aux);
+            else if (i ==2)
+                reginfo->info_aux_eval =
+                reginfo->info_aux->info_aux_eval =
+                            &(PL_regmatch_state->u.info_aux_eval);
+
+            if (++PL_regmatch_state >  SLAB_LAST(PL_regmatch_slab))
+                PL_regmatch_state = S_push_slab(aTHX);
+        }
+
+        /* note initial PL_regmatch_state position; at end of match we'll
+         * pop back to there and free any higher slabs */
+
+        reginfo->info_aux->old_regmatch_state = old_regmatch_state;
+        reginfo->info_aux->old_regmatch_slab  = old_regmatch_slab;
+        reginfo->info_aux->poscache = NULL;
+
+        SAVEDESTRUCTOR_X(S_cleanup_regmatch_info_aux, reginfo->info_aux);
+
+        if ((prog->extflags & RXf_EVAL_SEEN))
+            S_setup_eval_state(aTHX_ reginfo);
+        else
+            reginfo->info_aux_eval = reginfo->info_aux->info_aux_eval = NULL;
+    }
+
+    /* If there is a "must appear" string, look for it. */
+    s = startpos;
+
+    if (prog->extflags & RXf_GPOS_SEEN) { /* Need to set reginfo->ganch */
+       MAGIC *mg;
+       if (flags & REXEC_IGNOREPOS){   /* Means: check only at start */
+           reginfo->ganch = startpos + prog->gofs;
+           DEBUG_GPOS_r(PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log,
+             "GPOS IGNOREPOS: reginfo->ganch = startpos + %"UVxf"\n",(UV)prog->gofs));
+       } else if (sv && SvTYPE(sv) >= SVt_PVMG
+                 && SvMAGIC(sv)
+                 && (mg = mg_find(sv, PERL_MAGIC_regex_global))
+                 && mg->mg_len >= 0) {
+           reginfo->ganch = strbeg + mg->mg_len;       /* Defined pos() */
+           DEBUG_GPOS_r(PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log,
+               "GPOS MAGIC: reginfo->ganch = strbeg + %"IVdf"\n",(IV)mg->mg_len));
+
+           if (prog->extflags & RXf_ANCH_GPOS) {
+               if (s > reginfo->ganch)
+                   goto phooey;
+               s = reginfo->ganch - prog->gofs;
+               DEBUG_GPOS_r(PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log,
+                    "GPOS ANCH_GPOS: s = ganch - %"UVxf"\n",(UV)prog->gofs));
+               if (s < strbeg)
+                   goto phooey;
+           }
+       }
+       else if (data) {
+           reginfo->ganch = strbeg + PTR2UV(data);
+            DEBUG_GPOS_r(PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log,
+                "GPOS DATA: reginfo->ganch= strbeg + %"UVxf"\n",PTR2UV(data)));
+
+       } else {                                /* pos() not defined */
+           reginfo->ganch = strbeg;
+            DEBUG_GPOS_r(PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log,
+                "GPOS: reginfo->ganch = strbeg\n"));
+       }
+    }
+    if (PL_curpm && (PM_GETRE(PL_curpm) == rx)) {
+        /* We have to be careful. If the previous successful match
+           was from this regex we don't want a subsequent partially
+           successful match to clobber the old results.
+           So when we detect this possibility we add a swap buffer
+           to the re, and switch the buffer each match. If we fail,
+           we switch it back; otherwise we leave it swapped.
+        */
+        swap = prog->offs;
+        /* do we need a save destructor here for eval dies? */
+        Newxz(prog->offs, (prog->nparens + 1), regexp_paren_pair);
+       DEBUG_BUFFERS_r(PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log,
+           "rex=0x%"UVxf" saving  offs: orig=0x%"UVxf" new=0x%"UVxf"\n",
+           PTR2UV(prog),
+           PTR2UV(swap),
+           PTR2UV(prog->offs)
+       ));
+    }
+    if (!(flags & REXEC_CHECKED) && (prog->check_substr != NULL || prog->check_utf8 != NULL)) {
+       re_scream_pos_data d;
+
+       d.scream_olds = &scream_olds;
+       d.scream_pos = &scream_pos;
+       s = re_intuit_start(rx, sv, strbeg, s, strend, flags, &d);
+       if (!s) {
+           DEBUG_EXECUTE_r(PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log, "Not present...\n"));
+           goto phooey;        /* not present */
+       }
+    }
+
+
+
+    /* Simplest case:  anchored match need be tried only once. */
+    /*  [unless only anchor is BOL and multiline is set] */
+    if (prog->extflags & (RXf_ANCH & ~RXf_ANCH_GPOS)) {
+       if (s == startpos && regtry(reginfo, &startpos))
+           goto got_it;
+       else if (multiline || (prog->intflags & PREGf_IMPLICIT)
+                || (prog->extflags & RXf_ANCH_MBOL)) /* XXXX SBOL? */
+       {
+           char *end;
+
+           if (minlen)
+               dontbother = minlen - 1;
+           end = HOP3c(strend, -dontbother, strbeg) - 1;
+           /* for multiline we only have to try after newlines */
+           if (prog->check_substr || prog->check_utf8) {
+                /* because of the goto we can not easily reuse the macros for bifurcating the
+                   unicode/non-unicode match modes here like we do elsewhere - demerphq */
+                if (utf8_target) {
+                    if (s == startpos)
+                        goto after_try_utf8;
+                    while (1) {
+                        if (regtry(reginfo, &s)) {
+                            goto got_it;
+                        }
+                      after_try_utf8:
+                        if (s > end) {
+                            goto phooey;
+                        }
+                        if (prog->extflags & RXf_USE_INTUIT) {
+                            s = re_intuit_start(rx, sv, strbeg,
+                                    s + UTF8SKIP(s), strend, flags, NULL);
+                            if (!s) {
+                                goto phooey;
+                            }
+                        }
+                        else {
+                            s += UTF8SKIP(s);
+                        }
+                    }
+                } /* end search for check string in unicode */
+                else {
+                    if (s == startpos) {
+                        goto after_try_latin;
+                    }
+                    while (1) {
+                        if (regtry(reginfo, &s)) {
+                            goto got_it;
+                        }
+                      after_try_latin:
+                        if (s > end) {
+                            goto phooey;
+                        }
+                        if (prog->extflags & RXf_USE_INTUIT) {
+                            s = re_intuit_start(rx, sv, strbeg,
+                                        s + 1, strend, flags, NULL);
+                            if (!s) {
+                                goto phooey;
+                            }
+                        }
+                        else {
+                            s++;
+                        }
+                    }
+                } /* end search for check string in latin*/
+           } /* end search for check string */
+           else { /* search for newline */
+               if (s > startpos) {
+                    /*XXX: The s-- is almost definitely wrong here under unicode - demeprhq*/
+                   s--;
+               }
+               /* We can use a more efficient search as newlines are the same in unicode as they are in latin */
+               while (s <= end) { /* note it could be possible to match at the end of the string */
+                   if (*s++ == '\n') { /* don't need PL_utf8skip here */
+                       if (regtry(reginfo, &s))
+                           goto got_it;
+                   }
+               }
+           } /* end search for newline */
+       } /* end anchored/multiline check string search */
+       goto phooey;
+    } else if (RXf_GPOS_CHECK == (prog->extflags & RXf_GPOS_CHECK)) 
+    {
+        /* the warning about reginfo->ganch being used without initialization
+           is bogus -- we set it above, when prog->extflags & RXf_GPOS_SEEN 
+           and we only enter this block when the same bit is set. */
+        char *tmp_s = reginfo->ganch - prog->gofs;
+
+       if (tmp_s >= strbeg && regtry(reginfo, &tmp_s))
+           goto got_it;
+       goto phooey;
+    }
+
+    /* Messy cases:  unanchored match. */
+    if ((prog->anchored_substr || prog->anchored_utf8) && prog->intflags & PREGf_SKIP) {
+       /* we have /x+whatever/ */
+       /* it must be a one character string (XXXX Except is_utf8_pat?) */
+       char ch;
+#ifdef DEBUGGING
+       int did_match = 0;
+#endif
+       if (utf8_target) {
+            if (! prog->anchored_utf8) {
+                to_utf8_substr(prog);
+            }
+            ch = SvPVX_const(prog->anchored_utf8)[0];
+           REXEC_FBC_SCAN(
+               if (*s == ch) {
+                   DEBUG_EXECUTE_r( did_match = 1 );
+                   if (regtry(reginfo, &s)) goto got_it;
+                   s += UTF8SKIP(s);
+                   while (s < strend && *s == ch)
+                       s += UTF8SKIP(s);
+               }
+           );
+
+       }
+       else {
+            if (! prog->anchored_substr) {
+                if (! to_byte_substr(prog)) {
+                    NON_UTF8_TARGET_BUT_UTF8_REQUIRED(phooey);
+                }
+            }
+            ch = SvPVX_const(prog->anchored_substr)[0];
+           REXEC_FBC_SCAN(
+               if (*s == ch) {
+                   DEBUG_EXECUTE_r( did_match = 1 );
+                   if (regtry(reginfo, &s)) goto got_it;
+                   s++;
+                   while (s < strend && *s == ch)
+                       s++;
+               }
+           );
+       }
+       DEBUG_EXECUTE_r(if (!did_match)
+               PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log,
+                                  "Did not find anchored character...\n")
+               );
+    }
+    else if (prog->anchored_substr != NULL
+             || prog->anchored_utf8 != NULL
+             || ((prog->float_substr != NULL || prog->float_utf8 != NULL)
+                 && prog->float_max_offset < strend - s)) {
+       SV *must;
+       I32 back_max;
+       I32 back_min;
+       char *last;
+       char *last1;            /* Last position checked before */
+#ifdef DEBUGGING
+       int did_match = 0;
+#endif
+       if (prog->anchored_substr || prog->anchored_utf8) {
+           if (utf8_target) {
+                if (! prog->anchored_utf8) {
+                    to_utf8_substr(prog);
+                }
+                must = prog->anchored_utf8;
+            }
+            else {
+                if (! prog->anchored_substr) {
+                    if (! to_byte_substr(prog)) {
+                        NON_UTF8_TARGET_BUT_UTF8_REQUIRED(phooey);
+                    }
+                }
+                must = prog->anchored_substr;
+            }
+           back_max = back_min = prog->anchored_offset;
+       } else {
+           if (utf8_target) {
+                if (! prog->float_utf8) {
+                    to_utf8_substr(prog);
+                }
+                must = prog->float_utf8;
+            }
+            else {
+                if (! prog->float_substr) {
+                    if (! to_byte_substr(prog)) {
+                        NON_UTF8_TARGET_BUT_UTF8_REQUIRED(phooey);
+                    }
+                }
+                must = prog->float_substr;
+            }
+           back_max = prog->float_max_offset;
+           back_min = prog->float_min_offset;
+       }
+           
+        if (back_min<0) {
+           last = strend;
+       } else {
+            last = HOP3c(strend,       /* Cannot start after this */
+                 -(I32)(CHR_SVLEN(must)
+                        - (SvTAIL(must) != 0) + back_min), strbeg);
+        }
+       if (s > reginfo->strbeg)
+           last1 = HOPc(s, -1);
+       else
+           last1 = s - 1;      /* bogus */
+
+       /* XXXX check_substr already used to find "s", can optimize if
+          check_substr==must. */
+       scream_pos = -1;
+       dontbother = end_shift;
+       strend = HOPc(strend, -dontbother);
+       while ( (s <= last) &&
+               (s = fbm_instr((unsigned char*)HOP3(s, back_min, (back_min<0 ? strbeg : strend)),
+                                 (unsigned char*)strend, must,
+                                 multiline ? FBMrf_MULTILINE : 0)) ) {
+           DEBUG_EXECUTE_r( did_match = 1 );
+           if (HOPc(s, -back_max) > last1) {
+               last1 = HOPc(s, -back_min);
+               s = HOPc(s, -back_max);
+           }
+           else {
+               char * const t = (last1 >= reginfo->strbeg)
+                                    ? HOPc(last1, 1) : last1 + 1;
+
+               last1 = HOPc(s, -back_min);
+               s = t;
+           }
+           if (utf8_target) {
+               while (s <= last1) {
+                   if (regtry(reginfo, &s))
+                       goto got_it;
+                    if (s >= last1) {
+                        s++; /* to break out of outer loop */
+                        break;
+                    }
+                    s += UTF8SKIP(s);
+               }
+           }
+           else {
+               while (s <= last1) {
+                   if (regtry(reginfo, &s))
+                       goto got_it;
+                   s++;
+               }
+           }
+       }
+       DEBUG_EXECUTE_r(if (!did_match) {
+            RE_PV_QUOTED_DECL(quoted, utf8_target, PERL_DEBUG_PAD_ZERO(0),
+                SvPVX_const(must), RE_SV_DUMPLEN(must), 30);
+            PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log, "Did not find %s substr %s%s...\n",
+                             ((must == prog->anchored_substr || must == prog->anchored_utf8)
+                              ? "anchored" : "floating"),
+                quoted, RE_SV_TAIL(must));
+        });                
+       goto phooey;
+    }
+    else if ( (c = progi->regstclass) ) {
+       if (minlen) {
+           const OPCODE op = OP(progi->regstclass);
+           /* don't bother with what can't match */
+           if (PL_regkind[op] != EXACT && op != CANY && PL_regkind[op] != TRIE)
+               strend = HOPc(strend, -(minlen - 1));
+       }
+       DEBUG_EXECUTE_r({
+           SV * const prop = sv_newmortal();
+           regprop(prog, prop, c);
+           {
+               RE_PV_QUOTED_DECL(quoted,utf8_target,PERL_DEBUG_PAD_ZERO(1),
+                   s,strend-s,60);
+               PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log,
+                   "Matching stclass %.*s against %s (%d bytes)\n",
+                   (int)SvCUR(prop), SvPVX_const(prop),
+                    quoted, (int)(strend - s));
+           }
+       });
+        if (find_byclass(prog, c, s, strend, reginfo))
+           goto got_it;
+       DEBUG_EXECUTE_r(PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log, "Contradicts stclass... [regexec_flags]\n"));
+    }
+    else {
+       dontbother = 0;
+       if (prog->float_substr != NULL || prog->float_utf8 != NULL) {
+           /* Trim the end. */
+           char *last= NULL;
+           SV* float_real;
+           STRLEN len;
+           const char *little;
+
+           if (utf8_target) {
+                if (! prog->float_utf8) {
+                    to_utf8_substr(prog);
+                }
+                float_real = prog->float_utf8;
+            }
+            else {
+                if (! prog->float_substr) {
+                    if (! to_byte_substr(prog)) {
+                        NON_UTF8_TARGET_BUT_UTF8_REQUIRED(phooey);
+                    }
+                }
+                float_real = prog->float_substr;
+            }
+
+            little = SvPV_const(float_real, len);
+           if (SvTAIL(float_real)) {
+                    /* This means that float_real contains an artificial \n on
+                     * the end due to the presence of something like this:
+                     * /foo$/ where we can match both "foo" and "foo\n" at the
+                     * end of the string.  So we have to compare the end of the
+                     * string first against the float_real without the \n and
+                     * then against the full float_real with the string.  We
+                     * have to watch out for cases where the string might be
+                     * smaller than the float_real or the float_real without
+                     * the \n. */
+                   char *checkpos= strend - len;
+                   DEBUG_OPTIMISE_r(
+                       PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log,
+                           "%sChecking for float_real.%s\n",
+                           PL_colors[4], PL_colors[5]));
+                   if (checkpos + 1 < strbeg) {
+                        /* can't match, even if we remove the trailing \n
+                         * string is too short to match */
+                       DEBUG_EXECUTE_r(
+                           PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log,
+                               "%sString shorter than required trailing substring, cannot match.%s\n",
+                               PL_colors[4], PL_colors[5]));
+                       goto phooey;
+                   } else if (memEQ(checkpos + 1, little, len - 1)) {
+                        /* can match, the end of the string matches without the
+                         * "\n" */
+                       last = checkpos + 1;
+                   } else if (checkpos < strbeg) {
+                        /* cant match, string is too short when the "\n" is
+                         * included */
+                       DEBUG_EXECUTE_r(
+                           PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log,
+                               "%sString does not contain required trailing substring, cannot match.%s\n",
+                               PL_colors[4], PL_colors[5]));
+                       goto phooey;
+                   } else if (!multiline) {
+                        /* non multiline match, so compare with the "\n" at the
+                         * end of the string */
+                       if (memEQ(checkpos, little, len)) {
+                           last= checkpos;
+                       } else {
+                           DEBUG_EXECUTE_r(
+                               PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log,
+                                   "%sString does not contain required trailing substring, cannot match.%s\n",
+                                   PL_colors[4], PL_colors[5]));
+                           goto phooey;
+                       }
+                   } else {
+                        /* multiline match, so we have to search for a place
+                         * where the full string is located */
+                       goto find_last;
+                   }
+           } else {
+                 find_last:
+                   if (len)
+                       last = rninstr(s, strend, little, little + len);
+                   else
+                       last = strend;  /* matching "$" */
+           }
+           if (!last) {
+                /* at one point this block contained a comment which was
+                 * probably incorrect, which said that this was a "should not
+                 * happen" case.  Even if it was true when it was written I am
+                 * pretty sure it is not anymore, so I have removed the comment
+                 * and replaced it with this one. Yves */
+               DEBUG_EXECUTE_r(
+                   PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log,
+                       "String does not contain required substring, cannot match.\n"
+                   ));
+               goto phooey;
+           }
+           dontbother = strend - last + prog->float_min_offset;
+       }
+       if (minlen && (dontbother < minlen))
+           dontbother = minlen - 1;
+       strend -= dontbother;              /* this one's always in bytes! */
+       /* We don't know much -- general case. */
+       if (utf8_target) {
+           for (;;) {
+               if (regtry(reginfo, &s))
+                   goto got_it;
+               if (s >= strend)
+                   break;
+               s += UTF8SKIP(s);
+           };
+       }
+       else {
+           do {
+               if (regtry(reginfo, &s))
+                   goto got_it;
+           } while (s++ < strend);
+       }
+    }
+
+    /* Failure. */
+    goto phooey;
+
+got_it:
+    DEBUG_BUFFERS_r(
+       if (swap)
+           PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log,
+               "rex=0x%"UVxf" freeing offs: 0x%"UVxf"\n",
+               PTR2UV(prog),
+               PTR2UV(swap)
+           );
+    );
+    Safefree(swap);
+
+    /* clean up; this will trigger destructors that will free all slabs
+     * above the current one, and cleanup the regmatch_info_aux
+     * and regmatch_info_aux_eval sructs */
+
+    LEAVE_SCOPE(oldsave);
+
+    if (RXp_PAREN_NAMES(prog)) 
+        (void)hv_iterinit(RXp_PAREN_NAMES(prog));
+
+    RX_MATCH_UTF8_set(rx, utf8_target);
+
+    /* make sure $`, $&, $', and $digit will work later */
+    if ( !(flags & REXEC_NOT_FIRST) ) {
+       if (flags & REXEC_COPY_STR) {
+#ifdef PERL_ANY_COW
+           if (SvCANCOW(sv)) {
+               if (DEBUG_C_TEST) {
+                   PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log,
+                                 "Copy on write: regexp capture, type %d\n",
+                                 (int) SvTYPE(sv));
+               }
+                RX_MATCH_COPY_FREE(rx);
+               prog->saved_copy = sv_setsv_cow(prog->saved_copy, sv);
+               prog->subbeg = (char *)SvPVX_const(prog->saved_copy);
+               assert (SvPOKp(prog->saved_copy));
+                prog->sublen  = reginfo->strend - strbeg;
+                prog->suboffset = 0;
+                prog->subcoffset = 0;
+           } else
+#endif
+           {
+                I32 min = 0;
+                I32 max = reginfo->strend - strbeg;
+                I32 sublen;
+
+                if (    (flags & REXEC_COPY_SKIP_POST)
+                    && !(RX_EXTFLAGS(rx) & RXf_PMf_KEEPCOPY) /* //p */
+                    && !(PL_sawampersand & SAWAMPERSAND_RIGHT)
+                ) { /* don't copy $' part of string */
+                    U32 n = 0;
+                    max = -1;
+                    /* calculate the right-most part of the string covered
+                     * by a capture. Due to look-ahead, this may be to
+                     * the right of $&, so we have to scan all captures */
+                    while (n <= prog->lastparen) {
+                        if (prog->offs[n].end > max)
+                            max = prog->offs[n].end;
+                        n++;
+                    }
+                    if (max == -1)
+                        max = (PL_sawampersand & SAWAMPERSAND_LEFT)
+                                ? prog->offs[0].start
+                                : 0;
+                    assert(max >= 0 && max <= reginfo->strend - strbeg);
+                }
+
+                if (    (flags & REXEC_COPY_SKIP_PRE)
+                    && !(RX_EXTFLAGS(rx) & RXf_PMf_KEEPCOPY) /* //p */
+                    && !(PL_sawampersand & SAWAMPERSAND_LEFT)
+                ) { /* don't copy $` part of string */
+                    U32 n = 0;
+                    min = max;
+                    /* calculate the left-most part of the string covered
+                     * by a capture. Due to look-behind, this may be to
+                     * the left of $&, so we have to scan all captures */
+                    while (min && n <= prog->lastparen) {
+                        if (   prog->offs[n].start != -1
+                            && prog->offs[n].start < min)
+                        {
+                            min = prog->offs[n].start;
+                        }
+                        n++;
+                    }
+                    if ((PL_sawampersand & SAWAMPERSAND_RIGHT)
+                        && min >  prog->offs[0].end
+                    )
+                        min = prog->offs[0].end;
+
+                }
+
+                assert(min >= 0 && min <= max
+                    && min <= reginfo->strend - strbeg);
+                sublen = max - min;
+
+                if (RX_MATCH_COPIED(rx)) {
+                    if (sublen > prog->sublen)
+                        prog->subbeg =
+                                (char*)saferealloc(prog->subbeg, sublen+1);
+                }
+                else
+                    prog->subbeg = (char*)safemalloc(sublen+1);
+                Copy(strbeg + min, prog->subbeg, sublen, char);
+                prog->subbeg[sublen] = '\0';
+                prog->suboffset = min;
+                prog->sublen = sublen;
+                RX_MATCH_COPIED_on(rx);
+           }
+            prog->subcoffset = prog->suboffset;
+            if (prog->suboffset && utf8_target) {
+                /* Convert byte offset to chars.
+                 * XXX ideally should only compute this if @-/@+
+                 * has been seen, a la PL_sawampersand ??? */
+
+                /* If there's a direct correspondence between the
+                 * string which we're matching and the original SV,
+                 * then we can use the utf8 len cache associated with
+                 * the SV. In particular, it means that under //g,
+                 * sv_pos_b2u() will use the previously cached
+                 * position to speed up working out the new length of
+                 * subcoffset, rather than counting from the start of
+                 * the string each time. This stops
+                 *   $x = "\x{100}" x 1E6; 1 while $x =~ /(.)/g;
+                 * from going quadratic */
+                if (SvPOKp(sv) && SvPVX(sv) == strbeg)
+                    sv_pos_b2u(sv, &(prog->subcoffset));
+                else
+                    prog->subcoffset = utf8_length((U8*)strbeg,
+                                        (U8*)(strbeg+prog->suboffset));
+            }
+       }
+       else {
+            RX_MATCH_COPY_FREE(rx);
+           prog->subbeg = strbeg;
+           prog->suboffset = 0;
+           prog->subcoffset = 0;
+            /* use reginfo->strend, as strend may have been modified */
+           prog->sublen = reginfo->strend - strbeg;
+       }
+    }
+
+    return 1;
+
+phooey:
+    DEBUG_EXECUTE_r(PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log, "%sMatch failed%s\n",
+                         PL_colors[4], PL_colors[5]));
+
+    /* clean up; this will trigger destructors that will free all slabs
+     * above the current one, and cleanup the regmatch_info_aux
+     * and regmatch_info_aux_eval sructs */
+
+    LEAVE_SCOPE(oldsave);
+
+    if (swap) {
+        /* we failed :-( roll it back */
+       DEBUG_BUFFERS_r(PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log,
+           "rex=0x%"UVxf" rolling back offs: freeing=0x%"UVxf" restoring=0x%"UVxf"\n",
+           PTR2UV(prog),
+           PTR2UV(prog->offs),
+           PTR2UV(swap)
+       ));
+        Safefree(prog->offs);
+        prog->offs = swap;
+    }
+    return 0;
+}
+
+
+/* Set which rex is pointed to by PL_reg_curpm, handling ref counting.
+ * Do inc before dec, in case old and new rex are the same */
+#define SET_reg_curpm(Re2) \
+    if (reginfo->info_aux_eval) {                   \
+       (void)ReREFCNT_inc(Re2);                    \
+       ReREFCNT_dec(PM_GETRE(PL_reg_curpm));       \
+       PM_SETRE((PL_reg_curpm), (Re2));            \
+    }
+
+
+/*
+ - regtry - try match at specific point
+ */
+STATIC I32                     /* 0 failure, 1 success */
+S_regtry(pTHX_ regmatch_info *reginfo, char **startposp)
+{
+    dVAR;
+    CHECKPOINT lastcp;
+    REGEXP *const rx = reginfo->prog;
+    regexp *const prog = ReANY(rx);
+    I32 result;
+    RXi_GET_DECL(prog,progi);
+    GET_RE_DEBUG_FLAGS_DECL;
+
+    PERL_ARGS_ASSERT_REGTRY;
+
+    reginfo->cutpoint=NULL;
+
+    prog->offs[0].start = *startposp - reginfo->strbeg;
+    prog->lastparen = 0;
+    prog->lastcloseparen = 0;
+
+    /* XXXX What this code is doing here?!!!  There should be no need
+       to do this again and again, prog->lastparen should take care of
+       this!  --ilya*/
+
+    /* Tests pat.t#187 and split.t#{13,14} seem to depend on this code.
+     * Actually, the code in regcppop() (which Ilya may be meaning by
+     * prog->lastparen), is not needed at all by the test suite
+     * (op/regexp, op/pat, op/split), but that code is needed otherwise
+     * this erroneously leaves $1 defined: "1" =~ /^(?:(\d)x)?\d$/
+     * Meanwhile, this code *is* needed for the
+     * above-mentioned test suite tests to succeed.  The common theme
+     * on those tests seems to be returning null fields from matches.
+     * --jhi updated by dapm */
+#if 1
+    if (prog->nparens) {
+       regexp_paren_pair *pp = prog->offs;
+       I32 i;
+       for (i = prog->nparens; i > (I32)prog->lastparen; i--) {
+           ++pp;
+           pp->start = -1;
+           pp->end = -1;
+       }
+    }
+#endif
+    REGCP_SET(lastcp);
+    result = regmatch(reginfo, *startposp, progi->program + 1);
+    if (result != -1) {
+       prog->offs[0].end = result;
+       return 1;
+    }
+    if (reginfo->cutpoint)
+        *startposp= reginfo->cutpoint;
+    REGCP_UNWIND(lastcp);
+    return 0;
+}
+
+
+#define sayYES goto yes
+#define sayNO goto no
+#define sayNO_SILENT goto no_silent
+
+/* we dont use STMT_START/END here because it leads to 
+   "unreachable code" warnings, which are bogus, but distracting. */
+#define CACHEsayNO \
+    if (ST.cache_mask) \
+       reginfo->info_aux->poscache[ST.cache_offset] |= ST.cache_mask; \
+    sayNO
+
+/* this is used to determine how far from the left messages like
+   'failed...' are printed. It should be set such that messages 
+   are inline with the regop output that created them.
+*/
+#define REPORT_CODE_OFF 32
+
+
+#define CHRTEST_UNINIT -1001 /* c1/c2 haven't been calculated yet */
+#define CHRTEST_VOID   -1000 /* the c1/c2 "next char" test should be skipped */
+#define CHRTEST_NOT_A_CP_1 -999
+#define CHRTEST_NOT_A_CP_2 -998
+
+/* grab a new slab and return the first slot in it */
+
+STATIC regmatch_state *
+S_push_slab(pTHX)
+{
+#if PERL_VERSION < 9 && !defined(PERL_CORE)
+    dMY_CXT;
+#endif
+    regmatch_slab *s = PL_regmatch_slab->next;
+    if (!s) {
+       Newx(s, 1, regmatch_slab);
+       s->prev = PL_regmatch_slab;
+       s->next = NULL;
+       PL_regmatch_slab->next = s;
+    }
+    PL_regmatch_slab = s;
+    return SLAB_FIRST(s);
+}
+
+
+/* push a new state then goto it */
+
+#define PUSH_STATE_GOTO(state, node, input) \
+    pushinput = input; \
+    scan = node; \
+    st->resume_state = state; \
+    goto push_state;
+
+/* push a new state with success backtracking, then goto it */
+
+#define PUSH_YES_STATE_GOTO(state, node, input) \
+    pushinput = input; \
+    scan = node; \
+    st->resume_state = state; \
+    goto push_yes_state;
+
+
+
+
+/*
+
+regmatch() - main matching routine
+
+This is basically one big switch statement in a loop. We execute an op,
+set 'next' to point the next op, and continue. If we come to a point which
+we may need to backtrack to on failure such as (A|B|C), we push a
+backtrack state onto the backtrack stack. On failure, we pop the top
+state, and re-enter the loop at the state indicated. If there are no more
+states to pop, we return failure.
+
+Sometimes we also need to backtrack on success; for example /A+/, where
+after successfully matching one A, we need to go back and try to
+match another one; similarly for lookahead assertions: if the assertion
+completes successfully, we backtrack to the state just before the assertion
+and then carry on.  In these cases, the pushed state is marked as
+'backtrack on success too'. This marking is in fact done by a chain of
+pointers, each pointing to the previous 'yes' state. On success, we pop to
+the nearest yes state, discarding any intermediate failure-only states.
+Sometimes a yes state is pushed just to force some cleanup code to be
+called at the end of a successful match or submatch; e.g. (??{$re}) uses
+it to free the inner regex.
+
+Note that failure backtracking rewinds the cursor position, while
+success backtracking leaves it alone.
+
+A pattern is complete when the END op is executed, while a subpattern
+such as (?=foo) is complete when the SUCCESS op is executed. Both of these
+ops trigger the "pop to last yes state if any, otherwise return true"
+behaviour.
+
+A common convention in this function is to use A and B to refer to the two
+subpatterns (or to the first nodes thereof) in patterns like /A*B/: so A is
+the subpattern to be matched possibly multiple times, while B is the entire
+rest of the pattern. Variable and state names reflect this convention.
+
+The states in the main switch are the union of ops and failure/success of
+substates associated with with that op.  For example, IFMATCH is the op
+that does lookahead assertions /(?=A)B/ and so the IFMATCH state means
+'execute IFMATCH'; while IFMATCH_A is a state saying that we have just
+successfully matched A and IFMATCH_A_fail is a state saying that we have
+just failed to match A. Resume states always come in pairs. The backtrack
+state we push is marked as 'IFMATCH_A', but when that is popped, we resume
+at IFMATCH_A or IFMATCH_A_fail, depending on whether we are backtracking
+on success or failure.
+
+The struct that holds a backtracking state is actually a big union, with
+one variant for each major type of op. The variable st points to the
+top-most backtrack struct. To make the code clearer, within each
+block of code we #define ST to alias the relevant union.
+
+Here's a concrete example of a (vastly oversimplified) IFMATCH
+implementation:
+
+    switch (state) {
+    ....
+
+#define ST st->u.ifmatch
+
+    case IFMATCH: // we are executing the IFMATCH op, (?=A)B
+       ST.foo = ...; // some state we wish to save
+       ...
+       // push a yes backtrack state with a resume value of
+       // IFMATCH_A/IFMATCH_A_fail, then continue execution at the
+       // first node of A:
+       PUSH_YES_STATE_GOTO(IFMATCH_A, A, newinput);
+       // NOTREACHED
+
+    case IFMATCH_A: // we have successfully executed A; now continue with B
+       next = B;
+       bar = ST.foo; // do something with the preserved value
+       break;
+
+    case IFMATCH_A_fail: // A failed, so the assertion failed
+       ...;   // do some housekeeping, then ...
+       sayNO; // propagate the failure
+
+#undef ST
+
+    ...
+    }
+
+For any old-timers reading this who are familiar with the old recursive
+approach, the code above is equivalent to:
+
+    case IFMATCH: // we are executing the IFMATCH op, (?=A)B
+    {
+       int foo = ...
+       ...
+       if (regmatch(A)) {
+           next = B;
+           bar = foo;
+           break;
+       }
+       ...;   // do some housekeeping, then ...
+       sayNO; // propagate the failure
+    }
+
+The topmost backtrack state, pointed to by st, is usually free. If you
+want to claim it, populate any ST.foo fields in it with values you wish to
+save, then do one of
+
+       PUSH_STATE_GOTO(resume_state, node, newinput);
+       PUSH_YES_STATE_GOTO(resume_state, node, newinput);
+
+which sets that backtrack state's resume value to 'resume_state', pushes a
+new free entry to the top of the backtrack stack, then goes to 'node'.
+On backtracking, the free slot is popped, and the saved state becomes the
+new free state. An ST.foo field in this new top state can be temporarily
+accessed to retrieve values, but once the main loop is re-entered, it
+becomes available for reuse.
+
+Note that the depth of the backtrack stack constantly increases during the
+left-to-right execution of the pattern, rather than going up and down with
+the pattern nesting. For example the stack is at its maximum at Z at the
+end of the pattern, rather than at X in the following:
+
+    /(((X)+)+)+....(Y)+....Z/
+
+The only exceptions to this are lookahead/behind assertions and the cut,
+(?>A), which pop all the backtrack states associated with A before
+continuing.
+Backtrack state structs are allocated in slabs of about 4K in size.
+PL_regmatch_state and st always point to the currently active state,
+and PL_regmatch_slab points to the slab currently containing
+PL_regmatch_state.  The first time regmatch() is called, the first slab is
+allocated, and is never freed until interpreter destruction. When the slab
+is full, a new one is allocated and chained to the end. At exit from
+regmatch(), slabs allocated since entry are freed.
+
+*/
+
+#define DEBUG_STATE_pp(pp)                                 \
+    DEBUG_STATE_r({                                        \
+       DUMP_EXEC_POS(locinput, scan, utf8_target);                 \
+       PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log,                       \
+           "    %*s"pp" %s%s%s%s%s\n",                     \
+           depth*2, "",                                    \
+           PL_reg_name[st->resume_state],                     \
+           ((st==yes_state||st==mark_state) ? "[" : ""),   \
+           ((st==yes_state) ? "Y" : ""),                   \
+           ((st==mark_state) ? "M" : ""),                  \
+           ((st==yes_state||st==mark_state) ? "]" : "")    \
+       );                                                  \
+    });
+
+
+#define REG_NODE_NUM(x) ((x) ? (int)((x)-prog) : -1)
+
+#ifdef DEBUGGING
+
+STATIC void
+S_debug_start_match(pTHX_ const REGEXP *prog, const bool utf8_target,
+    const char *start, const char *end, const char *blurb)
+{
+    const bool utf8_pat = RX_UTF8(prog) ? 1 : 0;
+
+    PERL_ARGS_ASSERT_DEBUG_START_MATCH;
+
+    if (!PL_colorset)   
+            reginitcolors();    
+    {
+        RE_PV_QUOTED_DECL(s0, utf8_pat, PERL_DEBUG_PAD_ZERO(0), 
+            RX_PRECOMP_const(prog), RX_PRELEN(prog), 60);   
+        
+        RE_PV_QUOTED_DECL(s1, utf8_target, PERL_DEBUG_PAD_ZERO(1),
+            start, end - start, 60); 
+        
+        PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log, 
+            "%s%s REx%s %s against %s\n", 
+                      PL_colors[4], blurb, PL_colors[5], s0, s1); 
+        
+        if (utf8_target||utf8_pat)
+            PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log, "UTF-8 %s%s%s...\n",
+                utf8_pat ? "pattern" : "",
+                utf8_pat && utf8_target ? " and " : "",
+                utf8_target ? "string" : ""
+            ); 
+    }
+}
+
+STATIC void
+S_dump_exec_pos(pTHX_ const char *locinput, 
+                      const regnode *scan, 
+                      const char *loc_regeol, 
+                      const char *loc_bostr, 
+                      const char *loc_reg_starttry,
+                      const bool utf8_target)
+{
+    const int docolor = *PL_colors[0] || *PL_colors[2] || *PL_colors[4];
+    const int taill = (docolor ? 10 : 7); /* 3 chars for "> <" */
+    int l = (loc_regeol - locinput) > taill ? taill : (loc_regeol - locinput);
+    /* The part of the string before starttry has one color
+       (pref0_len chars), between starttry and current
+       position another one (pref_len - pref0_len chars),
+       after the current position the third one.
+       We assume that pref0_len <= pref_len, otherwise we
+       decrease pref0_len.  */
+    int pref_len = (locinput - loc_bostr) > (5 + taill) - l
+       ? (5 + taill) - l : locinput - loc_bostr;
+    int pref0_len;
+
+    PERL_ARGS_ASSERT_DUMP_EXEC_POS;
+
+    while (utf8_target && UTF8_IS_CONTINUATION(*(U8*)(locinput - pref_len)))
+       pref_len++;
+    pref0_len = pref_len  - (locinput - loc_reg_starttry);
+    if (l + pref_len < (5 + taill) && l < loc_regeol - locinput)
+       l = ( loc_regeol - locinput > (5 + taill) - pref_len
+             ? (5 + taill) - pref_len : loc_regeol - locinput);
+    while (utf8_target && UTF8_IS_CONTINUATION(*(U8*)(locinput + l)))
+       l--;
+    if (pref0_len < 0)
+       pref0_len = 0;
+    if (pref0_len > pref_len)
+       pref0_len = pref_len;
+    {
+       const int is_uni = (utf8_target && OP(scan) != CANY) ? 1 : 0;
+
+       RE_PV_COLOR_DECL(s0,len0,is_uni,PERL_DEBUG_PAD(0),
+           (locinput - pref_len),pref0_len, 60, 4, 5);
+       
+       RE_PV_COLOR_DECL(s1,len1,is_uni,PERL_DEBUG_PAD(1),
+                   (locinput - pref_len + pref0_len),
+                   pref_len - pref0_len, 60, 2, 3);
+       
+       RE_PV_COLOR_DECL(s2,len2,is_uni,PERL_DEBUG_PAD(2),
+                   locinput, loc_regeol - locinput, 10, 0, 1);
+
+       const STRLEN tlen=len0+len1+len2;
+       PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log,
+                   "%4"IVdf" <%.*s%.*s%s%.*s>%*s|",
+                   (IV)(locinput - loc_bostr),
+                   len0, s0,
+                   len1, s1,
+                   (docolor ? "" : "> <"),
+                   len2, s2,
+                   (int)(tlen > 19 ? 0 :  19 - tlen),
+                   "");
+    }
+}
+
+#endif
+
+/* reg_check_named_buff_matched()
+ * Checks to see if a named buffer has matched. The data array of 
+ * buffer numbers corresponding to the buffer is expected to reside
+ * in the regexp->data->data array in the slot stored in the ARG() of
+ * node involved. Note that this routine doesn't actually care about the
+ * name, that information is not preserved from compilation to execution.
+ * Returns the index of the leftmost defined buffer with the given name
+ * or 0 if non of the buffers matched.
+ */
+STATIC I32
+S_reg_check_named_buff_matched(pTHX_ const regexp *rex, const regnode *scan)
+{
+    I32 n;
+    RXi_GET_DECL(rex,rexi);
+    SV *sv_dat= MUTABLE_SV(rexi->data->data[ ARG( scan ) ]);
+    I32 *nums=(I32*)SvPVX(sv_dat);
+
+    PERL_ARGS_ASSERT_REG_CHECK_NAMED_BUFF_MATCHED;
+
+    for ( n=0; n<SvIVX(sv_dat); n++ ) {
+        if ((I32)rex->lastparen >= nums[n] &&
+            rex->offs[nums[n]].end != -1)
+        {
+            return nums[n];
+        }
+    }
+    return 0;
+}
+
+
+static bool
+S_setup_EXACTISH_ST_c1_c2(pTHX_ const regnode * const text_node, int *c1p,
+        U8* c1_utf8, int *c2p, U8* c2_utf8, regmatch_info *reginfo)
+{
+    /* This function determines if there are one or two characters that match
+     * the first character of the passed-in EXACTish node <text_node>, and if
+     * so, returns them in the passed-in pointers.
+     *
+     * If it determines that no possible character in the target string can
+     * match, it returns FALSE; otherwise TRUE.  (The FALSE situation occurs if
+     * the first character in <text_node> requires UTF-8 to represent, and the
+     * target string isn't in UTF-8.)
+     *
+     * If there are more than two characters that could match the beginning of
+     * <text_node>, or if more context is required to determine a match or not,
+     * it sets both *<c1p> and *<c2p> to CHRTEST_VOID.
+     *
+     * The motiviation behind this function is to allow the caller to set up
+     * tight loops for matching.  If <text_node> is of type EXACT, there is
+     * only one possible character that can match its first character, and so
+     * the situation is quite simple.  But things get much more complicated if
+     * folding is involved.  It may be that the first character of an EXACTFish
+     * node doesn't participate in any possible fold, e.g., punctuation, so it
+     * can be matched only by itself.  The vast majority of characters that are
+     * in folds match just two things, their lower and upper-case equivalents.
+     * But not all are like that; some have multiple possible matches, or match
+     * sequences of more than one character.  This function sorts all that out.
+     *
+     * Consider the patterns A*B or A*?B where A and B are arbitrary.  In a
+     * loop of trying to match A*, we know we can't exit where the thing
+     * following it isn't a B.  And something can't be a B unless it is the
+     * beginning of B.  By putting a quick test for that beginning in a tight
+     * loop, we can rule out things that can't possibly be B without having to
+     * break out of the loop, thus avoiding work.  Similarly, if A is a single
+     * character, we can make a tight loop matching A*, using the outputs of
+     * this function.
+     *
+     * If the target string to match isn't in UTF-8, and there aren't
+     * complications which require CHRTEST_VOID, *<c1p> and *<c2p> are set to
+     * the one or two possible octets (which are characters in this situation)
+     * that can match.  In all cases, if there is only one character that can
+     * match, *<c1p> and *<c2p> will be identical.
+     *
+     * If the target string is in UTF-8, the buffers pointed to by <c1_utf8>
+     * and <c2_utf8> will contain the one or two UTF-8 sequences of bytes that
+     * can match the beginning of <text_node>.  They should be declared with at
+     * least length UTF8_MAXBYTES+1.  (If the target string isn't in UTF-8, it is
+     * undefined what these contain.)  If one or both of the buffers are
+     * invariant under UTF-8, *<c1p>, and *<c2p> will also be set to the
+     * corresponding invariant.  If variant, the corresponding *<c1p> and/or
+     * *<c2p> will be set to a negative number(s) that shouldn't match any code
+     * point (unless inappropriately coerced to unsigned).   *<c1p> will equal
+     * *<c2p> if and only if <c1_utf8> and <c2_utf8> are the same. */
+
+    const bool utf8_target = reginfo->is_utf8_target;
+
+    UV c1 = CHRTEST_NOT_A_CP_1;
+    UV c2 = CHRTEST_NOT_A_CP_2;
+    bool use_chrtest_void = FALSE;
+    const bool is_utf8_pat = reginfo->is_utf8_pat;
+
+    /* Used when we have both utf8 input and utf8 output, to avoid converting
+     * to/from code points */
+    bool utf8_has_been_setup = FALSE;
+
+    dVAR;
+
+    U8 *pat = (U8*)STRING(text_node);
+
+    if (OP(text_node) == EXACT) {
+
+        /* In an exact node, only one thing can be matched, that first
+         * character.  If both the pat and the target are UTF-8, we can just
+         * copy the input to the output, avoiding finding the code point of
+         * that character */
+        if (!is_utf8_pat) {
+            c2 = c1 = *pat;
+        }
+        else if (utf8_target) {
+            Copy(pat, c1_utf8, UTF8SKIP(pat), U8);
+            Copy(pat, c2_utf8, UTF8SKIP(pat), U8);
+            utf8_has_been_setup = TRUE;
+        }
+        else {
+            c2 = c1 = valid_utf8_to_uvchr(pat, NULL);
+        }
+    }
+    else /* an EXACTFish node */
+         if ((is_utf8_pat
+                    && is_MULTI_CHAR_FOLD_utf8_safe(pat,
+                                                    pat + STR_LEN(text_node)))
+             || (!is_utf8_pat
+                    && is_MULTI_CHAR_FOLD_latin1_safe(pat,
+                                                    pat + STR_LEN(text_node))))
+    {
+        /* Multi-character folds require more context to sort out.  Also
+         * PL_utf8_foldclosures used below doesn't handle them, so have to be
+         * handled outside this routine */
+        use_chrtest_void = TRUE;
+    }
+    else { /* an EXACTFish node which doesn't begin with a multi-char fold */
+        c1 = is_utf8_pat ? valid_utf8_to_uvchr(pat, NULL) : *pat;
+        if (c1 > 256) {
+            /* Load the folds hash, if not already done */
+            SV** listp;
+            if (! PL_utf8_foldclosures) {
+                if (! PL_utf8_tofold) {
+                    U8 dummy[UTF8_MAXBYTES+1];
+
+                    /* Force loading this by folding an above-Latin1 char */
+                    to_utf8_fold((U8*) HYPHEN_UTF8, dummy, NULL);
+                    assert(PL_utf8_tofold); /* Verify that worked */
+                }
+                PL_utf8_foldclosures = _swash_inversion_hash(PL_utf8_tofold);
+            }
+
+            /* The fold closures data structure is a hash with the keys being
+             * the UTF-8 of every character that is folded to, like 'k', and
+             * the values each an array of all code points that fold to its
+             * key.  e.g. [ 'k', 'K', KELVIN_SIGN ].  Multi-character folds are
+             * not included */
+            if ((! (listp = hv_fetch(PL_utf8_foldclosures,
+                                     (char *) pat,
+                                     UTF8SKIP(pat),
+                                     FALSE))))
+            {
+                /* Not found in the hash, therefore there are no folds
+                 * containing it, so there is only a single character that
+                 * could match */
+                c2 = c1;
+            }
+            else {  /* Does participate in folds */
+                AV* list = (AV*) *listp;
+                if (av_len(list) != 1) {
+
+                    /* If there aren't exactly two folds to this, it is outside
+                     * the scope of this function */
+                    use_chrtest_void = TRUE;
+                }
+                else {  /* There are two.  Get them */
+                    SV** c_p = av_fetch(list, 0, FALSE);
+                    if (c_p == NULL) {
+                        Perl_croak(aTHX_ "panic: invalid PL_utf8_foldclosures structure");
+                    }
+                    c1 = SvUV(*c_p);
+
+                    c_p = av_fetch(list, 1, FALSE);
+                    if (c_p == NULL) {
+                        Perl_croak(aTHX_ "panic: invalid PL_utf8_foldclosures structure");
+                    }
+                    c2 = SvUV(*c_p);
+
+                    /* Folds that cross the 255/256 boundary are forbidden if
+                     * EXACTFL, or EXACTFA and one is ASCIII.  Since the
+                     * pattern character is above 256, and its only other match
+                     * is below 256, the only legal match will be to itself.
+                     * We have thrown away the original, so have to compute
+                     * which is the one above 255 */
+                    if ((c1 < 256) != (c2 < 256)) {
+                        if (OP(text_node) == EXACTFL
+                            || (OP(text_node) == EXACTFA
+                                && (isASCII(c1) || isASCII(c2))))
+                        {
+                            if (c1 < 256) {
+                                c1 = c2;
+                            }
+                            else {
+                                c2 = c1;
+                            }
+                        }
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        else /* Here, c1 is < 255 */
+             if (utf8_target
+                 && HAS_NONLATIN1_FOLD_CLOSURE(c1)
+                 && OP(text_node) != EXACTFL
+                 && (OP(text_node) != EXACTFA || ! isASCII(c1)))
+        {
+            /* Here, there could be something above Latin1 in the target which
+             * folds to this character in the pattern.  All such cases except
+             * LATIN SMALL LETTER Y WITH DIAERESIS have more than two characters
+             * involved in their folds, so are outside the scope of this
+             * function */
+            if (UNLIKELY(c1 == LATIN_SMALL_LETTER_Y_WITH_DIAERESIS)) {
+                c2 = LATIN_CAPITAL_LETTER_Y_WITH_DIAERESIS;
+            }
+            else {
+                use_chrtest_void = TRUE;
+            }
+        }
+        else { /* Here nothing above Latin1 can fold to the pattern character */
+            switch (OP(text_node)) {
+
+                case EXACTFL:   /* /l rules */
+                    c2 = PL_fold_locale[c1];
+                    break;
+
+                case EXACTF:
+                    if (! utf8_target) {    /* /d rules */
+                        c2 = PL_fold[c1];
+                        break;
+                    }
+                    /* FALLTHROUGH */
+                    /* /u rules for all these.  This happens to work for
+                     * EXACTFA as nothing in Latin1 folds to ASCII */
+                case EXACTFA:
+                case EXACTFU_TRICKYFOLD:
+                case EXACTFU_SS:
+                case EXACTFU:
+                    c2 = PL_fold_latin1[c1];
+                    break;
+
+               default:
+                    Perl_croak(aTHX_ "panic: Unexpected op %u", OP(text_node));
+                    assert(0); /* NOTREACHED */
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    /* Here have figured things out.  Set up the returns */
+    if (use_chrtest_void) {
+        *c2p = *c1p = CHRTEST_VOID;
+    }
+    else if (utf8_target) {
+        if (! utf8_has_been_setup) {    /* Don't have the utf8; must get it */
+            uvchr_to_utf8(c1_utf8, c1);
+            uvchr_to_utf8(c2_utf8, c2);
+        }
+
+        /* Invariants are stored in both the utf8 and byte outputs; Use
+         * negative numbers otherwise for the byte ones.  Make sure that the
+         * byte ones are the same iff the utf8 ones are the same */
+        *c1p = (UTF8_IS_INVARIANT(*c1_utf8)) ? *c1_utf8 : CHRTEST_NOT_A_CP_1;
+        *c2p = (UTF8_IS_INVARIANT(*c2_utf8))
+                ? *c2_utf8
+                : (c1 == c2)
+                  ? CHRTEST_NOT_A_CP_1
+                  : CHRTEST_NOT_A_CP_2;
+    }
+    else if (c1 > 255) {
+       if (c2 > 255) {  /* both possibilities are above what a non-utf8 string
+                           can represent */
+           return FALSE;
+       }
+
+       *c1p = *c2p = c2;    /* c2 is the only representable value */
+    }
+    else {  /* c1 is representable; see about c2 */
+       *c1p = c1;
+       *c2p = (c2 < 256) ? c2 : c1;
+    }
+
+    return TRUE;
+}
+
+/* returns -1 on failure, $+[0] on success */
+STATIC I32
+S_regmatch(pTHX_ regmatch_info *reginfo, char *startpos, regnode *prog)
+{
+#if PERL_VERSION < 9 && !defined(PERL_CORE)
+    dMY_CXT;
+#endif
+    dVAR;
+    const bool utf8_target = reginfo->is_utf8_target;
+    const U32 uniflags = UTF8_ALLOW_DEFAULT;
+    REGEXP *rex_sv = reginfo->prog;
+    regexp *rex = ReANY(rex_sv);
+    RXi_GET_DECL(rex,rexi);
+    /* the current state. This is a cached copy of PL_regmatch_state */
+    regmatch_state *st;
+    /* cache heavy used fields of st in registers */
+    regnode *scan;
+    regnode *next;
+    U32 n = 0; /* general value; init to avoid compiler warning */
+    I32 ln = 0; /* len or last;  init to avoid compiler warning */
+    char *locinput = startpos;
+    char *pushinput; /* where to continue after a PUSH */
+    I32 nextchr;   /* is always set to UCHARAT(locinput) */
+
+    bool result = 0;       /* return value of S_regmatch */
+    int depth = 0;         /* depth of backtrack stack */
+    U32 nochange_depth = 0; /* depth of GOSUB recursion with nochange */
+    const U32 max_nochange_depth =
+        (3 * rex->nparens > MAX_RECURSE_EVAL_NOCHANGE_DEPTH) ?
+        3 * rex->nparens : MAX_RECURSE_EVAL_NOCHANGE_DEPTH;
+    regmatch_state *yes_state = NULL; /* state to pop to on success of
+                                                           subpattern */
+    /* mark_state piggy backs on the yes_state logic so that when we unwind 
+       the stack on success we can update the mark_state as we go */
+    regmatch_state *mark_state = NULL; /* last mark state we have seen */
+    regmatch_state *cur_eval = NULL; /* most recent EVAL_AB state */
+    struct regmatch_state  *cur_curlyx = NULL; /* most recent curlyx */
+    U32 state_num;
+    bool no_final = 0;      /* prevent failure from backtracking? */
+    bool do_cutgroup = 0;   /* no_final only until next branch/trie entry */
+    char *startpoint = locinput;
+    SV *popmark = NULL;     /* are we looking for a mark? */
+    SV *sv_commit = NULL;   /* last mark name seen in failure */
+    SV *sv_yes_mark = NULL; /* last mark name we have seen 
+                               during a successful match */
+    U32 lastopen = 0;       /* last open we saw */
+    bool has_cutgroup = RX_HAS_CUTGROUP(rex) ? 1 : 0;   
+    SV* const oreplsv = GvSV(PL_replgv);
+    /* these three flags are set by various ops to signal information to
+     * the very next op. They have a useful lifetime of exactly one loop
+     * iteration, and are not preserved or restored by state pushes/pops
+     */
+    bool sw = 0;           /* the condition value in (?(cond)a|b) */
+    bool minmod = 0;       /* the next "{n,m}" is a "{n,m}?" */
+    int logical = 0;       /* the following EVAL is:
+                               0: (?{...})
+                               1: (?(?{...})X|Y)
+                               2: (??{...})
+                              or the following IFMATCH/UNLESSM is:
+                               false: plain (?=foo)
+                               true:  used as a condition: (?(?=foo))
+                           */
+    PAD* last_pad = NULL;
+    dMULTICALL;
+    I32 gimme = G_SCALAR;
+    CV *caller_cv = NULL;      /* who called us */
+    CV *last_pushed_cv = NULL; /* most recently called (?{}) CV */
+    CHECKPOINT runops_cp;      /* savestack position before executing EVAL */
+    U32 maxopenparen = 0;       /* max '(' index seen so far */
+    int to_complement;  /* Invert the result? */
+    _char_class_number classnum;
+    bool is_utf8_pat = reginfo->is_utf8_pat;
+
+#ifdef DEBUGGING
+    GET_RE_DEBUG_FLAGS_DECL;
+#endif
+
+    /* shut up 'may be used uninitialized' compiler warnings for dMULTICALL */
+    multicall_oldcatch = 0;
+    multicall_cv = NULL;
+    cx = NULL;
+    PERL_UNUSED_VAR(multicall_cop);
+    PERL_UNUSED_VAR(newsp);
+
+
+    PERL_ARGS_ASSERT_REGMATCH;
+
+    DEBUG_OPTIMISE_r( DEBUG_EXECUTE_r({
+           PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log,"regmatch start\n");
+    }));
+
+    st = PL_regmatch_state;
+
+    /* Note that nextchr is a byte even in UTF */
+    SET_nextchr;
+    scan = prog;
+    while (scan != NULL) {
+
+        DEBUG_EXECUTE_r( {
+           SV * const prop = sv_newmortal();
+           regnode *rnext=regnext(scan);
+           DUMP_EXEC_POS( locinput, scan, utf8_target );
+           regprop(rex, prop, scan);
+            
+           PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log,
+                   "%3"IVdf":%*s%s(%"IVdf")\n",
+                   (IV)(scan - rexi->program), depth*2, "",
+                   SvPVX_const(prop),
+                   (PL_regkind[OP(scan)] == END || !rnext) ? 
+                       0 : (IV)(rnext - rexi->program));
+       });
+
+       next = scan + NEXT_OFF(scan);
+       if (next == scan)
+           next = NULL;
+       state_num = OP(scan);
+
+      reenter_switch:
+        to_complement = 0;
+
+        SET_nextchr;
+        assert(nextchr < 256 && (nextchr >= 0 || nextchr == NEXTCHR_EOS));
+
+       switch (state_num) {
+       case BOL: /*  /^../  */
+           if (locinput == reginfo->strbeg)
+               break;
+           sayNO;
+
+       case MBOL: /*  /^../m  */
+           if (locinput == reginfo->strbeg ||
+               (!NEXTCHR_IS_EOS && locinput[-1] == '\n'))
+           {
+               break;
+           }
+           sayNO;
+
+       case SBOL: /*  /^../s  */
+           if (locinput == reginfo->strbeg)
+               break;
+           sayNO;
+
+       case GPOS: /*  \G  */
+           if (locinput == reginfo->ganch)
+               break;
+           sayNO;
+
+       case KEEPS: /*   \K  */
+           /* update the startpoint */
+           st->u.keeper.val = rex->offs[0].start;
+           rex->offs[0].start = locinput - reginfo->strbeg;
+           PUSH_STATE_GOTO(KEEPS_next, next, locinput);
+           assert(0); /*NOTREACHED*/
+       case KEEPS_next_fail:
+           /* rollback the start point change */
+           rex->offs[0].start = st->u.keeper.val;
+           sayNO_SILENT;
+           assert(0); /*NOTREACHED*/
+
+       case EOL: /* /..$/  */
+               goto seol;
+
+       case MEOL: /* /..$/m  */
+           if (!NEXTCHR_IS_EOS && nextchr != '\n')
+               sayNO;
+           break;
+
+       case SEOL: /* /..$/s  */
+         seol:
+           if (!NEXTCHR_IS_EOS && nextchr != '\n')
+               sayNO;
+           if (reginfo->strend - locinput > 1)
+               sayNO;
+           break;
+
+       case EOS: /*  \z  */
+           if (!NEXTCHR_IS_EOS)
+               sayNO;
+           break;
+
+       case SANY: /*  /./s  */
+           if (NEXTCHR_IS_EOS)
+               sayNO;
+            goto increment_locinput;
+
+       case CANY: /*  \C  */
+           if (NEXTCHR_IS_EOS)
+               sayNO;
+           locinput++;
+           break;
+
+       case REG_ANY: /*  /./  */
+           if ((NEXTCHR_IS_EOS) || nextchr == '\n')
+               sayNO;
+            goto increment_locinput;
+
+
+#undef  ST
+#define ST st->u.trie
+        case TRIEC: /* (ab|cd) with known charclass */
+            /* In this case the charclass data is available inline so
+               we can fail fast without a lot of extra overhead. 
+             */
+            if(!NEXTCHR_IS_EOS && !ANYOF_BITMAP_TEST(scan, nextchr)) {
+                DEBUG_EXECUTE_r(
+                    PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log,
+                              "%*s  %sfailed to match trie start class...%s\n",
+                              REPORT_CODE_OFF+depth*2, "", PL_colors[4], PL_colors[5])
+                );
+                sayNO_SILENT;
+                assert(0); /* NOTREACHED */
+            }
+            /* FALL THROUGH */
+       case TRIE:  /* (ab|cd)  */
+           /* the basic plan of execution of the trie is:
+            * At the beginning, run though all the states, and
+            * find the longest-matching word. Also remember the position
+            * of the shortest matching word. For example, this pattern:
+            *    1  2 3 4    5
+            *    ab|a|x|abcd|abc
+            * when matched against the string "abcde", will generate
+            * accept states for all words except 3, with the longest
+            * matching word being 4, and the shortest being 2 (with
+            * the position being after char 1 of the string).
+            *
+            * Then for each matching word, in word order (i.e. 1,2,4,5),
+            * we run the remainder of the pattern; on each try setting
+            * the current position to the character following the word,
+            * returning to try the next word on failure.
+            *
+            * We avoid having to build a list of words at runtime by
+            * using a compile-time structure, wordinfo[].prev, which
+            * gives, for each word, the previous accepting word (if any).
+            * In the case above it would contain the mappings 1->2, 2->0,
+            * 3->0, 4->5, 5->1.  We can use this table to generate, from
+            * the longest word (4 above), a list of all words, by
+            * following the list of prev pointers; this gives us the
+            * unordered list 4,5,1,2. Then given the current word we have
+            * just tried, we can go through the list and find the
+            * next-biggest word to try (so if we just failed on word 2,
+            * the next in the list is 4).
+            *
+            * Since at runtime we don't record the matching position in
+            * the string for each word, we have to work that out for
+            * each word we're about to process. The wordinfo table holds
+            * the character length of each word; given that we recorded
+            * at the start: the position of the shortest word and its
+            * length in chars, we just need to move the pointer the
+            * difference between the two char lengths. Depending on
+            * Unicode status and folding, that's cheap or expensive.
+            *
+            * This algorithm is optimised for the case where are only a
+            * small number of accept states, i.e. 0,1, or maybe 2.
+            * With lots of accepts states, and having to try all of them,
+            * it becomes quadratic on number of accept states to find all
+            * the next words.
+            */
+
+           {
+                /* what type of TRIE am I? (utf8 makes this contextual) */
+                DECL_TRIE_TYPE(scan);
+
+                /* what trie are we using right now */
+               reg_trie_data * const trie
+                   = (reg_trie_data*)rexi->data->data[ ARG( scan ) ];
+               HV * widecharmap = MUTABLE_HV(rexi->data->data[ ARG( scan ) + 1 ]);
+                U32 state = trie->startstate;
+
+                if (   trie->bitmap
+                    && (NEXTCHR_IS_EOS || !TRIE_BITMAP_TEST(trie, nextchr)))
+                {
+                   if (trie->states[ state ].wordnum) {
+                        DEBUG_EXECUTE_r(
+                            PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log,
+                                         "%*s  %smatched empty string...%s\n",
+                                         REPORT_CODE_OFF+depth*2, "", PL_colors[4], PL_colors[5])
+                        );
+                       if (!trie->jump)
+                           break;
+                   } else {
+                       DEBUG_EXECUTE_r(
+                            PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log,
+                                         "%*s  %sfailed to match trie start class...%s\n",
+                                         REPORT_CODE_OFF+depth*2, "", PL_colors[4], PL_colors[5])
+                        );
+                       sayNO_SILENT;
+                  }
+                }
+
+            { 
+               U8 *uc = ( U8* )locinput;
+
+               STRLEN len = 0;
+               STRLEN foldlen = 0;
+               U8 *uscan = (U8*)NULL;
+               U8 foldbuf[ UTF8_MAXBYTES_CASE + 1 ];
+               U32 charcount = 0; /* how many input chars we have matched */
+               U32 accepted = 0; /* have we seen any accepting states? */
+
+               ST.jump = trie->jump;
+               ST.me = scan;
+               ST.firstpos = NULL;
+               ST.longfold = FALSE; /* char longer if folded => it's harder */
+               ST.nextword = 0;
+
+               /* fully traverse the TRIE; note the position of the
+                  shortest accept state and the wordnum of the longest
+                  accept state */
+
+               while ( state && uc <= (U8*)(reginfo->strend) ) {
+                    U32 base = trie->states[ state ].trans.base;
+                    UV uvc = 0;
+                    U16 charid = 0;
+                   U16 wordnum;
+                    wordnum = trie->states[ state ].wordnum;
+
+                   if (wordnum) { /* it's an accept state */
+                       if (!accepted) {
+                           accepted = 1;
+                           /* record first match position */
+                           if (ST.longfold) {
+                               ST.firstpos = (U8*)locinput;
+                               ST.firstchars = 0;
+                           }
+                           else {
+                               ST.firstpos = uc;
+                               ST.firstchars = charcount;
+                           }
+                       }
+                       if (!ST.nextword || wordnum < ST.nextword)
+                           ST.nextword = wordnum;
+                       ST.topword = wordnum;
+                   }
+
+                   DEBUG_TRIE_EXECUTE_r({
+                               DUMP_EXEC_POS( (char *)uc, scan, utf8_target );
+                               PerlIO_printf( Perl_debug_log,
+                                   "%*s  %sState: %4"UVxf" Accepted: %c ",
+                                   2+depth * 2, "", PL_colors[4],
+                                   (UV)state, (accepted ? 'Y' : 'N'));
+                   });
+
+                   /* read a char and goto next state */
+                   if ( base && (foldlen || uc < (U8*)(reginfo->strend))) {
+                       I32 offset;
+                       REXEC_TRIE_READ_CHAR(trie_type, trie, widecharmap, uc,
+                                            uscan, len, uvc, charid, foldlen,
+                                            foldbuf, uniflags);
+                       charcount++;
+                       if (foldlen>0)
+                           ST.longfold = TRUE;
+                       if (charid &&
+                            ( ((offset =
+                             base + charid - 1 - trie->uniquecharcount)) >= 0)
+
+                            && ((U32)offset < trie->lasttrans)
+                            && trie->trans[offset].check == state)
+                       {
+                           state = trie->trans[offset].next;
+                       }
+                       else {
+                           state = 0;
+                       }
+                       uc += len;
+
+                   }
+                   else {
+                       state = 0;
+                   }
+                   DEBUG_TRIE_EXECUTE_r(
+                       PerlIO_printf( Perl_debug_log,
+                           "Charid:%3x CP:%4"UVxf" After State: %4"UVxf"%s\n",
+                           charid, uvc, (UV)state, PL_colors[5] );
+                   );
+               }
+               if (!accepted)
+                  sayNO;
+
+               /* calculate total number of accept states */
+               {
+                   U16 w = ST.topword;
+                   accepted = 0;
+                   while (w) {
+                       w = trie->wordinfo[w].prev;
+                       accepted++;
+                   }
+                   ST.accepted = accepted;
+               }
+
+               DEBUG_EXECUTE_r(
+                   PerlIO_printf( Perl_debug_log,
+                       "%*s  %sgot %"IVdf" possible matches%s\n",
+                       REPORT_CODE_OFF + depth * 2, "",
+                       PL_colors[4], (IV)ST.accepted, PL_colors[5] );
+               );
+               goto trie_first_try; /* jump into the fail handler */
+           }}
+           assert(0); /* NOTREACHED */
+
+       case TRIE_next_fail: /* we failed - try next alternative */
+        {
+            U8 *uc;
+            if ( ST.jump) {
+                REGCP_UNWIND(ST.cp);
+                UNWIND_PAREN(ST.lastparen, ST.lastcloseparen);
+           }
+           if (!--ST.accepted) {
+               DEBUG_EXECUTE_r({
+                   PerlIO_printf( Perl_debug_log,
+                       "%*s  %sTRIE failed...%s\n",
+                       REPORT_CODE_OFF+depth*2, "", 
+                       PL_colors[4],
+                       PL_colors[5] );
+               });
+               sayNO_SILENT;
+           }
+           {
+               /* Find next-highest word to process.  Note that this code
+                * is O(N^2) per trie run (O(N) per branch), so keep tight */
+               U16 min = 0;
+               U16 word;
+               U16 const nextword = ST.nextword;
+               reg_trie_wordinfo * const wordinfo
+                   = ((reg_trie_data*)rexi->data->data[ARG(ST.me)])->wordinfo;
+               for (word=ST.topword; word; word=wordinfo[word].prev) {
+                   if (word > nextword && (!min || word < min))
+                       min = word;
+               }
+               ST.nextword = min;
+           }
+
+          trie_first_try:
+            if (do_cutgroup) {
+                do_cutgroup = 0;
+                no_final = 0;
+            }
+
+            if ( ST.jump) {
+                ST.lastparen = rex->lastparen;
+                ST.lastcloseparen = rex->lastcloseparen;
+               REGCP_SET(ST.cp);
+            }
+
+           /* find start char of end of current word */
+           {
+               U32 chars; /* how many chars to skip */
+               reg_trie_data * const trie
+                   = (reg_trie_data*)rexi->data->data[ARG(ST.me)];
+
+               assert((trie->wordinfo[ST.nextword].len - trie->prefixlen)
+                           >=  ST.firstchars);
+               chars = (trie->wordinfo[ST.nextword].len - trie->prefixlen)
+                           - ST.firstchars;
+               uc = ST.firstpos;
+
+               if (ST.longfold) {
+                   /* the hard option - fold each char in turn and find
+                    * its folded length (which may be different */
+                   U8 foldbuf[UTF8_MAXBYTES_CASE + 1];
+                   STRLEN foldlen;
+                   STRLEN len;
+                   UV uvc;
+                   U8 *uscan;
+
+                   while (chars) {
+                       if (utf8_target) {
+                           uvc = utf8n_to_uvuni((U8*)uc, UTF8_MAXLEN, &len,
+                                                   uniflags);
+                           uc += len;
+                       }
+                       else {
+                           uvc = *uc;
+                           uc++;
+                       }
+                       uvc = to_uni_fold(uvc, foldbuf, &foldlen);
+                       uscan = foldbuf;
+                       while (foldlen) {
+                           if (!--chars)
+                               break;
+                           uvc = utf8n_to_uvuni(uscan, UTF8_MAXLEN, &len,
+                                           uniflags);
+                           uscan += len;
+                           foldlen -= len;
+                       }
+                   }
+               }
+               else {
+                   if (utf8_target)
+                       while (chars--)
+                           uc += UTF8SKIP(uc);
+                   else
+                       uc += chars;
+               }
+           }
+
+           scan = ST.me + ((ST.jump && ST.jump[ST.nextword])
+                           ? ST.jump[ST.nextword]
+                           : NEXT_OFF(ST.me));
+
+           DEBUG_EXECUTE_r({
+               PerlIO_printf( Perl_debug_log,
+                   "%*s  %sTRIE matched word #%d, continuing%s\n",
+                   REPORT_CODE_OFF+depth*2, "", 
+                   PL_colors[4],
+                   ST.nextword,
+                   PL_colors[5]
+                   );
+           });
+
+           if (ST.accepted > 1 || has_cutgroup) {
+               PUSH_STATE_GOTO(TRIE_next, scan, (char*)uc);
+               assert(0); /* NOTREACHED */
+           }
+           /* only one choice left - just continue */
+           DEBUG_EXECUTE_r({
+               AV *const trie_words
+                   = MUTABLE_AV(rexi->data->data[ARG(ST.me)+TRIE_WORDS_OFFSET]);
+               SV ** const tmp = av_fetch( trie_words,
+                   ST.nextword-1, 0 );
+               SV *sv= tmp ? sv_newmortal() : NULL;
+
+               PerlIO_printf( Perl_debug_log,
+                   "%*s  %sonly one match left, short-circuiting: #%d <%s>%s\n",
+                   REPORT_CODE_OFF+depth*2, "", PL_colors[4],
+                   ST.nextword,
+                   tmp ? pv_pretty(sv, SvPV_nolen_const(*tmp), SvCUR(*tmp), 0,
+                           PL_colors[0], PL_colors[1],
+                           (SvUTF8(*tmp) ? PERL_PV_ESCAPE_UNI : 0)|PERL_PV_ESCAPE_NONASCII
+                       ) 
+                   : "not compiled under -Dr",
+                   PL_colors[5] );
+           });
+
+           locinput = (char*)uc;
+           continue; /* execute rest of RE */
+           assert(0); /* NOTREACHED */
+        }
+#undef  ST
+
+       case EXACT: {            /*  /abc/        */
+           char *s = STRING(scan);
+           ln = STR_LEN(scan);
+           if (utf8_target != is_utf8_pat) {
+               /* The target and the pattern have differing utf8ness. */
+               char *l = locinput;
+               const char * const e = s + ln;
+
+               if (utf8_target) {
+                    /* The target is utf8, the pattern is not utf8.
+                     * Above-Latin1 code points can't match the pattern;
+                     * invariants match exactly, and the other Latin1 ones need
+                     * to be downgraded to a single byte in order to do the
+                     * comparison.  (If we could be confident that the target
+                     * is not malformed, this could be refactored to have fewer
+                     * tests by just assuming that if the first bytes match, it
+                     * is an invariant, but there are tests in the test suite
+                     * dealing with (??{...}) which violate this) */
+                   while (s < e) {
+                       if (l >= reginfo->strend
+                            || UTF8_IS_ABOVE_LATIN1(* (U8*) l))
+                        {
+                            sayNO;
+                        }
+                        if (UTF8_IS_INVARIANT(*(U8*)l)) {
+                           if (*l != *s) {
+                                sayNO;
+                            }
+                            l++;
+                        }
+                        else {
+                            if (TWO_BYTE_UTF8_TO_UNI(*l, *(l+1)) != * (U8*) s) {
+                                sayNO;
+                            }
+                            l += 2;
+                        }
+                       s++;
+                   }
+               }
+               else {
+                   /* The target is not utf8, the pattern is utf8. */
+                   while (s < e) {
+                        if (l >= reginfo->strend
+                            || UTF8_IS_ABOVE_LATIN1(* (U8*) s))
+                        {
+                            sayNO;
+                        }
+                        if (UTF8_IS_INVARIANT(*(U8*)s)) {
+                           if (*s != *l) {
+                                sayNO;
+                            }
+                            s++;
+                        }
+                        else {
+                            if (TWO_BYTE_UTF8_TO_UNI(*s, *(s+1)) != * (U8*) l) {
+                                sayNO;
+                            }
+                            s += 2;
+                        }
+                       l++;
+                   }
+               }
+               locinput = l;
+           }
+            else {
+                /* The target and the pattern have the same utf8ness. */
+                /* Inline the first character, for speed. */
+                if (reginfo->strend - locinput < ln
+                    || UCHARAT(s) != nextchr
+                    || (ln > 1 && memNE(s, locinput, ln)))
+                {
+                    sayNO;
+                }
+                locinput += ln;
+            }
+           break;
+           }
+
+       case EXACTFL: {          /*  /abc/il      */
+           re_fold_t folder;
+           const U8 * fold_array;
+           const char * s;
+           U32 fold_utf8_flags;
+
+            RX_MATCH_TAINTED_on(reginfo->prog);
+            folder = foldEQ_locale;
+            fold_array = PL_fold_locale;
+           fold_utf8_flags = FOLDEQ_UTF8_LOCALE;
+           goto do_exactf;
+
+       case EXACTFU_SS:         /*  /\x{df}/iu   */
+       case EXACTFU_TRICKYFOLD: /*  /\x{390}/iu  */
+       case EXACTFU:            /*  /abc/iu      */
+           folder = foldEQ_latin1;
+           fold_array = PL_fold_latin1;
+           fold_utf8_flags = is_utf8_pat ? FOLDEQ_S1_ALREADY_FOLDED : 0;
+           goto do_exactf;
+
+       case EXACTFA:            /*  /abc/iaa     */
+           folder = foldEQ_latin1;
+           fold_array = PL_fold_latin1;
+           fold_utf8_flags = FOLDEQ_UTF8_NOMIX_ASCII;
+           goto do_exactf;
+
+       case EXACTF:             /*  /abc/i       */
+           folder = foldEQ;
+           fold_array = PL_fold;
+           fold_utf8_flags = 0;
+
+         do_exactf:
+           s = STRING(scan);
+           ln = STR_LEN(scan);
+
+           if (utf8_target || is_utf8_pat || state_num == EXACTFU_SS) {
+             /* Either target or the pattern are utf8, or has the issue where
+              * the fold lengths may differ. */
+               const char * const l = locinput;
+               char *e = reginfo->strend;
+
+               if (! foldEQ_utf8_flags(s, 0,  ln, is_utf8_pat,
+                                       l, &e, 0,  utf8_target, fold_utf8_flags))
+               {
+                   sayNO;
+               }
+               locinput = e;
+               break;
+           }
+
+           /* Neither the target nor the pattern are utf8 */
+           if (UCHARAT(s) != nextchr
+                && !NEXTCHR_IS_EOS
+               && UCHARAT(s) != fold_array[nextchr])
+           {
+               sayNO;
+           }
+           if (reginfo->strend - locinput < ln)
+               sayNO;
+           if (ln > 1 && ! folder(s, locinput, ln))
+               sayNO;
+           locinput += ln;
+           break;
+       }
+
+       /* XXX Could improve efficiency by separating these all out using a
+        * macro or in-line function.  At that point regcomp.c would no longer
+        * have to set the FLAGS fields of these */
+       case BOUNDL:  /*  /\b/l  */
+       case NBOUNDL: /*  /\B/l  */
+            RX_MATCH_TAINTED_on(reginfo->prog);
+           /* FALL THROUGH */
+       case BOUND:   /*  /\b/   */
+       case BOUNDU:  /*  /\b/u  */
+       case BOUNDA:  /*  /\b/a  */
+       case NBOUND:  /*  /\B/   */
+       case NBOUNDU: /*  /\B/u  */
+       case NBOUNDA: /*  /\B/a  */
+           /* was last char in word? */
+           if (utf8_target
+               && FLAGS(scan) != REGEX_ASCII_RESTRICTED_CHARSET
+               && FLAGS(scan) != REGEX_ASCII_MORE_RESTRICTED_CHARSET)
+           {
+               if (locinput == reginfo->strbeg)
+                   ln = '\n';
+               else {
+                   const U8 * const r =
+                            reghop3((U8*)locinput, -1, (U8*)(reginfo->strbeg));
+
+                   ln = utf8n_to_uvchr(r, UTF8SKIP(r), 0, uniflags);
+               }
+               if (FLAGS(scan) != REGEX_LOCALE_CHARSET) {
+                   ln = isWORDCHAR_uni(ln);
+                    if (NEXTCHR_IS_EOS)
+                        n = 0;
+                    else {
+                        LOAD_UTF8_CHARCLASS_ALNUM();
+                        n = swash_fetch(PL_utf8_swash_ptrs[_CC_WORDCHAR], (U8*)locinput,
+                                                                utf8_target);
+                    }
+               }
+               else {
+                   ln = isWORDCHAR_LC_uvchr(UNI_TO_NATIVE(ln));
+                   n = NEXTCHR_IS_EOS ? 0 : isWORDCHAR_LC_utf8((U8*)locinput);
+               }
+           }
+           else {
+
+               /* Here the string isn't utf8, or is utf8 and only ascii
+                * characters are to match \w.  In the latter case looking at
+                * the byte just prior to the current one may be just the final
+                * byte of a multi-byte character.  This is ok.  There are two
+                * cases:
+                * 1) it is a single byte character, and then the test is doing
+                *      just what it's supposed to.
+                * 2) it is a multi-byte character, in which case the final
+                *      byte is never mistakable for ASCII, and so the test
+                *      will say it is not a word character, which is the
+                *      correct answer. */
+               ln = (locinput != reginfo->strbeg) ?
+                   UCHARAT(locinput - 1) : '\n';
+               switch (FLAGS(scan)) {
+                   case REGEX_UNICODE_CHARSET:
+                       ln = isWORDCHAR_L1(ln);
+                       n = NEXTCHR_IS_EOS ? 0 : isWORDCHAR_L1(nextchr);
+                       break;
+                   case REGEX_LOCALE_CHARSET:
+                       ln = isWORDCHAR_LC(ln);
+                       n = NEXTCHR_IS_EOS ? 0 : isWORDCHAR_LC(nextchr);
+                       break;
+                   case REGEX_DEPENDS_CHARSET:
+                       ln = isWORDCHAR(ln);
+                       n = NEXTCHR_IS_EOS ? 0 : isWORDCHAR(nextchr);
+                       break;
+                   case REGEX_ASCII_RESTRICTED_CHARSET:
+                   case REGEX_ASCII_MORE_RESTRICTED_CHARSET:
+                       ln = isWORDCHAR_A(ln);
+                       n = NEXTCHR_IS_EOS ? 0 : isWORDCHAR_A(nextchr);
+                       break;
+                   default:
+                       Perl_croak(aTHX_ "panic: Unexpected FLAGS %u in op %u", FLAGS(scan), OP(scan));
+                       break;
+               }
+           }
+           /* Note requires that all BOUNDs be lower than all NBOUNDs in
+            * regcomp.sym */
+           if (((!ln) == (!n)) == (OP(scan) < NBOUND))
+                   sayNO;
+           break;
+
+       case ANYOF:  /*  /[abc]/       */
+       case ANYOF_WARN_SUPER:
+            if (NEXTCHR_IS_EOS)
+                sayNO;
+           if (utf8_target) {
+               if (!reginclass(rex, scan, (U8*)locinput, utf8_target))
+                   sayNO;
+               locinput += UTF8SKIP(locinput);
+           }
+           else {
+               if (!REGINCLASS(rex, scan, (U8*)locinput))
+                   sayNO;
+               locinput++;
+           }
+           break;
+
+        /* The argument (FLAGS) to all the POSIX node types is the class number
+         * */
+
+        case NPOSIXL:   /* \W or [:^punct:] etc. under /l */
+            to_complement = 1;
+            /* FALLTHROUGH */
+
+        case POSIXL:    /* \w or [:punct:] etc. under /l */
+            if (NEXTCHR_IS_EOS)
+                sayNO;
+
+            /* The locale hasn't influenced the outcome before this, so defer
+             * tainting until now */
+            RX_MATCH_TAINTED_on(reginfo->prog);
+
+            /* Use isFOO_lc() for characters within Latin1.  (Note that
+             * UTF8_IS_INVARIANT works even on non-UTF-8 strings, or else
+             * wouldn't be invariant) */
+            if (UTF8_IS_INVARIANT(nextchr) || ! utf8_target) {
+                if (! (to_complement ^ cBOOL(isFOO_lc(FLAGS(scan), (U8) nextchr)))) {
+                    sayNO;
+                }
+            }
+            else if (UTF8_IS_DOWNGRADEABLE_START(nextchr)) {
+                if (! (to_complement ^ cBOOL(isFOO_lc(FLAGS(scan),
+                                        (U8) TWO_BYTE_UTF8_TO_UNI(nextchr,
+                                                            *(locinput + 1))))))
+                {
+                    sayNO;
+                }
+            }
+            else { /* Here, must be an above Latin-1 code point */
+                goto utf8_posix_not_eos;
+            }
+
+            /* Here, must be utf8 */
+            locinput += UTF8SKIP(locinput);
+            break;
+
+        case NPOSIXD:   /* \W or [:^punct:] etc. under /d */
+            to_complement = 1;
+            /* FALLTHROUGH */
+
+        case POSIXD:    /* \w or [:punct:] etc. under /d */
+            if (utf8_target) {
+                goto utf8_posix;
+            }
+            goto posixa;
+
+        case NPOSIXA:   /* \W or [:^punct:] etc. under /a */
+
+            if (NEXTCHR_IS_EOS) {
+                sayNO;
+            }
+
+            /* All UTF-8 variants match */
+            if (! UTF8_IS_INVARIANT(nextchr)) {
+                goto increment_locinput;
+            }
+
+            to_complement = 1;
+            /* FALLTHROUGH */
+
+        case POSIXA:    /* \w or [:punct:] etc. under /a */
+
+          posixa:
+            /* We get here through POSIXD, NPOSIXD, and NPOSIXA when not in
+             * UTF-8, and also from NPOSIXA even in UTF-8 when the current
+             * character is a single byte */
+
+            if (NEXTCHR_IS_EOS
+                || ! (to_complement ^ cBOOL(_generic_isCC_A(nextchr,
+                                                            FLAGS(scan)))))
+            {
+                sayNO;
+            }
+
+            /* Here we are either not in utf8, or we matched a utf8-invariant,
+             * so the next char is the next byte */
+            locinput++;
+            break;
+
+        case NPOSIXU:   /* \W or [:^punct:] etc. under /u */
+            to_complement = 1;
+            /* FALLTHROUGH */
+
+        case POSIXU:    /* \w or [:punct:] etc. under /u */
+          utf8_posix:
+            if (NEXTCHR_IS_EOS) {
+                sayNO;
+            }
+          utf8_posix_not_eos:
+
+            /* Use _generic_isCC() for characters within Latin1.  (Note that
+             * UTF8_IS_INVARIANT works even on non-UTF-8 strings, or else
+             * wouldn't be invariant) */
+            if (UTF8_IS_INVARIANT(nextchr) || ! utf8_target) {
+                if (! (to_complement ^ cBOOL(_generic_isCC(nextchr,
+                                                           FLAGS(scan)))))
+                {
+                    sayNO;
+                }
+                locinput++;
+            }
+            else if (UTF8_IS_DOWNGRADEABLE_START(nextchr)) {
+                if (! (to_complement
+                       ^ cBOOL(_generic_isCC(TWO_BYTE_UTF8_TO_UNI(nextchr,
+                                                               *(locinput + 1)),
+                                              FLAGS(scan)))))
+                {
+                    sayNO;
+                }
+                locinput += 2;
+            }
+            else {  /* Handle above Latin-1 code points */
+                classnum = (_char_class_number) FLAGS(scan);
+                if (classnum < _FIRST_NON_SWASH_CC) {
+
+                    /* Here, uses a swash to find such code points.  Load if if
+                     * not done already */
+                    if (! PL_utf8_swash_ptrs[classnum]) {
+                        U8 flags = _CORE_SWASH_INIT_ACCEPT_INVLIST;
+                        PL_utf8_swash_ptrs[classnum]
+                                = _core_swash_init("utf8",
+                                        swash_property_names[classnum],
+                                        &PL_sv_undef, 1, 0, NULL, &flags);
+                    }
+                    if (! (to_complement
+                           ^ cBOOL(swash_fetch(PL_utf8_swash_ptrs[classnum],
+                                               (U8 *) locinput, TRUE))))
+                    {
+                        sayNO;
+                    }
+                }
+                else {  /* Here, uses macros to find above Latin-1 code points */
+                    switch (classnum) {
+                        case _CC_ENUM_SPACE:    /* XXX would require separate
+                                                   code if we revert the change
+                                                   of \v matching this */
+                        case _CC_ENUM_PSXSPC:
+                            if (! (to_complement
+                                        ^ cBOOL(is_XPERLSPACE_high(locinput))))
+                            {
+                                sayNO;
+                            }
+                            break;
+                        case _CC_ENUM_BLANK:
+                            if (! (to_complement
+                                            ^ cBOOL(is_HORIZWS_high(locinput))))
+                            {
+                                sayNO;
+                            }
+                            break;
+                        case _CC_ENUM_XDIGIT:
+                            if (! (to_complement
+                                            ^ cBOOL(is_XDIGIT_high(locinput))))
+                            {
+                                sayNO;
+                            }
+                            break;
+                        case _CC_ENUM_VERTSPACE:
+                            if (! (to_complement
+                                            ^ cBOOL(is_VERTWS_high(locinput))))
+                            {
+                                sayNO;
+                            }
+                            break;
+                        default:    /* The rest, e.g. [:cntrl:], can't match
+                                       above Latin1 */
+                            if (! to_complement) {
+                                sayNO;
+                            }
+                            break;
+                    }
+                }
+                locinput += UTF8SKIP(locinput);
+            }
+            break;
+
+       case CLUMP: /* Match \X: logical Unicode character.  This is defined as
+                      a Unicode extended Grapheme Cluster */
+           /* From http://www.unicode.org/reports/tr29 (5.2 version).  An
+             extended Grapheme Cluster is:
+
+            CR LF
+            | Prepend* Begin Extend*
+            | .
+
+            Begin is:           ( Special_Begin | ! Control )
+            Special_Begin is:   ( Regional-Indicator+ | Hangul-syllable )
+            Extend is:          ( Grapheme_Extend | Spacing_Mark )
+            Control is:         [ GCB_Control | CR | LF ]
+            Hangul-syllable is: ( T+ | ( L* ( L | ( LVT | ( V | LV ) V* ) T* ) ))
+
+               If we create a 'Regular_Begin' = Begin - Special_Begin, then
+               we can rewrite
+
+                   Begin is ( Regular_Begin + Special Begin )
+
+               It turns out that 98.4% of all Unicode code points match
+               Regular_Begin.  Doing it this way eliminates a table match in
+               the previous implementation for almost all Unicode code points.
+
+              There is a subtlety with Prepend* which showed up in testing.
+              Note that the Begin, and only the Begin is required in:
+               | Prepend* Begin Extend*
+              Also, Begin contains '! Control'.  A Prepend must be a
+              '!  Control', which means it must also be a Begin.  What it
+              comes down to is that if we match Prepend* and then find no
+              suitable Begin afterwards, that if we backtrack the last
+              Prepend, that one will be a suitable Begin.
+           */
+
+           if (NEXTCHR_IS_EOS)
+               sayNO;
+           if  (! utf8_target) {
+
+               /* Match either CR LF  or '.', as all the other possibilities
+                * require utf8 */
+               locinput++;         /* Match the . or CR */
+               if (nextchr == '\r' /* And if it was CR, and the next is LF,
+                                      match the LF */
+                   && locinput < reginfo->strend
+                   && UCHARAT(locinput) == '\n')
+                {
+                    locinput++;
+                }
+           }
+           else {
+
+               /* Utf8: See if is ( CR LF ); already know that locinput <
+                * reginfo->strend, so locinput+1 is in bounds */
+               if ( nextchr == '\r' && locinput+1 < reginfo->strend
+                     && UCHARAT(locinput + 1) == '\n')
+                {
+                   locinput += 2;
+               }
+               else {
+                    STRLEN len;
+
+                   /* In case have to backtrack to beginning, then match '.' */
+                   char *starting = locinput;
+
+                   /* In case have to backtrack the last prepend */
+                   char *previous_prepend = NULL;
+
+                   LOAD_UTF8_CHARCLASS_GCB();
+
+                    /* Match (prepend)*   */
+                    while (locinput < reginfo->strend
+                           && (len = is_GCB_Prepend_utf8(locinput)))
+                    {
+                        previous_prepend = locinput;
+                        locinput += len;
+                    }
+
+                   /* As noted above, if we matched a prepend character, but
+                    * the next thing won't match, back off the last prepend we
+                    * matched, as it is guaranteed to match the begin */
+                   if (previous_prepend
+                       && (locinput >=  reginfo->strend
+                           || (! swash_fetch(PL_utf8_X_regular_begin,
+                                            (U8*)locinput, utf8_target)
+                                && ! is_GCB_SPECIAL_BEGIN_START_utf8(locinput)))
+                        )
+                   {
+                       locinput = previous_prepend;
+                   }
+
+                   /* Note that here we know reginfo->strend > locinput, as we
+                    * tested that upon input to this switch case, and if we
+                    * moved locinput forward, we tested the result just above
+                    * and it either passed, or we backed off so that it will
+                    * now pass */
+                   if (swash_fetch(PL_utf8_X_regular_begin,
+                                    (U8*)locinput, utf8_target)) {
+                        locinput += UTF8SKIP(locinput);
+                    }
+                    else if (! is_GCB_SPECIAL_BEGIN_START_utf8(locinput)) {
+
+                       /* Here did not match the required 'Begin' in the
+                        * second term.  So just match the very first
+                        * character, the '.' of the final term of the regex */
+                       locinput = starting + UTF8SKIP(starting);
+                        goto exit_utf8;
+                   } else {
+
+                        /* Here is a special begin.  It can be composed of
+                         * several individual characters.  One possibility is
+                         * RI+ */
+                        if ((len = is_GCB_RI_utf8(locinput))) {
+                            locinput += len;
+                            while (locinput < reginfo->strend
+                                   && (len = is_GCB_RI_utf8(locinput)))
+                            {
+                                locinput += len;
+                            }
+                        } else if ((len = is_GCB_T_utf8(locinput))) {
+                            /* Another possibility is T+ */
+                            locinput += len;
+                            while (locinput < reginfo->strend
+                                && (len = is_GCB_T_utf8(locinput)))
+                            {
+                                locinput += len;
+                            }
+                        } else {
+
+                            /* Here, neither RI+ nor T+; must be some other
+                             * Hangul.  That means it is one of the others: L,
+                             * LV, LVT or V, and matches:
+                             * L* (L | LVT T* | V * V* T* | LV  V* T*) */
+
+                            /* Match L*           */
+                            while (locinput < reginfo->strend
+                                   && (len = is_GCB_L_utf8(locinput)))
+                            {
+                                locinput += len;
+                            }
+
+                            /* Here, have exhausted L*.  If the next character
+                             * is not an LV, LVT nor V, it means we had to have
+                             * at least one L, so matches L+ in the original
+                             * equation, we have a complete hangul syllable.
+                             * Are done. */
+
+                            if (locinput < reginfo->strend
+                                && is_GCB_LV_LVT_V_utf8(locinput))
+                            {
+                                /* Otherwise keep going.  Must be LV, LVT or V.
+                                 * See if LVT, by first ruling out V, then LV */
+                                if (! is_GCB_V_utf8(locinput)
+                                        /* All but every TCount one is LV */
+                                    && (valid_utf8_to_uvchr((U8 *) locinput,
+                                                                         NULL)
+                                                                        - SBASE)
+                                        % TCount != 0)
+                                {
+                                    locinput += UTF8SKIP(locinput);
+                                } else {
+
+                                    /* Must be  V or LV.  Take it, then match
+                                     * V*     */
+                                    locinput += UTF8SKIP(locinput);
+                                    while (locinput < reginfo->strend
+                                           && (len = is_GCB_V_utf8(locinput)))
+                                    {
+                                        locinput += len;
+                                    }
+                                }
+
+                                /* And any of LV, LVT, or V can be followed
+                                 * by T*            */
+                                while (locinput < reginfo->strend
+                                       && (len = is_GCB_T_utf8(locinput)))
+                                {
+                                    locinput += len;
+                                }
+                            }
+                        }
+                    }
+
+                    /* Match any extender */
+                    while (locinput < reginfo->strend
+                            && swash_fetch(PL_utf8_X_extend,
+                                            (U8*)locinput, utf8_target))
+                    {
+                        locinput += UTF8SKIP(locinput);
+                    }
+               }
+            exit_utf8:
+               if (locinput > reginfo->strend) sayNO;
+           }
+           break;
+            
+       case NREFFL:  /*  /\g{name}/il  */
+       {   /* The capture buffer cases.  The ones beginning with N for the
+              named buffers just convert to the equivalent numbered and
+              pretend they were called as the corresponding numbered buffer
+              op.  */
+           /* don't initialize these in the declaration, it makes C++
+              unhappy */
+           const char *s;
+           char type;
+           re_fold_t folder;
+           const U8 *fold_array;
+           UV utf8_fold_flags;
+
+            RX_MATCH_TAINTED_on(reginfo->prog);
+           folder = foldEQ_locale;
+           fold_array = PL_fold_locale;
+           type = REFFL;
+           utf8_fold_flags = FOLDEQ_UTF8_LOCALE;
+           goto do_nref;
+
+       case NREFFA:  /*  /\g{name}/iaa  */
+           folder = foldEQ_latin1;
+           fold_array = PL_fold_latin1;
+           type = REFFA;
+           utf8_fold_flags = FOLDEQ_UTF8_NOMIX_ASCII;
+           goto do_nref;
+
+       case NREFFU:  /*  /\g{name}/iu  */
+           folder = foldEQ_latin1;
+           fold_array = PL_fold_latin1;
+           type = REFFU;
+           utf8_fold_flags = 0;
+           goto do_nref;
+
+       case NREFF:  /*  /\g{name}/i  */
+           folder = foldEQ;
+           fold_array = PL_fold;
+           type = REFF;
+           utf8_fold_flags = 0;
+           goto do_nref;
+
+       case NREF:  /*  /\g{name}/   */
+           type = REF;
+           folder = NULL;
+           fold_array = NULL;
+           utf8_fold_flags = 0;
+         do_nref:
+
+           /* For the named back references, find the corresponding buffer
+            * number */
+           n = reg_check_named_buff_matched(rex,scan);
+
+            if ( ! n ) {
+                sayNO;
+           }
+           goto do_nref_ref_common;
+
+       case REFFL:  /*  /\1/il  */
+            RX_MATCH_TAINTED_on(reginfo->prog);
+           folder = foldEQ_locale;
+           fold_array = PL_fold_locale;
+           utf8_fold_flags = FOLDEQ_UTF8_LOCALE;
+           goto do_ref;
+
+       case REFFA:  /*  /\1/iaa  */
+           folder = foldEQ_latin1;
+           fold_array = PL_fold_latin1;
+           utf8_fold_flags = FOLDEQ_UTF8_NOMIX_ASCII;
+           goto do_ref;
+
+       case REFFU:  /*  /\1/iu  */
+           folder = foldEQ_latin1;
+           fold_array = PL_fold_latin1;
+           utf8_fold_flags = 0;
+           goto do_ref;
+
+       case REFF:  /*  /\1/i  */
+           folder = foldEQ;
+           fold_array = PL_fold;
+           utf8_fold_flags = 0;
+           goto do_ref;
+
+        case REF:  /*  /\1/    */
+           folder = NULL;
+           fold_array = NULL;
+           utf8_fold_flags = 0;
+
+         do_ref:
+           type = OP(scan);
+           n = ARG(scan);  /* which paren pair */
+
+         do_nref_ref_common:
+           ln = rex->offs[n].start;
+           reginfo->poscache_iter = reginfo->poscache_maxiter; /* Void cache */
+           if (rex->lastparen < n || ln == -1)
+               sayNO;                  /* Do not match unless seen CLOSEn. */
+           if (ln == rex->offs[n].end)
+               break;
+
+           s = reginfo->strbeg + ln;
+           if (type != REF     /* REF can do byte comparison */
+               && (utf8_target || type == REFFU))
+           { /* XXX handle REFFL better */
+               char * limit = reginfo->strend;
+
+               /* This call case insensitively compares the entire buffer
+                   * at s, with the current input starting at locinput, but
+                    * not going off the end given by reginfo->strend, and
+                    * returns in <limit> upon success, how much of the
+                    * current input was matched */
+               if (! foldEQ_utf8_flags(s, NULL, rex->offs[n].end - ln, utf8_target,
+                                   locinput, &limit, 0, utf8_target, utf8_fold_flags))
+               {
+                   sayNO;
+               }
+               locinput = limit;
+               break;
+           }
+
+           /* Not utf8:  Inline the first character, for speed. */
+           if (!NEXTCHR_IS_EOS &&
+                UCHARAT(s) != nextchr &&
+               (type == REF ||
+                UCHARAT(s) != fold_array[nextchr]))
+               sayNO;
+           ln = rex->offs[n].end - ln;
+           if (locinput + ln > reginfo->strend)
+               sayNO;
+           if (ln > 1 && (type == REF
+                          ? memNE(s, locinput, ln)
+                          : ! folder(s, locinput, ln)))
+               sayNO;
+           locinput += ln;
+           break;
+       }
+
+       case NOTHING: /* null op; e.g. the 'nothing' following
+                       * the '*' in m{(a+|b)*}' */
+           break;
+       case TAIL: /* placeholder while compiling (A|B|C) */
+           break;
+
+       case BACK: /* ??? doesn't appear to be used ??? */
+           break;
+
+#undef  ST
+#define ST st->u.eval
+       {
+           SV *ret;
+           REGEXP *re_sv;
+            regexp *re;
+            regexp_internal *rei;
+            regnode *startpoint;
+
+       case GOSTART: /*  (?R)  */
+       case GOSUB: /*    /(...(?1))/   /(...(?&foo))/   */
+           if (cur_eval && cur_eval->locinput==locinput) {
+                if (cur_eval->u.eval.close_paren == (U32)ARG(scan)) 
+                    Perl_croak(aTHX_ "Infinite recursion in regex");
+                if ( ++nochange_depth > max_nochange_depth )
+                    Perl_croak(aTHX_ 
+                        "Pattern subroutine nesting without pos change"
+                        " exceeded limit in regex");
+            } else {
+                nochange_depth = 0;
+            }
+           re_sv = rex_sv;
+            re = rex;
+            rei = rexi;
+            if (OP(scan)==GOSUB) {
+                startpoint = scan + ARG2L(scan);
+                ST.close_paren = ARG(scan);
+            } else {
+                startpoint = rei->program+1;
+                ST.close_paren = 0;
+            }
+            goto eval_recurse_doit;
+            assert(0); /* NOTREACHED */
+
+        case EVAL:  /*   /(?{A})B/   /(??{A})B/  and /(?(?{A})X|Y)B/   */        
+            if (cur_eval && cur_eval->locinput==locinput) {
+               if ( ++nochange_depth > max_nochange_depth )
+                    Perl_croak(aTHX_ "EVAL without pos change exceeded limit in regex");
+            } else {
+                nochange_depth = 0;
+            }    
+           {
+               /* execute the code in the {...} */
+
+               dSP;
+               IV before;
+               OP * const oop = PL_op;
+               COP * const ocurcop = PL_curcop;
+               OP *nop;
+               CV *newcv;
+
+               /* save *all* paren positions */
+               regcppush(rex, 0, maxopenparen);
+               REGCP_SET(runops_cp);
+
+               if (!caller_cv)
+                   caller_cv = find_runcv(NULL);
+
+               n = ARG(scan);
+
+               if (rexi->data->what[n] == 'r') { /* code from an external qr */
+                   newcv = (ReANY(
+                                               (REGEXP*)(rexi->data->data[n])
+                                           ))->qr_anoncv
+                                       ;
+                   nop = (OP*)rexi->data->data[n+1];
+               }
+               else if (rexi->data->what[n] == 'l') { /* literal code */
+                   newcv = caller_cv;
+                   nop = (OP*)rexi->data->data[n];
+                   assert(CvDEPTH(newcv));
+               }
+               else {
+                   /* literal with own CV */
+                   assert(rexi->data->what[n] == 'L');
+                   newcv = rex->qr_anoncv;
+                   nop = (OP*)rexi->data->data[n];
+               }
+
+               /* normally if we're about to execute code from the same
+                * CV that we used previously, we just use the existing
+                * CX stack entry. However, its possible that in the
+                * meantime we may have backtracked, popped from the save
+                * stack, and undone the SAVECOMPPAD(s) associated with
+                * PUSH_MULTICALL; in which case PL_comppad no longer
+                * points to newcv's pad. */
+               if (newcv != last_pushed_cv || PL_comppad != last_pad)
+               {
+                    U8 flags = (CXp_SUB_RE |
+                                ((newcv == caller_cv) ? CXp_SUB_RE_FAKE : 0));
+                   if (last_pushed_cv) {
+                       CHANGE_MULTICALL_FLAGS(newcv, flags);
+                   }
+                   else {
+                       PUSH_MULTICALL_FLAGS(newcv, flags);
+                   }
+                   last_pushed_cv = newcv;
+               }
+               else {
+                    /* these assignments are just to silence compiler
+                     * warnings */
+                   multicall_cop = NULL;
+                   newsp = NULL;
+               }
+               last_pad = PL_comppad;
+
+               /* the initial nextstate you would normally execute
+                * at the start of an eval (which would cause error
+                * messages to come from the eval), may be optimised
+                * away from the execution path in the regex code blocks;
+                * so manually set PL_curcop to it initially */
+               {
+                   OP *o = cUNOPx(nop)->op_first;
+                   assert(o->op_type == OP_NULL);
+                   if (o->op_targ == OP_SCOPE) {
+                       o = cUNOPo->op_first;
+                   }
+                   else {
+                       assert(o->op_targ == OP_LEAVE);
+                       o = cUNOPo->op_first;
+                       assert(o->op_type == OP_ENTER);
+                       o = o->op_sibling;
+                   }
+
+                   if (o->op_type != OP_STUB) {
+                       assert(    o->op_type == OP_NEXTSTATE
+                               || o->op_type == OP_DBSTATE
+                               || (o->op_type == OP_NULL
+                                   &&  (  o->op_targ == OP_NEXTSTATE
+                                       || o->op_targ == OP_DBSTATE
+                                       )
+                                   )
+                       );
+                       PL_curcop = (COP*)o;
+                   }
+               }
+               nop = nop->op_next;
+
+               DEBUG_STATE_r( PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log, 
+                   "  re EVAL PL_op=0x%"UVxf"\n", PTR2UV(nop)) );
+
+               rex->offs[0].end = locinput - reginfo->strbeg;
+                if (reginfo->info_aux_eval->pos_magic)
+                        reginfo->info_aux_eval->pos_magic->mg_len
+                                        = locinput - reginfo->strbeg;
+
+                if (sv_yes_mark) {
+                    SV *sv_mrk = get_sv("REGMARK", 1);
+                    sv_setsv(sv_mrk, sv_yes_mark);
+                }
+
+               /* we don't use MULTICALL here as we want to call the
+                * first op of the block of interest, rather than the
+                * first op of the sub */
+               before = (IV)(SP-PL_stack_base);
+               PL_op = nop;
+               CALLRUNOPS(aTHX);                       /* Scalar context. */
+               SPAGAIN;
+               if ((IV)(SP-PL_stack_base) == before)
+                   ret = &PL_sv_undef;   /* protect against empty (?{}) blocks. */
+               else {
+                   ret = POPs;
+                   PUTBACK;
+               }
+
+               /* before restoring everything, evaluate the returned
+                * value, so that 'uninit' warnings don't use the wrong
+                * PL_op or pad. Also need to process any magic vars
+                * (e.g. $1) *before* parentheses are restored */
+
+               PL_op = NULL;
+
+                re_sv = NULL;
+               if (logical == 0)        /*   (?{})/   */
+                   sv_setsv(save_scalar(PL_replgv), ret); /* $^R */
+               else if (logical == 1) { /*   /(?(?{...})X|Y)/    */
+                   sw = cBOOL(SvTRUE(ret));
+                   logical = 0;
+               }
+               else {                   /*  /(??{})  */
+                   /*  if its overloaded, let the regex compiler handle
+                    *  it; otherwise extract regex, or stringify  */
+                   if (!SvAMAGIC(ret)) {
+                       SV *sv = ret;
+                       if (SvROK(sv))
+                           sv = SvRV(sv);
+                       if (SvTYPE(sv) == SVt_REGEXP)
+                           re_sv = (REGEXP*) sv;
+                       else if (SvSMAGICAL(sv)) {
+                           MAGIC *mg = mg_find(sv, PERL_MAGIC_qr);
+                           if (mg)
+                               re_sv = (REGEXP *) mg->mg_obj;
+                       }
+
+                       /* force any magic, undef warnings here */
+                       if (!re_sv) {
+                           ret = sv_mortalcopy(ret);
+                           (void) SvPV_force_nolen(ret);
+                       }
+                   }
+
+               }
+
+               /* *** Note that at this point we don't restore
+                * PL_comppad, (or pop the CxSUB) on the assumption it may
+                * be used again soon. This is safe as long as nothing
+                * in the regexp code uses the pad ! */
+               PL_op = oop;
+               PL_curcop = ocurcop;
+               S_regcp_restore(aTHX_ rex, runops_cp, &maxopenparen);
+
+               if (logical != 2)
+                   break;
+           }
+
+               /* only /(??{})/  from now on */
+               logical = 0;
+               {
+                   /* extract RE object from returned value; compiling if
+                    * necessary */
+
+                   if (re_sv) {
+                       re_sv = reg_temp_copy(NULL, re_sv);
+                   }
+                   else {
+                       U32 pm_flags = 0;
+
+                       if (SvUTF8(ret) && IN_BYTES) {
+                           /* In use 'bytes': make a copy of the octet
+                            * sequence, but without the flag on */
+                           STRLEN len;
+                           const char *const p = SvPV(ret, len);
+                           ret = newSVpvn_flags(p, len, SVs_TEMP);
+                       }
+                       if (rex->intflags & PREGf_USE_RE_EVAL)
+                           pm_flags |= PMf_USE_RE_EVAL;
+
+                       /* if we got here, it should be an engine which
+                        * supports compiling code blocks and stuff */
+                       assert(rex->engine && rex->engine->op_comp);
+                        assert(!(scan->flags & ~RXf_PMf_COMPILETIME));
+                       re_sv = rex->engine->op_comp(aTHX_ &ret, 1, NULL,
+                                   rex->engine, NULL, NULL,
+                                    /* copy /msix etc to inner pattern */
+                                    scan->flags,
+                                    pm_flags);
+
+                       if (!(SvFLAGS(ret)
+                             & (SVs_TEMP | SVs_PADTMP | SVf_READONLY
+                                | SVs_GMG))) {
+                           /* This isn't a first class regexp. Instead, it's
+                              caching a regexp onto an existing, Perl visible
+                              scalar.  */
+                           sv_magic(ret, MUTABLE_SV(re_sv), PERL_MAGIC_qr, 0, 0);
+                       }
+                       /* safe to do now that any $1 etc has been
+                        * interpolated into the new pattern string and
+                        * compiled */
+                       S_regcp_restore(aTHX_ rex, runops_cp, &maxopenparen);
+                   }
+                   SAVEFREESV(re_sv);
+                   re = ReANY(re_sv);
+               }
+                RXp_MATCH_COPIED_off(re);
+                re->subbeg = rex->subbeg;
+                re->sublen = rex->sublen;
+                re->suboffset = rex->suboffset;
+                re->subcoffset = rex->subcoffset;
+               rei = RXi_GET(re);
+                DEBUG_EXECUTE_r(
+                    debug_start_match(re_sv, utf8_target, locinput,
+                                    reginfo->strend, "Matching embedded");
+               );              
+               startpoint = rei->program + 1;
+                       ST.close_paren = 0; /* only used for GOSUB */
+
+        eval_recurse_doit: /* Share code with GOSUB below this line */                         
+               /* run the pattern returned from (??{...}) */
+
+                /* Save *all* the positions. */
+               ST.cp = regcppush(rex, 0, maxopenparen);
+               REGCP_SET(ST.lastcp);
+               
+               re->lastparen = 0;
+               re->lastcloseparen = 0;
+
+               maxopenparen = 0;
+
+                /* invalidate the S-L poscache. We're now executing a
+                 * different set of WHILEM ops (and their associated
+                 * indexes) against the same string, so the bits in the
+                 * cache are meaningless. Setting maxiter to zero forces
+                 * the cache to be invalidated and zeroed before reuse.
+                * XXX This is too dramatic a measure. Ideally we should
+                 * save the old cache and restore when running the outer
+                 * pattern again */
+               reginfo->poscache_maxiter = 0;
+
+                is_utf8_pat = reginfo->is_utf8_pat = cBOOL(RX_UTF8(re_sv));
+
+               ST.prev_rex = rex_sv;
+               ST.prev_curlyx = cur_curlyx;
+               rex_sv = re_sv;
+               SET_reg_curpm(rex_sv);
+               rex = re;
+               rexi = rei;
+               cur_curlyx = NULL;
+               ST.B = next;
+               ST.prev_eval = cur_eval;
+               cur_eval = st;
+               /* now continue from first node in postoned RE */
+               PUSH_YES_STATE_GOTO(EVAL_AB, startpoint, locinput);
+               assert(0); /* NOTREACHED */
+       }
+
+       case EVAL_AB: /* cleanup after a successful (??{A})B */
+           /* note: this is called twice; first after popping B, then A */
+           rex_sv = ST.prev_rex;
+            is_utf8_pat = reginfo->is_utf8_pat = cBOOL(RX_UTF8(rex_sv));
+           SET_reg_curpm(rex_sv);
+           rex = ReANY(rex_sv);
+           rexi = RXi_GET(rex);
+           regcpblow(ST.cp);
+           cur_eval = ST.prev_eval;
+           cur_curlyx = ST.prev_curlyx;
+
+           /* Invalidate cache. See "invalidate" comment above. */
+           reginfo->poscache_maxiter = 0;
+            if ( nochange_depth )
+               nochange_depth--;
+           sayYES;
+
+
+       case EVAL_AB_fail: /* unsuccessfully ran A or B in (??{A})B */
+           /* note: this is called twice; first after popping B, then A */
+           rex_sv = ST.prev_rex;
+            is_utf8_pat = reginfo->is_utf8_pat = cBOOL(RX_UTF8(rex_sv));
+           SET_reg_curpm(rex_sv);
+           rex = ReANY(rex_sv);
+           rexi = RXi_GET(rex); 
+
+           REGCP_UNWIND(ST.lastcp);
+           regcppop(rex, &maxopenparen);
+           cur_eval = ST.prev_eval;
+           cur_curlyx = ST.prev_curlyx;
+           /* Invalidate cache. See "invalidate" comment above. */
+           reginfo->poscache_maxiter = 0;
+           if ( nochange_depth )
+               nochange_depth--;
+           sayNO_SILENT;
+#undef ST
+
+       case OPEN: /*  (  */
+           n = ARG(scan);  /* which paren pair */
+           rex->offs[n].start_tmp = locinput - reginfo->strbeg;
+           if (n > maxopenparen)
+               maxopenparen = n;
+           DEBUG_BUFFERS_r(PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log,
+               "rex=0x%"UVxf" offs=0x%"UVxf": \\%"UVuf": set %"IVdf" tmp; maxopenparen=%"UVuf"\n",
+               PTR2UV(rex),
+               PTR2UV(rex->offs),
+               (UV)n,
+               (IV)rex->offs[n].start_tmp,
+               (UV)maxopenparen
+           ));
+            lastopen = n;
+           break;
+
+/* XXX really need to log other places start/end are set too */
+#define CLOSE_CAPTURE \
+    rex->offs[n].start = rex->offs[n].start_tmp; \
+    rex->offs[n].end = locinput - reginfo->strbeg; \
+    DEBUG_BUFFERS_r(PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log, \
+       "rex=0x%"UVxf" offs=0x%"UVxf": \\%"UVuf": set %"IVdf"..%"IVdf"\n", \
+       PTR2UV(rex), \
+       PTR2UV(rex->offs), \
+       (UV)n, \
+       (IV)rex->offs[n].start, \
+       (IV)rex->offs[n].end \
+    ))
+
+       case CLOSE:  /*  )  */
+           n = ARG(scan);  /* which paren pair */
+           CLOSE_CAPTURE;
+           if (n > rex->lastparen)
+               rex->lastparen = n;
+           rex->lastcloseparen = n;
+            if (cur_eval && cur_eval->u.eval.close_paren == n) {
+               goto fake_end;
+           }    
+           break;
+
+        case ACCEPT:  /*  (*ACCEPT)  */
+            if (ARG(scan)){
+                regnode *cursor;
+                for (cursor=scan;
+                     cursor && OP(cursor)!=END; 
+                     cursor=regnext(cursor)) 
+                {
+                    if ( OP(cursor)==CLOSE ){
+                        n = ARG(cursor);
+                        if ( n <= lastopen ) {
+                           CLOSE_CAPTURE;
+                            if (n > rex->lastparen)
+                                rex->lastparen = n;
+                            rex->lastcloseparen = n;
+                            if ( n == ARG(scan) || (cur_eval &&
+                                cur_eval->u.eval.close_paren == n))
+                                break;
+                        }
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+           goto fake_end;
+           /*NOTREACHED*/          
+
+       case GROUPP:  /*  (?(1))  */
+           n = ARG(scan);  /* which paren pair */
+           sw = cBOOL(rex->lastparen >= n && rex->offs[n].end != -1);
+           break;
+
+       case NGROUPP:  /*  (?(<name>))  */
+           /* reg_check_named_buff_matched returns 0 for no match */
+           sw = cBOOL(0 < reg_check_named_buff_matched(rex,scan));
+           break;
+
+        case INSUBP:   /*  (?(R))  */
+            n = ARG(scan);
+            sw = (cur_eval && (!n || cur_eval->u.eval.close_paren == n));
+            break;
+
+        case DEFINEP:  /*  (?(DEFINE))  */
+            sw = 0;
+            break;
+
+       case IFTHEN:   /*  (?(cond)A|B)  */
+           reginfo->poscache_iter = reginfo->poscache_maxiter; /* Void cache */
+           if (sw)
+               next = NEXTOPER(NEXTOPER(scan));
+           else {
+               next = scan + ARG(scan);
+               if (OP(next) == IFTHEN) /* Fake one. */
+                   next = NEXTOPER(NEXTOPER(next));
+           }
+           break;
+
+       case LOGICAL:  /* modifier for EVAL and IFMATCH */
+           logical = scan->flags;
+           break;
+
+/*******************************************************************
+
+The CURLYX/WHILEM pair of ops handle the most generic case of the /A*B/
+pattern, where A and B are subpatterns. (For simple A, CURLYM or
+STAR/PLUS/CURLY/CURLYN are used instead.)
+
+A*B is compiled as <CURLYX><A><WHILEM><B>
+
+On entry to the subpattern, CURLYX is called. This pushes a CURLYX
+state, which contains the current count, initialised to -1. It also sets
+cur_curlyx to point to this state, with any previous value saved in the
+state block.
+
+CURLYX then jumps straight to the WHILEM op, rather than executing A,
+since the pattern may possibly match zero times (i.e. it's a while {} loop
+rather than a do {} while loop).
+
+Each entry to WHILEM represents a successful match of A. The count in the
+CURLYX block is incremented, another WHILEM state is pushed, and execution
+passes to A or B depending on greediness and the current count.
+
+For example, if matching against the string a1a2a3b (where the aN are
+substrings that match /A/), then the match progresses as follows: (the
+pushed states are interspersed with the bits of strings matched so far):
+
+    <CURLYX cnt=-1>
+    <CURLYX cnt=0><WHILEM>
+    <CURLYX cnt=1><WHILEM> a1 <WHILEM>
+    <CURLYX cnt=2><WHILEM> a1 <WHILEM> a2 <WHILEM>
+    <CURLYX cnt=3><WHILEM> a1 <WHILEM> a2 <WHILEM> a3 <WHILEM>
+    <CURLYX cnt=3><WHILEM> a1 <WHILEM> a2 <WHILEM> a3 <WHILEM> b
+
+(Contrast this with something like CURLYM, which maintains only a single
+backtrack state:
+
+    <CURLYM cnt=0> a1
+    a1 <CURLYM cnt=1> a2
+    a1 a2 <CURLYM cnt=2> a3
+    a1 a2 a3 <CURLYM cnt=3> b
+)
+
+Each WHILEM state block marks a point to backtrack to upon partial failure
+of A or B, and also contains some minor state data related to that
+iteration.  The CURLYX block, pointed to by cur_curlyx, contains the
+overall state, such as the count, and pointers to the A and B ops.
+
+This is complicated slightly by nested CURLYX/WHILEM's. Since cur_curlyx
+must always point to the *current* CURLYX block, the rules are:
+
+When executing CURLYX, save the old cur_curlyx in the CURLYX state block,
+and set cur_curlyx to point the new block.
+
+When popping the CURLYX block after a successful or unsuccessful match,
+restore the previous cur_curlyx.
+
+When WHILEM is about to execute B, save the current cur_curlyx, and set it
+to the outer one saved in the CURLYX block.
+
+When popping the WHILEM block after a successful or unsuccessful B match,
+restore the previous cur_curlyx.
+
+Here's an example for the pattern (AI* BI)*BO
+I and O refer to inner and outer, C and W refer to CURLYX and WHILEM:
+
+cur_
+curlyx backtrack stack
+------ ---------------
+NULL   
+CO     <CO prev=NULL> <WO>
+CI     <CO prev=NULL> <WO> <CI prev=CO> <WI> ai 
+CO     <CO prev=NULL> <WO> <CI prev=CO> <WI> ai <WI prev=CI> bi 
+NULL   <CO prev=NULL> <WO> <CI prev=CO> <WI> ai <WI prev=CI> bi <WO prev=CO> bo
+
+At this point the pattern succeeds, and we work back down the stack to
+clean up, restoring as we go:
+
+CO     <CO prev=NULL> <WO> <CI prev=CO> <WI> ai <WI prev=CI> bi 
+CI     <CO prev=NULL> <WO> <CI prev=CO> <WI> ai 
+CO     <CO prev=NULL> <WO>
+NULL   
+
+*******************************************************************/
+
+#define ST st->u.curlyx
+
+       case CURLYX:    /* start of /A*B/  (for complex A) */
+       {
+           /* No need to save/restore up to this paren */
+           I32 parenfloor = scan->flags;
+           
+           assert(next); /* keep Coverity happy */
+           if (OP(PREVOPER(next)) == NOTHING) /* LONGJMP */
+               next += ARG(next);
+
+           /* XXXX Probably it is better to teach regpush to support
+              parenfloor > maxopenparen ... */
+           if (parenfloor > (I32)rex->lastparen)
+               parenfloor = rex->lastparen; /* Pessimization... */
+
+           ST.prev_curlyx= cur_curlyx;
+           cur_curlyx = st;
+           ST.cp = PL_savestack_ix;
+
+           /* these fields contain the state of the current curly.
+            * they are accessed by subsequent WHILEMs */
+           ST.parenfloor = parenfloor;
+           ST.me = scan;
+           ST.B = next;
+           ST.minmod = minmod;
+           minmod = 0;
+           ST.count = -1;      /* this will be updated by WHILEM */
+           ST.lastloc = NULL;  /* this will be updated by WHILEM */
+
+           PUSH_YES_STATE_GOTO(CURLYX_end, PREVOPER(next), locinput);
+           assert(0); /* NOTREACHED */
+       }
+
+       case CURLYX_end: /* just finished matching all of A*B */
+           cur_curlyx = ST.prev_curlyx;
+           sayYES;
+           assert(0); /* NOTREACHED */
+
+       case CURLYX_end_fail: /* just failed to match all of A*B */
+           regcpblow(ST.cp);
+           cur_curlyx = ST.prev_curlyx;
+           sayNO;
+           assert(0); /* NOTREACHED */
+
+
+#undef ST
+#define ST st->u.whilem
+
+       case WHILEM:     /* just matched an A in /A*B/  (for complex A) */
+       {
+           /* see the discussion above about CURLYX/WHILEM */
+           I32 n;
+           int min = ARG1(cur_curlyx->u.curlyx.me);
+           int max = ARG2(cur_curlyx->u.curlyx.me);
+           regnode *A = NEXTOPER(cur_curlyx->u.curlyx.me) + EXTRA_STEP_2ARGS;
+
+           assert(cur_curlyx); /* keep Coverity happy */
+           n = ++cur_curlyx->u.curlyx.count; /* how many A's matched */
+           ST.save_lastloc = cur_curlyx->u.curlyx.lastloc;
+           ST.cache_offset = 0;
+           ST.cache_mask = 0;
+           
+
+           DEBUG_EXECUTE_r( PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log,
+                 "%*s  whilem: matched %ld out of %d..%d\n",
+                 REPORT_CODE_OFF+depth*2, "", (long)n, min, max)
+           );
+
+           /* First just match a string of min A's. */
+
+           if (n < min) {
+               ST.cp = regcppush(rex, cur_curlyx->u.curlyx.parenfloor,
+                                    maxopenparen);
+               cur_curlyx->u.curlyx.lastloc = locinput;
+               REGCP_SET(ST.lastcp);
+
+               PUSH_STATE_GOTO(WHILEM_A_pre, A, locinput);
+               assert(0); /* NOTREACHED */
+           }
+
+           /* If degenerate A matches "", assume A done. */
+
+           if (locinput == cur_curlyx->u.curlyx.lastloc) {
+               DEBUG_EXECUTE_r( PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log,
+                  "%*s  whilem: empty match detected, trying continuation...\n",
+                  REPORT_CODE_OFF+depth*2, "")
+               );
+               goto do_whilem_B_max;
+           }
+
+           /* super-linear cache processing.
+             *
+             * The idea here is that for certain types of CURLYX/WHILEM -
+             * principally those whose upper bound is infinity (and
+             * excluding regexes that have things like \1 and other very
+             * non-regular expresssiony things), then if a pattern like
+             * /....A*.../ fails and we backtrack to the WHILEM, then we
+             * make a note that this particular WHILEM op was at string
+             * position 47 (say) when the rest of pattern failed. Then, if
+             * we ever find ourselves back at that WHILEM, and at string
+             * position 47 again, we can just fail immediately rather than
+             * running the rest of the pattern again.
+             *
+             * This is very handy when patterns start to go
+             * 'super-linear', like in (a+)*(a+)*(a+)*, where you end up
+             * with a combinatorial explosion of backtracking.
+             *
+             * The cache is implemented as a bit array, with one bit per
+             * string byte position per WHILEM op (up to 16) - so its
+             * between 0.25 and 2x the string size.
+             *
+             * To avoid allocating a poscache buffer every time, we do an
+             * initially countdown; only after we have  executed a WHILEM
+             * op (string-length x #WHILEMs) times do we allocate the
+             * cache.
+             *
+             * The top 4 bits of scan->flags byte say how many different
+             * relevant CURLLYX/WHILEM op pairs there are, while the
+             * bottom 4-bits is the identifying index number of this
+             * WHILEM.
+             */
+
+           if (scan->flags) {
+
+               if (!reginfo->poscache_maxiter) {
+                   /* start the countdown: Postpone detection until we
+                    * know the match is not *that* much linear. */
+                   reginfo->poscache_maxiter
+                        =    (reginfo->strend - reginfo->strbeg + 1)
+                           * (scan->flags>>4);
+                   /* possible overflow for long strings and many CURLYX's */
+                   if (reginfo->poscache_maxiter < 0)
+                       reginfo->poscache_maxiter = I32_MAX;
+                   reginfo->poscache_iter = reginfo->poscache_maxiter;
+               }
+
+               if (reginfo->poscache_iter-- == 0) {
+                   /* initialise cache */
+                   const I32 size = (reginfo->poscache_maxiter + 7)/8;
+                    regmatch_info_aux *const aux = reginfo->info_aux;
+                   if (aux->poscache) {
+                       if ((I32)reginfo->poscache_size < size) {
+                           Renew(aux->poscache, size, char);
+                           reginfo->poscache_size = size;
+                       }
+                       Zero(aux->poscache, size, char);
+                   }
+                   else {
+                       reginfo->poscache_size = size;
+                       Newxz(aux->poscache, size, char);
+                   }
+                   DEBUG_EXECUTE_r( PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log,
+      "%swhilem: Detected a super-linear match, switching on caching%s...\n",
+                             PL_colors[4], PL_colors[5])
+                   );
+               }
+
+               if (reginfo->poscache_iter < 0) {
+                   /* have we already failed at this position? */
+                   I32 offset, mask;
+
+                    reginfo->poscache_iter = -1; /* stop eventual underflow */
+                   offset  = (scan->flags & 0xf) - 1
+                                +   (locinput - reginfo->strbeg)
+                                  * (scan->flags>>4);
+                   mask    = 1 << (offset % 8);
+                   offset /= 8;
+                   if (reginfo->info_aux->poscache[offset] & mask) {
+                       DEBUG_EXECUTE_r( PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log,
+                           "%*s  whilem: (cache) already tried at this position...\n",
+                           REPORT_CODE_OFF+depth*2, "")
+                       );
+                       sayNO; /* cache records failure */
+                   }
+                   ST.cache_offset = offset;
+                   ST.cache_mask   = mask;
+               }
+           }
+
+           /* Prefer B over A for minimal matching. */
+
+           if (cur_curlyx->u.curlyx.minmod) {
+               ST.save_curlyx = cur_curlyx;
+               cur_curlyx = cur_curlyx->u.curlyx.prev_curlyx;
+               ST.cp = regcppush(rex, ST.save_curlyx->u.curlyx.parenfloor,
+                            maxopenparen);
+               REGCP_SET(ST.lastcp);
+               PUSH_YES_STATE_GOTO(WHILEM_B_min, ST.save_curlyx->u.curlyx.B,
+                                    locinput);
+               assert(0); /* NOTREACHED */
+           }
+
+           /* Prefer A over B for maximal matching. */
+
+           if (n < max) { /* More greed allowed? */
+               ST.cp = regcppush(rex, cur_curlyx->u.curlyx.parenfloor,
+                            maxopenparen);
+               cur_curlyx->u.curlyx.lastloc = locinput;
+               REGCP_SET(ST.lastcp);
+               PUSH_STATE_GOTO(WHILEM_A_max, A, locinput);
+               assert(0); /* NOTREACHED */
+           }
+           goto do_whilem_B_max;
+       }
+       assert(0); /* NOTREACHED */
+
+       case WHILEM_B_min: /* just matched B in a minimal match */
+       case WHILEM_B_max: /* just matched B in a maximal match */
+           cur_curlyx = ST.save_curlyx;
+           sayYES;
+           assert(0); /* NOTREACHED */
+
+       case WHILEM_B_max_fail: /* just failed to match B in a maximal match */
+           cur_curlyx = ST.save_curlyx;
+           cur_curlyx->u.curlyx.lastloc = ST.save_lastloc;
+           cur_curlyx->u.curlyx.count--;
+           CACHEsayNO;
+           assert(0); /* NOTREACHED */
+
+       case WHILEM_A_min_fail: /* just failed to match A in a minimal match */
+           /* FALL THROUGH */
+       case WHILEM_A_pre_fail: /* just failed to match even minimal A */
+           REGCP_UNWIND(ST.lastcp);
+           regcppop(rex, &maxopenparen);
+           cur_curlyx->u.curlyx.lastloc = ST.save_lastloc;
+           cur_curlyx->u.curlyx.count--;
+           CACHEsayNO;
+           assert(0); /* NOTREACHED */
+
+       case WHILEM_A_max_fail: /* just failed to match A in a maximal match */
+           REGCP_UNWIND(ST.lastcp);
+           regcppop(rex, &maxopenparen); /* Restore some previous $<digit>s? */
+           DEBUG_EXECUTE_r(PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log,
+               "%*s  whilem: failed, trying continuation...\n",
+               REPORT_CODE_OFF+depth*2, "")
+           );
+         do_whilem_B_max:
+           if (cur_curlyx->u.curlyx.count >= REG_INFTY
+               && ckWARN(WARN_REGEXP)
+               && !reginfo->warned)
+           {
+                reginfo->warned        = TRUE;
+               Perl_warner(aTHX_ packWARN(WARN_REGEXP),
+                    "Complex regular subexpression recursion limit (%d) "
+                    "exceeded",
+                    REG_INFTY - 1);
+           }
+
+           /* now try B */
+           ST.save_curlyx = cur_curlyx;
+           cur_curlyx = cur_curlyx->u.curlyx.prev_curlyx;
+           PUSH_YES_STATE_GOTO(WHILEM_B_max, ST.save_curlyx->u.curlyx.B,
+                                locinput);
+           assert(0); /* NOTREACHED */
+
+       case WHILEM_B_min_fail: /* just failed to match B in a minimal match */
+           cur_curlyx = ST.save_curlyx;
+           REGCP_UNWIND(ST.lastcp);
+           regcppop(rex, &maxopenparen);
+
+           if (cur_curlyx->u.curlyx.count >= /*max*/ARG2(cur_curlyx->u.curlyx.me)) {
+               /* Maximum greed exceeded */
+               if (cur_curlyx->u.curlyx.count >= REG_INFTY
+                   && ckWARN(WARN_REGEXP)
+                    && !reginfo->warned)
+               {
+                    reginfo->warned    = TRUE;
+                   Perl_warner(aTHX_ packWARN(WARN_REGEXP),
+                       "Complex regular subexpression recursion "
+                       "limit (%d) exceeded",
+                       REG_INFTY - 1);
+               }
+               cur_curlyx->u.curlyx.count--;
+               CACHEsayNO;
+           }
+
+           DEBUG_EXECUTE_r(PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log,
+               "%*s  trying longer...\n", REPORT_CODE_OFF+depth*2, "")
+           );
+           /* Try grabbing another A and see if it helps. */
+           cur_curlyx->u.curlyx.lastloc = locinput;
+           ST.cp = regcppush(rex, cur_curlyx->u.curlyx.parenfloor,
+                            maxopenparen);
+           REGCP_SET(ST.lastcp);
+           PUSH_STATE_GOTO(WHILEM_A_min,
+               /*A*/ NEXTOPER(ST.save_curlyx->u.curlyx.me) + EXTRA_STEP_2ARGS,
+                locinput);
+           assert(0); /* NOTREACHED */
+
+#undef  ST
+#define ST st->u.branch
+
+       case BRANCHJ:       /*  /(...|A|...)/ with long next pointer */
+           next = scan + ARG(scan);
+           if (next == scan)
+               next = NULL;
+           scan = NEXTOPER(scan);
+           /* FALL THROUGH */
+
+       case BRANCH:        /*  /(...|A|...)/ */
+           scan = NEXTOPER(scan); /* scan now points to inner node */
+           ST.lastparen = rex->lastparen;
+           ST.lastcloseparen = rex->lastcloseparen;
+           ST.next_branch = next;
+           REGCP_SET(ST.cp);
+
+           /* Now go into the branch */
+           if (has_cutgroup) {
+               PUSH_YES_STATE_GOTO(BRANCH_next, scan, locinput);
+           } else {
+               PUSH_STATE_GOTO(BRANCH_next, scan, locinput);
+           }
+           assert(0); /* NOTREACHED */
+
+        case CUTGROUP:  /*  /(*THEN)/  */
+            sv_yes_mark = st->u.mark.mark_name = scan->flags ? NULL :
+                MUTABLE_SV(rexi->data->data[ ARG( scan ) ]);
+            PUSH_STATE_GOTO(CUTGROUP_next, next, locinput);
+            assert(0); /* NOTREACHED */
+
+        case CUTGROUP_next_fail:
+            do_cutgroup = 1;
+            no_final = 1;
+            if (st->u.mark.mark_name)
+                sv_commit = st->u.mark.mark_name;
+            sayNO;         
+            assert(0); /* NOTREACHED */
+
+        case BRANCH_next:
+            sayYES;
+            assert(0); /* NOTREACHED */
+
+       case BRANCH_next_fail: /* that branch failed; try the next, if any */
+           if (do_cutgroup) {
+               do_cutgroup = 0;
+               no_final = 0;
+           }
+           REGCP_UNWIND(ST.cp);
+            UNWIND_PAREN(ST.lastparen, ST.lastcloseparen);
+           scan = ST.next_branch;
+           /* no more branches? */
+           if (!scan || (OP(scan) != BRANCH && OP(scan) != BRANCHJ)) {
+               DEBUG_EXECUTE_r({
+                   PerlIO_printf( Perl_debug_log,
+                       "%*s  %sBRANCH failed...%s\n",
+                       REPORT_CODE_OFF+depth*2, "", 
+                       PL_colors[4],
+                       PL_colors[5] );
+               });
+               sayNO_SILENT;
+            }
+           continue; /* execute next BRANCH[J] op */
+           assert(0); /* NOTREACHED */
+    
+       case MINMOD: /* next op will be non-greedy, e.g. A*?  */
+           minmod = 1;
+           break;
+
+#undef  ST
+#define ST st->u.curlym
+
+       case CURLYM:    /* /A{m,n}B/ where A is fixed-length */
+
+           /* This is an optimisation of CURLYX that enables us to push
+            * only a single backtracking state, no matter how many matches
+            * there are in {m,n}. It relies on the pattern being constant
+            * length, with no parens to influence future backrefs
+            */
+
+           ST.me = scan;
+           scan = NEXTOPER(scan) + NODE_STEP_REGNODE;
+
+           ST.lastparen      = rex->lastparen;
+           ST.lastcloseparen = rex->lastcloseparen;
+
+           /* if paren positive, emulate an OPEN/CLOSE around A */
+           if (ST.me->flags) {
+               U32 paren = ST.me->flags;
+               if (paren > maxopenparen)
+                   maxopenparen = paren;
+               scan += NEXT_OFF(scan); /* Skip former OPEN. */
+           }
+           ST.A = scan;
+           ST.B = next;
+           ST.alen = 0;
+           ST.count = 0;
+           ST.minmod = minmod;
+           minmod = 0;
+           ST.c1 = CHRTEST_UNINIT;
+           REGCP_SET(ST.cp);
+
+           if (!(ST.minmod ? ARG1(ST.me) : ARG2(ST.me))) /* min/max */
+               goto curlym_do_B;
+
+         curlym_do_A: /* execute the A in /A{m,n}B/  */
+           PUSH_YES_STATE_GOTO(CURLYM_A, ST.A, locinput); /* match A */
+           assert(0); /* NOTREACHED */
+
+       case CURLYM_A: /* we've just matched an A */
+           ST.count++;
+           /* after first match, determine A's length: u.curlym.alen */
+           if (ST.count == 1) {
+               if (reginfo->is_utf8_target) {
+                   char *s = st->locinput;
+                   while (s < locinput) {
+                       ST.alen++;
+                       s += UTF8SKIP(s);
+                   }
+               }
+               else {
+                   ST.alen = locinput - st->locinput;
+               }
+               if (ST.alen == 0)
+                   ST.count = ST.minmod ? ARG1(ST.me) : ARG2(ST.me);
+           }
+           DEBUG_EXECUTE_r(
+               PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log,
+                         "%*s  CURLYM now matched %"IVdf" times, len=%"IVdf"...\n",
+                         (int)(REPORT_CODE_OFF+(depth*2)), "",
+                         (IV) ST.count, (IV)ST.alen)
+           );
+
+           if (cur_eval && cur_eval->u.eval.close_paren && 
+               cur_eval->u.eval.close_paren == (U32)ST.me->flags) 
+               goto fake_end;
+               
+           {
+               I32 max = (ST.minmod ? ARG1(ST.me) : ARG2(ST.me));
+               if ( max == REG_INFTY || ST.count < max )
+                   goto curlym_do_A; /* try to match another A */
+           }
+           goto curlym_do_B; /* try to match B */
+
+       case CURLYM_A_fail: /* just failed to match an A */
+           REGCP_UNWIND(ST.cp);
+
+           if (ST.minmod || ST.count < ARG1(ST.me) /* min*/ 
+               || (cur_eval && cur_eval->u.eval.close_paren &&
+                   cur_eval->u.eval.close_paren == (U32)ST.me->flags))
+               sayNO;
+
+         curlym_do_B: /* execute the B in /A{m,n}B/  */
+           if (ST.c1 == CHRTEST_UNINIT) {
+               /* calculate c1 and c2 for possible match of 1st char
+                * following curly */
+               ST.c1 = ST.c2 = CHRTEST_VOID;
+               if (HAS_TEXT(ST.B) || JUMPABLE(ST.B)) {
+                   regnode *text_node = ST.B;
+                   if (! HAS_TEXT(text_node))
+                       FIND_NEXT_IMPT(text_node);
+                   /* this used to be 
+                       
+                       (HAS_TEXT(text_node) && PL_regkind[OP(text_node)] == EXACT)
+                       
+                       But the former is redundant in light of the latter.
+                       
+                       if this changes back then the macro for 
+                       IS_TEXT and friends need to change.
+                    */
+                   if (PL_regkind[OP(text_node)] == EXACT) {
+                        if (! S_setup_EXACTISH_ST_c1_c2(aTHX_
+                           text_node, &ST.c1, ST.c1_utf8, &ST.c2, ST.c2_utf8,
+                           reginfo))
+                        {
+                            sayNO;
+                        }
+                   }
+               }
+           }
+
+           DEBUG_EXECUTE_r(
+               PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log,
+                   "%*s  CURLYM trying tail with matches=%"IVdf"...\n",
+                   (int)(REPORT_CODE_OFF+(depth*2)),
+                   "", (IV)ST.count)
+               );
+           if (! NEXTCHR_IS_EOS && ST.c1 != CHRTEST_VOID) {
+                if (! UTF8_IS_INVARIANT(nextchr) && utf8_target) {
+                    if (memNE(locinput, ST.c1_utf8, UTF8SKIP(locinput))
+                        && memNE(locinput, ST.c2_utf8, UTF8SKIP(locinput)))
+                    {
+                        /* simulate B failing */
+                        DEBUG_OPTIMISE_r(
+                            PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log,
+                                "%*s  CURLYM Fast bail next target=U+%"UVXf" c1=U+%"UVXf" c2=U+%"UVXf"\n",
+                                (int)(REPORT_CODE_OFF+(depth*2)),"",
+                                valid_utf8_to_uvchr((U8 *) locinput, NULL),
+                                valid_utf8_to_uvchr(ST.c1_utf8, NULL),
+                                valid_utf8_to_uvchr(ST.c2_utf8, NULL))
+                        );
+                        state_num = CURLYM_B_fail;
+                        goto reenter_switch;
+                    }
+                }
+                else if (nextchr != ST.c1 && nextchr != ST.c2) {
+                    /* simulate B failing */
+                    DEBUG_OPTIMISE_r(
+                        PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log,
+                            "%*s  CURLYM Fast bail next target=U+%X c1=U+%X c2=U+%X\n",
+                            (int)(REPORT_CODE_OFF+(depth*2)),"",
+                            (int) nextchr, ST.c1, ST.c2)
+                    );
+                    state_num = CURLYM_B_fail;
+                    goto reenter_switch;
+                }
+            }
+
+           if (ST.me->flags) {
+               /* emulate CLOSE: mark current A as captured */
+               I32 paren = ST.me->flags;
+               if (ST.count) {
+                   rex->offs[paren].start
+                       = HOPc(locinput, -ST.alen) - reginfo->strbeg;
+                   rex->offs[paren].end = locinput - reginfo->strbeg;
+                   if ((U32)paren > rex->lastparen)
+                       rex->lastparen = paren;
+                   rex->lastcloseparen = paren;
+               }
+               else
+                   rex->offs[paren].end = -1;
+               if (cur_eval && cur_eval->u.eval.close_paren &&
+                   cur_eval->u.eval.close_paren == (U32)ST.me->flags) 
+               {
+                   if (ST.count) 
+                       goto fake_end;
+                   else
+                       sayNO;
+               }
+           }
+           
+           PUSH_STATE_GOTO(CURLYM_B, ST.B, locinput); /* match B */
+           assert(0); /* NOTREACHED */
+
+       case CURLYM_B_fail: /* just failed to match a B */
+           REGCP_UNWIND(ST.cp);
+            UNWIND_PAREN(ST.lastparen, ST.lastcloseparen);
+           if (ST.minmod) {
+               I32 max = ARG2(ST.me);
+               if (max != REG_INFTY && ST.count == max)
+                   sayNO;
+               goto curlym_do_A; /* try to match a further A */
+           }
+           /* backtrack one A */
+           if (ST.count == ARG1(ST.me) /* min */)
+               sayNO;
+           ST.count--;
+           SET_locinput(HOPc(locinput, -ST.alen));
+           goto curlym_do_B; /* try to match B */
+
+#undef ST
+#define ST st->u.curly
+
+#define CURLY_SETPAREN(paren, success) \
+    if (paren) { \
+       if (success) { \
+           rex->offs[paren].start = HOPc(locinput, -1) - reginfo->strbeg; \
+           rex->offs[paren].end = locinput - reginfo->strbeg; \
+           if (paren > rex->lastparen) \
+               rex->lastparen = paren; \
+           rex->lastcloseparen = paren; \
+       } \
+       else { \
+           rex->offs[paren].end = -1; \
+           rex->lastparen      = ST.lastparen; \
+           rex->lastcloseparen = ST.lastcloseparen; \
+       } \
+    }
+
+        case STAR:             /*  /A*B/ where A is width 1 char */
+           ST.paren = 0;
+           ST.min = 0;
+           ST.max = REG_INFTY;
+           scan = NEXTOPER(scan);
+           goto repeat;
+
+        case PLUS:             /*  /A+B/ where A is width 1 char */
+           ST.paren = 0;
+           ST.min = 1;
+           ST.max = REG_INFTY;
+           scan = NEXTOPER(scan);
+           goto repeat;
+
+       case CURLYN:            /*  /(A){m,n}B/ where A is width 1 char */
+            ST.paren = scan->flags;    /* Which paren to set */
+            ST.lastparen      = rex->lastparen;
+           ST.lastcloseparen = rex->lastcloseparen;
+           if (ST.paren > maxopenparen)
+               maxopenparen = ST.paren;
+           ST.min = ARG1(scan);  /* min to match */
+           ST.max = ARG2(scan);  /* max to match */
+           if (cur_eval && cur_eval->u.eval.close_paren &&
+               cur_eval->u.eval.close_paren == (U32)ST.paren) {
+               ST.min=1;
+               ST.max=1;
+           }
+            scan = regnext(NEXTOPER(scan) + NODE_STEP_REGNODE);
+           goto repeat;
+
+       case CURLY:             /*  /A{m,n}B/ where A is width 1 char */
+           ST.paren = 0;
+           ST.min = ARG1(scan);  /* min to match */
+           ST.max = ARG2(scan);  /* max to match */
+           scan = NEXTOPER(scan) + NODE_STEP_REGNODE;
+         repeat:
+           /*
+           * Lookahead to avoid useless match attempts
+           * when we know what character comes next.
+           *
+           * Used to only do .*x and .*?x, but now it allows
+           * for )'s, ('s and (?{ ... })'s to be in the way
+           * of the quantifier and the EXACT-like node.  -- japhy
+           */
+
+           assert(ST.min <= ST.max);
+            if (! HAS_TEXT(next) && ! JUMPABLE(next)) {
+                ST.c1 = ST.c2 = CHRTEST_VOID;
+            }
+            else {
+               regnode *text_node = next;
+
+               if (! HAS_TEXT(text_node)) 
+                   FIND_NEXT_IMPT(text_node);
+
+               if (! HAS_TEXT(text_node))
+                   ST.c1 = ST.c2 = CHRTEST_VOID;
+               else {
+                   if ( PL_regkind[OP(text_node)] != EXACT ) {
+                       ST.c1 = ST.c2 = CHRTEST_VOID;
+                   }
+                   else {
+                    
+                    /*  Currently we only get here when 
+                        
+                        PL_rekind[OP(text_node)] == EXACT
+                    
+                        if this changes back then the macro for IS_TEXT and 
+                        friends need to change. */
+                        if (! S_setup_EXACTISH_ST_c1_c2(aTHX_
+                           text_node, &ST.c1, ST.c1_utf8, &ST.c2, ST.c2_utf8,
+                           reginfo))
+                        {
+                            sayNO;
+                        }
+                    }
+               }
+           }
+
+           ST.A = scan;
+           ST.B = next;
+           if (minmod) {
+                char *li = locinput;
+               minmod = 0;
+               if (ST.min &&
+                        regrepeat(rex, &li, ST.A, reginfo, ST.min, depth)
+                            < ST.min)
+                   sayNO;
+                SET_locinput(li);
+               ST.count = ST.min;
+               REGCP_SET(ST.cp);
+               if (ST.c1 == CHRTEST_VOID)
+                   goto curly_try_B_min;
+
+               ST.oldloc = locinput;
+
+               /* set ST.maxpos to the furthest point along the
+                * string that could possibly match */
+               if  (ST.max == REG_INFTY) {
+                   ST.maxpos = reginfo->strend - 1;
+                   if (utf8_target)
+                       while (UTF8_IS_CONTINUATION(*(U8*)ST.maxpos))
+                           ST.maxpos--;
+               }
+               else if (utf8_target) {
+                   int m = ST.max - ST.min;
+                   for (ST.maxpos = locinput;
+                        m >0 && ST.maxpos < reginfo->strend; m--)
+                       ST.maxpos += UTF8SKIP(ST.maxpos);
+               }
+               else {
+                   ST.maxpos = locinput + ST.max - ST.min;
+                   if (ST.maxpos >= reginfo->strend)
+                       ST.maxpos = reginfo->strend - 1;
+               }
+               goto curly_try_B_min_known;
+
+           }
+           else {
+                /* avoid taking address of locinput, so it can remain
+                 * a register var */
+                char *li = locinput;
+               ST.count = regrepeat(rex, &li, ST.A, reginfo, ST.max, depth);
+               if (ST.count < ST.min)
+                   sayNO;
+                SET_locinput(li);
+               if ((ST.count > ST.min)
+                   && (PL_regkind[OP(ST.B)] == EOL) && (OP(ST.B) != MEOL))
+               {
+                   /* A{m,n} must come at the end of the string, there's
+                    * no point in backing off ... */
+                   ST.min = ST.count;
+                   /* ...except that $ and \Z can match before *and* after
+                      newline at the end.  Consider "\n\n" =~ /\n+\Z\n/.
+                      We may back off by one in this case. */
+                   if (UCHARAT(locinput - 1) == '\n' && OP(ST.B) != EOS)
+                       ST.min--;
+               }
+               REGCP_SET(ST.cp);
+               goto curly_try_B_max;
+           }
+           assert(0); /* NOTREACHED */
+
+
+       case CURLY_B_min_known_fail:
+           /* failed to find B in a non-greedy match where c1,c2 valid */
+
+           REGCP_UNWIND(ST.cp);
+            if (ST.paren) {
+                UNWIND_PAREN(ST.lastparen, ST.lastcloseparen);
+            }
+           /* Couldn't or didn't -- move forward. */
+           ST.oldloc = locinput;
+           if (utf8_target)
+               locinput += UTF8SKIP(locinput);
+           else
+               locinput++;
+           ST.count++;
+         curly_try_B_min_known:
+            /* find the next place where 'B' could work, then call B */
+           {
+               int n;
+               if (utf8_target) {
+                   n = (ST.oldloc == locinput) ? 0 : 1;
+                   if (ST.c1 == ST.c2) {
+                       /* set n to utf8_distance(oldloc, locinput) */
+                       while (locinput <= ST.maxpos
+                              && memNE(locinput, ST.c1_utf8, UTF8SKIP(locinput)))
+                        {
+                           locinput += UTF8SKIP(locinput);
+                           n++;
+                       }
+                   }
+                   else {
+                       /* set n to utf8_distance(oldloc, locinput) */
+                       while (locinput <= ST.maxpos
+                              && memNE(locinput, ST.c1_utf8, UTF8SKIP(locinput))
+                              && memNE(locinput, ST.c2_utf8, UTF8SKIP(locinput)))
+                        {
+                           locinput += UTF8SKIP(locinput);
+                           n++;
+                       }
+                   }
+               }
+               else {  /* Not utf8_target */
+                   if (ST.c1 == ST.c2) {
+                       while (locinput <= ST.maxpos &&
+                              UCHARAT(locinput) != ST.c1)
+                           locinput++;
+                   }
+                   else {
+                       while (locinput <= ST.maxpos
+                              && UCHARAT(locinput) != ST.c1
+                              && UCHARAT(locinput) != ST.c2)
+                           locinput++;
+                   }
+                   n = locinput - ST.oldloc;
+               }
+               if (locinput > ST.maxpos)
+                   sayNO;
+               if (n) {
+                    /* In /a{m,n}b/, ST.oldloc is at "a" x m, locinput is
+                     * at b; check that everything between oldloc and
+                     * locinput matches */
+                    char *li = ST.oldloc;
+                   ST.count += n;
+                   if (regrepeat(rex, &li, ST.A, reginfo, n, depth) < n)
+                       sayNO;
+                    assert(n == REG_INFTY || locinput == li);
+               }
+               CURLY_SETPAREN(ST.paren, ST.count);
+               if (cur_eval && cur_eval->u.eval.close_paren && 
+                   cur_eval->u.eval.close_paren == (U32)ST.paren) {
+                   goto fake_end;
+               }
+               PUSH_STATE_GOTO(CURLY_B_min_known, ST.B, locinput);
+           }
+           assert(0); /* NOTREACHED */
+
+
+       case CURLY_B_min_fail:
+           /* failed to find B in a non-greedy match where c1,c2 invalid */
+
+           REGCP_UNWIND(ST.cp);
+            if (ST.paren) {
+                UNWIND_PAREN(ST.lastparen, ST.lastcloseparen);
+            }
+           /* failed -- move forward one */
+            {
+                char *li = locinput;
+                if (!regrepeat(rex, &li, ST.A, reginfo, 1, depth)) {
+                    sayNO;
+                }
+                locinput = li;
+            }
+            {
+               ST.count++;
+               if (ST.count <= ST.max || (ST.max == REG_INFTY &&
+                       ST.count > 0)) /* count overflow ? */
+               {
+                 curly_try_B_min:
+                   CURLY_SETPAREN(ST.paren, ST.count);
+                   if (cur_eval && cur_eval->u.eval.close_paren &&
+                       cur_eval->u.eval.close_paren == (U32)ST.paren) {
+                        goto fake_end;
+                    }
+                   PUSH_STATE_GOTO(CURLY_B_min, ST.B, locinput);
+               }
+           }
+            sayNO;
+           assert(0); /* NOTREACHED */
+
+
+       curly_try_B_max:
+           /* a successful greedy match: now try to match B */
+            if (cur_eval && cur_eval->u.eval.close_paren &&
+                cur_eval->u.eval.close_paren == (U32)ST.paren) {
+                goto fake_end;
+            }
+           {
+               bool could_match = locinput < reginfo->strend;
+
+               /* If it could work, try it. */
+                if (ST.c1 != CHRTEST_VOID && could_match) {
+                    if (! UTF8_IS_INVARIANT(UCHARAT(locinput)) && utf8_target)
+                    {
+                        could_match = memEQ(locinput,
+                                            ST.c1_utf8,
+                                            UTF8SKIP(locinput))
+                                    || memEQ(locinput,
+                                             ST.c2_utf8,
+                                             UTF8SKIP(locinput));
+                    }
+                    else {
+                        could_match = UCHARAT(locinput) == ST.c1
+                                      || UCHARAT(locinput) == ST.c2;
+                    }
+                }
+                if (ST.c1 == CHRTEST_VOID || could_match) {
+                   CURLY_SETPAREN(ST.paren, ST.count);
+                   PUSH_STATE_GOTO(CURLY_B_max, ST.B, locinput);
+                   assert(0); /* NOTREACHED */
+               }
+           }
+           /* FALL THROUGH */
+
+       case CURLY_B_max_fail:
+           /* failed to find B in a greedy match */
+
+           REGCP_UNWIND(ST.cp);
+            if (ST.paren) {
+                UNWIND_PAREN(ST.lastparen, ST.lastcloseparen);
+            }
+           /*  back up. */
+           if (--ST.count < ST.min)
+               sayNO;
+           locinput = HOPc(locinput, -1);
+           goto curly_try_B_max;
+
+#undef ST
+
+       case END: /*  last op of main pattern  */
+           fake_end:
+           if (cur_eval) {
+               /* we've just finished A in /(??{A})B/; now continue with B */
+
+               st->u.eval.prev_rex = rex_sv;           /* inner */
+
+                /* Save *all* the positions. */
+               st->u.eval.cp = regcppush(rex, 0, maxopenparen);
+               rex_sv = cur_eval->u.eval.prev_rex;
+               is_utf8_pat = reginfo->is_utf8_pat = cBOOL(RX_UTF8(rex_sv));
+               SET_reg_curpm(rex_sv);
+               rex = ReANY(rex_sv);
+               rexi = RXi_GET(rex);
+               cur_curlyx = cur_eval->u.eval.prev_curlyx;
+
+               REGCP_SET(st->u.eval.lastcp);
+
+               /* Restore parens of the outer rex without popping the
+                * savestack */
+               S_regcp_restore(aTHX_ rex, cur_eval->u.eval.lastcp,
+                                        &maxopenparen);
+
+               st->u.eval.prev_eval = cur_eval;
+               cur_eval = cur_eval->u.eval.prev_eval;
+               DEBUG_EXECUTE_r(
+                   PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log, "%*s  EVAL trying tail ... %"UVxf"\n",
+                                     REPORT_CODE_OFF+depth*2, "",PTR2UV(cur_eval)););
+                if ( nochange_depth )
+                   nochange_depth--;
+
+                PUSH_YES_STATE_GOTO(EVAL_AB, st->u.eval.prev_eval->u.eval.B,
+                                    locinput); /* match B */
+           }
+
+           if (locinput < reginfo->till) {
+               DEBUG_EXECUTE_r(PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log,
+                                     "%sMatch possible, but length=%ld is smaller than requested=%ld, failing!%s\n",
+                                     PL_colors[4],
+                                     (long)(locinput - startpos),
+                                     (long)(reginfo->till - startpos),
+                                     PL_colors[5]));
+                                                     
+               sayNO_SILENT;           /* Cannot match: too short. */
+           }
+           sayYES;                     /* Success! */
+
+       case SUCCEED: /* successful SUSPEND/UNLESSM/IFMATCH/CURLYM */
+           DEBUG_EXECUTE_r(
+           PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log,
+               "%*s  %ssubpattern success...%s\n",
+               REPORT_CODE_OFF+depth*2, "", PL_colors[4], PL_colors[5]));
+           sayYES;                     /* Success! */
+
+#undef  ST
+#define ST st->u.ifmatch
+
+        {
+            char *newstart;
+
+       case SUSPEND:   /* (?>A) */
+           ST.wanted = 1;
+           newstart = locinput;
+           goto do_ifmatch;    
+
+       case UNLESSM:   /* -ve lookaround: (?!A), or with flags, (?<!A) */
+           ST.wanted = 0;
+           goto ifmatch_trivial_fail_test;
+
+       case IFMATCH:   /* +ve lookaround: (?=A), or with flags, (?<=A) */
+           ST.wanted = 1;
+         ifmatch_trivial_fail_test:
+           if (scan->flags) {
+               char * const s = HOPBACKc(locinput, scan->flags);
+               if (!s) {
+                   /* trivial fail */
+                   if (logical) {
+                       logical = 0;
+                       sw = 1 - cBOOL(ST.wanted);
+                   }
+                   else if (ST.wanted)
+                       sayNO;
+                   next = scan + ARG(scan);
+                   if (next == scan)
+                       next = NULL;
+                   break;
+               }
+               newstart = s;
+           }
+           else
+               newstart = locinput;
+
+         do_ifmatch:
+           ST.me = scan;
+           ST.logical = logical;
+           logical = 0; /* XXX: reset state of logical once it has been saved into ST */
+           
+           /* execute body of (?...A) */
+           PUSH_YES_STATE_GOTO(IFMATCH_A, NEXTOPER(NEXTOPER(scan)), newstart);
+           assert(0); /* NOTREACHED */
+        }
+
+       case IFMATCH_A_fail: /* body of (?...A) failed */
+           ST.wanted = !ST.wanted;
+           /* FALL THROUGH */
+
+       case IFMATCH_A: /* body of (?...A) succeeded */
+           if (ST.logical) {
+               sw = cBOOL(ST.wanted);
+           }
+           else if (!ST.wanted)
+               sayNO;
+
+           if (OP(ST.me) != SUSPEND) {
+                /* restore old position except for (?>...) */
+               locinput = st->locinput;
+           }
+           scan = ST.me + ARG(ST.me);
+           if (scan == ST.me)
+               scan = NULL;
+           continue; /* execute B */
+
+#undef ST
+
+       case LONGJMP: /*  alternative with many branches compiles to
+                       * (BRANCHJ; EXACT ...; LONGJMP ) x N */
+           next = scan + ARG(scan);
+           if (next == scan)
+               next = NULL;
+           break;
+
+       case COMMIT:  /*  (*COMMIT)  */
+           reginfo->cutpoint = reginfo->strend;
+           /* FALLTHROUGH */
+
+       case PRUNE:   /*  (*PRUNE)   */
+           if (!scan->flags)
+               sv_yes_mark = sv_commit = MUTABLE_SV(rexi->data->data[ ARG( scan ) ]);
+           PUSH_STATE_GOTO(COMMIT_next, next, locinput);
+           assert(0); /* NOTREACHED */
+
+       case COMMIT_next_fail:
+           no_final = 1;    
+           /* FALLTHROUGH */       
+
+       case OPFAIL:   /* (*FAIL)  */
+           sayNO;
+           assert(0); /* NOTREACHED */
+
+#define ST st->u.mark
+        case MARKPOINT: /*  (*MARK:foo)  */
+            ST.prev_mark = mark_state;
+            ST.mark_name = sv_commit = sv_yes_mark 
+                = MUTABLE_SV(rexi->data->data[ ARG( scan ) ]);
+            mark_state = st;
+            ST.mark_loc = locinput;
+            PUSH_YES_STATE_GOTO(MARKPOINT_next, next, locinput);
+            assert(0); /* NOTREACHED */
+
+        case MARKPOINT_next:
+            mark_state = ST.prev_mark;
+            sayYES;
+            assert(0); /* NOTREACHED */
+
+        case MARKPOINT_next_fail:
+            if (popmark && sv_eq(ST.mark_name,popmark)) 
+            {
+                if (ST.mark_loc > startpoint)
+                   reginfo->cutpoint = HOPBACKc(ST.mark_loc, 1);
+                popmark = NULL; /* we found our mark */
+                sv_commit = ST.mark_name;
+
+                DEBUG_EXECUTE_r({
+                        PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log,
+                           "%*s  %ssetting cutpoint to mark:%"SVf"...%s\n",
+                           REPORT_CODE_OFF+depth*2, "", 
+                           PL_colors[4], SVfARG(sv_commit), PL_colors[5]);
+               });
+            }
+            mark_state = ST.prev_mark;
+            sv_yes_mark = mark_state ? 
+                mark_state->u.mark.mark_name : NULL;
+            sayNO;
+            assert(0); /* NOTREACHED */
+
+        case SKIP:  /*  (*SKIP)  */
+            if (scan->flags) {
+                /* (*SKIP) : if we fail we cut here*/
+                ST.mark_name = NULL;
+                ST.mark_loc = locinput;
+                PUSH_STATE_GOTO(SKIP_next,next, locinput);
+            } else {
+                /* (*SKIP:NAME) : if there is a (*MARK:NAME) fail where it was, 
+                   otherwise do nothing.  Meaning we need to scan 
+                 */
+                regmatch_state *cur = mark_state;
+                SV *find = MUTABLE_SV(rexi->data->data[ ARG( scan ) ]);
+                
+                while (cur) {
+                    if ( sv_eq( cur->u.mark.mark_name, 
+                                find ) ) 
+                    {
+                        ST.mark_name = find;
+                        PUSH_STATE_GOTO( SKIP_next, next, locinput);
+                    }
+                    cur = cur->u.mark.prev_mark;
+                }
+            }    
+            /* Didn't find our (*MARK:NAME) so ignore this (*SKIP:NAME) */
+            break;    
+
+       case SKIP_next_fail:
+           if (ST.mark_name) {
+               /* (*CUT:NAME) - Set up to search for the name as we 
+                  collapse the stack*/
+               popmark = ST.mark_name;    
+           } else {
+               /* (*CUT) - No name, we cut here.*/
+               if (ST.mark_loc > startpoint)
+                   reginfo->cutpoint = HOPBACKc(ST.mark_loc, 1);
+               /* but we set sv_commit to latest mark_name if there
+                  is one so they can test to see how things lead to this
+                  cut */    
+                if (mark_state) 
+                    sv_commit=mark_state->u.mark.mark_name;                
+            } 
+            no_final = 1; 
+            sayNO;
+            assert(0); /* NOTREACHED */
+#undef ST
+
+        case LNBREAK: /* \R */
+            if ((n=is_LNBREAK_safe(locinput, reginfo->strend, utf8_target))) {
+                locinput += n;
+            } else
+                sayNO;
+            break;
+
+       default:
+           PerlIO_printf(Perl_error_log, "%"UVxf" %d\n",
+                         PTR2UV(scan), OP(scan));
+           Perl_croak(aTHX_ "regexp memory corruption");
+
+        /* this is a point to jump to in order to increment
+         * locinput by one character */
+        increment_locinput:
+            assert(!NEXTCHR_IS_EOS);
+            if (utf8_target) {
+                locinput += PL_utf8skip[nextchr];
+                /* locinput is allowed to go 1 char off the end, but not 2+ */
+                if (locinput > reginfo->strend)
+                    sayNO;
+            }
+            else
+                locinput++;
+            break;
+           
+       } /* end switch */ 
+
+        /* switch break jumps here */
+       scan = next; /* prepare to execute the next op and ... */
+       continue;    /* ... jump back to the top, reusing st */
+       assert(0); /* NOTREACHED */
+
+      push_yes_state:
+       /* push a state that backtracks on success */
+       st->u.yes.prev_yes_state = yes_state;
+       yes_state = st;
+       /* FALL THROUGH */
+      push_state:
+       /* push a new regex state, then continue at scan  */
+       {
+           regmatch_state *newst;
+
+           DEBUG_STACK_r({
+               regmatch_state *cur = st;
+               regmatch_state *curyes = yes_state;
+               int curd = depth;
+               regmatch_slab *slab = PL_regmatch_slab;
+                for (;curd > -1;cur--,curd--) {
+                    if (cur < SLAB_FIRST(slab)) {
+                       slab = slab->prev;
+                       cur = SLAB_LAST(slab);
+                    }
+                    PerlIO_printf(Perl_error_log, "%*s#%-3d %-10s %s\n",
+                        REPORT_CODE_OFF + 2 + depth * 2,"",
+                        curd, PL_reg_name[cur->resume_state],
+                        (curyes == cur) ? "yes" : ""
+                    );
+                    if (curyes == cur)
+                       curyes = cur->u.yes.prev_yes_state;
+                }
+            } else 
+                DEBUG_STATE_pp("push")
+            );
+           depth++;
+           st->locinput = locinput;
+           newst = st+1; 
+           if (newst >  SLAB_LAST(PL_regmatch_slab))
+               newst = S_push_slab(aTHX);
+           PL_regmatch_state = newst;
+
+           locinput = pushinput;
+           st = newst;
+           continue;
+           assert(0); /* NOTREACHED */
+       }
+    }
+
+    /*
+    * We get here only if there's trouble -- normally "case END" is
+    * the terminating point.
+    */
+    Perl_croak(aTHX_ "corrupted regexp pointers");
+    /*NOTREACHED*/
+    sayNO;
+
+yes:
+    if (yes_state) {
+       /* we have successfully completed a subexpression, but we must now
+        * pop to the state marked by yes_state and continue from there */
+       assert(st != yes_state);
+#ifdef DEBUGGING
+       while (st != yes_state) {
+           st--;
+           if (st < SLAB_FIRST(PL_regmatch_slab)) {
+               PL_regmatch_slab = PL_regmatch_slab->prev;
+               st = SLAB_LAST(PL_regmatch_slab);
+           }
+           DEBUG_STATE_r({
+               if (no_final) {
+                   DEBUG_STATE_pp("pop (no final)");        
+               } else {
+                   DEBUG_STATE_pp("pop (yes)");
+               }
+           });
+           depth--;
+       }
+#else
+       while (yes_state < SLAB_FIRST(PL_regmatch_slab)
+           || yes_state > SLAB_LAST(PL_regmatch_slab))
+       {
+           /* not in this slab, pop slab */
+           depth -= (st - SLAB_FIRST(PL_regmatch_slab) + 1);
+           PL_regmatch_slab = PL_regmatch_slab->prev;
+           st = SLAB_LAST(PL_regmatch_slab);
+       }
+       depth -= (st - yes_state);
+#endif
+       st = yes_state;
+       yes_state = st->u.yes.prev_yes_state;
+       PL_regmatch_state = st;
+        
+        if (no_final)
+            locinput= st->locinput;
+       state_num = st->resume_state + no_final;
+       goto reenter_switch;
+    }
+
+    DEBUG_EXECUTE_r(PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log, "%sMatch successful!%s\n",
+                         PL_colors[4], PL_colors[5]));
+
+    if (reginfo->info_aux_eval) {
+       /* each successfully executed (?{...}) block does the equivalent of
+        *   local $^R = do {...}
+        * When popping the save stack, all these locals would be undone;
+        * bypass this by setting the outermost saved $^R to the latest
+        * value */
+       if (oreplsv != GvSV(PL_replgv))
+           sv_setsv(oreplsv, GvSV(PL_replgv));
+    }
+    result = 1;
+    goto final_exit;
+
+no:
+    DEBUG_EXECUTE_r(
+       PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log,
+            "%*s  %sfailed...%s\n",
+            REPORT_CODE_OFF+depth*2, "", 
+            PL_colors[4], PL_colors[5])
+       );
+
+no_silent:
+    if (no_final) {
+        if (yes_state) {
+            goto yes;
+        } else {
+            goto final_exit;
+        }
+    }    
+    if (depth) {
+       /* there's a previous state to backtrack to */
+       st--;
+       if (st < SLAB_FIRST(PL_regmatch_slab)) {
+           PL_regmatch_slab = PL_regmatch_slab->prev;
+           st = SLAB_LAST(PL_regmatch_slab);
+       }
+       PL_regmatch_state = st;
+       locinput= st->locinput;
+
+       DEBUG_STATE_pp("pop");
+       depth--;
+       if (yes_state == st)
+           yes_state = st->u.yes.prev_yes_state;
+
+       state_num = st->resume_state + 1; /* failure = success + 1 */
+       goto reenter_switch;
+    }
+    result = 0;
+
+  final_exit:
+    if (rex->intflags & PREGf_VERBARG_SEEN) {
+        SV *sv_err = get_sv("REGERROR", 1);
+        SV *sv_mrk = get_sv("REGMARK", 1);
+        if (result) {
+            sv_commit = &PL_sv_no;
+            if (!sv_yes_mark) 
+                sv_yes_mark = &PL_sv_yes;
+        } else {
+            if (!sv_commit) 
+                sv_commit = &PL_sv_yes;
+            sv_yes_mark = &PL_sv_no;
+        }
+        sv_setsv(sv_err, sv_commit);
+        sv_setsv(sv_mrk, sv_yes_mark);
+    }
+
+
+    if (last_pushed_cv) {
+       dSP;
+       POP_MULTICALL;
+        PERL_UNUSED_VAR(SP);
+    }
+
+    assert(!result ||  locinput - reginfo->strbeg >= 0);
+    return result ?  locinput - reginfo->strbeg : -1;
+}
+
+/*
+ - regrepeat - repeatedly match something simple, report how many
+ *
+ * What 'simple' means is a node which can be the operand of a quantifier like
+ * '+', or {1,3}
+ *
+ * startposp - pointer a pointer to the start position.  This is updated
+ *             to point to the byte following the highest successful
+ *             match.
+ * p         - the regnode to be repeatedly matched against.
+ * reginfo   - struct holding match state, such as strend
+ * max       - maximum number of things to match.
+ * depth     - (for debugging) backtracking depth.
+ */
+STATIC I32
+S_regrepeat(pTHX_ regexp *prog, char **startposp, const regnode *p,
+            regmatch_info *const reginfo, I32 max, int depth)
+{
+    dVAR;
+    char *scan;     /* Pointer to current position in target string */
+    I32 c;
+    char *loceol = reginfo->strend;   /* local version */
+    I32 hardcount = 0;  /* How many matches so far */
+    bool utf8_target = reginfo->is_utf8_target;
+    int to_complement = 0;  /* Invert the result? */
+    UV utf8_flags;
+    _char_class_number classnum;
+#ifndef DEBUGGING
+    PERL_UNUSED_ARG(depth);
+#endif
+
+    PERL_ARGS_ASSERT_REGREPEAT;
+
+    scan = *startposp;
+    if (max == REG_INFTY)
+       max = I32_MAX;
+    else if (! utf8_target && loceol - scan > max)
+       loceol = scan + max;
+
+    /* Here, for the case of a non-UTF-8 target we have adjusted <loceol> down
+     * to the maximum of how far we should go in it (leaving it set to the real
+     * end, if the maximum permissible would take us beyond that).  This allows
+     * us to make the loop exit condition that we haven't gone past <loceol> to
+     * also mean that we haven't exceeded the max permissible count, saving a
+     * test each time through the loop.  But it assumes that the OP matches a
+     * single byte, which is true for most of the OPs below when applied to a
+     * non-UTF-8 target.  Those relatively few OPs that don't have this
+     * characteristic will have to compensate.
+     *
+     * There is no adjustment for UTF-8 targets, as the number of bytes per
+     * character varies.  OPs will have to test both that the count is less
+     * than the max permissible (using <hardcount> to keep track), and that we
+     * are still within the bounds of the string (using <loceol>.  A few OPs
+     * match a single byte no matter what the encoding.  They can omit the max
+     * test if, for the UTF-8 case, they do the adjustment that was skipped
+     * above.
+     *
+     * Thus, the code above sets things up for the common case; and exceptional
+     * cases need extra work; the common case is to make sure <scan> doesn't
+     * go past <loceol>, and for UTF-8 to also use <hardcount> to make sure the
+     * count doesn't exceed the maximum permissible */
+
+    switch (OP(p)) {
+    case REG_ANY:
+       if (utf8_target) {
+           while (scan < loceol && hardcount < max && *scan != '\n') {
+               scan += UTF8SKIP(scan);
+               hardcount++;
+           }
+       } else {
+           while (scan < loceol && *scan != '\n')
+               scan++;
+       }
+       break;
+    case SANY:
+        if (utf8_target) {
+           while (scan < loceol && hardcount < max) {
+               scan += UTF8SKIP(scan);
+               hardcount++;
+           }
+       }
+       else
+           scan = loceol;
+       break;
+    case CANY:  /* Move <scan> forward <max> bytes, unless goes off end */
+        if (utf8_target && loceol - scan > max) {
+
+            /* <loceol> hadn't been adjusted in the UTF-8 case */
+            scan +=  max;
+        }
+        else {
+            scan = loceol;
+        }
+       break;
+    case EXACT:
+        assert(STR_LEN(p) == reginfo->is_utf8_pat ? UTF8SKIP(STRING(p)) : 1);
+
+       c = (U8)*STRING(p);
+
+        /* Can use a simple loop if the pattern char to match on is invariant
+         * under UTF-8, or both target and pattern aren't UTF-8.  Note that we
+         * can use UTF8_IS_INVARIANT() even if the pattern isn't UTF-8, as it's
+         * true iff it doesn't matter if the argument is in UTF-8 or not */
+        if (UTF8_IS_INVARIANT(c) || (! utf8_target && ! reginfo->is_utf8_pat)) {
+            if (utf8_target && loceol - scan > max) {
+                /* We didn't adjust <loceol> because is UTF-8, but ok to do so,
+                 * since here, to match at all, 1 char == 1 byte */
+                loceol = scan + max;
+            }
+           while (scan < loceol && UCHARAT(scan) == c) {
+               scan++;
+           }
+       }
+       else if (reginfo->is_utf8_pat) {
+            if (utf8_target) {
+                STRLEN scan_char_len;
+
+                /* When both target and pattern are UTF-8, we have to do
+                 * string EQ */
+                while (hardcount < max
+                       && scan < loceol
+                       && (scan_char_len = UTF8SKIP(scan)) <= STR_LEN(p)
+                       && memEQ(scan, STRING(p), scan_char_len))
+                {
+                    scan += scan_char_len;
+                    hardcount++;
+                }
+            }
+            else if (! UTF8_IS_ABOVE_LATIN1(c)) {
+
+                /* Target isn't utf8; convert the character in the UTF-8
+                 * pattern to non-UTF8, and do a simple loop */
+                c = TWO_BYTE_UTF8_TO_UNI(c, *(STRING(p) + 1));
+                while (scan < loceol && UCHARAT(scan) == c) {
+                    scan++;
+                }
+            } /* else pattern char is above Latin1, can't possibly match the
+                 non-UTF-8 target */
+        }
+        else {
+
+            /* Here, the string must be utf8; pattern isn't, and <c> is
+             * different in utf8 than not, so can't compare them directly.
+             * Outside the loop, find the two utf8 bytes that represent c, and
+             * then look for those in sequence in the utf8 string */
+           U8 high = UTF8_TWO_BYTE_HI(c);
+           U8 low = UTF8_TWO_BYTE_LO(c);
+
+           while (hardcount < max
+                   && scan + 1 < loceol
+                   && UCHARAT(scan) == high
+                   && UCHARAT(scan + 1) == low)
+           {
+               scan += 2;
+               hardcount++;
+           }
+       }
+       break;
+
+    case EXACTFA:
+       utf8_flags = FOLDEQ_UTF8_NOMIX_ASCII;
+       goto do_exactf;
+
+    case EXACTFL:
+        RXp_MATCH_TAINTED_on(prog);
+       utf8_flags = FOLDEQ_UTF8_LOCALE;
+       goto do_exactf;
+
+    case EXACTF:
+           utf8_flags = 0;
+           goto do_exactf;
+
+    case EXACTFU_SS:
+    case EXACTFU_TRICKYFOLD:
+    case EXACTFU:
+       utf8_flags = reginfo->is_utf8_pat ? FOLDEQ_S2_ALREADY_FOLDED : 0;
+
+    do_exactf: {
+        int c1, c2;
+        U8 c1_utf8[UTF8_MAXBYTES+1], c2_utf8[UTF8_MAXBYTES+1];
+
+        assert(STR_LEN(p) == reginfo->is_utf8_pat ? UTF8SKIP(STRING(p)) : 1);
+
+        if (S_setup_EXACTISH_ST_c1_c2(aTHX_ p, &c1, c1_utf8, &c2, c2_utf8,
+                                        reginfo))
+        {
+            if (c1 == CHRTEST_VOID) {
+                /* Use full Unicode fold matching */
+                char *tmpeol = reginfo->strend;
+                STRLEN pat_len = reginfo->is_utf8_pat ? UTF8SKIP(STRING(p)) : 1;
+                while (hardcount < max
+                        && foldEQ_utf8_flags(scan, &tmpeol, 0, utf8_target,
+                                             STRING(p), NULL, pat_len,
+                                             reginfo->is_utf8_pat, utf8_flags))
+                {
+                    scan = tmpeol;
+                    tmpeol = reginfo->strend;
+                    hardcount++;
+                }
+            }
+            else if (utf8_target) {
+                if (c1 == c2) {
+                    while (scan < loceol
+                           && hardcount < max
+                           && memEQ(scan, c1_utf8, UTF8SKIP(scan)))
+                    {
+                        scan += UTF8SKIP(scan);
+                        hardcount++;
+                    }
+                }
+                else {
+                    while (scan < loceol
+                           && hardcount < max
+                           && (memEQ(scan, c1_utf8, UTF8SKIP(scan))
+                               || memEQ(scan, c2_utf8, UTF8SKIP(scan))))
+                    {
+                        scan += UTF8SKIP(scan);
+                        hardcount++;
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+            else if (c1 == c2) {
+                while (scan < loceol && UCHARAT(scan) == c1) {
+                    scan++;
+                }
+            }
+            else {
+                while (scan < loceol &&
+                    (UCHARAT(scan) == c1 || UCHARAT(scan) == c2))
+                {
+                    scan++;
+                }
+            }
+       }
+       break;
+    }
+    case ANYOF:
+    case ANYOF_WARN_SUPER:
+       if (utf8_target) {
+           while (hardcount < max
+                   && scan < loceol
+                  && reginclass(prog, p, (U8*)scan, utf8_target))
+           {
+               scan += UTF8SKIP(scan);
+               hardcount++;
+           }
+       } else {
+           while (scan < loceol && REGINCLASS(prog, p, (U8*)scan))
+               scan++;
+       }
+       break;
+
+    /* The argument (FLAGS) to all the POSIX node types is the class number */
+
+    case NPOSIXL:
+        to_complement = 1;
+        /* FALLTHROUGH */
+
+    case POSIXL:
+        RXp_MATCH_TAINTED_on(prog);
+       if (! utf8_target) {
+           while (scan < loceol && to_complement ^ cBOOL(isFOO_lc(FLAGS(p),
+                                                                   *scan)))
+            {
+               scan++;
+            }
+       } else {
+           while (hardcount < max && scan < loceol
+                   && to_complement ^ cBOOL(isFOO_utf8_lc(FLAGS(p),
+                                                                  (U8 *) scan)))
+            {
+                scan += UTF8SKIP(scan);
+               hardcount++;
+           }
+       }
+       break;
+
+    case POSIXD:
+        if (utf8_target) {
+            goto utf8_posix;
+        }
+        /* FALLTHROUGH */
+
+    case POSIXA:
+        if (utf8_target && loceol - scan > max) {
+
+            /* We didn't adjust <loceol> at the beginning of this routine
+             * because is UTF-8, but it is actually ok to do so, since here, to
+             * match, 1 char == 1 byte. */
+            loceol = scan + max;
+        }
+        while (scan < loceol && _generic_isCC_A((U8) *scan, FLAGS(p))) {
+           scan++;
+       }
+       break;
+
+    case NPOSIXD:
+        if (utf8_target) {
+            to_complement = 1;
+            goto utf8_posix;
+        }
+        /* FALL THROUGH */
+
+    case NPOSIXA:
+        if (! utf8_target) {
+            while (scan < loceol && ! _generic_isCC_A((U8) *scan, FLAGS(p))) {
+                scan++;
+            }
+        }
+        else {
+
+            /* The complement of something that matches only ASCII matches all
+             * UTF-8 variant code points, plus everything in ASCII that isn't
+             * in the class. */
+           while (hardcount < max && scan < loceol
+                   && (! UTF8_IS_INVARIANT(*scan)
+                       || ! _generic_isCC_A((U8) *scan, FLAGS(p))))
+            {
+                scan += UTF8SKIP(scan);
+               hardcount++;
+           }
+        }
+        break;
+
+    case NPOSIXU:
+        to_complement = 1;
+        /* FALLTHROUGH */
+
+    case POSIXU:
+       if (! utf8_target) {
+            while (scan < loceol && to_complement
+                                ^ cBOOL(_generic_isCC((U8) *scan, FLAGS(p))))
+            {
+                scan++;
+            }
+       }
+       else {
+      utf8_posix:
+            classnum = (_char_class_number) FLAGS(p);
+            if (classnum < _FIRST_NON_SWASH_CC) {
+
+                /* Here, a swash is needed for above-Latin1 code points.
+                 * Process as many Latin1 code points using the built-in rules.
+                 * Go to another loop to finish processing upon encountering
+                 * the first Latin1 code point.  We could do that in this loop
+                 * as well, but the other way saves having to test if the swash
+                 * has been loaded every time through the loop: extra space to
+                 * save a test. */
+                while (hardcount < max && scan < loceol) {
+                    if (UTF8_IS_INVARIANT(*scan)) {
+                        if (! (to_complement ^ cBOOL(_generic_isCC((U8) *scan,
+                                                                   classnum))))
+                        {
+                            break;
+                        }
+                        scan++;
+                    }
+                    else if (UTF8_IS_DOWNGRADEABLE_START(*scan)) {
+                        if (! (to_complement
+                              ^ cBOOL(_generic_isCC(TWO_BYTE_UTF8_TO_UNI(*scan,
+                                                                   *(scan + 1)),
+                                                    classnum))))
+                        {
+                            break;
+                        }
+                        scan += 2;
+                    }
+                    else {
+                        goto found_above_latin1;
+                    }
+
+                    hardcount++;
+                }
+            }
+            else {
+                /* For these character classes, the knowledge of how to handle
+                 * every code point is compiled in to Perl via a macro.  This
+                 * code is written for making the loops as tight as possible.
+                 * It could be refactored to save space instead */
+                switch (classnum) {
+                    case _CC_ENUM_SPACE:    /* XXX would require separate code
+                                               if we revert the change of \v
+                                               matching this */
+                        /* FALL THROUGH */
+                    case _CC_ENUM_PSXSPC:
+                        while (hardcount < max
+                               && scan < loceol
+                               && (to_complement ^ cBOOL(isSPACE_utf8(scan))))
+                        {
+                            scan += UTF8SKIP(scan);
+                            hardcount++;
+                        }
+                        break;
+                    case _CC_ENUM_BLANK:
+                        while (hardcount < max
+                               && scan < loceol
+                               && (to_complement ^ cBOOL(isBLANK_utf8(scan))))
+                        {
+                            scan += UTF8SKIP(scan);
+                            hardcount++;
+                        }
+                        break;
+                    case _CC_ENUM_XDIGIT:
+                        while (hardcount < max
+                               && scan < loceol
+                               && (to_complement ^ cBOOL(isXDIGIT_utf8(scan))))
+                        {
+                            scan += UTF8SKIP(scan);
+                            hardcount++;
+                        }
+                        break;
+                    case _CC_ENUM_VERTSPACE:
+                        while (hardcount < max
+                               && scan < loceol
+                               && (to_complement ^ cBOOL(isVERTWS_utf8(scan))))
+                        {
+                            scan += UTF8SKIP(scan);
+                            hardcount++;
+                        }
+                        break;
+                    case _CC_ENUM_CNTRL:
+                        while (hardcount < max
+                               && scan < loceol
+                               && (to_complement ^ cBOOL(isCNTRL_utf8(scan))))
+                        {
+                            scan += UTF8SKIP(scan);
+                            hardcount++;
+                        }
+                        break;
+                    default:
+                        Perl_croak(aTHX_ "panic: regrepeat() node %d='%s' has an unexpected character class '%d'", OP(p), PL_reg_name[OP(p)], classnum);
+                }
+            }
+       }
+        break;
+
+      found_above_latin1:   /* Continuation of POSIXU and NPOSIXU */
+
+        /* Load the swash if not already present */
+        if (! PL_utf8_swash_ptrs[classnum]) {
+            U8 flags = _CORE_SWASH_INIT_ACCEPT_INVLIST;
+            PL_utf8_swash_ptrs[classnum] = _core_swash_init(
+                                        "utf8", swash_property_names[classnum],
+                                        &PL_sv_undef, 1, 0, NULL, &flags);
+        }
+
+        while (hardcount < max && scan < loceol
+               && to_complement ^ cBOOL(_generic_utf8(
+                                       classnum,
+                                       scan,
+                                       swash_fetch(PL_utf8_swash_ptrs[classnum],
+                                                   (U8 *) scan,
+                                                   TRUE))))
+        {
+            scan += UTF8SKIP(scan);
+            hardcount++;
+        }
+        break;
+
+    case LNBREAK:
+        if (utf8_target) {
+           while (hardcount < max && scan < loceol &&
+                    (c=is_LNBREAK_utf8_safe(scan, loceol))) {
+               scan += c;
+               hardcount++;
+           }
+       } else {
+            /* LNBREAK can match one or two latin chars, which is ok, but we
+             * have to use hardcount in this situation, and throw away the
+             * adjustment to <loceol> done before the switch statement */
+            loceol = reginfo->strend;
+           while (scan < loceol && (c=is_LNBREAK_latin1_safe(scan, loceol))) {
+               scan+=c;
+               hardcount++;
+           }
+       }
+       break;
+
+    case BOUND:
+    case BOUNDA:
+    case BOUNDL:
+    case BOUNDU:
+    case EOS:
+    case GPOS:
+    case KEEPS:
+    case NBOUND:
+    case NBOUNDA:
+    case NBOUNDL:
+    case NBOUNDU:
+    case OPFAIL:
+    case SBOL:
+    case SEOL:
+        /* These are all 0 width, so match right here or not at all. */
+        break;
+
+    default:
+        Perl_croak(aTHX_ "panic: regrepeat() called with unrecognized node type %d='%s'", OP(p), PL_reg_name[OP(p)]);
+        assert(0); /* NOTREACHED */
+
+    }
+
+    if (hardcount)
+       c = hardcount;
+    else
+       c = scan - *startposp;
+    *startposp = scan;
+
+    DEBUG_r({
+       GET_RE_DEBUG_FLAGS_DECL;
+       DEBUG_EXECUTE_r({
+           SV * const prop = sv_newmortal();
+           regprop(prog, prop, p);
+           PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log,
+                       "%*s  %s can match %"IVdf" times out of %"IVdf"...\n",
+                       REPORT_CODE_OFF + depth*2, "", SvPVX_const(prop),(IV)c,(IV)max);
+       });
+    });
+
+    return(c);
+}
+
+
+#if !defined(PERL_IN_XSUB_RE) || defined(PLUGGABLE_RE_EXTENSION)
+/*
+- regclass_swash - prepare the utf8 swash.  Wraps the shared core version to
+create a copy so that changes the caller makes won't change the shared one.
+If <altsvp> is non-null, will return NULL in it, for back-compat.
+ */
+SV *
+Perl_regclass_swash(pTHX_ const regexp *prog, const regnode* node, bool doinit, SV** listsvp, SV **altsvp)
+{
+    PERL_ARGS_ASSERT_REGCLASS_SWASH;
+
+    if (altsvp) {
+        *altsvp = NULL;
+    }
+
+    return newSVsv(core_regclass_swash(prog, node, doinit, listsvp));
+}
+#endif
+
+STATIC SV *
+S_core_regclass_swash(pTHX_ const regexp *prog, const regnode* node, bool doinit, SV** listsvp)
+{
+    /* Returns the swash for the input 'node' in the regex 'prog'.
+     * If <doinit> is true, will attempt to create the swash if not already
+     *   done.
+     * If <listsvp> is non-null, will return the swash initialization string in
+     *   it.
+     * Tied intimately to how regcomp.c sets up the data structure */
+
+    dVAR;
+    SV *sw  = NULL;
+    SV *si  = NULL;
+    SV*  invlist = NULL;
+
+    RXi_GET_DECL(prog,progi);
+    const struct reg_data * const data = prog ? progi->data : NULL;
+
+    PERL_ARGS_ASSERT_CORE_REGCLASS_SWASH;
+
+    assert(ANYOF_NONBITMAP(node));
+
+    if (data && data->count) {
+       const U32 n = ARG(node);
+
+       if (data->what[n] == 's') {
+           SV * const rv = MUTABLE_SV(data->data[n]);
+           AV * const av = MUTABLE_AV(SvRV(rv));
+           SV **const ary = AvARRAY(av);
+           U8 swash_init_flags = _CORE_SWASH_INIT_ACCEPT_INVLIST;
+       
+           si = *ary;  /* ary[0] = the string to initialize the swash with */
+
+           /* Elements 2 and 3 are either both present or both absent. [2] is
+            * any inversion list generated at compile time; [3] indicates if
+            * that inversion list has any user-defined properties in it. */
+           if (av_len(av) >= 2) {
+               invlist = ary[2];
+               if (SvUV(ary[3])) {
+                    swash_init_flags |= _CORE_SWASH_INIT_USER_DEFINED_PROPERTY;
+                }
+           }
+           else {
+               invlist = NULL;
+           }
+
+           /* Element [1] is reserved for the set-up swash.  If already there,
+            * return it; if not, create it and store it there */
+           if (SvROK(ary[1])) {
+               sw = ary[1];
+           }
+           else if (si && doinit) {
+
+               sw = _core_swash_init("utf8", /* the utf8 package */
+                                     "", /* nameless */
+                                     si,
+                                     1, /* binary */
+                                     0, /* not from tr/// */
+                                     invlist,
+                                     &swash_init_flags);
+               (void)av_store(av, 1, sw);
+           }
+       }
+    }
+       
+    if (listsvp) {
+       SV* matches_string = newSVpvn("", 0);
+
+       /* Use the swash, if any, which has to have incorporated into it all
+        * possibilities */
+       if ((! sw || (invlist = _get_swash_invlist(sw)) == NULL)
+            && (si && si != &PL_sv_undef))
+        {
+
+           /* If no swash, use the input initialization string, if available */
+           sv_catsv(matches_string, si);
+       }
+
+       /* Add the inversion list to whatever we have.  This may have come from
+        * the swash, or from an input parameter */
+       if (invlist) {
+           sv_catsv(matches_string, _invlist_contents(invlist));
+       }
+       *listsvp = matches_string;
+    }
+
+    return sw;
+}
+
+/*
+ - reginclass - determine if a character falls into a character class
+  n is the ANYOF regnode
+  p is the target string
+  utf8_target tells whether p is in UTF-8.
+
+  Returns true if matched; false otherwise.
+
+  Note that this can be a synthetic start class, a combination of various
+  nodes, so things you think might be mutually exclusive, such as locale,
+  aren't.  It can match both locale and non-locale
+
+ */
+
+STATIC bool
+S_reginclass(pTHX_ regexp * const prog, const regnode * const n, const U8* const p, const bool utf8_target)
+{
+    dVAR;
+    const char flags = ANYOF_FLAGS(n);
+    bool match = FALSE;
+    UV c = *p;
+
+    PERL_ARGS_ASSERT_REGINCLASS;
+
+    /* If c is not already the code point, get it.  Note that
+     * UTF8_IS_INVARIANT() works even if not in UTF-8 */
+    if (! UTF8_IS_INVARIANT(c) && utf8_target) {
+        STRLEN c_len = 0;
+       c = utf8n_to_uvchr(p, UTF8_MAXBYTES, &c_len,
+               (UTF8_ALLOW_DEFAULT & UTF8_ALLOW_ANYUV)
+               | UTF8_ALLOW_FFFF | UTF8_CHECK_ONLY);
+               /* see [perl #37836] for UTF8_ALLOW_ANYUV; [perl #38293] for
+                * UTF8_ALLOW_FFFF */
+       if (c_len == (STRLEN)-1)
+           Perl_croak(aTHX_ "Malformed UTF-8 character (fatal)");
+    }
+
+    /* If this character is potentially in the bitmap, check it */
+    if (c < 256) {
+       if (ANYOF_BITMAP_TEST(n, c))
+           match = TRUE;
+       else if (flags & ANYOF_NON_UTF8_LATIN1_ALL
+               && ! utf8_target
+               && ! isASCII(c))
+       {
+           match = TRUE;
+       }
+       else if (flags & ANYOF_LOCALE) {
+           RXp_MATCH_TAINTED_on(prog);
+
+           if ((flags & ANYOF_LOC_FOLD)
+                && ANYOF_BITMAP_TEST(n, PL_fold_locale[c]))
+           {
+               match = TRUE;
+           }
+           else if (ANYOF_CLASS_TEST_ANY_SET(n)) {
+
+                /* The data structure is arranged so bits 0, 2, 4, ... are set
+                 * if the class includes the Posix character class given by
+                 * bit/2; and 1, 3, 5, ... are set if the class includes the
+                 * complemented Posix class given by int(bit/2).  So we loop
+                 * through the bits, each time changing whether we complement
+                 * the result or not.  Suppose for the sake of illustration
+                 * that bits 0-3 mean respectively, \w, \W, \s, \S.  If bit 0
+                 * is set, it means there is a match for this ANYOF node if the
+                 * character is in the class given by the expression (0 / 2 = 0
+                 * = \w).  If it is in that class, isFOO_lc() will return 1,
+                 * and since 'to_complement' is 0, the result will stay TRUE,
+                 * and we exit the loop.  Suppose instead that bit 0 is 0, but
+                 * bit 1 is 1.  That means there is a match if the character
+                 * matches \W.  We won't bother to call isFOO_lc() on bit 0,
+                 * but will on bit 1.  On the second iteration 'to_complement'
+                 * will be 1, so the exclusive or will reverse things, so we
+                 * are testing for \W.  On the third iteration, 'to_complement'
+                 * will be 0, and we would be testing for \s; the fourth
+                 * iteration would test for \S, etc.
+                 *
+                 * Note that this code assumes that all the classes are closed
+                 * under folding.  For example, if a character matches \w, then
+                 * its fold does too; and vice versa.  This should be true for
+                 * any well-behaved locale for all the currently defined Posix
+                 * classes, except for :lower: and :upper:, which are handled
+                 * by the pseudo-class :cased: which matches if either of the
+                 * other two does.  To get rid of this assumption, an outer
+                 * loop could be used below to iterate over both the source
+                 * character, and its fold (if different) */
+
+                int count = 0;
+                int to_complement = 0;
+                while (count < ANYOF_MAX) {
+                    if (ANYOF_CLASS_TEST(n, count)
+                        && to_complement ^ cBOOL(isFOO_lc(count/2, (U8) c)))
+                    {
+                        match = TRUE;
+                        break;
+                    }
+                    count++;
+                    to_complement ^= 1;
+                }
+           }
+       }
+    }
+
+    /* If the bitmap didn't (or couldn't) match, and something outside the
+     * bitmap could match, try that.  Locale nodes specify completely the
+     * behavior of code points in the bit map (otherwise, a utf8 target would
+     * cause them to be treated as Unicode and not locale), except in
+     * the very unlikely event when this node is a synthetic start class, which
+     * could be a combination of locale and non-locale nodes.  So allow locale
+     * to match for the synthetic start class, which will give a false
+     * positive that will be resolved when the match is done again as not part
+     * of the synthetic start class */
+    if (!match) {
+       if (utf8_target && (flags & ANYOF_UNICODE_ALL) && c >= 256) {
+           match = TRUE;       /* Everything above 255 matches */
+       }
+       else if (ANYOF_NONBITMAP(n)
+                && ((flags & ANYOF_NONBITMAP_NON_UTF8)
+                    || (utf8_target
+                        && (c >=256
+                            || (! (flags & ANYOF_LOCALE))
+                            || OP(n) == ANYOF_SYNTHETIC))))
+       {
+           SV * const sw = core_regclass_swash(prog, n, TRUE, 0);
+           if (sw) {
+               U8 * utf8_p;
+               if (utf8_target) {
+                   utf8_p = (U8 *) p;
+               } else { /* Convert to utf8 */
+                   STRLEN len = 1;
+                   utf8_p = bytes_to_utf8(p, &len);
+               }
+
+               if (swash_fetch(sw, utf8_p, TRUE)) {
+                   match = TRUE;
+                }
+
+               /* If we allocated a string above, free it */
+               if (! utf8_target) Safefree(utf8_p);
+           }
+       }
+
+        if (UNICODE_IS_SUPER(c)
+            && OP(n) == ANYOF_WARN_SUPER
+            && ckWARN_d(WARN_NON_UNICODE))
+        {
+            Perl_warner(aTHX_ packWARN(WARN_NON_UNICODE),
+                "Code point 0x%04"UVXf" is not Unicode, all \\p{} matches fail; all \\P{} matches succeed", c);
+        }
+    }
+
+    /* The xor complements the return if to invert: 1^1 = 0, 1^0 = 1 */
+    return cBOOL(flags & ANYOF_INVERT) ^ match;
+}
+
+STATIC U8 *
+S_reghop3(U8 *s, I32 off, const U8* lim)
+{
+    /* return the position 'off' UTF-8 characters away from 's', forward if
+     * 'off' >= 0, backwards if negative.  But don't go outside of position
+     * 'lim', which better be < s  if off < 0 */
+
+    dVAR;
+
+    PERL_ARGS_ASSERT_REGHOP3;
+
+    if (off >= 0) {
+       while (off-- && s < lim) {
+           /* XXX could check well-formedness here */
+           s += UTF8SKIP(s);
+       }
+    }
+    else {
+        while (off++ && s > lim) {
+            s--;
+            if (UTF8_IS_CONTINUED(*s)) {
+                while (s > lim && UTF8_IS_CONTINUATION(*s))
+                    s--;
+           }
+            /* XXX could check well-formedness here */
+       }
+    }
+    return s;
+}
+
+#ifdef XXX_dmq
+/* there are a bunch of places where we use two reghop3's that should
+   be replaced with this routine. but since thats not done yet 
+   we ifdef it out - dmq
+*/
+STATIC U8 *
+S_reghop4(U8 *s, I32 off, const U8* llim, const U8* rlim)
+{
+    dVAR;
+
+    PERL_ARGS_ASSERT_REGHOP4;
+
+    if (off >= 0) {
+        while (off-- && s < rlim) {
+            /* XXX could check well-formedness here */
+            s += UTF8SKIP(s);
+        }
+    }
+    else {
+        while (off++ && s > llim) {
+            s--;
+            if (UTF8_IS_CONTINUED(*s)) {
+                while (s > llim && UTF8_IS_CONTINUATION(*s))
+                    s--;
+            }
+            /* XXX could check well-formedness here */
+        }
+    }
+    return s;
+}
+#endif
+
+STATIC U8 *
+S_reghopmaybe3(U8* s, I32 off, const U8* lim)
+{
+    dVAR;
+
+    PERL_ARGS_ASSERT_REGHOPMAYBE3;
+
+    if (off >= 0) {
+       while (off-- && s < lim) {
+           /* XXX could check well-formedness here */
+           s += UTF8SKIP(s);
+       }
+       if (off >= 0)
+           return NULL;
+    }
+    else {
+        while (off++ && s > lim) {
+            s--;
+            if (UTF8_IS_CONTINUED(*s)) {
+                while (s > lim && UTF8_IS_CONTINUATION(*s))
+                    s--;
+           }
+            /* XXX could check well-formedness here */
+       }
+       if (off <= 0)
+           return NULL;
+    }
+    return s;
+}
+
+
+/* when executing a regex that may have (?{}), extra stuff needs setting
+   up that will be visible to the called code, even before the current
+   match has finished. In particular:
+
+   * $_ is localised to the SV currently being matched;
+   * pos($_) is created if necessary, ready to be updated on each call-out
+     to code;
+   * a fake PMOP is created that can be set to PL_curpm (normally PL_curpm
+     isn't set until the current pattern is successfully finished), so that
+     $1 etc of the match-so-far can be seen;
+   * save the old values of subbeg etc of the current regex, and  set then
+     to the current string (again, this is normally only done at the end
+     of execution)
+*/
+
+static void
+S_setup_eval_state(pTHX_ regmatch_info *const reginfo)
+{
+    MAGIC *mg;
+    regexp *const rex = ReANY(reginfo->prog);
+    regmatch_info_aux_eval *eval_state = reginfo->info_aux_eval;
+
+    eval_state->rex = rex;
+
+    if (reginfo->sv) {
+        /* Make $_ available to executed code. */
+        if (reginfo->sv != DEFSV) {
+            SAVE_DEFSV;
+            DEFSV_set(reginfo->sv);
+        }
+
+        if (!(SvTYPE(reginfo->sv) >= SVt_PVMG && SvMAGIC(reginfo->sv)
+              && (mg = mg_find(reginfo->sv, PERL_MAGIC_regex_global)))) {
+            /* prepare for quick setting of pos */
+#ifdef PERL_OLD_COPY_ON_WRITE
+            if (SvIsCOW(reginfo->sv))
+                sv_force_normal_flags(reginfo->sv, 0);
+#endif
+            mg = sv_magicext(reginfo->sv, NULL, PERL_MAGIC_regex_global,
+                             &PL_vtbl_mglob, NULL, 0);
+            mg->mg_len = -1;
+        }
+        eval_state->pos_magic = mg;
+        eval_state->pos       = mg->mg_len;
+    }
+    else
+        eval_state->pos_magic = NULL;
+
+    if (!PL_reg_curpm) {
+        /* PL_reg_curpm is a fake PMOP that we can attach the current
+         * regex to and point PL_curpm at, so that $1 et al are visible
+         * within a /(?{})/. It's just allocated once per interpreter the
+         * first time its needed */
+        Newxz(PL_reg_curpm, 1, PMOP);
+#ifdef USE_ITHREADS
+        {
+            SV* const repointer = &PL_sv_undef;
+            /* this regexp is also owned by the new PL_reg_curpm, which
+               will try to free it.  */
+            av_push(PL_regex_padav, repointer);
+            PL_reg_curpm->op_pmoffset = av_len(PL_regex_padav);
+            PL_regex_pad = AvARRAY(PL_regex_padav);
+        }
+#endif
+    }
+    SET_reg_curpm(reginfo->prog);
+    eval_state->curpm = PL_curpm;
+    PL_curpm = PL_reg_curpm;
+    if (RXp_MATCH_COPIED(rex)) {
+        /*  Here is a serious problem: we cannot rewrite subbeg,
+            since it may be needed if this match fails.  Thus
+            $` inside (?{}) could fail... */
+        eval_state->subbeg     = rex->subbeg;
+        eval_state->sublen     = rex->sublen;
+        eval_state->suboffset  = rex->suboffset;
+        eval_state->subcoffset = rex->subcoffset;
+#ifdef PERL_ANY_COW
+        eval_state->saved_copy = rex->saved_copy;
+#endif
+        RXp_MATCH_COPIED_off(rex);
+    }
+    else
+        eval_state->subbeg = NULL;
+    rex->subbeg = (char *)reginfo->strbeg;
+    rex->suboffset = 0;
+    rex->subcoffset = 0;
+    rex->sublen = reginfo->strend - reginfo->strbeg;
+}
+
+
+/* destructor to clear up regmatch_info_aux and regmatch_info_aux_eval */
+
+static void
+S_cleanup_regmatch_info_aux(pTHX_ void *arg)
+{
+    dVAR;
+    regmatch_info_aux *aux = (regmatch_info_aux *) arg;
+    regmatch_info_aux_eval *eval_state =  aux->info_aux_eval;
+    regmatch_slab *s;
+
+    Safefree(aux->poscache);
+
+    if (eval_state) {
+
+        /* undo the effects of S_setup_eval_state() */
+
+        if (eval_state->subbeg) {
+            regexp * const rex = eval_state->rex;
+            rex->subbeg     = eval_state->subbeg;
+            rex->sublen     = eval_state->sublen;
+            rex->suboffset  = eval_state->suboffset;
+            rex->subcoffset = eval_state->subcoffset;
+#ifdef PERL_ANY_COW
+            rex->saved_copy = eval_state->saved_copy;
+#endif
+            RXp_MATCH_COPIED_on(rex);
+        }
+        if (eval_state->pos_magic)
+            eval_state->pos_magic->mg_len = eval_state->pos;
+
+        PL_curpm = eval_state->curpm;
+    }
+
+    PL_regmatch_state = aux->old_regmatch_state;
+    PL_regmatch_slab  = aux->old_regmatch_slab;
+
+    /* free all slabs above current one - this must be the last action
+     * of this function, as aux and eval_state are allocated within
+     * slabs and may be freed here */
+
+    s = PL_regmatch_slab->next;
+    if (s) {
+        PL_regmatch_slab->next = NULL;
+        while (s) {
+            regmatch_slab * const osl = s;
+            s = s->next;
+            Safefree(osl);
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+
+STATIC void
+S_to_utf8_substr(pTHX_ regexp *prog)
+{
+    /* Converts substr fields in prog from bytes to UTF-8, calling fbm_compile
+     * on the converted value */
+
+    int i = 1;
+
+    PERL_ARGS_ASSERT_TO_UTF8_SUBSTR;
+
+    do {
+       if (prog->substrs->data[i].substr
+           && !prog->substrs->data[i].utf8_substr) {
+           SV* const sv = newSVsv(prog->substrs->data[i].substr);
+           prog->substrs->data[i].utf8_substr = sv;
+           sv_utf8_upgrade(sv);
+           if (SvVALID(prog->substrs->data[i].substr)) {
+               if (SvTAIL(prog->substrs->data[i].substr)) {
+                   /* Trim the trailing \n that fbm_compile added last
+                      time.  */
+                   SvCUR_set(sv, SvCUR(sv) - 1);
+                   /* Whilst this makes the SV technically "invalid" (as its
+                      buffer is no longer followed by "\0") when fbm_compile()
+                      adds the "\n" back, a "\0" is restored.  */
+                   fbm_compile(sv, FBMcf_TAIL);
+               } else
+                   fbm_compile(sv, 0);
+           }
+           if (prog->substrs->data[i].substr == prog->check_substr)
+               prog->check_utf8 = sv;
+       }
+    } while (i--);
+}
+
+STATIC bool
+S_to_byte_substr(pTHX_ regexp *prog)
+{
+    /* Converts substr fields in prog from UTF-8 to bytes, calling fbm_compile
+     * on the converted value; returns FALSE if can't be converted. */
+
+    dVAR;
+    int i = 1;
+
+    PERL_ARGS_ASSERT_TO_BYTE_SUBSTR;
+
+    do {
+       if (prog->substrs->data[i].utf8_substr
+           && !prog->substrs->data[i].substr) {
+           SV* sv = newSVsv(prog->substrs->data[i].utf8_substr);
+           if (! sv_utf8_downgrade(sv, TRUE)) {
+                return FALSE;
+            }
+            if (SvVALID(prog->substrs->data[i].utf8_substr)) {
+                if (SvTAIL(prog->substrs->data[i].utf8_substr)) {
+                    /* Trim the trailing \n that fbm_compile added last
+                        time.  */
+                    SvCUR_set(sv, SvCUR(sv) - 1);
+                    fbm_compile(sv, FBMcf_TAIL);
+                } else
+                    fbm_compile(sv, 0);
+            }
+           prog->substrs->data[i].substr = sv;
+           if (prog->substrs->data[i].utf8_substr == prog->check_utf8)
+               prog->check_substr = sv;
+       }
+    } while (i--);
+
+    return TRUE;
+}
+
+/*
+ * Local variables:
+ * c-indentation-style: bsd
+ * c-basic-offset: 4
+ * indent-tabs-mode: nil
+ * End:
+ *
+ * ex: set ts=8 sts=4 sw=4 et:
+ */
diff --git a/src/5019001/regcomp.c b/src/5019001/regcomp.c
new file mode 100644 (file)
index 0000000..0614aa1
--- /dev/null
@@ -0,0 +1,15728 @@
+/*    regcomp.c
+ */
+
+/*
+ * 'A fair jaw-cracker dwarf-language must be.'            --Samwise Gamgee
+ *
+ *     [p.285 of _The Lord of the Rings_, II/iii: "The Ring Goes South"]
+ */
+
+/* This file contains functions for compiling a regular expression.  See
+ * also regexec.c which funnily enough, contains functions for executing
+ * a regular expression.
+ *
+ * This file is also copied at build time to ext/re/re_comp.c, where
+ * it's built with -DPERL_EXT_RE_BUILD -DPERL_EXT_RE_DEBUG -DPERL_EXT.
+ * This causes the main functions to be compiled under new names and with
+ * debugging support added, which makes "use re 'debug'" work.
+ */
+
+/* NOTE: this is derived from Henry Spencer's regexp code, and should not
+ * confused with the original package (see point 3 below).  Thanks, Henry!
+ */
+
+/* Additional note: this code is very heavily munged from Henry's version
+ * in places.  In some spots I've traded clarity for efficiency, so don't
+ * blame Henry for some of the lack of readability.
+ */
+
+/* The names of the functions have been changed from regcomp and
+ * regexec to pregcomp and pregexec in order to avoid conflicts
+ * with the POSIX routines of the same names.
+*/
+
+#ifdef PERL_EXT_RE_BUILD
+#include "re_top.h"
+#endif
+
+/*
+ * pregcomp and pregexec -- regsub and regerror are not used in perl
+ *
+ *     Copyright (c) 1986 by University of Toronto.
+ *     Written by Henry Spencer.  Not derived from licensed software.
+ *
+ *     Permission is granted to anyone to use this software for any
+ *     purpose on any computer system, and to redistribute it freely,
+ *     subject to the following restrictions:
+ *
+ *     1. The author is not responsible for the consequences of use of
+ *             this software, no matter how awful, even if they arise
+ *             from defects in it.
+ *
+ *     2. The origin of this software must not be misrepresented, either
+ *             by explicit claim or by omission.
+ *
+ *     3. Altered versions must be plainly marked as such, and must not
+ *             be misrepresented as being the original software.
+ *
+ *
+ ****    Alterations to Henry's code are...
+ ****
+ ****    Copyright (C) 1991, 1992, 1993, 1994, 1995, 1996, 1997, 1998, 1999,
+ ****    2000, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2008
+ ****    by Larry Wall and others
+ ****
+ ****    You may distribute under the terms of either the GNU General Public
+ ****    License or the Artistic License, as specified in the README file.
+
+ *
+ * Beware that some of this code is subtly aware of the way operator
+ * precedence is structured in regular expressions.  Serious changes in
+ * regular-expression syntax might require a total rethink.
+ */
+#include "EXTERN.h"
+#define PERL_IN_REGCOMP_C
+#include "perl.h"
+
+#ifndef PERL_IN_XSUB_RE
+#include "re_defs.h"
+#endif
+
+#define REG_COMP_C
+#ifdef PERL_IN_XSUB_RE
+#  include "re_comp.h"
+extern const struct regexp_engine my_reg_engine;
+#else
+#  include "regcomp.h"
+#endif
+
+#include "dquote_static.c"
+#include "charclass_invlists.h"
+#include "inline_invlist.c"
+#include "unicode_constants.h"
+
+#define HAS_NONLATIN1_FOLD_CLOSURE(i) _HAS_NONLATIN1_FOLD_CLOSURE_ONLY_FOR_USE_BY_REGCOMP_DOT_C_AND_REGEXEC_DOT_C(i)
+#define IS_NON_FINAL_FOLD(c) _IS_NON_FINAL_FOLD_ONLY_FOR_USE_BY_REGCOMP_DOT_C(c)
+#define IS_IN_SOME_FOLD_L1(c) _IS_IN_SOME_FOLD_ONLY_FOR_USE_BY_REGCOMP_DOT_C(c)
+
+#ifdef op
+#undef op
+#endif /* op */
+
+#ifdef MSDOS
+#  if defined(BUGGY_MSC6)
+ /* MSC 6.00A breaks on op/regexp.t test 85 unless we turn this off */
+#    pragma optimize("a",off)
+ /* But MSC 6.00A is happy with 'w', for aliases only across function calls*/
+#    pragma optimize("w",on )
+#  endif /* BUGGY_MSC6 */
+#endif /* MSDOS */
+
+#ifndef STATIC
+#define        STATIC  static
+#endif
+
+
+typedef struct RExC_state_t {
+    U32                flags;                  /* RXf_* are we folding, multilining? */
+    U32                pm_flags;               /* PMf_* stuff from the calling PMOP */
+    char       *precomp;               /* uncompiled string. */
+    REGEXP     *rx_sv;                 /* The SV that is the regexp. */
+    regexp     *rx;                    /* perl core regexp structure */
+    regexp_internal    *rxi;           /* internal data for regexp object pprivate field */        
+    char       *start;                 /* Start of input for compile */
+    char       *end;                   /* End of input for compile */
+    char       *parse;                 /* Input-scan pointer. */
+    I32                whilem_seen;            /* number of WHILEM in this expr */
+    regnode    *emit_start;            /* Start of emitted-code area */
+    regnode    *emit_bound;            /* First regnode outside of the allocated space */
+    regnode    *emit;                  /* Code-emit pointer; if = &emit_dummy,
+                                           implies compiling, so don't emit */
+    regnode    emit_dummy;             /* placeholder for emit to point to */
+    I32                naughty;                /* How bad is this pattern? */
+    I32                sawback;                /* Did we see \1, ...? */
+    U32                seen;
+    I32                size;                   /* Code size. */
+    I32                npar;                   /* Capture buffer count, (OPEN). */
+    I32                cpar;                   /* Capture buffer count, (CLOSE). */
+    I32                nestroot;               /* root parens we are in - used by accept */
+    I32                extralen;
+    I32                seen_zerolen;
+    regnode    **open_parens;          /* pointers to open parens */
+    regnode    **close_parens;         /* pointers to close parens */
+    regnode    *opend;                 /* END node in program */
+    I32                utf8;           /* whether the pattern is utf8 or not */
+    I32                orig_utf8;      /* whether the pattern was originally in utf8 */
+                               /* XXX use this for future optimisation of case
+                                * where pattern must be upgraded to utf8. */
+    I32                uni_semantics;  /* If a d charset modifier should use unicode
+                                  rules, even if the pattern is not in
+                                  utf8 */
+    HV         *paren_names;           /* Paren names */
+    
+    regnode    **recurse;              /* Recurse regops */
+    I32                recurse_count;          /* Number of recurse regops */
+    I32                in_lookbehind;
+    I32                contains_locale;
+    I32                override_recoding;
+    I32                in_multi_char_class;
+    struct reg_code_block *code_blocks;        /* positions of literal (?{})
+                                           within pattern */
+    int                num_code_blocks;        /* size of code_blocks[] */
+    int                code_index;             /* next code_blocks[] slot */
+#if ADD_TO_REGEXEC
+    char       *starttry;              /* -Dr: where regtry was called. */
+#define RExC_starttry  (pRExC_state->starttry)
+#endif
+    SV         *runtime_code_qr;       /* qr with the runtime code blocks */
+#ifdef DEBUGGING
+    const char  *lastparse;
+    I32         lastnum;
+    AV          *paren_name_list;       /* idx -> name */
+#define RExC_lastparse (pRExC_state->lastparse)
+#define RExC_lastnum   (pRExC_state->lastnum)
+#define RExC_paren_name_list    (pRExC_state->paren_name_list)
+#endif
+} RExC_state_t;
+
+#define RExC_flags     (pRExC_state->flags)
+#define RExC_pm_flags  (pRExC_state->pm_flags)
+#define RExC_precomp   (pRExC_state->precomp)
+#define RExC_rx_sv     (pRExC_state->rx_sv)
+#define RExC_rx                (pRExC_state->rx)
+#define RExC_rxi       (pRExC_state->rxi)
+#define RExC_start     (pRExC_state->start)
+#define RExC_end       (pRExC_state->end)
+#define RExC_parse     (pRExC_state->parse)
+#define RExC_whilem_seen       (pRExC_state->whilem_seen)
+#ifdef RE_TRACK_PATTERN_OFFSETS
+#define RExC_offsets   (pRExC_state->rxi->u.offsets) /* I am not like the others */
+#endif
+#define RExC_emit      (pRExC_state->emit)
+#define RExC_emit_dummy        (pRExC_state->emit_dummy)
+#define RExC_emit_start        (pRExC_state->emit_start)
+#define RExC_emit_bound        (pRExC_state->emit_bound)
+#define RExC_naughty   (pRExC_state->naughty)
+#define RExC_sawback   (pRExC_state->sawback)
+#define RExC_seen      (pRExC_state->seen)
+#define RExC_size      (pRExC_state->size)
+#define RExC_npar      (pRExC_state->npar)
+#define RExC_nestroot   (pRExC_state->nestroot)
+#define RExC_extralen  (pRExC_state->extralen)
+#define RExC_seen_zerolen      (pRExC_state->seen_zerolen)
+#define RExC_utf8      (pRExC_state->utf8)
+#define RExC_uni_semantics     (pRExC_state->uni_semantics)
+#define RExC_orig_utf8 (pRExC_state->orig_utf8)
+#define RExC_open_parens       (pRExC_state->open_parens)
+#define RExC_close_parens      (pRExC_state->close_parens)
+#define RExC_opend     (pRExC_state->opend)
+#define RExC_paren_names       (pRExC_state->paren_names)
+#define RExC_recurse   (pRExC_state->recurse)
+#define RExC_recurse_count     (pRExC_state->recurse_count)
+#define RExC_in_lookbehind     (pRExC_state->in_lookbehind)
+#define RExC_contains_locale   (pRExC_state->contains_locale)
+#define RExC_override_recoding (pRExC_state->override_recoding)
+#define RExC_in_multi_char_class (pRExC_state->in_multi_char_class)
+
+
+#define        ISMULT1(c)      ((c) == '*' || (c) == '+' || (c) == '?')
+#define        ISMULT2(s)      ((*s) == '*' || (*s) == '+' || (*s) == '?' || \
+       ((*s) == '{' && regcurly(s, FALSE)))
+
+#ifdef SPSTART
+#undef SPSTART         /* dratted cpp namespace... */
+#endif
+/*
+ * Flags to be passed up and down.
+ */
+#define        WORST           0       /* Worst case. */
+#define        HASWIDTH        0x01    /* Known to match non-null strings. */
+
+/* Simple enough to be STAR/PLUS operand; in an EXACTish node must be a single
+ * character.  (There needs to be a case: in the switch statement in regexec.c
+ * for any node marked SIMPLE.)  Note that this is not the same thing as
+ * REGNODE_SIMPLE */
+#define        SIMPLE          0x02
+#define        SPSTART         0x04    /* Starts with * or + */
+#define POSTPONED      0x08    /* (?1),(?&name), (??{...}) or similar */
+#define TRYAGAIN       0x10    /* Weeded out a declaration. */
+#define RESTART_UTF8    0x20    /* Restart, need to calcuate sizes as UTF-8 */
+
+#define REG_NODE_NUM(x) ((x) ? (int)((x)-RExC_emit_start) : -1)
+
+/* whether trie related optimizations are enabled */
+#if PERL_ENABLE_EXTENDED_TRIE_OPTIMISATION
+#define TRIE_STUDY_OPT
+#define FULL_TRIE_STUDY
+#define TRIE_STCLASS
+#endif
+
+
+
+#define PBYTE(u8str,paren) ((U8*)(u8str))[(paren) >> 3]
+#define PBITVAL(paren) (1 << ((paren) & 7))
+#define PAREN_TEST(u8str,paren) ( PBYTE(u8str,paren) & PBITVAL(paren))
+#define PAREN_SET(u8str,paren) PBYTE(u8str,paren) |= PBITVAL(paren)
+#define PAREN_UNSET(u8str,paren) PBYTE(u8str,paren) &= (~PBITVAL(paren))
+
+#define REQUIRE_UTF8   STMT_START {                                       \
+                                     if (!UTF) {                           \
+                                         *flagp = RESTART_UTF8;            \
+                                         return NULL;                      \
+                                     }                                     \
+                        } STMT_END
+
+/* This converts the named class defined in regcomp.h to its equivalent class
+ * number defined in handy.h. */
+#define namedclass_to_classnum(class)  ((int) ((class) / 2))
+#define classnum_to_namedclass(classnum)  ((classnum) * 2)
+
+/* About scan_data_t.
+
+  During optimisation we recurse through the regexp program performing
+  various inplace (keyhole style) optimisations. In addition study_chunk
+  and scan_commit populate this data structure with information about
+  what strings MUST appear in the pattern. We look for the longest 
+  string that must appear at a fixed location, and we look for the
+  longest string that may appear at a floating location. So for instance
+  in the pattern:
+  
+    /FOO[xX]A.*B[xX]BAR/
+    
+  Both 'FOO' and 'A' are fixed strings. Both 'B' and 'BAR' are floating
+  strings (because they follow a .* construct). study_chunk will identify
+  both FOO and BAR as being the longest fixed and floating strings respectively.
+  
+  The strings can be composites, for instance
+  
+     /(f)(o)(o)/
+     
+  will result in a composite fixed substring 'foo'.
+  
+  For each string some basic information is maintained:
+  
+  - offset or min_offset
+    This is the position the string must appear at, or not before.
+    It also implicitly (when combined with minlenp) tells us how many
+    characters must match before the string we are searching for.
+    Likewise when combined with minlenp and the length of the string it
+    tells us how many characters must appear after the string we have 
+    found.
+  
+  - max_offset
+    Only used for floating strings. This is the rightmost point that
+    the string can appear at. If set to I32 max it indicates that the
+    string can occur infinitely far to the right.
+  
+  - minlenp
+    A pointer to the minimum number of characters of the pattern that the
+    string was found inside. This is important as in the case of positive
+    lookahead or positive lookbehind we can have multiple patterns 
+    involved. Consider
+    
+    /(?=FOO).*F/
+    
+    The minimum length of the pattern overall is 3, the minimum length
+    of the lookahead part is 3, but the minimum length of the part that
+    will actually match is 1. So 'FOO's minimum length is 3, but the 
+    minimum length for the F is 1. This is important as the minimum length
+    is used to determine offsets in front of and behind the string being 
+    looked for.  Since strings can be composites this is the length of the
+    pattern at the time it was committed with a scan_commit. Note that
+    the length is calculated by study_chunk, so that the minimum lengths
+    are not known until the full pattern has been compiled, thus the 
+    pointer to the value.
+  
+  - lookbehind
+  
+    In the case of lookbehind the string being searched for can be
+    offset past the start point of the final matching string. 
+    If this value was just blithely removed from the min_offset it would
+    invalidate some of the calculations for how many chars must match
+    before or after (as they are derived from min_offset and minlen and
+    the length of the string being searched for). 
+    When the final pattern is compiled and the data is moved from the
+    scan_data_t structure into the regexp structure the information
+    about lookbehind is factored in, with the information that would 
+    have been lost precalculated in the end_shift field for the 
+    associated string.
+
+  The fields pos_min and pos_delta are used to store the minimum offset
+  and the delta to the maximum offset at the current point in the pattern.    
+
+*/
+
+typedef struct scan_data_t {
+    /*I32 len_min;      unused */
+    /*I32 len_delta;    unused */
+    I32 pos_min;
+    I32 pos_delta;
+    SV *last_found;
+    I32 last_end;          /* min value, <0 unless valid. */
+    I32 last_start_min;
+    I32 last_start_max;
+    SV **longest;          /* Either &l_fixed, or &l_float. */
+    SV *longest_fixed;      /* longest fixed string found in pattern */
+    I32 offset_fixed;       /* offset where it starts */
+    I32 *minlen_fixed;      /* pointer to the minlen relevant to the string */
+    I32 lookbehind_fixed;   /* is the position of the string modfied by LB */
+    SV *longest_float;      /* longest floating string found in pattern */
+    I32 offset_float_min;   /* earliest point in string it can appear */
+    I32 offset_float_max;   /* latest point in string it can appear */
+    I32 *minlen_float;      /* pointer to the minlen relevant to the string */
+    I32 lookbehind_float;   /* is the position of the string modified by LB */
+    I32 flags;
+    I32 whilem_c;
+    I32 *last_closep;
+    struct regnode_charclass_class *start_class;
+} scan_data_t;
+
+/*
+ * Forward declarations for pregcomp()'s friends.
+ */
+
+static const scan_data_t zero_scan_data =
+  { 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 ,0};
+
+#define SF_BEFORE_EOL          (SF_BEFORE_SEOL|SF_BEFORE_MEOL)
+#define SF_BEFORE_SEOL         0x0001
+#define SF_BEFORE_MEOL         0x0002
+#define SF_FIX_BEFORE_EOL      (SF_FIX_BEFORE_SEOL|SF_FIX_BEFORE_MEOL)
+#define SF_FL_BEFORE_EOL       (SF_FL_BEFORE_SEOL|SF_FL_BEFORE_MEOL)
+
+#ifdef NO_UNARY_PLUS
+#  define SF_FIX_SHIFT_EOL     (0+2)
+#  define SF_FL_SHIFT_EOL              (0+4)
+#else
+#  define SF_FIX_SHIFT_EOL     (+2)
+#  define SF_FL_SHIFT_EOL              (+4)
+#endif
+
+#define SF_FIX_BEFORE_SEOL     (SF_BEFORE_SEOL << SF_FIX_SHIFT_EOL)
+#define SF_FIX_BEFORE_MEOL     (SF_BEFORE_MEOL << SF_FIX_SHIFT_EOL)
+
+#define SF_FL_BEFORE_SEOL      (SF_BEFORE_SEOL << SF_FL_SHIFT_EOL)
+#define SF_FL_BEFORE_MEOL      (SF_BEFORE_MEOL << SF_FL_SHIFT_EOL) /* 0x20 */
+#define SF_IS_INF              0x0040
+#define SF_HAS_PAR             0x0080
+#define SF_IN_PAR              0x0100
+#define SF_HAS_EVAL            0x0200
+#define SCF_DO_SUBSTR          0x0400
+#define SCF_DO_STCLASS_AND     0x0800
+#define SCF_DO_STCLASS_OR      0x1000
+#define SCF_DO_STCLASS         (SCF_DO_STCLASS_AND|SCF_DO_STCLASS_OR)
+#define SCF_WHILEM_VISITED_POS 0x2000
+
+#define SCF_TRIE_RESTUDY        0x4000 /* Do restudy? */
+#define SCF_SEEN_ACCEPT         0x8000 
+#define SCF_TRIE_DOING_RESTUDY 0x10000
+
+#define UTF cBOOL(RExC_utf8)
+
+/* The enums for all these are ordered so things work out correctly */
+#define LOC (get_regex_charset(RExC_flags) == REGEX_LOCALE_CHARSET)
+#define DEPENDS_SEMANTICS (get_regex_charset(RExC_flags) == REGEX_DEPENDS_CHARSET)
+#define UNI_SEMANTICS (get_regex_charset(RExC_flags) == REGEX_UNICODE_CHARSET)
+#define AT_LEAST_UNI_SEMANTICS (get_regex_charset(RExC_flags) >= REGEX_UNICODE_CHARSET)
+#define ASCII_RESTRICTED (get_regex_charset(RExC_flags) == REGEX_ASCII_RESTRICTED_CHARSET)
+#define AT_LEAST_ASCII_RESTRICTED (get_regex_charset(RExC_flags) >= REGEX_ASCII_RESTRICTED_CHARSET)
+#define ASCII_FOLD_RESTRICTED (get_regex_charset(RExC_flags) == REGEX_ASCII_MORE_RESTRICTED_CHARSET)
+
+#define FOLD cBOOL(RExC_flags & RXf_PMf_FOLD)
+
+#define OOB_NAMEDCLASS         -1
+
+/* There is no code point that is out-of-bounds, so this is problematic.  But
+ * its only current use is to initialize a variable that is always set before
+ * looked at. */
+#define OOB_UNICODE            0xDEADBEEF
+
+#define CHR_SVLEN(sv) (UTF ? sv_len_utf8(sv) : SvCUR(sv))
+#define CHR_DIST(a,b) (UTF ? utf8_distance(a,b) : a - b)
+
+
+/* length of regex to show in messages that don't mark a position within */
+#define RegexLengthToShowInErrorMessages 127
+
+/*
+ * If MARKER[12] are adjusted, be sure to adjust the constants at the top
+ * of t/op/regmesg.t, the tests in t/op/re_tests, and those in
+ * op/pragma/warn/regcomp.
+ */
+#define MARKER1 "<-- HERE"    /* marker as it appears in the description */
+#define MARKER2 " <-- HERE "  /* marker as it appears within the regex */
+
+#define REPORT_LOCATION " in regex; marked by " MARKER1 " in m/%.*s" MARKER2 "%s/"
+
+/*
+ * Calls SAVEDESTRUCTOR_X if needed, then calls Perl_croak with the given
+ * arg. Show regex, up to a maximum length. If it's too long, chop and add
+ * "...".
+ */
+#define _FAIL(code) STMT_START {                                       \
+    const char *ellipses = "";                                         \
+    IV len = RExC_end - RExC_precomp;                                  \
+                                                                       \
+    if (!SIZE_ONLY)                                                    \
+       SAVEFREESV(RExC_rx_sv);                                         \
+    if (len > RegexLengthToShowInErrorMessages) {                      \
+       /* chop 10 shorter than the max, to ensure meaning of "..." */  \
+       len = RegexLengthToShowInErrorMessages - 10;                    \
+       ellipses = "...";                                               \
+    }                                                                  \
+    code;                                                               \
+} STMT_END
+
+#define        FAIL(msg) _FAIL(                            \
+    Perl_croak(aTHX_ "%s in regex m/%.*s%s/",      \
+           msg, (int)len, RExC_precomp, ellipses))
+
+#define        FAIL2(msg,arg) _FAIL(                       \
+    Perl_croak(aTHX_ msg " in regex m/%.*s%s/",            \
+           arg, (int)len, RExC_precomp, ellipses))
+
+/*
+ * Simple_vFAIL -- like FAIL, but marks the current location in the scan
+ */
+#define        Simple_vFAIL(m) STMT_START {                                    \
+    const IV offset = RExC_parse - RExC_precomp;                       \
+    Perl_croak(aTHX_ "%s" REPORT_LOCATION,                             \
+           m, (int)offset, RExC_precomp, RExC_precomp + offset);       \
+} STMT_END
+
+/*
+ * Calls SAVEDESTRUCTOR_X if needed, then Simple_vFAIL()
+ */
+#define        vFAIL(m) STMT_START {                           \
+    if (!SIZE_ONLY)                                    \
+       SAVEFREESV(RExC_rx_sv);                         \
+    Simple_vFAIL(m);                                   \
+} STMT_END
+
+/*
+ * Like Simple_vFAIL(), but accepts two arguments.
+ */
+#define        Simple_vFAIL2(m,a1) STMT_START {                        \
+    const IV offset = RExC_parse - RExC_precomp;                       \
+    S_re_croak2(aTHX_ m, REPORT_LOCATION, a1,                  \
+           (int)offset, RExC_precomp, RExC_precomp + offset);  \
+} STMT_END
+
+/*
+ * Calls SAVEDESTRUCTOR_X if needed, then Simple_vFAIL2().
+ */
+#define        vFAIL2(m,a1) STMT_START {                       \
+    if (!SIZE_ONLY)                                    \
+       SAVEFREESV(RExC_rx_sv);                         \
+    Simple_vFAIL2(m, a1);                              \
+} STMT_END
+
+
+/*
+ * Like Simple_vFAIL(), but accepts three arguments.
+ */
+#define        Simple_vFAIL3(m, a1, a2) STMT_START {                   \
+    const IV offset = RExC_parse - RExC_precomp;               \
+    S_re_croak2(aTHX_ m, REPORT_LOCATION, a1, a2,              \
+           (int)offset, RExC_precomp, RExC_precomp + offset);  \
+} STMT_END
+
+/*
+ * Calls SAVEDESTRUCTOR_X if needed, then Simple_vFAIL3().
+ */
+#define        vFAIL3(m,a1,a2) STMT_START {                    \
+    if (!SIZE_ONLY)                                    \
+       SAVEFREESV(RExC_rx_sv);                         \
+    Simple_vFAIL3(m, a1, a2);                          \
+} STMT_END
+
+/*
+ * Like Simple_vFAIL(), but accepts four arguments.
+ */
+#define        Simple_vFAIL4(m, a1, a2, a3) STMT_START {               \
+    const IV offset = RExC_parse - RExC_precomp;               \
+    S_re_croak2(aTHX_ m, REPORT_LOCATION, a1, a2, a3,          \
+           (int)offset, RExC_precomp, RExC_precomp + offset);  \
+} STMT_END
+
+#define        vFAIL4(m,a1,a2,a3) STMT_START {                 \
+    if (!SIZE_ONLY)                                    \
+       SAVEFREESV(RExC_rx_sv);                         \
+    Simple_vFAIL4(m, a1, a2, a3);                      \
+} STMT_END
+
+/* m is not necessarily a "literal string", in this macro */
+#define reg_warn_non_literal_string(loc, m) STMT_START {                \
+    const IV offset = loc - RExC_precomp;                               \
+    Perl_warner(aTHX_ packWARN(WARN_REGEXP), "%s" REPORT_LOCATION,      \
+            m, (int)offset, RExC_precomp, RExC_precomp + offset);       \
+} STMT_END
+
+#define        ckWARNreg(loc,m) STMT_START {                                   \
+    const IV offset = loc - RExC_precomp;                              \
+    Perl_ck_warner(aTHX_ packWARN(WARN_REGEXP), m REPORT_LOCATION,     \
+           (int)offset, RExC_precomp, RExC_precomp + offset);          \
+} STMT_END
+
+#define        vWARN_dep(loc, m) STMT_START {                                  \
+    const IV offset = loc - RExC_precomp;                              \
+    Perl_warner(aTHX_ packWARN(WARN_DEPRECATED), m REPORT_LOCATION,    \
+           (int)offset, RExC_precomp, RExC_precomp + offset);          \
+} STMT_END
+
+#define        ckWARNdep(loc,m) STMT_START {                                   \
+    const IV offset = loc - RExC_precomp;                              \
+    Perl_ck_warner_d(aTHX_ packWARN(WARN_DEPRECATED),                  \
+           m REPORT_LOCATION,                                          \
+           (int)offset, RExC_precomp, RExC_precomp + offset);          \
+} STMT_END
+
+#define        ckWARNregdep(loc,m) STMT_START {                                \
+    const IV offset = loc - RExC_precomp;                              \
+    Perl_ck_warner_d(aTHX_ packWARN2(WARN_DEPRECATED, WARN_REGEXP),    \
+           m REPORT_LOCATION,                                          \
+           (int)offset, RExC_precomp, RExC_precomp + offset);          \
+} STMT_END
+
+#define        ckWARN2regdep(loc,m, a1) STMT_START {                           \
+    const IV offset = loc - RExC_precomp;                              \
+    Perl_ck_warner_d(aTHX_ packWARN2(WARN_DEPRECATED, WARN_REGEXP),    \
+           m REPORT_LOCATION,                                          \
+           a1, (int)offset, RExC_precomp, RExC_precomp + offset);      \
+} STMT_END
+
+#define        ckWARN2reg(loc, m, a1) STMT_START {                             \
+    const IV offset = loc - RExC_precomp;                              \
+    Perl_ck_warner(aTHX_ packWARN(WARN_REGEXP), m REPORT_LOCATION,     \
+           a1, (int)offset, RExC_precomp, RExC_precomp + offset);      \
+} STMT_END
+
+#define        vWARN3(loc, m, a1, a2) STMT_START {                             \
+    const IV offset = loc - RExC_precomp;                              \
+    Perl_warner(aTHX_ packWARN(WARN_REGEXP), m REPORT_LOCATION,                \
+           a1, a2, (int)offset, RExC_precomp, RExC_precomp + offset);  \
+} STMT_END
+
+#define        ckWARN3reg(loc, m, a1, a2) STMT_START {                         \
+    const IV offset = loc - RExC_precomp;                              \
+    Perl_ck_warner(aTHX_ packWARN(WARN_REGEXP), m REPORT_LOCATION,     \
+           a1, a2, (int)offset, RExC_precomp, RExC_precomp + offset);  \
+} STMT_END
+
+#define        vWARN4(loc, m, a1, a2, a3) STMT_START {                         \
+    const IV offset = loc - RExC_precomp;                              \
+    Perl_warner(aTHX_ packWARN(WARN_REGEXP), m REPORT_LOCATION,                \
+           a1, a2, a3, (int)offset, RExC_precomp, RExC_precomp + offset); \
+} STMT_END
+
+#define        ckWARN4reg(loc, m, a1, a2, a3) STMT_START {                     \
+    const IV offset = loc - RExC_precomp;                              \
+    Perl_ck_warner(aTHX_ packWARN(WARN_REGEXP), m REPORT_LOCATION,     \
+           a1, a2, a3, (int)offset, RExC_precomp, RExC_precomp + offset); \
+} STMT_END
+
+#define        vWARN5(loc, m, a1, a2, a3, a4) STMT_START {                     \
+    const IV offset = loc - RExC_precomp;                              \
+    Perl_warner(aTHX_ packWARN(WARN_REGEXP), m REPORT_LOCATION,                \
+           a1, a2, a3, a4, (int)offset, RExC_precomp, RExC_precomp + offset); \
+} STMT_END
+
+
+/* Allow for side effects in s */
+#define REGC(c,s) STMT_START {                 \
+    if (!SIZE_ONLY) *(s) = (c); else (void)(s);        \
+} STMT_END
+
+/* Macros for recording node offsets.   20001227 mjd@plover.com 
+ * Nodes are numbered 1, 2, 3, 4.  Node #n's position is recorded in
+ * element 2*n-1 of the array.  Element #2n holds the byte length node #n.
+ * Element 0 holds the number n.
+ * Position is 1 indexed.
+ */
+#ifndef RE_TRACK_PATTERN_OFFSETS
+#define Set_Node_Offset_To_R(node,byte)
+#define Set_Node_Offset(node,byte)
+#define Set_Cur_Node_Offset
+#define Set_Node_Length_To_R(node,len)
+#define Set_Node_Length(node,len)
+#define Set_Node_Cur_Length(node,start)
+#define Node_Offset(n) 
+#define Node_Length(n) 
+#define Set_Node_Offset_Length(node,offset,len)
+#define ProgLen(ri) ri->u.proglen
+#define SetProgLen(ri,x) ri->u.proglen = x
+#else
+#define ProgLen(ri) ri->u.offsets[0]
+#define SetProgLen(ri,x) ri->u.offsets[0] = x
+#define Set_Node_Offset_To_R(node,byte) STMT_START {                   \
+    if (! SIZE_ONLY) {                                                 \
+       MJD_OFFSET_DEBUG(("** (%d) offset of node %d is %d.\n",         \
+                   __LINE__, (int)(node), (int)(byte)));               \
+       if((node) < 0) {                                                \
+           Perl_croak(aTHX_ "value of node is %d in Offset macro", (int)(node)); \
+       } else {                                                        \
+           RExC_offsets[2*(node)-1] = (byte);                          \
+       }                                                               \
+    }                                                                  \
+} STMT_END
+
+#define Set_Node_Offset(node,byte) \
+    Set_Node_Offset_To_R((node)-RExC_emit_start, (byte)-RExC_start)
+#define Set_Cur_Node_Offset Set_Node_Offset(RExC_emit, RExC_parse)
+
+#define Set_Node_Length_To_R(node,len) STMT_START {                    \
+    if (! SIZE_ONLY) {                                                 \
+       MJD_OFFSET_DEBUG(("** (%d) size of node %d is %d.\n",           \
+               __LINE__, (int)(node), (int)(len)));                    \
+       if((node) < 0) {                                                \
+           Perl_croak(aTHX_ "value of node is %d in Length macro", (int)(node)); \
+       } else {                                                        \
+           RExC_offsets[2*(node)] = (len);                             \
+       }                                                               \
+    }                                                                  \
+} STMT_END
+
+#define Set_Node_Length(node,len) \
+    Set_Node_Length_To_R((node)-RExC_emit_start, len)
+#define Set_Node_Cur_Length(node, start)                \
+    Set_Node_Length(node, RExC_parse - start)
+
+/* Get offsets and lengths */
+#define Node_Offset(n) (RExC_offsets[2*((n)-RExC_emit_start)-1])
+#define Node_Length(n) (RExC_offsets[2*((n)-RExC_emit_start)])
+
+#define Set_Node_Offset_Length(node,offset,len) STMT_START {   \
+    Set_Node_Offset_To_R((node)-RExC_emit_start, (offset));    \
+    Set_Node_Length_To_R((node)-RExC_emit_start, (len));       \
+} STMT_END
+#endif
+
+#if PERL_ENABLE_EXPERIMENTAL_REGEX_OPTIMISATIONS
+#define EXPERIMENTAL_INPLACESCAN
+#endif /*PERL_ENABLE_EXPERIMENTAL_REGEX_OPTIMISATIONS*/
+
+#define DEBUG_STUDYDATA(str,data,depth)                              \
+DEBUG_OPTIMISE_MORE_r(if(data){                                      \
+    PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log,                                    \
+        "%*s" str "Pos:%"IVdf"/%"IVdf                                \
+        " Flags: 0x%"UVXf" Whilem_c: %"IVdf" Lcp: %"IVdf" %s",       \
+        (int)(depth)*2, "",                                          \
+        (IV)((data)->pos_min),                                       \
+        (IV)((data)->pos_delta),                                     \
+        (UV)((data)->flags),                                         \
+        (IV)((data)->whilem_c),                                      \
+        (IV)((data)->last_closep ? *((data)->last_closep) : -1),     \
+        is_inf ? "INF " : ""                                         \
+    );                                                               \
+    if ((data)->last_found)                                          \
+        PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log,                                \
+            "Last:'%s' %"IVdf":%"IVdf"/%"IVdf" %sFixed:'%s' @ %"IVdf \
+            " %sFloat: '%s' @ %"IVdf"/%"IVdf"",                      \
+            SvPVX_const((data)->last_found),                         \
+            (IV)((data)->last_end),                                  \
+            (IV)((data)->last_start_min),                            \
+            (IV)((data)->last_start_max),                            \
+            ((data)->longest &&                                      \
+             (data)->longest==&((data)->longest_fixed)) ? "*" : "",  \
+            SvPVX_const((data)->longest_fixed),                      \
+            (IV)((data)->offset_fixed),                              \
+            ((data)->longest &&                                      \
+             (data)->longest==&((data)->longest_float)) ? "*" : "",  \
+            SvPVX_const((data)->longest_float),                      \
+            (IV)((data)->offset_float_min),                          \
+            (IV)((data)->offset_float_max)                           \
+        );                                                           \
+    PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log,"\n");                              \
+});
+
+/* Mark that we cannot extend a found fixed substring at this point.
+   Update the longest found anchored substring and the longest found
+   floating substrings if needed. */
+
+STATIC void
+S_scan_commit(pTHX_ const RExC_state_t *pRExC_state, scan_data_t *data, I32 *minlenp, int is_inf)
+{
+    const STRLEN l = CHR_SVLEN(data->last_found);
+    const STRLEN old_l = CHR_SVLEN(*data->longest);
+    GET_RE_DEBUG_FLAGS_DECL;
+
+    PERL_ARGS_ASSERT_SCAN_COMMIT;
+
+    if ((l >= old_l) && ((l > old_l) || (data->flags & SF_BEFORE_EOL))) {
+       SvSetMagicSV(*data->longest, data->last_found);
+       if (*data->longest == data->longest_fixed) {
+           data->offset_fixed = l ? data->last_start_min : data->pos_min;
+           if (data->flags & SF_BEFORE_EOL)
+               data->flags
+                   |= ((data->flags & SF_BEFORE_EOL) << SF_FIX_SHIFT_EOL);
+           else
+               data->flags &= ~SF_FIX_BEFORE_EOL;
+           data->minlen_fixed=minlenp;
+           data->lookbehind_fixed=0;
+       }
+       else { /* *data->longest == data->longest_float */
+           data->offset_float_min = l ? data->last_start_min : data->pos_min;
+           data->offset_float_max = (l
+                                     ? data->last_start_max
+                                     : (data->pos_delta == I32_MAX ? I32_MAX : data->pos_min + data->pos_delta));
+           if (is_inf || (U32)data->offset_float_max > (U32)I32_MAX)
+               data->offset_float_max = I32_MAX;
+           if (data->flags & SF_BEFORE_EOL)
+               data->flags
+                   |= ((data->flags & SF_BEFORE_EOL) << SF_FL_SHIFT_EOL);
+           else
+               data->flags &= ~SF_FL_BEFORE_EOL;
+            data->minlen_float=minlenp;
+            data->lookbehind_float=0;
+       }
+    }
+    SvCUR_set(data->last_found, 0);
+    {
+       SV * const sv = data->last_found;
+       if (SvUTF8(sv) && SvMAGICAL(sv)) {
+           MAGIC * const mg = mg_find(sv, PERL_MAGIC_utf8);
+           if (mg)
+               mg->mg_len = 0;
+       }
+    }
+    data->last_end = -1;
+    data->flags &= ~SF_BEFORE_EOL;
+    DEBUG_STUDYDATA("commit: ",data,0);
+}
+
+/* These macros set, clear and test whether the synthetic start class ('ssc',
+ * given by the parameter) matches an empty string (EOS).  This uses the
+ * 'next_off' field in the node, to save a bit in the flags field.  The ssc
+ * stands alone, so there is never a next_off, so this field is otherwise
+ * unused.  The EOS information is used only for compilation, but theoretically
+ * it could be passed on to the execution code.  This could be used to store
+ * more than one bit of information, but only this one is currently used. */
+#define SET_SSC_EOS(node)   STMT_START { (node)->next_off = TRUE; } STMT_END
+#define CLEAR_SSC_EOS(node) STMT_START { (node)->next_off = FALSE; } STMT_END
+#define TEST_SSC_EOS(node)  cBOOL((node)->next_off)
+
+/* Can match anything (initialization) */
+STATIC void
+S_cl_anything(const RExC_state_t *pRExC_state, struct regnode_charclass_class *cl)
+{
+    PERL_ARGS_ASSERT_CL_ANYTHING;
+
+    ANYOF_BITMAP_SETALL(cl);
+    cl->flags = ANYOF_UNICODE_ALL;
+    SET_SSC_EOS(cl);
+
+    /* If any portion of the regex is to operate under locale rules,
+     * initialization includes it.  The reason this isn't done for all regexes
+     * is that the optimizer was written under the assumption that locale was
+     * all-or-nothing.  Given the complexity and lack of documentation in the
+     * optimizer, and that there are inadequate test cases for locale, so many
+     * parts of it may not work properly, it is safest to avoid locale unless
+     * necessary. */
+    if (RExC_contains_locale) {
+       ANYOF_CLASS_SETALL(cl);     /* /l uses class */
+       cl->flags |= ANYOF_LOCALE|ANYOF_CLASS|ANYOF_LOC_FOLD;
+    }
+    else {
+       ANYOF_CLASS_ZERO(cl);       /* Only /l uses class now */
+    }
+}
+
+/* Can match anything (initialization) */
+STATIC int
+S_cl_is_anything(const struct regnode_charclass_class *cl)
+{
+    int value;
+
+    PERL_ARGS_ASSERT_CL_IS_ANYTHING;
+
+    for (value = 0; value < ANYOF_MAX; value += 2)
+       if (ANYOF_CLASS_TEST(cl, value) && ANYOF_CLASS_TEST(cl, value + 1))
+           return 1;
+    if (!(cl->flags & ANYOF_UNICODE_ALL))
+       return 0;
+    if (!ANYOF_BITMAP_TESTALLSET((const void*)cl))
+       return 0;
+    return 1;
+}
+
+/* Can match anything (initialization) */
+STATIC void
+S_cl_init(const RExC_state_t *pRExC_state, struct regnode_charclass_class *cl)
+{
+    PERL_ARGS_ASSERT_CL_INIT;
+
+    Zero(cl, 1, struct regnode_charclass_class);
+    cl->type = ANYOF;
+    cl_anything(pRExC_state, cl);
+    ARG_SET(cl, ANYOF_NONBITMAP_EMPTY);
+}
+
+/* These two functions currently do the exact same thing */
+#define cl_init_zero           S_cl_init
+
+/* 'AND' a given class with another one.  Can create false positives.  'cl'
+ * should not be inverted.  'and_with->flags & ANYOF_CLASS' should be 0 if
+ * 'and_with' is a regnode_charclass instead of a regnode_charclass_class. */
+STATIC void
+S_cl_and(struct regnode_charclass_class *cl,
+       const struct regnode_charclass_class *and_with)
+{
+    PERL_ARGS_ASSERT_CL_AND;
+
+    assert(PL_regkind[and_with->type] == ANYOF);
+
+    /* I (khw) am not sure all these restrictions are necessary XXX */
+    if (!(ANYOF_CLASS_TEST_ANY_SET(and_with))
+       && !(ANYOF_CLASS_TEST_ANY_SET(cl))
+       && (and_with->flags & ANYOF_LOCALE) == (cl->flags & ANYOF_LOCALE)
+       && !(and_with->flags & ANYOF_LOC_FOLD)
+       && !(cl->flags & ANYOF_LOC_FOLD)) {
+       int i;
+
+       if (and_with->flags & ANYOF_INVERT)
+           for (i = 0; i < ANYOF_BITMAP_SIZE; i++)
+               cl->bitmap[i] &= ~and_with->bitmap[i];
+       else
+           for (i = 0; i < ANYOF_BITMAP_SIZE; i++)
+               cl->bitmap[i] &= and_with->bitmap[i];
+    } /* XXXX: logic is complicated otherwise, leave it along for a moment. */
+
+    if (and_with->flags & ANYOF_INVERT) {
+
+        /* Here, the and'ed node is inverted.  Get the AND of the flags that
+         * aren't affected by the inversion.  Those that are affected are
+         * handled individually below */
+       U8 affected_flags = cl->flags & ~INVERSION_UNAFFECTED_FLAGS;
+       cl->flags &= (and_with->flags & INVERSION_UNAFFECTED_FLAGS);
+       cl->flags |= affected_flags;
+
+        /* We currently don't know how to deal with things that aren't in the
+         * bitmap, but we know that the intersection is no greater than what
+         * is already in cl, so let there be false positives that get sorted
+         * out after the synthetic start class succeeds, and the node is
+         * matched for real. */
+
+        /* The inversion of these two flags indicate that the resulting
+         * intersection doesn't have them */
+       if (and_with->flags & ANYOF_UNICODE_ALL) {
+           cl->flags &= ~ANYOF_UNICODE_ALL;
+       }
+       if (and_with->flags & ANYOF_NON_UTF8_LATIN1_ALL) {
+           cl->flags &= ~ANYOF_NON_UTF8_LATIN1_ALL;
+       }
+    }
+    else {   /* and'd node is not inverted */
+       U8 outside_bitmap_but_not_utf8; /* Temp variable */
+
+       if (! ANYOF_NONBITMAP(and_with)) {
+
+            /* Here 'and_with' doesn't match anything outside the bitmap
+             * (except possibly ANYOF_UNICODE_ALL), which means the
+             * intersection can't either, except for ANYOF_UNICODE_ALL, in
+             * which case we don't know what the intersection is, but it's no
+             * greater than what cl already has, so can just leave it alone,
+             * with possible false positives */
+            if (! (and_with->flags & ANYOF_UNICODE_ALL)) {
+                ARG_SET(cl, ANYOF_NONBITMAP_EMPTY);
+               cl->flags &= ~ANYOF_NONBITMAP_NON_UTF8;
+            }
+       }
+       else if (! ANYOF_NONBITMAP(cl)) {
+
+           /* Here, 'and_with' does match something outside the bitmap, and cl
+            * doesn't have a list of things to match outside the bitmap.  If
+             * cl can match all code points above 255, the intersection will
+             * be those above-255 code points that 'and_with' matches.  If cl
+             * can't match all Unicode code points, it means that it can't
+             * match anything outside the bitmap (since the 'if' that got us
+             * into this block tested for that), so we leave the bitmap empty.
+             */
+           if (cl->flags & ANYOF_UNICODE_ALL) {
+               ARG_SET(cl, ARG(and_with));
+
+                /* and_with's ARG may match things that don't require UTF8.
+                 * And now cl's will too, in spite of this being an 'and'.  See
+                 * the comments below about the kludge */
+               cl->flags |= and_with->flags & ANYOF_NONBITMAP_NON_UTF8;
+           }
+       }
+       else {
+            /* Here, both 'and_with' and cl match something outside the
+             * bitmap.  Currently we do not do the intersection, so just match
+             * whatever cl had at the beginning.  */
+       }
+
+
+        /* Take the intersection of the two sets of flags.  However, the
+         * ANYOF_NONBITMAP_NON_UTF8 flag is treated as an 'or'.  This is a
+         * kludge around the fact that this flag is not treated like the others
+         * which are initialized in cl_anything().  The way the optimizer works
+         * is that the synthetic start class (SSC) is initialized to match
+         * anything, and then the first time a real node is encountered, its
+         * values are AND'd with the SSC's with the result being the values of
+         * the real node.  However, there are paths through the optimizer where
+         * the AND never gets called, so those initialized bits are set
+         * inappropriately, which is not usually a big deal, as they just cause
+         * false positives in the SSC, which will just mean a probably
+         * imperceptible slow down in execution.  However this bit has a
+         * higher false positive consequence in that it can cause utf8.pm,
+         * utf8_heavy.pl ... to be loaded when not necessary, which is a much
+         * bigger slowdown and also causes significant extra memory to be used.
+         * In order to prevent this, the code now takes a different tack.  The
+         * bit isn't set unless some part of the regular expression needs it,
+         * but once set it won't get cleared.  This means that these extra
+         * modules won't get loaded unless there was some path through the
+         * pattern that would have required them anyway, and  so any false
+         * positives that occur by not ANDing them out when they could be
+         * aren't as severe as they would be if we treated this bit like all
+         * the others */
+        outside_bitmap_but_not_utf8 = (cl->flags | and_with->flags)
+                                      & ANYOF_NONBITMAP_NON_UTF8;
+       cl->flags &= and_with->flags;
+       cl->flags |= outside_bitmap_but_not_utf8;
+    }
+}
+
+/* 'OR' a given class with another one.  Can create false positives.  'cl'
+ * should not be inverted.  'or_with->flags & ANYOF_CLASS' should be 0 if
+ * 'or_with' is a regnode_charclass instead of a regnode_charclass_class. */
+STATIC void
+S_cl_or(const RExC_state_t *pRExC_state, struct regnode_charclass_class *cl, const struct regnode_charclass_class *or_with)
+{
+    PERL_ARGS_ASSERT_CL_OR;
+
+    if (or_with->flags & ANYOF_INVERT) {
+
+        /* Here, the or'd node is to be inverted.  This means we take the
+         * complement of everything not in the bitmap, but currently we don't
+         * know what that is, so give up and match anything */
+       if (ANYOF_NONBITMAP(or_with)) {
+           cl_anything(pRExC_state, cl);
+       }
+       /* We do not use
+        * (B1 | CL1) | (!B2 & !CL2) = (B1 | !B2 & !CL2) | (CL1 | (!B2 & !CL2))
+        *   <= (B1 | !B2) | (CL1 | !CL2)
+        * which is wasteful if CL2 is small, but we ignore CL2:
+        *   (B1 | CL1) | (!B2 & !CL2) <= (B1 | CL1) | !B2 = (B1 | !B2) | CL1
+        * XXXX Can we handle case-fold?  Unclear:
+        *   (OK1(i) | OK1(i')) | !(OK1(i) | OK1(i')) =
+        *   (OK1(i) | OK1(i')) | (!OK1(i) & !OK1(i'))
+        */
+       else if ( (or_with->flags & ANYOF_LOCALE) == (cl->flags & ANYOF_LOCALE)
+            && !(or_with->flags & ANYOF_LOC_FOLD)
+            && !(cl->flags & ANYOF_LOC_FOLD) ) {
+           int i;
+
+           for (i = 0; i < ANYOF_BITMAP_SIZE; i++)
+               cl->bitmap[i] |= ~or_with->bitmap[i];
+       } /* XXXX: logic is complicated otherwise */
+       else {
+           cl_anything(pRExC_state, cl);
+       }
+
+        /* And, we can just take the union of the flags that aren't affected
+         * by the inversion */
+       cl->flags |= or_with->flags & INVERSION_UNAFFECTED_FLAGS;
+
+        /* For the remaining flags:
+            ANYOF_UNICODE_ALL and inverted means to not match anything above
+                    255, which means that the union with cl should just be
+                    what cl has in it, so can ignore this flag
+            ANYOF_NON_UTF8_LATIN1_ALL and inverted means if not utf8 and ord
+                    is 127-255 to match them, but then invert that, so the
+                    union with cl should just be what cl has in it, so can
+                    ignore this flag
+         */
+    } else {    /* 'or_with' is not inverted */
+       /* (B1 | CL1) | (B2 | CL2) = (B1 | B2) | (CL1 | CL2)) */
+       if ( (or_with->flags & ANYOF_LOCALE) == (cl->flags & ANYOF_LOCALE)
+            && (!(or_with->flags & ANYOF_LOC_FOLD)
+                || (cl->flags & ANYOF_LOC_FOLD)) ) {
+           int i;
+
+           /* OR char bitmap and class bitmap separately */
+           for (i = 0; i < ANYOF_BITMAP_SIZE; i++)
+               cl->bitmap[i] |= or_with->bitmap[i];
+            if (or_with->flags & ANYOF_CLASS) {
+                ANYOF_CLASS_OR(or_with, cl);
+            }
+       }
+       else { /* XXXX: logic is complicated, leave it along for a moment. */
+           cl_anything(pRExC_state, cl);
+       }
+
+       if (ANYOF_NONBITMAP(or_with)) {
+
+           /* Use the added node's outside-the-bit-map match if there isn't a
+            * conflict.  If there is a conflict (both nodes match something
+            * outside the bitmap, but what they match outside is not the same
+            * pointer, and hence not easily compared until XXX we extend
+            * inversion lists this far), give up and allow the start class to
+            * match everything outside the bitmap.  If that stuff is all above
+            * 255, can just set UNICODE_ALL, otherwise caould be anything. */
+           if (! ANYOF_NONBITMAP(cl)) {
+               ARG_SET(cl, ARG(or_with));
+           }
+           else if (ARG(cl) != ARG(or_with)) {
+
+               if ((or_with->flags & ANYOF_NONBITMAP_NON_UTF8)) {
+                   cl_anything(pRExC_state, cl);
+               }
+               else {
+                   cl->flags |= ANYOF_UNICODE_ALL;
+               }
+           }
+       }
+
+        /* Take the union */
+       cl->flags |= or_with->flags;
+    }
+}
+
+#define TRIE_LIST_ITEM(state,idx) (trie->states[state].trans.list)[ idx ]
+#define TRIE_LIST_CUR(state)  ( TRIE_LIST_ITEM( state, 0 ).forid )
+#define TRIE_LIST_LEN(state) ( TRIE_LIST_ITEM( state, 0 ).newstate )
+#define TRIE_LIST_USED(idx)  ( trie->states[state].trans.list ? (TRIE_LIST_CUR( idx ) - 1) : 0 )
+
+
+#ifdef DEBUGGING
+/*
+   dump_trie(trie,widecharmap,revcharmap)
+   dump_trie_interim_list(trie,widecharmap,revcharmap,next_alloc)
+   dump_trie_interim_table(trie,widecharmap,revcharmap,next_alloc)
+
+   These routines dump out a trie in a somewhat readable format.
+   The _interim_ variants are used for debugging the interim
+   tables that are used to generate the final compressed
+   representation which is what dump_trie expects.
+
+   Part of the reason for their existence is to provide a form
+   of documentation as to how the different representations function.
+
+*/
+
+/*
+  Dumps the final compressed table form of the trie to Perl_debug_log.
+  Used for debugging make_trie().
+*/
+
+STATIC void
+S_dump_trie(pTHX_ const struct _reg_trie_data *trie, HV *widecharmap,
+           AV *revcharmap, U32 depth)
+{
+    U32 state;
+    SV *sv=sv_newmortal();
+    int colwidth= widecharmap ? 6 : 4;
+    U16 word;
+    GET_RE_DEBUG_FLAGS_DECL;
+
+    PERL_ARGS_ASSERT_DUMP_TRIE;
+
+    PerlIO_printf( Perl_debug_log, "%*sChar : %-6s%-6s%-4s ",
+        (int)depth * 2 + 2,"",
+        "Match","Base","Ofs" );
+
+    for( state = 0 ; state < trie->uniquecharcount ; state++ ) {
+       SV ** const tmp = av_fetch( revcharmap, state, 0);
+        if ( tmp ) {
+            PerlIO_printf( Perl_debug_log, "%*s", 
+                colwidth,
+                pv_pretty(sv, SvPV_nolen_const(*tmp), SvCUR(*tmp), colwidth, 
+                           PL_colors[0], PL_colors[1],
+                           (SvUTF8(*tmp) ? PERL_PV_ESCAPE_UNI : 0) |
+                           PERL_PV_ESCAPE_FIRSTCHAR 
+                ) 
+            );
+        }
+    }
+    PerlIO_printf( Perl_debug_log, "\n%*sState|-----------------------",
+        (int)depth * 2 + 2,"");
+
+    for( state = 0 ; state < trie->uniquecharcount ; state++ )
+        PerlIO_printf( Perl_debug_log, "%.*s", colwidth, "--------");
+    PerlIO_printf( Perl_debug_log, "\n");
+
+    for( state = 1 ; state < trie->statecount ; state++ ) {
+       const U32 base = trie->states[ state ].trans.base;
+
+        PerlIO_printf( Perl_debug_log, "%*s#%4"UVXf"|", (int)depth * 2 + 2,"", (UV)state);
+
+        if ( trie->states[ state ].wordnum ) {
+            PerlIO_printf( Perl_debug_log, " W%4X", trie->states[ state ].wordnum );
+        } else {
+            PerlIO_printf( Perl_debug_log, "%6s", "" );
+        }
+
+        PerlIO_printf( Perl_debug_log, " @%4"UVXf" ", (UV)base );
+
+        if ( base ) {
+            U32 ofs = 0;
+
+            while( ( base + ofs  < trie->uniquecharcount ) ||
+                   ( base + ofs - trie->uniquecharcount < trie->lasttrans
+                     && trie->trans[ base + ofs - trie->uniquecharcount ].check != state))
+                    ofs++;
+
+            PerlIO_printf( Perl_debug_log, "+%2"UVXf"[ ", (UV)ofs);
+
+            for ( ofs = 0 ; ofs < trie->uniquecharcount ; ofs++ ) {
+                if ( ( base + ofs >= trie->uniquecharcount ) &&
+                     ( base + ofs - trie->uniquecharcount < trie->lasttrans ) &&
+                     trie->trans[ base + ofs - trie->uniquecharcount ].check == state )
+                {
+                   PerlIO_printf( Perl_debug_log, "%*"UVXf,
+                    colwidth,
+                    (UV)trie->trans[ base + ofs - trie->uniquecharcount ].next );
+                } else {
+                    PerlIO_printf( Perl_debug_log, "%*s",colwidth,"   ." );
+                }
+            }
+
+            PerlIO_printf( Perl_debug_log, "]");
+
+        }
+        PerlIO_printf( Perl_debug_log, "\n" );
+    }
+    PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log, "%*sword_info N:(prev,len)=", (int)depth*2, "");
+    for (word=1; word <= trie->wordcount; word++) {
+       PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log, " %d:(%d,%d)",
+           (int)word, (int)(trie->wordinfo[word].prev),
+           (int)(trie->wordinfo[word].len));
+    }
+    PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log, "\n" );
+}    
+/*
+  Dumps a fully constructed but uncompressed trie in list form.
+  List tries normally only are used for construction when the number of 
+  possible chars (trie->uniquecharcount) is very high.
+  Used for debugging make_trie().
+*/
+STATIC void
+S_dump_trie_interim_list(pTHX_ const struct _reg_trie_data *trie,
+                        HV *widecharmap, AV *revcharmap, U32 next_alloc,
+                        U32 depth)
+{
+    U32 state;
+    SV *sv=sv_newmortal();
+    int colwidth= widecharmap ? 6 : 4;
+    GET_RE_DEBUG_FLAGS_DECL;
+
+    PERL_ARGS_ASSERT_DUMP_TRIE_INTERIM_LIST;
+
+    /* print out the table precompression.  */
+    PerlIO_printf( Perl_debug_log, "%*sState :Word | Transition Data\n%*s%s",
+        (int)depth * 2 + 2,"", (int)depth * 2 + 2,"",
+        "------:-----+-----------------\n" );
+    
+    for( state=1 ; state < next_alloc ; state ++ ) {
+        U16 charid;
+    
+        PerlIO_printf( Perl_debug_log, "%*s %4"UVXf" :",
+            (int)depth * 2 + 2,"", (UV)state  );
+        if ( ! trie->states[ state ].wordnum ) {
+            PerlIO_printf( Perl_debug_log, "%5s| ","");
+        } else {
+            PerlIO_printf( Perl_debug_log, "W%4x| ",
+                trie->states[ state ].wordnum
+            );
+        }
+        for( charid = 1 ; charid <= TRIE_LIST_USED( state ) ; charid++ ) {
+           SV ** const tmp = av_fetch( revcharmap, TRIE_LIST_ITEM(state,charid).forid, 0);
+           if ( tmp ) {
+                PerlIO_printf( Perl_debug_log, "%*s:%3X=%4"UVXf" | ",
+                    colwidth,
+                    pv_pretty(sv, SvPV_nolen_const(*tmp), SvCUR(*tmp), colwidth, 
+                           PL_colors[0], PL_colors[1],
+                           (SvUTF8(*tmp) ? PERL_PV_ESCAPE_UNI : 0) |
+                           PERL_PV_ESCAPE_FIRSTCHAR 
+                    ) ,
+                    TRIE_LIST_ITEM(state,charid).forid,
+                    (UV)TRIE_LIST_ITEM(state,charid).newstate
+                );
+                if (!(charid % 10)) 
+                    PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log, "\n%*s| ",
+                        (int)((depth * 2) + 14), "");
+            }
+        }
+        PerlIO_printf( Perl_debug_log, "\n");
+    }
+}    
+
+/*
+  Dumps a fully constructed but uncompressed trie in table form.
+  This is the normal DFA style state transition table, with a few 
+  twists to facilitate compression later. 
+  Used for debugging make_trie().
+*/
+STATIC void
+S_dump_trie_interim_table(pTHX_ const struct _reg_trie_data *trie,
+                         HV *widecharmap, AV *revcharmap, U32 next_alloc,
+                         U32 depth)
+{
+    U32 state;
+    U16 charid;
+    SV *sv=sv_newmortal();
+    int colwidth= widecharmap ? 6 : 4;
+    GET_RE_DEBUG_FLAGS_DECL;
+
+    PERL_ARGS_ASSERT_DUMP_TRIE_INTERIM_TABLE;
+    
+    /*
+       print out the table precompression so that we can do a visual check
+       that they are identical.
+     */
+    
+    PerlIO_printf( Perl_debug_log, "%*sChar : ",(int)depth * 2 + 2,"" );
+
+    for( charid = 0 ; charid < trie->uniquecharcount ; charid++ ) {
+       SV ** const tmp = av_fetch( revcharmap, charid, 0);
+        if ( tmp ) {
+            PerlIO_printf( Perl_debug_log, "%*s", 
+                colwidth,
+                pv_pretty(sv, SvPV_nolen_const(*tmp), SvCUR(*tmp), colwidth, 
+                           PL_colors[0], PL_colors[1],
+                           (SvUTF8(*tmp) ? PERL_PV_ESCAPE_UNI : 0) |
+                           PERL_PV_ESCAPE_FIRSTCHAR 
+                ) 
+            );
+        }
+    }
+
+    PerlIO_printf( Perl_debug_log, "\n%*sState+-",(int)depth * 2 + 2,"" );
+
+    for( charid=0 ; charid < trie->uniquecharcount ; charid++ ) {
+        PerlIO_printf( Perl_debug_log, "%.*s", colwidth,"--------");
+    }
+
+    PerlIO_printf( Perl_debug_log, "\n" );
+
+    for( state=1 ; state < next_alloc ; state += trie->uniquecharcount ) {
+
+        PerlIO_printf( Perl_debug_log, "%*s%4"UVXf" : ", 
+            (int)depth * 2 + 2,"",
+            (UV)TRIE_NODENUM( state ) );
+
+        for( charid = 0 ; charid < trie->uniquecharcount ; charid++ ) {
+            UV v=(UV)SAFE_TRIE_NODENUM( trie->trans[ state + charid ].next );
+            if (v)
+                PerlIO_printf( Perl_debug_log, "%*"UVXf, colwidth, v );
+            else
+                PerlIO_printf( Perl_debug_log, "%*s", colwidth, "." );
+        }
+        if ( ! trie->states[ TRIE_NODENUM( state ) ].wordnum ) {
+            PerlIO_printf( Perl_debug_log, " (%4"UVXf")\n", (UV)trie->trans[ state ].check );
+        } else {
+            PerlIO_printf( Perl_debug_log, " (%4"UVXf") W%4X\n", (UV)trie->trans[ state ].check,
+            trie->states[ TRIE_NODENUM( state ) ].wordnum );
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+#endif
+
+
+/* make_trie(startbranch,first,last,tail,word_count,flags,depth)
+  startbranch: the first branch in the whole branch sequence
+  first      : start branch of sequence of branch-exact nodes.
+              May be the same as startbranch
+  last       : Thing following the last branch.
+              May be the same as tail.
+  tail       : item following the branch sequence
+  count      : words in the sequence
+  flags      : currently the OP() type we will be building one of /EXACT(|F|Fl)/
+  depth      : indent depth
+
+Inplace optimizes a sequence of 2 or more Branch-Exact nodes into a TRIE node.
+
+A trie is an N'ary tree where the branches are determined by digital
+decomposition of the key. IE, at the root node you look up the 1st character and
+follow that branch repeat until you find the end of the branches. Nodes can be
+marked as "accepting" meaning they represent a complete word. Eg:
+
+  /he|she|his|hers/
+
+would convert into the following structure. Numbers represent states, letters
+following numbers represent valid transitions on the letter from that state, if
+the number is in square brackets it represents an accepting state, otherwise it
+will be in parenthesis.
+
+      +-h->+-e->[3]-+-r->(8)-+-s->[9]
+      |    |
+      |   (2)
+      |    |
+     (1)   +-i->(6)-+-s->[7]
+      |
+      +-s->(3)-+-h->(4)-+-e->[5]
+
+      Accept Word Mapping: 3=>1 (he),5=>2 (she), 7=>3 (his), 9=>4 (hers)
+
+This shows that when matching against the string 'hers' we will begin at state 1
+read 'h' and move to state 2, read 'e' and move to state 3 which is accepting,
+then read 'r' and go to state 8 followed by 's' which takes us to state 9 which
+is also accepting. Thus we know that we can match both 'he' and 'hers' with a
+single traverse. We store a mapping from accepting to state to which word was
+matched, and then when we have multiple possibilities we try to complete the
+rest of the regex in the order in which they occured in the alternation.
+
+The only prior NFA like behaviour that would be changed by the TRIE support is
+the silent ignoring of duplicate alternations which are of the form:
+
+ / (DUPE|DUPE) X? (?{ ... }) Y /x
+
+Thus EVAL blocks following a trie may be called a different number of times with
+and without the optimisation. With the optimisations dupes will be silently
+ignored. This inconsistent behaviour of EVAL type nodes is well established as
+the following demonstrates:
+
+ 'words'=~/(word|word|word)(?{ print $1 })[xyz]/
+
+which prints out 'word' three times, but
+
+ 'words'=~/(word|word|word)(?{ print $1 })S/
+
+which doesnt print it out at all. This is due to other optimisations kicking in.
+
+Example of what happens on a structural level:
+
+The regexp /(ac|ad|ab)+/ will produce the following debug output:
+
+   1: CURLYM[1] {1,32767}(18)
+   5:   BRANCH(8)
+   6:     EXACT <ac>(16)
+   8:   BRANCH(11)
+   9:     EXACT <ad>(16)
+  11:   BRANCH(14)
+  12:     EXACT <ab>(16)
+  16:   SUCCEED(0)
+  17:   NOTHING(18)
+  18: END(0)
+
+This would be optimizable with startbranch=5, first=5, last=16, tail=16
+and should turn into:
+
+   1: CURLYM[1] {1,32767}(18)
+   5:   TRIE(16)
+       [Words:3 Chars Stored:6 Unique Chars:4 States:5 NCP:1]
+         <ac>
+         <ad>
+         <ab>
+  16:   SUCCEED(0)
+  17:   NOTHING(18)
+  18: END(0)
+
+Cases where tail != last would be like /(?foo|bar)baz/:
+
+   1: BRANCH(4)
+   2:   EXACT <foo>(8)
+   4: BRANCH(7)
+   5:   EXACT <bar>(8)
+   7: TAIL(8)
+   8: EXACT <baz>(10)
+  10: END(0)
+
+which would be optimizable with startbranch=1, first=1, last=7, tail=8
+and would end up looking like:
+
+    1: TRIE(8)
+      [Words:2 Chars Stored:6 Unique Chars:5 States:7 NCP:1]
+       <foo>
+       <bar>
+   7: TAIL(8)
+   8: EXACT <baz>(10)
+  10: END(0)
+
+    d = uvuni_to_utf8_flags(d, uv, 0);
+
+is the recommended Unicode-aware way of saying
+
+    *(d++) = uv;
+*/
+
+#define TRIE_STORE_REVCHAR(val)                                            \
+    STMT_START {                                                           \
+       if (UTF) {                                                         \
+            SV *zlopp = newSV(7); /* XXX: optimize me */                   \
+           unsigned char *flrbbbbb = (unsigned char *) SvPVX(zlopp);      \
+            unsigned const char *const kapow = uvuni_to_utf8(flrbbbbb, val); \
+           SvCUR_set(zlopp, kapow - flrbbbbb);                            \
+           SvPOK_on(zlopp);                                               \
+           SvUTF8_on(zlopp);                                              \
+           av_push(revcharmap, zlopp);                                    \
+       } else {                                                           \
+            char ooooff = (char)val;                                           \
+           av_push(revcharmap, newSVpvn(&ooooff, 1));                     \
+       }                                                                  \
+        } STMT_END
+
+#define TRIE_READ_CHAR STMT_START {                                                     \
+    wordlen++;                                                                          \
+    if ( UTF ) {                                                                        \
+        /* if it is UTF then it is either already folded, or does not need folding */   \
+        uvc = utf8n_to_uvuni( (const U8*) uc, UTF8_MAXLEN, &len, uniflags);             \
+    }                                                                                   \
+    else if (folder == PL_fold_latin1) {                                                \
+        /* if we use this folder we have to obey unicode rules on latin-1 data */       \
+        if ( foldlen > 0 ) {                                                            \
+           uvc = utf8n_to_uvuni( (const U8*) scan, UTF8_MAXLEN, &len, uniflags );       \
+           foldlen -= len;                                                              \
+           scan += len;                                                                 \
+           len = 0;                                                                     \
+        } else {                                                                        \
+            len = 1;                                                                    \
+            uvc = _to_fold_latin1( (U8) *uc, foldbuf, &foldlen, FOLD_FLAGS_FULL);       \
+            skiplen = UNISKIP(uvc);                                                     \
+            foldlen -= skiplen;                                                         \
+            scan = foldbuf + skiplen;                                                   \
+        }                                                                               \
+    } else {                                                                            \
+        /* raw data, will be folded later if needed */                                  \
+        uvc = (U32)*uc;                                                                 \
+        len = 1;                                                                        \
+    }                                                                                   \
+} STMT_END
+
+
+
+#define TRIE_LIST_PUSH(state,fid,ns) STMT_START {               \
+    if ( TRIE_LIST_CUR( state ) >=TRIE_LIST_LEN( state ) ) {    \
+       U32 ging = TRIE_LIST_LEN( state ) *= 2;                 \
+       Renew( trie->states[ state ].trans.list, ging, reg_trie_trans_le ); \
+    }                                                           \
+    TRIE_LIST_ITEM( state, TRIE_LIST_CUR( state ) ).forid = fid;     \
+    TRIE_LIST_ITEM( state, TRIE_LIST_CUR( state ) ).newstate = ns;   \
+    TRIE_LIST_CUR( state )++;                                   \
+} STMT_END
+
+#define TRIE_LIST_NEW(state) STMT_START {                       \
+    Newxz( trie->states[ state ].trans.list,               \
+       4, reg_trie_trans_le );                                 \
+     TRIE_LIST_CUR( state ) = 1;                                \
+     TRIE_LIST_LEN( state ) = 4;                                \
+} STMT_END
+
+#define TRIE_HANDLE_WORD(state) STMT_START {                    \
+    U16 dupe= trie->states[ state ].wordnum;                    \
+    regnode * const noper_next = regnext( noper );              \
+                                                                \
+    DEBUG_r({                                                   \
+        /* store the word for dumping */                        \
+        SV* tmp;                                                \
+        if (OP(noper) != NOTHING)                               \
+            tmp = newSVpvn_utf8(STRING(noper), STR_LEN(noper), UTF);   \
+        else                                                    \
+            tmp = newSVpvn_utf8( "", 0, UTF );                 \
+        av_push( trie_words, tmp );                             \
+    });                                                         \
+                                                                \
+    curword++;                                                  \
+    trie->wordinfo[curword].prev   = 0;                         \
+    trie->wordinfo[curword].len    = wordlen;                   \
+    trie->wordinfo[curword].accept = state;                     \
+                                                                \
+    if ( noper_next < tail ) {                                  \
+        if (!trie->jump)                                        \
+            trie->jump = (U16 *) PerlMemShared_calloc( word_count + 1, sizeof(U16) ); \
+        trie->jump[curword] = (U16)(noper_next - convert);      \
+        if (!jumper)                                            \
+            jumper = noper_next;                                \
+        if (!nextbranch)                                        \
+            nextbranch= regnext(cur);                           \
+    }                                                           \
+                                                                \
+    if ( dupe ) {                                               \
+        /* It's a dupe. Pre-insert into the wordinfo[].prev   */\
+        /* chain, so that when the bits of chain are later    */\
+        /* linked together, the dups appear in the chain      */\
+       trie->wordinfo[curword].prev = trie->wordinfo[dupe].prev; \
+       trie->wordinfo[dupe].prev = curword;                    \
+    } else {                                                    \
+        /* we haven't inserted this word yet.                */ \
+        trie->states[ state ].wordnum = curword;                \
+    }                                                           \
+} STMT_END
+
+
+#define TRIE_TRANS_STATE(state,base,ucharcount,charid,special)         \
+     ( ( base + charid >=  ucharcount                                  \
+         && base + charid < ubound                                     \
+         && state == trie->trans[ base - ucharcount + charid ].check   \
+         && trie->trans[ base - ucharcount + charid ].next )           \
+           ? trie->trans[ base - ucharcount + charid ].next            \
+           : ( state==1 ? special : 0 )                                        \
+      )
+
+#define MADE_TRIE       1
+#define MADE_JUMP_TRIE  2
+#define MADE_EXACT_TRIE 4
+
+STATIC I32
+S_make_trie(pTHX_ RExC_state_t *pRExC_state, regnode *startbranch, regnode *first, regnode *last, regnode *tail, U32 word_count, U32 flags, U32 depth)
+{
+    dVAR;
+    /* first pass, loop through and scan words */
+    reg_trie_data *trie;
+    HV *widecharmap = NULL;
+    AV *revcharmap = newAV();
+    regnode *cur;
+    const U32 uniflags = UTF8_ALLOW_DEFAULT;
+    STRLEN len = 0;
+    UV uvc = 0;
+    U16 curword = 0;
+    U32 next_alloc = 0;
+    regnode *jumper = NULL;
+    regnode *nextbranch = NULL;
+    regnode *convert = NULL;
+    U32 *prev_states; /* temp array mapping each state to previous one */
+    /* we just use folder as a flag in utf8 */
+    const U8 * folder = NULL;
+
+#ifdef DEBUGGING
+    const U32 data_slot = add_data( pRExC_state, 4, "tuuu" );
+    AV *trie_words = NULL;
+    /* along with revcharmap, this only used during construction but both are
+     * useful during debugging so we store them in the struct when debugging.
+     */
+#else
+    const U32 data_slot = add_data( pRExC_state, 2, "tu" );
+    STRLEN trie_charcount=0;
+#endif
+    SV *re_trie_maxbuff;
+    GET_RE_DEBUG_FLAGS_DECL;
+
+    PERL_ARGS_ASSERT_MAKE_TRIE;
+#ifndef DEBUGGING
+    PERL_UNUSED_ARG(depth);
+#endif
+
+    switch (flags) {
+        case EXACT: break;
+       case EXACTFA:
+        case EXACTFU_SS:
+        case EXACTFU_TRICKYFOLD:
+       case EXACTFU: folder = PL_fold_latin1; break;
+       case EXACTF:  folder = PL_fold; break;
+       case EXACTFL: folder = PL_fold_locale; break;
+        default: Perl_croak( aTHX_ "panic! In trie construction, unknown node type %u %s", (unsigned) flags, PL_reg_name[flags] );
+    }
+
+    trie = (reg_trie_data *) PerlMemShared_calloc( 1, sizeof(reg_trie_data) );
+    trie->refcount = 1;
+    trie->startstate = 1;
+    trie->wordcount = word_count;
+    RExC_rxi->data->data[ data_slot ] = (void*)trie;
+    trie->charmap = (U16 *) PerlMemShared_calloc( 256, sizeof(U16) );
+    if (flags == EXACT)
+       trie->bitmap = (char *) PerlMemShared_calloc( ANYOF_BITMAP_SIZE, 1 );
+    trie->wordinfo = (reg_trie_wordinfo *) PerlMemShared_calloc(
+                       trie->wordcount+1, sizeof(reg_trie_wordinfo));
+
+    DEBUG_r({
+        trie_words = newAV();
+    });
+
+    re_trie_maxbuff = get_sv(RE_TRIE_MAXBUF_NAME, 1);
+    if (!SvIOK(re_trie_maxbuff)) {
+        sv_setiv(re_trie_maxbuff, RE_TRIE_MAXBUF_INIT);
+    }
+    DEBUG_TRIE_COMPILE_r({
+                PerlIO_printf( Perl_debug_log,
+                  "%*smake_trie start==%d, first==%d, last==%d, tail==%d depth=%d\n",
+                  (int)depth * 2 + 2, "", 
+                  REG_NODE_NUM(startbranch),REG_NODE_NUM(first), 
+                  REG_NODE_NUM(last), REG_NODE_NUM(tail),
+                  (int)depth);
+    });
+   
+   /* Find the node we are going to overwrite */
+    if ( first == startbranch && OP( last ) != BRANCH ) {
+        /* whole branch chain */
+        convert = first;
+    } else {
+        /* branch sub-chain */
+        convert = NEXTOPER( first );
+    }
+        
+    /*  -- First loop and Setup --
+
+       We first traverse the branches and scan each word to determine if it
+       contains widechars, and how many unique chars there are, this is
+       important as we have to build a table with at least as many columns as we
+       have unique chars.
+
+       We use an array of integers to represent the character codes 0..255
+       (trie->charmap) and we use a an HV* to store Unicode characters. We use the
+       native representation of the character value as the key and IV's for the
+       coded index.
+
+       *TODO* If we keep track of how many times each character is used we can
+       remap the columns so that the table compression later on is more
+       efficient in terms of memory by ensuring the most common value is in the
+       middle and the least common are on the outside.  IMO this would be better
+       than a most to least common mapping as theres a decent chance the most
+       common letter will share a node with the least common, meaning the node
+       will not be compressible. With a middle is most common approach the worst
+       case is when we have the least common nodes twice.
+
+     */
+
+    for ( cur = first ; cur < last ; cur = regnext( cur ) ) {
+        regnode *noper = NEXTOPER( cur );
+        const U8 *uc = (U8*)STRING( noper );
+        const U8 *e  = uc + STR_LEN( noper );
+        STRLEN foldlen = 0;
+        U8 foldbuf[ UTF8_MAXBYTES_CASE + 1 ];
+        STRLEN skiplen = 0;
+        const U8 *scan = (U8*)NULL;
+        U32 wordlen      = 0;         /* required init */
+        STRLEN chars = 0;
+        bool set_bit = trie->bitmap ? 1 : 0; /*store the first char in the bitmap?*/
+
+        if (OP(noper) == NOTHING) {
+            regnode *noper_next= regnext(noper);
+            if (noper_next != tail && OP(noper_next) == flags) {
+                noper = noper_next;
+                uc= (U8*)STRING(noper);
+                e= uc + STR_LEN(noper);
+               trie->minlen= STR_LEN(noper);
+            } else {
+               trie->minlen= 0;
+               continue;
+           }
+        }
+
+        if ( set_bit ) { /* bitmap only alloced when !(UTF&&Folding) */
+            TRIE_BITMAP_SET(trie,*uc); /* store the raw first byte
+                                          regardless of encoding */
+            if (OP( noper ) == EXACTFU_SS) {
+                /* false positives are ok, so just set this */
+                TRIE_BITMAP_SET(trie,0xDF);
+            }
+        }
+        for ( ; uc < e ; uc += len ) {
+            TRIE_CHARCOUNT(trie)++;
+            TRIE_READ_CHAR;
+            chars++;
+            if ( uvc < 256 ) {
+                if ( folder ) {
+                    U8 folded= folder[ (U8) uvc ];
+                    if ( !trie->charmap[ folded ] ) {
+                        trie->charmap[ folded ]=( ++trie->uniquecharcount );
+                        TRIE_STORE_REVCHAR( folded );
+                    }
+                }
+                if ( !trie->charmap[ uvc ] ) {
+                    trie->charmap[ uvc ]=( ++trie->uniquecharcount );
+                    TRIE_STORE_REVCHAR( uvc );
+                }
+                if ( set_bit ) {
+                   /* store the codepoint in the bitmap, and its folded
+                    * equivalent. */
+                    TRIE_BITMAP_SET(trie, uvc);
+
+                   /* store the folded codepoint */
+                    if ( folder ) TRIE_BITMAP_SET(trie, folder[(U8) uvc ]);
+
+                   if ( !UTF ) {
+                       /* store first byte of utf8 representation of
+                          variant codepoints */
+                       if (! UNI_IS_INVARIANT(uvc)) {
+                           TRIE_BITMAP_SET(trie, UTF8_TWO_BYTE_HI(uvc));
+                       }
+                   }
+                    set_bit = 0; /* We've done our bit :-) */
+                }
+            } else {
+                SV** svpp;
+                if ( !widecharmap )
+                    widecharmap = newHV();
+
+                svpp = hv_fetch( widecharmap, (char*)&uvc, sizeof( UV ), 1 );
+
+                if ( !svpp )
+                    Perl_croak( aTHX_ "error creating/fetching widecharmap entry for 0x%"UVXf, uvc );
+
+                if ( !SvTRUE( *svpp ) ) {
+                    sv_setiv( *svpp, ++trie->uniquecharcount );
+                    TRIE_STORE_REVCHAR(uvc);
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        if( cur == first ) {
+            trie->minlen = chars;
+            trie->maxlen = chars;
+        } else if (chars < trie->minlen) {
+            trie->minlen = chars;
+        } else if (chars > trie->maxlen) {
+            trie->maxlen = chars;
+        }
+        if (OP( noper ) == EXACTFU_SS) {
+            /* XXX: workaround - 'ss' could match "\x{DF}" so minlen could be 1 and not 2*/
+           if (trie->minlen > 1)
+                trie->minlen= 1;
+        }
+       if (OP( noper ) == EXACTFU_TRICKYFOLD) {
+           /* XXX: workround - things like "\x{1FBE}\x{0308}\x{0301}" can match "\x{0390}" 
+            *                - We assume that any such sequence might match a 2 byte string */
+            if (trie->minlen > 2 )
+                trie->minlen= 2;
+        }
+
+    } /* end first pass */
+    DEBUG_TRIE_COMPILE_r(
+        PerlIO_printf( Perl_debug_log, "%*sTRIE(%s): W:%d C:%d Uq:%d Min:%d Max:%d\n",
+                (int)depth * 2 + 2,"",
+                ( widecharmap ? "UTF8" : "NATIVE" ), (int)word_count,
+               (int)TRIE_CHARCOUNT(trie), trie->uniquecharcount,
+               (int)trie->minlen, (int)trie->maxlen )
+    );
+
+    /*
+        We now know what we are dealing with in terms of unique chars and
+        string sizes so we can calculate how much memory a naive
+        representation using a flat table  will take. If it's over a reasonable
+        limit (as specified by ${^RE_TRIE_MAXBUF}) we use a more memory
+        conservative but potentially much slower representation using an array
+        of lists.
+
+        At the end we convert both representations into the same compressed
+        form that will be used in regexec.c for matching with. The latter
+        is a form that cannot be used to construct with but has memory
+        properties similar to the list form and access properties similar
+        to the table form making it both suitable for fast searches and
+        small enough that its feasable to store for the duration of a program.
+
+        See the comment in the code where the compressed table is produced
+        inplace from the flat tabe representation for an explanation of how
+        the compression works.
+
+    */
+
+
+    Newx(prev_states, TRIE_CHARCOUNT(trie) + 2, U32);
+    prev_states[1] = 0;
+
+    if ( (IV)( ( TRIE_CHARCOUNT(trie) + 1 ) * trie->uniquecharcount + 1) > SvIV(re_trie_maxbuff) ) {
+        /*
+            Second Pass -- Array Of Lists Representation
+
+            Each state will be represented by a list of charid:state records
+            (reg_trie_trans_le) the first such element holds the CUR and LEN
+            points of the allocated array. (See defines above).
+
+            We build the initial structure using the lists, and then convert
+            it into the compressed table form which allows faster lookups
+            (but cant be modified once converted).
+        */
+
+        STRLEN transcount = 1;
+
+        DEBUG_TRIE_COMPILE_MORE_r( PerlIO_printf( Perl_debug_log, 
+            "%*sCompiling trie using list compiler\n",
+            (int)depth * 2 + 2, ""));
+
+       trie->states = (reg_trie_state *)
+           PerlMemShared_calloc( TRIE_CHARCOUNT(trie) + 2,
+                                 sizeof(reg_trie_state) );
+        TRIE_LIST_NEW(1);
+        next_alloc = 2;
+
+        for ( cur = first ; cur < last ; cur = regnext( cur ) ) {
+
+            regnode *noper   = NEXTOPER( cur );
+           U8 *uc           = (U8*)STRING( noper );
+            const U8 *e      = uc + STR_LEN( noper );
+           U32 state        = 1;         /* required init */
+           U16 charid       = 0;         /* sanity init */
+           U8 *scan         = (U8*)NULL; /* sanity init */
+           STRLEN foldlen   = 0;         /* required init */
+            U32 wordlen      = 0;         /* required init */
+           U8 foldbuf[ UTF8_MAXBYTES_CASE + 1 ];
+            STRLEN skiplen   = 0;
+
+            if (OP(noper) == NOTHING) {
+                regnode *noper_next= regnext(noper);
+                if (noper_next != tail && OP(noper_next) == flags) {
+                    noper = noper_next;
+                    uc= (U8*)STRING(noper);
+                    e= uc + STR_LEN(noper);
+                }
+            }
+
+            if (OP(noper) != NOTHING) {
+                for ( ; uc < e ; uc += len ) {
+
+                    TRIE_READ_CHAR;
+
+                    if ( uvc < 256 ) {
+                        charid = trie->charmap[ uvc ];
+                   } else {
+                        SV** const svpp = hv_fetch( widecharmap, (char*)&uvc, sizeof( UV ), 0);
+                        if ( !svpp ) {
+                            charid = 0;
+                        } else {
+                            charid=(U16)SvIV( *svpp );
+                        }
+                   }
+                    /* charid is now 0 if we dont know the char read, or nonzero if we do */
+                    if ( charid ) {
+
+                        U16 check;
+                        U32 newstate = 0;
+
+                        charid--;
+                        if ( !trie->states[ state ].trans.list ) {
+                            TRIE_LIST_NEW( state );
+                       }
+                        for ( check = 1; check <= TRIE_LIST_USED( state ); check++ ) {
+                            if ( TRIE_LIST_ITEM( state, check ).forid == charid ) {
+                                newstate = TRIE_LIST_ITEM( state, check ).newstate;
+                                break;
+                            }
+                        }
+                        if ( ! newstate ) {
+                            newstate = next_alloc++;
+                           prev_states[newstate] = state;
+                            TRIE_LIST_PUSH( state, charid, newstate );
+                            transcount++;
+                        }
+                        state = newstate;
+                    } else {
+                        Perl_croak( aTHX_ "panic! In trie construction, no char mapping for %"IVdf, uvc );
+                   }
+               }
+           }
+            TRIE_HANDLE_WORD(state);
+
+        } /* end second pass */
+
+        /* next alloc is the NEXT state to be allocated */
+        trie->statecount = next_alloc; 
+        trie->states = (reg_trie_state *)
+           PerlMemShared_realloc( trie->states,
+                                  next_alloc
+                                  * sizeof(reg_trie_state) );
+
+        /* and now dump it out before we compress it */
+        DEBUG_TRIE_COMPILE_MORE_r(dump_trie_interim_list(trie, widecharmap,
+                                                        revcharmap, next_alloc,
+                                                        depth+1)
+        );
+
+        trie->trans = (reg_trie_trans *)
+           PerlMemShared_calloc( transcount, sizeof(reg_trie_trans) );
+        {
+            U32 state;
+            U32 tp = 0;
+            U32 zp = 0;
+
+
+            for( state=1 ; state < next_alloc ; state ++ ) {
+                U32 base=0;
+
+                /*
+                DEBUG_TRIE_COMPILE_MORE_r(
+                    PerlIO_printf( Perl_debug_log, "tp: %d zp: %d ",tp,zp)
+                );
+                */
+
+                if (trie->states[state].trans.list) {
+                    U16 minid=TRIE_LIST_ITEM( state, 1).forid;
+                    U16 maxid=minid;
+                   U16 idx;
+
+                    for( idx = 2 ; idx <= TRIE_LIST_USED( state ) ; idx++ ) {
+                       const U16 forid = TRIE_LIST_ITEM( state, idx).forid;
+                       if ( forid < minid ) {
+                           minid=forid;
+                       } else if ( forid > maxid ) {
+                           maxid=forid;
+                       }
+                    }
+                    if ( transcount < tp + maxid - minid + 1) {
+                        transcount *= 2;
+                       trie->trans = (reg_trie_trans *)
+                           PerlMemShared_realloc( trie->trans,
+                                                    transcount
+                                                    * sizeof(reg_trie_trans) );
+                        Zero( trie->trans + (transcount / 2), transcount / 2 , reg_trie_trans );
+                    }
+                    base = trie->uniquecharcount + tp - minid;
+                    if ( maxid == minid ) {
+                        U32 set = 0;
+                        for ( ; zp < tp ; zp++ ) {
+                            if ( ! trie->trans[ zp ].next ) {
+                                base = trie->uniquecharcount + zp - minid;
+                                trie->trans[ zp ].next = TRIE_LIST_ITEM( state, 1).newstate;
+                                trie->trans[ zp ].check = state;
+                                set = 1;
+                                break;
+                            }
+                        }
+                        if ( !set ) {
+                            trie->trans[ tp ].next = TRIE_LIST_ITEM( state, 1).newstate;
+                            trie->trans[ tp ].check = state;
+                            tp++;
+                            zp = tp;
+                        }
+                    } else {
+                        for ( idx=1; idx <= TRIE_LIST_USED( state ) ; idx++ ) {
+                            const U32 tid = base -  trie->uniquecharcount + TRIE_LIST_ITEM( state, idx ).forid;
+                            trie->trans[ tid ].next = TRIE_LIST_ITEM( state, idx ).newstate;
+                            trie->trans[ tid ].check = state;
+                        }
+                        tp += ( maxid - minid + 1 );
+                    }
+                    Safefree(trie->states[ state ].trans.list);
+                }
+                /*
+                DEBUG_TRIE_COMPILE_MORE_r(
+                    PerlIO_printf( Perl_debug_log, " base: %d\n",base);
+                );
+                */
+                trie->states[ state ].trans.base=base;
+            }
+            trie->lasttrans = tp + 1;
+        }
+    } else {
+        /*
+           Second Pass -- Flat Table Representation.
+
+           we dont use the 0 slot of either trans[] or states[] so we add 1 to each.
+           We know that we will need Charcount+1 trans at most to store the data
+           (one row per char at worst case) So we preallocate both structures
+           assuming worst case.
+
+           We then construct the trie using only the .next slots of the entry
+           structs.
+
+           We use the .check field of the first entry of the node temporarily to
+           make compression both faster and easier by keeping track of how many non
+           zero fields are in the node.
+
+           Since trans are numbered from 1 any 0 pointer in the table is a FAIL
+           transition.
+
+           There are two terms at use here: state as a TRIE_NODEIDX() which is a
+           number representing the first entry of the node, and state as a
+           TRIE_NODENUM() which is the trans number. state 1 is TRIE_NODEIDX(1) and
+           TRIE_NODENUM(1), state 2 is TRIE_NODEIDX(2) and TRIE_NODENUM(3) if there
+           are 2 entrys per node. eg:
+
+             A B       A B
+          1. 2 4    1. 3 7
+          2. 0 3    3. 0 5
+          3. 0 0    5. 0 0
+          4. 0 0    7. 0 0
+
+           The table is internally in the right hand, idx form. However as we also
+           have to deal with the states array which is indexed by nodenum we have to
+           use TRIE_NODENUM() to convert.
+
+        */
+        DEBUG_TRIE_COMPILE_MORE_r( PerlIO_printf( Perl_debug_log, 
+            "%*sCompiling trie using table compiler\n",
+            (int)depth * 2 + 2, ""));
+
+       trie->trans = (reg_trie_trans *)
+           PerlMemShared_calloc( ( TRIE_CHARCOUNT(trie) + 1 )
+                                 * trie->uniquecharcount + 1,
+                                 sizeof(reg_trie_trans) );
+        trie->states = (reg_trie_state *)
+           PerlMemShared_calloc( TRIE_CHARCOUNT(trie) + 2,
+                                 sizeof(reg_trie_state) );
+        next_alloc = trie->uniquecharcount + 1;
+
+
+        for ( cur = first ; cur < last ; cur = regnext( cur ) ) {
+
+            regnode *noper   = NEXTOPER( cur );
+           const U8 *uc     = (U8*)STRING( noper );
+            const U8 *e      = uc + STR_LEN( noper );
+
+            U32 state        = 1;         /* required init */
+
+            U16 charid       = 0;         /* sanity init */
+            U32 accept_state = 0;         /* sanity init */
+            U8 *scan         = (U8*)NULL; /* sanity init */
+
+            STRLEN foldlen   = 0;         /* required init */
+            U32 wordlen      = 0;         /* required init */
+            STRLEN skiplen   = 0;
+            U8 foldbuf[ UTF8_MAXBYTES_CASE + 1 ];
+
+            if (OP(noper) == NOTHING) {
+                regnode *noper_next= regnext(noper);
+                if (noper_next != tail && OP(noper_next) == flags) {
+                    noper = noper_next;
+                    uc= (U8*)STRING(noper);
+                    e= uc + STR_LEN(noper);
+                }
+            }
+
+            if ( OP(noper) != NOTHING ) {
+                for ( ; uc < e ; uc += len ) {
+
+                    TRIE_READ_CHAR;
+
+                    if ( uvc < 256 ) {
+                        charid = trie->charmap[ uvc ];
+                    } else {
+                        SV* const * const svpp = hv_fetch( widecharmap, (char*)&uvc, sizeof( UV ), 0);
+                        charid = svpp ? (U16)SvIV(*svpp) : 0;
+                    }
+                    if ( charid ) {
+                        charid--;
+                        if ( !trie->trans[ state + charid ].next ) {
+                            trie->trans[ state + charid ].next = next_alloc;
+                            trie->trans[ state ].check++;
+                           prev_states[TRIE_NODENUM(next_alloc)]
+                                   = TRIE_NODENUM(state);
+                            next_alloc += trie->uniquecharcount;
+                        }
+                        state = trie->trans[ state + charid ].next;
+                    } else {
+                        Perl_croak( aTHX_ "panic! In trie construction, no char mapping for %"IVdf, uvc );
+                    }
+                    /* charid is now 0 if we dont know the char read, or nonzero if we do */
+                }
+            }
+            accept_state = TRIE_NODENUM( state );
+            TRIE_HANDLE_WORD(accept_state);
+
+        } /* end second pass */
+
+        /* and now dump it out before we compress it */
+        DEBUG_TRIE_COMPILE_MORE_r(dump_trie_interim_table(trie, widecharmap,
+                                                         revcharmap,
+                                                         next_alloc, depth+1));
+
+        {
+        /*
+           * Inplace compress the table.*
+
+           For sparse data sets the table constructed by the trie algorithm will
+           be mostly 0/FAIL transitions or to put it another way mostly empty.
+           (Note that leaf nodes will not contain any transitions.)
+
+           This algorithm compresses the tables by eliminating most such
+           transitions, at the cost of a modest bit of extra work during lookup:
+
+           - Each states[] entry contains a .base field which indicates the
+           index in the state[] array wheres its transition data is stored.
+
+           - If .base is 0 there are no valid transitions from that node.
+
+           - If .base is nonzero then charid is added to it to find an entry in
+           the trans array.
+
+           -If trans[states[state].base+charid].check!=state then the
+           transition is taken to be a 0/Fail transition. Thus if there are fail
+           transitions at the front of the node then the .base offset will point
+           somewhere inside the previous nodes data (or maybe even into a node
+           even earlier), but the .check field determines if the transition is
+           valid.
+
+           XXX - wrong maybe?
+           The following process inplace converts the table to the compressed
+           table: We first do not compress the root node 1,and mark all its
+           .check pointers as 1 and set its .base pointer as 1 as well. This
+           allows us to do a DFA construction from the compressed table later,
+           and ensures that any .base pointers we calculate later are greater
+           than 0.
+
+           - We set 'pos' to indicate the first entry of the second node.
+
+           - We then iterate over the columns of the node, finding the first and
+           last used entry at l and m. We then copy l..m into pos..(pos+m-l),
+           and set the .check pointers accordingly, and advance pos
+           appropriately and repreat for the next node. Note that when we copy
+           the next pointers we have to convert them from the original
+           NODEIDX form to NODENUM form as the former is not valid post
+           compression.
+
+           - If a node has no transitions used we mark its base as 0 and do not
+           advance the pos pointer.
+
+           - If a node only has one transition we use a second pointer into the
+           structure to fill in allocated fail transitions from other states.
+           This pointer is independent of the main pointer and scans forward
+           looking for null transitions that are allocated to a state. When it
+           finds one it writes the single transition into the "hole".  If the
+           pointer doesnt find one the single transition is appended as normal.
+
+           - Once compressed we can Renew/realloc the structures to release the
+           excess space.
+
+           See "Table-Compression Methods" in sec 3.9 of the Red Dragon,
+           specifically Fig 3.47 and the associated pseudocode.
+
+           demq
+        */
+        const U32 laststate = TRIE_NODENUM( next_alloc );
+       U32 state, charid;
+        U32 pos = 0, zp=0;
+        trie->statecount = laststate;
+
+        for ( state = 1 ; state < laststate ; state++ ) {
+            U8 flag = 0;
+           const U32 stateidx = TRIE_NODEIDX( state );
+           const U32 o_used = trie->trans[ stateidx ].check;
+           U32 used = trie->trans[ stateidx ].check;
+            trie->trans[ stateidx ].check = 0;
+
+            for ( charid = 0 ; used && charid < trie->uniquecharcount ; charid++ ) {
+                if ( flag || trie->trans[ stateidx + charid ].next ) {
+                    if ( trie->trans[ stateidx + charid ].next ) {
+                        if (o_used == 1) {
+                            for ( ; zp < pos ; zp++ ) {
+                                if ( ! trie->trans[ zp ].next ) {
+                                    break;
+                                }
+                            }
+                            trie->states[ state ].trans.base = zp + trie->uniquecharcount - charid ;
+                            trie->trans[ zp ].next = SAFE_TRIE_NODENUM( trie->trans[ stateidx + charid ].next );
+                            trie->trans[ zp ].check = state;
+                            if ( ++zp > pos ) pos = zp;
+                            break;
+                        }
+                        used--;
+                    }
+                    if ( !flag ) {
+                        flag = 1;
+                        trie->states[ state ].trans.base = pos + trie->uniquecharcount - charid ;
+                    }
+                    trie->trans[ pos ].next = SAFE_TRIE_NODENUM( trie->trans[ stateidx + charid ].next );
+                    trie->trans[ pos ].check = state;
+                    pos++;
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        trie->lasttrans = pos + 1;
+        trie->states = (reg_trie_state *)
+           PerlMemShared_realloc( trie->states, laststate
+                                  * sizeof(reg_trie_state) );
+        DEBUG_TRIE_COMPILE_MORE_r(
+                PerlIO_printf( Perl_debug_log,
+                   "%*sAlloc: %d Orig: %"IVdf" elements, Final:%"IVdf". Savings of %%%5.2f\n",
+                   (int)depth * 2 + 2,"",
+                    (int)( ( TRIE_CHARCOUNT(trie) + 1 ) * trie->uniquecharcount + 1 ),
+                   (IV)next_alloc,
+                   (IV)pos,
+                    ( ( next_alloc - pos ) * 100 ) / (double)next_alloc );
+            );
+
+        } /* end table compress */
+    }
+    DEBUG_TRIE_COMPILE_MORE_r(
+            PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log, "%*sStatecount:%"UVxf" Lasttrans:%"UVxf"\n",
+                (int)depth * 2 + 2, "",
+                (UV)trie->statecount,
+                (UV)trie->lasttrans)
+    );
+    /* resize the trans array to remove unused space */
+    trie->trans = (reg_trie_trans *)
+       PerlMemShared_realloc( trie->trans, trie->lasttrans
+                              * sizeof(reg_trie_trans) );
+
+    {   /* Modify the program and insert the new TRIE node */ 
+        U8 nodetype =(U8)(flags & 0xFF);
+        char *str=NULL;
+        
+#ifdef DEBUGGING
+        regnode *optimize = NULL;
+#ifdef RE_TRACK_PATTERN_OFFSETS
+
+        U32 mjd_offset = 0;
+        U32 mjd_nodelen = 0;
+#endif /* RE_TRACK_PATTERN_OFFSETS */
+#endif /* DEBUGGING */
+        /*
+           This means we convert either the first branch or the first Exact,
+           depending on whether the thing following (in 'last') is a branch
+           or not and whther first is the startbranch (ie is it a sub part of
+           the alternation or is it the whole thing.)
+           Assuming its a sub part we convert the EXACT otherwise we convert
+           the whole branch sequence, including the first.
+         */
+        /* Find the node we are going to overwrite */
+        if ( first != startbranch || OP( last ) == BRANCH ) {
+            /* branch sub-chain */
+            NEXT_OFF( first ) = (U16)(last - first);
+#ifdef RE_TRACK_PATTERN_OFFSETS
+            DEBUG_r({
+                mjd_offset= Node_Offset((convert));
+                mjd_nodelen= Node_Length((convert));
+            });
+#endif
+            /* whole branch chain */
+        }
+#ifdef RE_TRACK_PATTERN_OFFSETS
+        else {
+            DEBUG_r({
+                const  regnode *nop = NEXTOPER( convert );
+                mjd_offset= Node_Offset((nop));
+                mjd_nodelen= Node_Length((nop));
+            });
+        }
+        DEBUG_OPTIMISE_r(
+            PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log, "%*sMJD offset:%"UVuf" MJD length:%"UVuf"\n",
+                (int)depth * 2 + 2, "",
+                (UV)mjd_offset, (UV)mjd_nodelen)
+        );
+#endif
+        /* But first we check to see if there is a common prefix we can 
+           split out as an EXACT and put in front of the TRIE node.  */
+        trie->startstate= 1;
+        if ( trie->bitmap && !widecharmap && !trie->jump  ) {
+            U32 state;
+            for ( state = 1 ; state < trie->statecount-1 ; state++ ) {
+                U32 ofs = 0;
+                I32 idx = -1;
+                U32 count = 0;
+                const U32 base = trie->states[ state ].trans.base;
+
+                if ( trie->states[state].wordnum )
+                        count = 1;
+
+                for ( ofs = 0 ; ofs < trie->uniquecharcount ; ofs++ ) {
+                    if ( ( base + ofs >= trie->uniquecharcount ) &&
+                         ( base + ofs - trie->uniquecharcount < trie->lasttrans ) &&
+                         trie->trans[ base + ofs - trie->uniquecharcount ].check == state )
+                    {
+                        if ( ++count > 1 ) {
+                            SV **tmp = av_fetch( revcharmap, ofs, 0);
+                           const U8 *ch = (U8*)SvPV_nolen_const( *tmp );
+                            if ( state == 1 ) break;
+                            if ( count == 2 ) {
+                                Zero(trie->bitmap, ANYOF_BITMAP_SIZE, char);
+                                DEBUG_OPTIMISE_r(
+                                    PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log,
+                                       "%*sNew Start State=%"UVuf" Class: [",
+                                        (int)depth * 2 + 2, "",
+                                        (UV)state));
+                               if (idx >= 0) {
+                                   SV ** const tmp = av_fetch( revcharmap, idx, 0);
+                                   const U8 * const ch = (U8*)SvPV_nolen_const( *tmp );
+
+                                    TRIE_BITMAP_SET(trie,*ch);
+                                    if ( folder )
+                                        TRIE_BITMAP_SET(trie, folder[ *ch ]);
+                                    DEBUG_OPTIMISE_r(
+                                        PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log, "%s", (char*)ch)
+                                    );
+                               }
+                           }
+                           TRIE_BITMAP_SET(trie,*ch);
+                           if ( folder )
+                               TRIE_BITMAP_SET(trie,folder[ *ch ]);
+                           DEBUG_OPTIMISE_r(PerlIO_printf( Perl_debug_log,"%s", ch));
+                       }
+                        idx = ofs;
+                   }
+                }
+                if ( count == 1 ) {
+                    SV **tmp = av_fetch( revcharmap, idx, 0);
+                    STRLEN len;
+                    char *ch = SvPV( *tmp, len );
+                    DEBUG_OPTIMISE_r({
+                        SV *sv=sv_newmortal();
+                        PerlIO_printf( Perl_debug_log,
+                           "%*sPrefix State: %"UVuf" Idx:%"UVuf" Char='%s'\n",
+                            (int)depth * 2 + 2, "",
+                            (UV)state, (UV)idx, 
+                            pv_pretty(sv, SvPV_nolen_const(*tmp), SvCUR(*tmp), 6, 
+                               PL_colors[0], PL_colors[1],
+                               (SvUTF8(*tmp) ? PERL_PV_ESCAPE_UNI : 0) |
+                               PERL_PV_ESCAPE_FIRSTCHAR 
+                            )
+                        );
+                    });
+                    if ( state==1 ) {
+                        OP( convert ) = nodetype;
+                        str=STRING(convert);
+                        STR_LEN(convert)=0;
+                    }
+                    STR_LEN(convert) += len;
+                    while (len--)
+                        *str++ = *ch++;
+               } else {
+#ifdef DEBUGGING           
+                   if (state>1)
+                       DEBUG_OPTIMISE_r(PerlIO_printf( Perl_debug_log,"]\n"));
+#endif
+                   break;
+               }
+           }
+           trie->prefixlen = (state-1);
+            if (str) {
+                regnode *n = convert+NODE_SZ_STR(convert);
+                NEXT_OFF(convert) = NODE_SZ_STR(convert);
+                trie->startstate = state;
+                trie->minlen -= (state - 1);
+                trie->maxlen -= (state - 1);
+#ifdef DEBUGGING
+               /* At least the UNICOS C compiler choked on this
+                * being argument to DEBUG_r(), so let's just have
+                * it right here. */
+               if (
+#ifdef PERL_EXT_RE_BUILD
+                   1
+#else
+                   DEBUG_r_TEST
+#endif
+                   ) {
+                   regnode *fix = convert;
+                   U32 word = trie->wordcount;
+                   mjd_nodelen++;
+                   Set_Node_Offset_Length(convert, mjd_offset, state - 1);
+                   while( ++fix < n ) {
+                       Set_Node_Offset_Length(fix, 0, 0);
+                   }
+                   while (word--) {
+                       SV ** const tmp = av_fetch( trie_words, word, 0 );
+                       if (tmp) {
+                           if ( STR_LEN(convert) <= SvCUR(*tmp) )
+                               sv_chop(*tmp, SvPV_nolen(*tmp) + STR_LEN(convert));
+                           else
+                               sv_chop(*tmp, SvPV_nolen(*tmp) + SvCUR(*tmp));
+                       }
+                   }
+               }
+#endif
+                if (trie->maxlen) {
+                    convert = n;
+               } else {
+                    NEXT_OFF(convert) = (U16)(tail - convert);
+                    DEBUG_r(optimize= n);
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        if (!jumper) 
+            jumper = last; 
+        if ( trie->maxlen ) {
+           NEXT_OFF( convert ) = (U16)(tail - convert);
+           ARG_SET( convert, data_slot );
+           /* Store the offset to the first unabsorbed branch in 
+              jump[0], which is otherwise unused by the jump logic. 
+              We use this when dumping a trie and during optimisation. */
+           if (trie->jump) 
+               trie->jump[0] = (U16)(nextbranch - convert);
+            
+            /* If the start state is not accepting (meaning there is no empty string/NOTHING)
+            *   and there is a bitmap
+            *   and the first "jump target" node we found leaves enough room
+            * then convert the TRIE node into a TRIEC node, with the bitmap
+            * embedded inline in the opcode - this is hypothetically faster.
+            */
+            if ( !trie->states[trie->startstate].wordnum
+                && trie->bitmap
+                && ( (char *)jumper - (char *)convert) >= (int)sizeof(struct regnode_charclass) )
+            {
+                OP( convert ) = TRIEC;
+                Copy(trie->bitmap, ((struct regnode_charclass *)convert)->bitmap, ANYOF_BITMAP_SIZE, char);
+                PerlMemShared_free(trie->bitmap);
+                trie->bitmap= NULL;
+            } else 
+                OP( convert ) = TRIE;
+
+            /* store the type in the flags */
+            convert->flags = nodetype;
+            DEBUG_r({
+            optimize = convert 
+                      + NODE_STEP_REGNODE 
+                      + regarglen[ OP( convert ) ];
+            });
+            /* XXX We really should free up the resource in trie now, 
+                   as we won't use them - (which resources?) dmq */
+        }
+        /* needed for dumping*/
+        DEBUG_r(if (optimize) {
+            regnode *opt = convert;
+
+            while ( ++opt < optimize) {
+                Set_Node_Offset_Length(opt,0,0);
+            }
+            /* 
+                Try to clean up some of the debris left after the 
+                optimisation.
+             */
+            while( optimize < jumper ) {
+                mjd_nodelen += Node_Length((optimize));
+                OP( optimize ) = OPTIMIZED;
+                Set_Node_Offset_Length(optimize,0,0);
+                optimize++;
+            }
+            Set_Node_Offset_Length(convert,mjd_offset,mjd_nodelen);
+        });
+    } /* end node insert */
+    REH_CALL_COMP_NODE_HOOK(pRExC_state->rx, convert);
+
+    /*  Finish populating the prev field of the wordinfo array.  Walk back
+     *  from each accept state until we find another accept state, and if
+     *  so, point the first word's .prev field at the second word. If the
+     *  second already has a .prev field set, stop now. This will be the
+     *  case either if we've already processed that word's accept state,
+     *  or that state had multiple words, and the overspill words were
+     *  already linked up earlier.
+     */
+    {
+       U16 word;
+       U32 state;
+       U16 prev;
+
+       for (word=1; word <= trie->wordcount; word++) {
+           prev = 0;
+           if (trie->wordinfo[word].prev)
+               continue;
+           state = trie->wordinfo[word].accept;
+           while (state) {
+               state = prev_states[state];
+               if (!state)
+                   break;
+               prev = trie->states[state].wordnum;
+               if (prev)
+                   break;
+           }
+           trie->wordinfo[word].prev = prev;
+       }
+       Safefree(prev_states);
+    }
+
+
+    /* and now dump out the compressed format */
+    DEBUG_TRIE_COMPILE_r(dump_trie(trie, widecharmap, revcharmap, depth+1));
+
+    RExC_rxi->data->data[ data_slot + 1 ] = (void*)widecharmap;
+#ifdef DEBUGGING
+    RExC_rxi->data->data[ data_slot + TRIE_WORDS_OFFSET ] = (void*)trie_words;
+    RExC_rxi->data->data[ data_slot + 3 ] = (void*)revcharmap;
+#else
+    SvREFCNT_dec_NN(revcharmap);
+#endif
+    return trie->jump 
+           ? MADE_JUMP_TRIE 
+           : trie->startstate>1 
+             ? MADE_EXACT_TRIE 
+             : MADE_TRIE;
+}
+
+STATIC void
+S_make_trie_failtable(pTHX_ RExC_state_t *pRExC_state, regnode *source,  regnode *stclass, U32 depth)
+{
+/* The Trie is constructed and compressed now so we can build a fail array if it's needed
+
+   This is basically the Aho-Corasick algorithm. Its from exercise 3.31 and 3.32 in the
+   "Red Dragon" -- Compilers, principles, techniques, and tools. Aho, Sethi, Ullman 1985/88
+   ISBN 0-201-10088-6
+
+   We find the fail state for each state in the trie, this state is the longest proper
+   suffix of the current state's 'word' that is also a proper prefix of another word in our
+   trie. State 1 represents the word '' and is thus the default fail state. This allows
+   the DFA not to have to restart after its tried and failed a word at a given point, it
+   simply continues as though it had been matching the other word in the first place.
+   Consider
+      'abcdgu'=~/abcdefg|cdgu/
+   When we get to 'd' we are still matching the first word, we would encounter 'g' which would
+   fail, which would bring us to the state representing 'd' in the second word where we would
+   try 'g' and succeed, proceeding to match 'cdgu'.
+ */
+ /* add a fail transition */
+    const U32 trie_offset = ARG(source);
+    reg_trie_data *trie=(reg_trie_data *)RExC_rxi->data->data[trie_offset];
+    U32 *q;
+    const U32 ucharcount = trie->uniquecharcount;
+    const U32 numstates = trie->statecount;
+    const U32 ubound = trie->lasttrans + ucharcount;
+    U32 q_read = 0;
+    U32 q_write = 0;
+    U32 charid;
+    U32 base = trie->states[ 1 ].trans.base;
+    U32 *fail;
+    reg_ac_data *aho;
+    const U32 data_slot = add_data( pRExC_state, 1, "T" );
+    GET_RE_DEBUG_FLAGS_DECL;
+
+    PERL_ARGS_ASSERT_MAKE_TRIE_FAILTABLE;
+#ifndef DEBUGGING
+    PERL_UNUSED_ARG(depth);
+#endif
+
+
+    ARG_SET( stclass, data_slot );
+    aho = (reg_ac_data *) PerlMemShared_calloc( 1, sizeof(reg_ac_data) );
+    RExC_rxi->data->data[ data_slot ] = (void*)aho;
+    aho->trie=trie_offset;
+    aho->states=(reg_trie_state *)PerlMemShared_malloc( numstates * sizeof(reg_trie_state) );
+    Copy( trie->states, aho->states, numstates, reg_trie_state );
+    Newxz( q, numstates, U32);
+    aho->fail = (U32 *) PerlMemShared_calloc( numstates, sizeof(U32) );
+    aho->refcount = 1;
+    fail = aho->fail;
+    /* initialize fail[0..1] to be 1 so that we always have
+       a valid final fail state */
+    fail[ 0 ] = fail[ 1 ] = 1;
+
+    for ( charid = 0; charid < ucharcount ; charid++ ) {
+       const U32 newstate = TRIE_TRANS_STATE( 1, base, ucharcount, charid, 0 );
+       if ( newstate ) {
+            q[ q_write ] = newstate;
+            /* set to point at the root */
+            fail[ q[ q_write++ ] ]=1;
+        }
+    }
+    while ( q_read < q_write) {
+       const U32 cur = q[ q_read++ % numstates ];
+        base = trie->states[ cur ].trans.base;
+
+        for ( charid = 0 ; charid < ucharcount ; charid++ ) {
+           const U32 ch_state = TRIE_TRANS_STATE( cur, base, ucharcount, charid, 1 );
+           if (ch_state) {
+                U32 fail_state = cur;
+                U32 fail_base;
+                do {
+                    fail_state = fail[ fail_state ];
+                    fail_base = aho->states[ fail_state ].trans.base;
+                } while ( !TRIE_TRANS_STATE( fail_state, fail_base, ucharcount, charid, 1 ) );
+
+                fail_state = TRIE_TRANS_STATE( fail_state, fail_base, ucharcount, charid, 1 );
+                fail[ ch_state ] = fail_state;
+                if ( !aho->states[ ch_state ].wordnum && aho->states[ fail_state ].wordnum )
+                {
+                        aho->states[ ch_state ].wordnum =  aho->states[ fail_state ].wordnum;
+                }
+                q[ q_write++ % numstates] = ch_state;
+            }
+        }
+    }
+    /* restore fail[0..1] to 0 so that we "fall out" of the AC loop
+       when we fail in state 1, this allows us to use the
+       charclass scan to find a valid start char. This is based on the principle
+       that theres a good chance the string being searched contains lots of stuff
+       that cant be a start char.
+     */
+    fail[ 0 ] = fail[ 1 ] = 0;
+    DEBUG_TRIE_COMPILE_r({
+        PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log,
+                     "%*sStclass Failtable (%"UVuf" states): 0", 
+                     (int)(depth * 2), "", (UV)numstates
+        );
+        for( q_read=1; q_read<numstates; q_read++ ) {
+            PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log, ", %"UVuf, (UV)fail[q_read]);
+        }
+        PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log, "\n");
+    });
+    Safefree(q);
+    /*RExC_seen |= REG_SEEN_TRIEDFA;*/
+}
+
+
+/*
+ * There are strange code-generation bugs caused on sparc64 by gcc-2.95.2.
+ * These need to be revisited when a newer toolchain becomes available.
+ */
+#if defined(__sparc64__) && defined(__GNUC__)
+#   if __GNUC__ < 2 || (__GNUC__ == 2 && __GNUC_MINOR__ < 96)
+#       undef  SPARC64_GCC_WORKAROUND
+#       define SPARC64_GCC_WORKAROUND 1
+#   endif
+#endif
+
+#define DEBUG_PEEP(str,scan,depth) \
+    DEBUG_OPTIMISE_r({if (scan){ \
+       SV * const mysv=sv_newmortal(); \
+       regnode *Next = regnext(scan); \
+       regprop(RExC_rx, mysv, scan); \
+       PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log, "%*s" str ">%3d: %s (%d)\n", \
+       (int)depth*2, "", REG_NODE_NUM(scan), SvPV_nolen_const(mysv),\
+       Next ? (REG_NODE_NUM(Next)) : 0 ); \
+   }});
+
+
+/* The below joins as many adjacent EXACTish nodes as possible into a single
+ * one.  The regop may be changed if the node(s) contain certain sequences that
+ * require special handling.  The joining is only done if:
+ * 1) there is room in the current conglomerated node to entirely contain the
+ *    next one.
+ * 2) they are the exact same node type
+ *
+ * The adjacent nodes actually may be separated by NOTHING-kind nodes, and
+ * these get optimized out
+ *
+ * If a node is to match under /i (folded), the number of characters it matches
+ * can be different than its character length if it contains a multi-character
+ * fold.  *min_subtract is set to the total delta of the input nodes.
+ *
+ * And *has_exactf_sharp_s is set to indicate whether or not the node is EXACTF
+ * and contains LATIN SMALL LETTER SHARP S
+ *
+ * This is as good a place as any to discuss the design of handling these
+ * multi-character fold sequences.  It's been wrong in Perl for a very long
+ * time.  There are three code points in Unicode whose multi-character folds
+ * were long ago discovered to mess things up.  The previous designs for
+ * dealing with these involved assigning a special node for them.  This
+ * approach doesn't work, as evidenced by this example:
+ *      "\xDFs" =~ /s\xDF/ui    # Used to fail before these patches
+ * Both these fold to "sss", but if the pattern is parsed to create a node that
+ * would match just the \xDF, it won't be able to handle the case where a
+ * successful match would have to cross the node's boundary.  The new approach
+ * that hopefully generally solves the problem generates an EXACTFU_SS node
+ * that is "sss".
+ *
+ * It turns out that there are problems with all multi-character folds, and not
+ * just these three.  Now the code is general, for all such cases, but the
+ * three still have some special handling.  The approach taken is:
+ * 1)   This routine examines each EXACTFish node that could contain multi-
+ *      character fold sequences.  It returns in *min_subtract how much to
+ *      subtract from the the actual length of the string to get a real minimum
+ *      match length; it is 0 if there are no multi-char folds.  This delta is
+ *      used by the caller to adjust the min length of the match, and the delta
+ *      between min and max, so that the optimizer doesn't reject these
+ *      possibilities based on size constraints.
+ * 2)   Certain of these sequences require special handling by the trie code,
+ *      so, if found, this code changes the joined node type to special ops:
+ *      EXACTFU_TRICKYFOLD and EXACTFU_SS.
+ * 3)   For the sequence involving the Sharp s (\xDF), the node type EXACTFU_SS
+ *      is used for an EXACTFU node that contains at least one "ss" sequence in
+ *      it.  For non-UTF-8 patterns and strings, this is the only case where
+ *      there is a possible fold length change.  That means that a regular
+ *      EXACTFU node without UTF-8 involvement doesn't have to concern itself
+ *      with length changes, and so can be processed faster.  regexec.c takes
+ *      advantage of this.  Generally, an EXACTFish node that is in UTF-8 is
+ *      pre-folded by regcomp.c.  This saves effort in regex matching.
+ *      However, the pre-folding isn't done for non-UTF8 patterns because the
+ *      fold of the MICRO SIGN requires UTF-8, and we don't want to slow things
+ *      down by forcing the pattern into UTF8 unless necessary.  Also what
+ *      EXACTF and EXACTFL nodes fold to isn't known until runtime.  The fold
+ *      possibilities for the non-UTF8 patterns are quite simple, except for
+ *      the sharp s.  All the ones that don't involve a UTF-8 target string are
+ *      members of a fold-pair, and arrays are set up for all of them so that
+ *      the other member of the pair can be found quickly.  Code elsewhere in
+ *      this file makes sure that in EXACTFU nodes, the sharp s gets folded to
+ *      'ss', even if the pattern isn't UTF-8.  This avoids the issues
+ *      described in the next item.
+ * 4)   A problem remains for the sharp s in EXACTF and EXACTFA nodes when the
+ *      pattern isn't in UTF-8. (BTW, there cannot be an EXACTF node with a
+ *      UTF-8 pattern.)  An assumption that the optimizer part of regexec.c
+ *      (probably unwittingly, in Perl_regexec_flags()) makes is that a
+ *      character in the pattern corresponds to at most a single character in
+ *      the target string.  (And I do mean character, and not byte here, unlike
+ *      other parts of the documentation that have never been updated to
+ *      account for multibyte Unicode.)  sharp s in EXACTF nodes can match the
+ *      two character string 'ss'; in EXACTFA nodes it can match
+ *      "\x{17F}\x{17F}".  These violate the assumption, and they are the only
+ *      instances where it is violated.  I'm reluctant to try to change the
+ *      assumption, as the code involved is impenetrable to me (khw), so
+ *      instead the code here punts.  This routine examines (when the pattern
+ *      isn't UTF-8) EXACTF and EXACTFA nodes for the sharp s, and returns a
+ *      boolean indicating whether or not the node contains a sharp s.  When it
+ *      is true, the caller sets a flag that later causes the optimizer in this
+ *      file to not set values for the floating and fixed string lengths, and
+ *      thus avoids the optimizer code in regexec.c that makes the invalid
+ *      assumption.  Thus, there is no optimization based on string lengths for
+ *      non-UTF8-pattern EXACTF and EXACTFA nodes that contain the sharp s.
+ *      (The reason the assumption is wrong only in these two cases is that all
+ *      other non-UTF-8 folds are 1-1; and, for UTF-8 patterns, we pre-fold all
+ *      other folds to their expanded versions.  We can't prefold sharp s to
+ *      'ss' in EXACTF nodes because we don't know at compile time if it
+ *      actually matches 'ss' or not.  It will match iff the target string is
+ *      in UTF-8, unlike the EXACTFU nodes, where it always matches; and
+ *      EXACTFA and EXACTFL where it never does.  In an EXACTFA node in a UTF-8
+ *      pattern, sharp s is folded to "\x{17F}\x{17F}, avoiding the problem;
+ *      but in a non-UTF8 pattern, folding it to that above-Latin1 string would
+ *      require the pattern to be forced into UTF-8, the overhead of which we
+ *      want to avoid.)
+ */
+
+#define JOIN_EXACT(scan,min_subtract,has_exactf_sharp_s, flags) \
+    if (PL_regkind[OP(scan)] == EXACT) \
+        join_exact(pRExC_state,(scan),(min_subtract),has_exactf_sharp_s, (flags),NULL,depth+1)
+
+STATIC U32
+S_join_exact(pTHX_ RExC_state_t *pRExC_state, regnode *scan, UV *min_subtract, bool *has_exactf_sharp_s, U32 flags,regnode *val, U32 depth) {
+    /* Merge several consecutive EXACTish nodes into one. */
+    regnode *n = regnext(scan);
+    U32 stringok = 1;
+    regnode *next = scan + NODE_SZ_STR(scan);
+    U32 merged = 0;
+    U32 stopnow = 0;
+#ifdef DEBUGGING
+    regnode *stop = scan;
+    GET_RE_DEBUG_FLAGS_DECL;
+#else
+    PERL_UNUSED_ARG(depth);
+#endif
+
+    PERL_ARGS_ASSERT_JOIN_EXACT;
+#ifndef EXPERIMENTAL_INPLACESCAN
+    PERL_UNUSED_ARG(flags);
+    PERL_UNUSED_ARG(val);
+#endif
+    DEBUG_PEEP("join",scan,depth);
+
+    /* Look through the subsequent nodes in the chain.  Skip NOTHING, merge
+     * EXACT ones that are mergeable to the current one. */
+    while (n
+           && (PL_regkind[OP(n)] == NOTHING
+               || (stringok && OP(n) == OP(scan)))
+           && NEXT_OFF(n)
+           && NEXT_OFF(scan) + NEXT_OFF(n) < I16_MAX)
+    {
+        
+        if (OP(n) == TAIL || n > next)
+            stringok = 0;
+        if (PL_regkind[OP(n)] == NOTHING) {
+            DEBUG_PEEP("skip:",n,depth);
+            NEXT_OFF(scan) += NEXT_OFF(n);
+            next = n + NODE_STEP_REGNODE;
+#ifdef DEBUGGING
+            if (stringok)
+                stop = n;
+#endif
+            n = regnext(n);
+        }
+        else if (stringok) {
+            const unsigned int oldl = STR_LEN(scan);
+            regnode * const nnext = regnext(n);
+
+            /* XXX I (khw) kind of doubt that this works on platforms where
+             * U8_MAX is above 255 because of lots of other assumptions */
+            /* Don't join if the sum can't fit into a single node */
+            if (oldl + STR_LEN(n) > U8_MAX)
+                break;
+            
+            DEBUG_PEEP("merg",n,depth);
+            merged++;
+
+            NEXT_OFF(scan) += NEXT_OFF(n);
+            STR_LEN(scan) += STR_LEN(n);
+            next = n + NODE_SZ_STR(n);
+            /* Now we can overwrite *n : */
+            Move(STRING(n), STRING(scan) + oldl, STR_LEN(n), char);
+#ifdef DEBUGGING
+            stop = next - 1;
+#endif
+            n = nnext;
+            if (stopnow) break;
+        }
+
+#ifdef EXPERIMENTAL_INPLACESCAN
+       if (flags && !NEXT_OFF(n)) {
+           DEBUG_PEEP("atch", val, depth);
+           if (reg_off_by_arg[OP(n)]) {
+               ARG_SET(n, val - n);
+           }
+           else {
+               NEXT_OFF(n) = val - n;
+           }
+           stopnow = 1;
+       }
+#endif
+    }
+
+    *min_subtract = 0;
+    *has_exactf_sharp_s = FALSE;
+
+    /* Here, all the adjacent mergeable EXACTish nodes have been merged.  We
+     * can now analyze for sequences of problematic code points.  (Prior to
+     * this final joining, sequences could have been split over boundaries, and
+     * hence missed).  The sequences only happen in folding, hence for any
+     * non-EXACT EXACTish node */
+    if (OP(scan) != EXACT) {
+        const U8 * const s0 = (U8*) STRING(scan);
+        const U8 * s = s0;
+        const U8 * const s_end = s0 + STR_LEN(scan);
+
+       /* One pass is made over the node's string looking for all the
+        * possibilities.  to avoid some tests in the loop, there are two main
+        * cases, for UTF-8 patterns (which can't have EXACTF nodes) and
+        * non-UTF-8 */
+       if (UTF) {
+
+            /* Examine the string for a multi-character fold sequence.  UTF-8
+             * patterns have all characters pre-folded by the time this code is
+             * executed */
+            while (s < s_end - 1) /* Can stop 1 before the end, as minimum
+                                     length sequence we are looking for is 2 */
+           {
+                int count = 0;
+                int len = is_MULTI_CHAR_FOLD_utf8_safe(s, s_end);
+                if (! len) {    /* Not a multi-char fold: get next char */
+                    s += UTF8SKIP(s);
+                    continue;
+                }
+
+                /* Nodes with 'ss' require special handling, except for EXACTFL
+                 * and EXACTFA for which there is no multi-char fold to this */
+                if (len == 2 && *s == 's' && *(s+1) == 's'
+                    && OP(scan) != EXACTFL && OP(scan) != EXACTFA)
+                {
+                    count = 2;
+                    OP(scan) = EXACTFU_SS;
+                    s += 2;
+                }
+                else if (len == 6   /* len is the same in both ASCII and EBCDIC
+                                       for these */
+                         && (memEQ(s, GREEK_SMALL_LETTER_IOTA_UTF8
+                                      COMBINING_DIAERESIS_UTF8
+                                      COMBINING_ACUTE_ACCENT_UTF8,
+                                   6)
+                             || memEQ(s, GREEK_SMALL_LETTER_UPSILON_UTF8
+                                         COMBINING_DIAERESIS_UTF8
+                                         COMBINING_ACUTE_ACCENT_UTF8,
+                                     6)))
+                {
+                    count = 3;
+
+                    /* These two folds require special handling by trie's, so
+                     * change the node type to indicate this.  If EXACTFA and
+                     * EXACTFL were ever to be handled by trie's, this would
+                     * have to be changed.  If this node has already been
+                     * changed to EXACTFU_SS in this loop, leave it as is.  (I
+                     * (khw) think it doesn't matter in regexec.c for UTF
+                     * patterns, but no need to change it */
+                    if (OP(scan) == EXACTFU) {
+                        OP(scan) = EXACTFU_TRICKYFOLD;
+                    }
+                    s += 6;
+                }
+                else { /* Here is a generic multi-char fold. */
+                    const U8* multi_end  = s + len;
+
+                    /* Count how many characters in it.  In the case of /l and
+                     * /aa, no folds which contain ASCII code points are
+                     * allowed, so check for those, and skip if found.  (In
+                     * EXACTFL, no folds are allowed to any Latin1 code point,
+                     * not just ASCII.  But there aren't any of these
+                     * currently, nor ever likely, so don't take the time to
+                     * test for them.  The code that generates the
+                     * is_MULTI_foo() macros croaks should one actually get put
+                     * into Unicode .) */
+                    if (OP(scan) != EXACTFL && OP(scan) != EXACTFA) {
+                        count = utf8_length(s, multi_end);
+                        s = multi_end;
+                    }
+                    else {
+                        while (s < multi_end) {
+                            if (isASCII(*s)) {
+                                s++;
+                                goto next_iteration;
+                            }
+                            else {
+                                s += UTF8SKIP(s);
+                            }
+                            count++;
+                        }
+                    }
+                }
+
+                /* The delta is how long the sequence is minus 1 (1 is how long
+                 * the character that folds to the sequence is) */
+                *min_subtract += count - 1;
+            next_iteration: ;
+           }
+       }
+       else if (OP(scan) == EXACTFA) {
+
+            /* Non-UTF-8 pattern, EXACTFA node.  There can't be a multi-char
+             * fold to the ASCII range (and there are no existing ones in the
+             * upper latin1 range).  But, as outlined in the comments preceding
+             * this function, we need to flag any occurrences of the sharp s */
+           while (s < s_end) {
+                if (*s == LATIN_SMALL_LETTER_SHARP_S) {
+                    *has_exactf_sharp_s = TRUE;
+                    break;
+                }
+                s++;
+                continue;
+            }
+        }
+       else if (OP(scan) != EXACTFL) {
+
+            /* Non-UTF-8 pattern, not EXACTFA nor EXACTFL node.  Look for the
+             * multi-char folds that are all Latin1.  (This code knows that
+             * there are no current multi-char folds possible with EXACTFL,
+             * relying on fold_grind.t to catch any errors if the very unlikely
+             * event happens that some get added in future Unicode versions.)
+             * As explained in the comments preceding this function, we look
+             * also for the sharp s in EXACTF nodes; it can be in the final
+             * position.  Otherwise we can stop looking 1 byte earlier because
+             * have to find at least two characters for a multi-fold */
+           const U8* upper = (OP(scan) == EXACTF) ? s_end : s_end -1;
+
+            /* The below is perhaps overboard, but this allows us to save a
+             * test each time through the loop at the expense of a mask.  This
+             * is because on both EBCDIC and ASCII machines, 'S' and 's' differ
+             * by a single bit.  On ASCII they are 32 apart; on EBCDIC, they
+             * are 64.  This uses an exclusive 'or' to find that bit and then
+             * inverts it to form a mask, with just a single 0, in the bit
+             * position where 'S' and 's' differ. */
+            const U8 S_or_s_mask = (U8) ~ ('S' ^ 's');
+            const U8 s_masked = 's' & S_or_s_mask;
+
+           while (s < upper) {
+                int len = is_MULTI_CHAR_FOLD_latin1_safe(s, s_end);
+                if (! len) {    /* Not a multi-char fold. */
+                    if (*s == LATIN_SMALL_LETTER_SHARP_S && OP(scan) == EXACTF)
+                    {
+                        *has_exactf_sharp_s = TRUE;
+                    }
+                    s++;
+                    continue;
+                }
+
+                if (len == 2
+                    && ((*s & S_or_s_mask) == s_masked)
+                    && ((*(s+1) & S_or_s_mask) == s_masked))
+                {
+
+                    /* EXACTF nodes need to know that the minimum length
+                     * changed so that a sharp s in the string can match this
+                     * ss in the pattern, but they remain EXACTF nodes, as they
+                     * won't match this unless the target string is is UTF-8,
+                     * which we don't know until runtime */
+                    if (OP(scan) != EXACTF) {
+                        OP(scan) = EXACTFU_SS;
+                    }
+               }
+
+                *min_subtract += len - 1;
+                s += len;
+           }
+       }
+    }
+
+#ifdef DEBUGGING
+    /* Allow dumping but overwriting the collection of skipped
+     * ops and/or strings with fake optimized ops */
+    n = scan + NODE_SZ_STR(scan);
+    while (n <= stop) {
+       OP(n) = OPTIMIZED;
+       FLAGS(n) = 0;
+       NEXT_OFF(n) = 0;
+        n++;
+    }
+#endif
+    DEBUG_OPTIMISE_r(if (merged){DEBUG_PEEP("finl",scan,depth)});
+    return stopnow;
+}
+
+/* REx optimizer.  Converts nodes into quicker variants "in place".
+   Finds fixed substrings.  */
+
+/* Stops at toplevel WHILEM as well as at "last". At end *scanp is set
+   to the position after last scanned or to NULL. */
+
+#define INIT_AND_WITHP \
+    assert(!and_withp); \
+    Newx(and_withp,1,struct regnode_charclass_class); \
+    SAVEFREEPV(and_withp)
+
+/* this is a chain of data about sub patterns we are processing that
+   need to be handled separately/specially in study_chunk. Its so
+   we can simulate recursion without losing state.  */
+struct scan_frame;
+typedef struct scan_frame {
+    regnode *last;  /* last node to process in this frame */
+    regnode *next;  /* next node to process when last is reached */
+    struct scan_frame *prev; /*previous frame*/
+    I32 stop; /* what stopparen do we use */
+} scan_frame;
+
+
+#define SCAN_COMMIT(s, data, m) scan_commit(s, data, m, is_inf)
+
+STATIC I32
+S_study_chunk(pTHX_ RExC_state_t *pRExC_state, regnode **scanp,
+                        I32 *minlenp, I32 *deltap,
+                       regnode *last,
+                       scan_data_t *data,
+                       I32 stopparen,
+                       U8* recursed,
+                       struct regnode_charclass_class *and_withp,
+                       U32 flags, U32 depth)
+                       /* scanp: Start here (read-write). */
+                       /* deltap: Write maxlen-minlen here. */
+                       /* last: Stop before this one. */
+                       /* data: string data about the pattern */
+                       /* stopparen: treat close N as END */
+                       /* recursed: which subroutines have we recursed into */
+                       /* and_withp: Valid if flags & SCF_DO_STCLASS_OR */
+{
+    dVAR;
+    I32 min = 0;    /* There must be at least this number of characters to match */
+    I32 pars = 0, code;
+    regnode *scan = *scanp, *next;
+    I32 delta = 0;
+    int is_inf = (flags & SCF_DO_SUBSTR) && (data->flags & SF_IS_INF);
+    int is_inf_internal = 0;           /* The studied chunk is infinite */
+    I32 is_par = OP(scan) == OPEN ? ARG(scan) : 0;
+    scan_data_t data_fake;
+    SV *re_trie_maxbuff = NULL;
+    regnode *first_non_open = scan;
+    I32 stopmin = I32_MAX;
+    scan_frame *frame = NULL;
+    GET_RE_DEBUG_FLAGS_DECL;
+
+    PERL_ARGS_ASSERT_STUDY_CHUNK;
+
+#ifdef DEBUGGING
+    StructCopy(&zero_scan_data, &data_fake, scan_data_t);
+#endif
+
+    if ( depth == 0 ) {
+        while (first_non_open && OP(first_non_open) == OPEN)
+            first_non_open=regnext(first_non_open);
+    }
+
+
+  fake_study_recurse:
+    while ( scan && OP(scan) != END && scan < last ){
+        UV min_subtract = 0;    /* How mmany chars to subtract from the minimum
+                                   node length to get a real minimum (because
+                                   the folded version may be shorter) */
+       bool has_exactf_sharp_s = FALSE;
+       /* Peephole optimizer: */
+       DEBUG_STUDYDATA("Peep:", data,depth);
+       DEBUG_PEEP("Peep",scan,depth);
+
+        /* Its not clear to khw or hv why this is done here, and not in the
+         * clauses that deal with EXACT nodes.  khw's guess is that it's
+         * because of a previous design */
+        JOIN_EXACT(scan,&min_subtract, &has_exactf_sharp_s, 0);
+
+       /* Follow the next-chain of the current node and optimize
+          away all the NOTHINGs from it.  */
+       if (OP(scan) != CURLYX) {
+           const int max = (reg_off_by_arg[OP(scan)]
+                      ? I32_MAX
+                      /* I32 may be smaller than U16 on CRAYs! */
+                      : (I32_MAX < U16_MAX ? I32_MAX : U16_MAX));
+           int off = (reg_off_by_arg[OP(scan)] ? ARG(scan) : NEXT_OFF(scan));
+           int noff;
+           regnode *n = scan;
+
+           /* Skip NOTHING and LONGJMP. */
+           while ((n = regnext(n))
+                  && ((PL_regkind[OP(n)] == NOTHING && (noff = NEXT_OFF(n)))
+                      || ((OP(n) == LONGJMP) && (noff = ARG(n))))
+                  && off + noff < max)
+               off += noff;
+           if (reg_off_by_arg[OP(scan)])
+               ARG(scan) = off;
+           else
+               NEXT_OFF(scan) = off;
+       }
+
+
+
+       /* The principal pseudo-switch.  Cannot be a switch, since we
+          look into several different things.  */
+       if (OP(scan) == BRANCH || OP(scan) == BRANCHJ
+                  || OP(scan) == IFTHEN) {
+           next = regnext(scan);
+           code = OP(scan);
+           /* demq: the op(next)==code check is to see if we have "branch-branch" AFAICT */
+
+           if (OP(next) == code || code == IFTHEN) {
+               /* NOTE - There is similar code to this block below for handling
+                  TRIE nodes on a re-study.  If you change stuff here check there
+                  too. */
+               I32 max1 = 0, min1 = I32_MAX, num = 0;
+               struct regnode_charclass_class accum;
+               regnode * const startbranch=scan;
+
+               if (flags & SCF_DO_SUBSTR)
+                   SCAN_COMMIT(pRExC_state, data, minlenp); /* Cannot merge strings after this. */
+               if (flags & SCF_DO_STCLASS)
+                   cl_init_zero(pRExC_state, &accum);
+
+               while (OP(scan) == code) {
+                   I32 deltanext, minnext, f = 0, fake;
+                   struct regnode_charclass_class this_class;
+
+                   num++;
+                   data_fake.flags = 0;
+                   if (data) {
+                       data_fake.whilem_c = data->whilem_c;
+                       data_fake.last_closep = data->last_closep;
+                   }
+                   else
+                       data_fake.last_closep = &fake;
+
+                   data_fake.pos_delta = delta;
+                   next = regnext(scan);
+                   scan = NEXTOPER(scan);
+                   if (code != BRANCH)
+                       scan = NEXTOPER(scan);
+                   if (flags & SCF_DO_STCLASS) {
+                       cl_init(pRExC_state, &this_class);
+                       data_fake.start_class = &this_class;
+                       f = SCF_DO_STCLASS_AND;
+                   }
+                   if (flags & SCF_WHILEM_VISITED_POS)
+                       f |= SCF_WHILEM_VISITED_POS;
+
+                   /* we suppose the run is continuous, last=next...*/
+                   minnext = study_chunk(pRExC_state, &scan, minlenp, &deltanext,
+                                         next, &data_fake,
+                                         stopparen, recursed, NULL, f,depth+1);
+                   if (min1 > minnext)
+                       min1 = minnext;
+                   if (deltanext == I32_MAX) {
+                       is_inf = is_inf_internal = 1;
+                       max1 = I32_MAX;
+                   } else if (max1 < minnext + deltanext)
+                       max1 = minnext + deltanext;
+                   scan = next;
+                   if (data_fake.flags & (SF_HAS_PAR|SF_IN_PAR))
+                       pars++;
+                   if (data_fake.flags & SCF_SEEN_ACCEPT) {
+                       if ( stopmin > minnext) 
+                           stopmin = min + min1;
+                       flags &= ~SCF_DO_SUBSTR;
+                       if (data)
+                           data->flags |= SCF_SEEN_ACCEPT;
+                   }
+                   if (data) {
+                       if (data_fake.flags & SF_HAS_EVAL)
+                           data->flags |= SF_HAS_EVAL;
+                       data->whilem_c = data_fake.whilem_c;
+                   }
+                   if (flags & SCF_DO_STCLASS)
+                       cl_or(pRExC_state, &accum, &this_class);
+               }
+               if (code == IFTHEN && num < 2) /* Empty ELSE branch */
+                   min1 = 0;
+               if (flags & SCF_DO_SUBSTR) {
+                   data->pos_min += min1;
+                   if (data->pos_delta >= I32_MAX - (max1 - min1))
+                       data->pos_delta = I32_MAX;
+                   else
+                       data->pos_delta += max1 - min1;
+                   if (max1 != min1 || is_inf)
+                       data->longest = &(data->longest_float);
+               }
+               min += min1;
+               if (delta == I32_MAX || I32_MAX - delta - (max1 - min1) < 0)
+                   delta = I32_MAX;
+               else
+                   delta += max1 - min1;
+               if (flags & SCF_DO_STCLASS_OR) {
+                   cl_or(pRExC_state, data->start_class, &accum);
+                   if (min1) {
+                       cl_and(data->start_class, and_withp);
+                       flags &= ~SCF_DO_STCLASS;
+                   }
+               }
+               else if (flags & SCF_DO_STCLASS_AND) {
+                   if (min1) {
+                       cl_and(data->start_class, &accum);
+                       flags &= ~SCF_DO_STCLASS;
+                   }
+                   else {
+                       /* Switch to OR mode: cache the old value of
+                        * data->start_class */
+                       INIT_AND_WITHP;
+                       StructCopy(data->start_class, and_withp,
+                                  struct regnode_charclass_class);
+                       flags &= ~SCF_DO_STCLASS_AND;
+                       StructCopy(&accum, data->start_class,
+                                  struct regnode_charclass_class);
+                       flags |= SCF_DO_STCLASS_OR;
+                        SET_SSC_EOS(data->start_class);
+                   }
+               }
+
+                if (PERL_ENABLE_TRIE_OPTIMISATION && OP( startbranch ) == BRANCH ) {
+               /* demq.
+
+                  Assuming this was/is a branch we are dealing with: 'scan' now
+                  points at the item that follows the branch sequence, whatever
+                  it is. We now start at the beginning of the sequence and look
+                  for subsequences of
+
+                  BRANCH->EXACT=>x1
+                  BRANCH->EXACT=>x2
+                  tail
+
+                  which would be constructed from a pattern like /A|LIST|OF|WORDS/
+
+                  If we can find such a subsequence we need to turn the first
+                  element into a trie and then add the subsequent branch exact
+                  strings to the trie.
+
+                  We have two cases
+
+                    1. patterns where the whole set of branches can be converted. 
+
+                    2. patterns where only a subset can be converted.
+
+                  In case 1 we can replace the whole set with a single regop
+                  for the trie. In case 2 we need to keep the start and end
+                  branches so
+
+                    'BRANCH EXACT; BRANCH EXACT; BRANCH X'
+                    becomes BRANCH TRIE; BRANCH X;
+
+                 There is an additional case, that being where there is a 
+                 common prefix, which gets split out into an EXACT like node
+                 preceding the TRIE node.
+
+                 If x(1..n)==tail then we can do a simple trie, if not we make
+                 a "jump" trie, such that when we match the appropriate word
+                 we "jump" to the appropriate tail node. Essentially we turn
+                 a nested if into a case structure of sorts.
+
+               */
+
+                   int made=0;
+                   if (!re_trie_maxbuff) {
+                       re_trie_maxbuff = get_sv(RE_TRIE_MAXBUF_NAME, 1);
+                       if (!SvIOK(re_trie_maxbuff))
+                           sv_setiv(re_trie_maxbuff, RE_TRIE_MAXBUF_INIT);
+                   }
+                    if ( SvIV(re_trie_maxbuff)>=0  ) {
+                        regnode *cur;
+                        regnode *first = (regnode *)NULL;
+                        regnode *last = (regnode *)NULL;
+                        regnode *tail = scan;
+                        U8 trietype = 0;
+                        U32 count=0;
+
+#ifdef DEBUGGING
+                        SV * const mysv = sv_newmortal();       /* for dumping */
+#endif
+                        /* var tail is used because there may be a TAIL
+                           regop in the way. Ie, the exacts will point to the
+                           thing following the TAIL, but the last branch will
+                           point at the TAIL. So we advance tail. If we
+                           have nested (?:) we may have to move through several
+                           tails.
+                         */
+
+                        while ( OP( tail ) == TAIL ) {
+                            /* this is the TAIL generated by (?:) */
+                            tail = regnext( tail );
+                        }
+
+                        
+                        DEBUG_TRIE_COMPILE_r({
+                            regprop(RExC_rx, mysv, tail );
+                            PerlIO_printf( Perl_debug_log, "%*s%s%s\n",
+                                (int)depth * 2 + 2, "", 
+                                "Looking for TRIE'able sequences. Tail node is: ", 
+                                SvPV_nolen_const( mysv )
+                            );
+                        });
+                        
+                        /*
+
+                            Step through the branches
+                                cur represents each branch,
+                                noper is the first thing to be matched as part of that branch
+                                noper_next is the regnext() of that node.
+
+                            We normally handle a case like this /FOO[xyz]|BAR[pqr]/
+                            via a "jump trie" but we also support building with NOJUMPTRIE,
+                            which restricts the trie logic to structures like /FOO|BAR/.
+
+                            If noper is a trieable nodetype then the branch is a possible optimization
+                            target. If we are building under NOJUMPTRIE then we require that noper_next
+                            is the same as scan (our current position in the regex program).
+
+                            Once we have two or more consecutive such branches we can create a
+                            trie of the EXACT's contents and stitch it in place into the program.
+
+                            If the sequence represents all of the branches in the alternation we
+                            replace the entire thing with a single TRIE node.
+
+                            Otherwise when it is a subsequence we need to stitch it in place and
+                            replace only the relevant branches. This means the first branch has
+                            to remain as it is used by the alternation logic, and its next pointer,
+                            and needs to be repointed at the item on the branch chain following
+                            the last branch we have optimized away.
+
+                            This could be either a BRANCH, in which case the subsequence is internal,
+                            or it could be the item following the branch sequence in which case the
+                            subsequence is at the end (which does not necessarily mean the first node
+                            is the start of the alternation).
+
+                            TRIE_TYPE(X) is a define which maps the optype to a trietype.
+
+                                optype          |  trietype
+                                ----------------+-----------
+                                NOTHING         | NOTHING
+                                EXACT           | EXACT
+                                EXACTFU         | EXACTFU
+                                EXACTFU_SS      | EXACTFU
+                                EXACTFU_TRICKYFOLD | EXACTFU
+                                EXACTFA         | 0
+
+
+                        */
+#define TRIE_TYPE(X) ( ( NOTHING == (X) ) ? NOTHING :   \
+                       ( EXACT == (X) )   ? EXACT :        \
+                       ( EXACTFU == (X) || EXACTFU_SS == (X) || EXACTFU_TRICKYFOLD == (X) ) ? EXACTFU :        \
+                       0 )
+
+                        /* dont use tail as the end marker for this traverse */
+                        for ( cur = startbranch ; cur != scan ; cur = regnext( cur ) ) {
+                            regnode * const noper = NEXTOPER( cur );
+                            U8 noper_type = OP( noper );
+                            U8 noper_trietype = TRIE_TYPE( noper_type );
+#if defined(DEBUGGING) || defined(NOJUMPTRIE)
+                            regnode * const noper_next = regnext( noper );
+                           U8 noper_next_type = (noper_next && noper_next != tail) ? OP(noper_next) : 0;
+                           U8 noper_next_trietype = (noper_next && noper_next != tail) ? TRIE_TYPE( noper_next_type ) :0;
+#endif
+
+                            DEBUG_TRIE_COMPILE_r({
+                                regprop(RExC_rx, mysv, cur);
+                                PerlIO_printf( Perl_debug_log, "%*s- %s (%d)",
+                                   (int)depth * 2 + 2,"", SvPV_nolen_const( mysv ), REG_NODE_NUM(cur) );
+
+                                regprop(RExC_rx, mysv, noper);
+                                PerlIO_printf( Perl_debug_log, " -> %s",
+                                    SvPV_nolen_const(mysv));
+
+                                if ( noper_next ) {
+                                  regprop(RExC_rx, mysv, noper_next );
+                                  PerlIO_printf( Perl_debug_log,"\t=> %s\t",
+                                    SvPV_nolen_const(mysv));
+                                }
+                                PerlIO_printf( Perl_debug_log, "(First==%d,Last==%d,Cur==%d,tt==%s,nt==%s,nnt==%s)\n",
+                                   REG_NODE_NUM(first), REG_NODE_NUM(last), REG_NODE_NUM(cur),
+                                  PL_reg_name[trietype], PL_reg_name[noper_trietype], PL_reg_name[noper_next_trietype] 
+                               );
+                            });
+
+                            /* Is noper a trieable nodetype that can be merged with the
+                             * current trie (if there is one)? */
+                            if ( noper_trietype
+                                  &&
+                                  (
+                                        ( noper_trietype == NOTHING)
+                                        || ( trietype == NOTHING )
+                                        || ( trietype == noper_trietype )
+                                  )
+#ifdef NOJUMPTRIE
+                                  && noper_next == tail
+#endif
+                                  && count < U16_MAX)
+                            {
+                                /* Handle mergable triable node
+                                 * Either we are the first node in a new trieable sequence,
+                                 * in which case we do some bookkeeping, otherwise we update
+                                 * the end pointer. */
+                                if ( !first ) {
+                                    first = cur;
+                                   if ( noper_trietype == NOTHING ) {
+#if !defined(DEBUGGING) && !defined(NOJUMPTRIE)
+                                       regnode * const noper_next = regnext( noper );
+                                        U8 noper_next_type = (noper_next && noper_next!=tail) ? OP(noper_next) : 0;
+                                       U8 noper_next_trietype = noper_next_type ? TRIE_TYPE( noper_next_type ) :0;
+#endif
+
+                                        if ( noper_next_trietype ) {
+                                           trietype = noper_next_trietype;
+                                        } else if (noper_next_type)  {
+                                            /* a NOTHING regop is 1 regop wide. We need at least two
+                                             * for a trie so we can't merge this in */
+                                            first = NULL;
+                                        }
+                                    } else {
+                                        trietype = noper_trietype;
+                                    }
+                                } else {
+                                    if ( trietype == NOTHING )
+                                        trietype = noper_trietype;
+                                    last = cur;
+                                }
+                               if (first)
+                                   count++;
+                            } /* end handle mergable triable node */
+                            else {
+                                /* handle unmergable node -
+                                 * noper may either be a triable node which can not be tried
+                                 * together with the current trie, or a non triable node */
+                                if ( last ) {
+                                    /* If last is set and trietype is not NOTHING then we have found
+                                     * at least two triable branch sequences in a row of a similar
+                                     * trietype so we can turn them into a trie. If/when we
+                                     * allow NOTHING to start a trie sequence this condition will be
+                                     * required, and it isn't expensive so we leave it in for now. */
+                                    if ( trietype && trietype != NOTHING )
+                                        make_trie( pRExC_state,
+                                                startbranch, first, cur, tail, count,
+                                                trietype, depth+1 );
+                                    last = NULL; /* note: we clear/update first, trietype etc below, so we dont do it here */
+                                }
+                                if ( noper_trietype
+#ifdef NOJUMPTRIE
+                                     && noper_next == tail
+#endif
+                                ){
+                                    /* noper is triable, so we can start a new trie sequence */
+                                    count = 1;
+                                    first = cur;
+                                    trietype = noper_trietype;
+                                } else if (first) {
+                                    /* if we already saw a first but the current node is not triable then we have
+                                     * to reset the first information. */
+                                    count = 0;
+                                    first = NULL;
+                                    trietype = 0;
+                                }
+                            } /* end handle unmergable node */
+                        } /* loop over branches */
+                        DEBUG_TRIE_COMPILE_r({
+                            regprop(RExC_rx, mysv, cur);
+                            PerlIO_printf( Perl_debug_log,
+                              "%*s- %s (%d) <SCAN FINISHED>\n", (int)depth * 2 + 2,
+                              "", SvPV_nolen_const( mysv ),REG_NODE_NUM(cur));
+
+                        });
+                        if ( last && trietype ) {
+                            if ( trietype != NOTHING ) {
+                                /* the last branch of the sequence was part of a trie,
+                                 * so we have to construct it here outside of the loop
+                                 */
+                                made= make_trie( pRExC_state, startbranch, first, scan, tail, count, trietype, depth+1 );
+#ifdef TRIE_STUDY_OPT
+                                if ( ((made == MADE_EXACT_TRIE &&
+                                     startbranch == first)
+                                     || ( first_non_open == first )) &&
+                                     depth==0 ) {
+                                    flags |= SCF_TRIE_RESTUDY;
+                                    if ( startbranch == first
+                                         && scan == tail )
+                                    {
+                                        RExC_seen &=~REG_TOP_LEVEL_BRANCHES;
+                                    }
+                                }
+#endif
+                            } else {
+                                /* at this point we know whatever we have is a NOTHING sequence/branch
+                                 * AND if 'startbranch' is 'first' then we can turn the whole thing into a NOTHING
+                                 */
+                                if ( startbranch == first ) {
+                                    regnode *opt;
+                                    /* the entire thing is a NOTHING sequence, something like this:
+                                     * (?:|) So we can turn it into a plain NOTHING op. */
+                                    DEBUG_TRIE_COMPILE_r({
+                                        regprop(RExC_rx, mysv, cur);
+                                        PerlIO_printf( Perl_debug_log,
+                                          "%*s- %s (%d) <NOTHING BRANCH SEQUENCE>\n", (int)depth * 2 + 2,
+                                          "", SvPV_nolen_const( mysv ),REG_NODE_NUM(cur));
+
+                                    });
+                                    OP(startbranch)= NOTHING;
+                                    NEXT_OFF(startbranch)= tail - startbranch;
+                                    for ( opt= startbranch + 1; opt < tail ; opt++ )
+                                        OP(opt)= OPTIMIZED;
+                                }
+                            }
+                        } /* end if ( last) */
+                    } /* TRIE_MAXBUF is non zero */
+                    
+                } /* do trie */
+                
+           }
+           else if ( code == BRANCHJ ) {  /* single branch is optimized. */
+               scan = NEXTOPER(NEXTOPER(scan));
+           } else                      /* single branch is optimized. */
+               scan = NEXTOPER(scan);
+           continue;
+       } else if (OP(scan) == SUSPEND || OP(scan) == GOSUB || OP(scan) == GOSTART) {
+           scan_frame *newframe = NULL;
+           I32 paren;
+           regnode *start;
+           regnode *end;
+
+           if (OP(scan) != SUSPEND) {
+           /* set the pointer */
+               if (OP(scan) == GOSUB) {
+                   paren = ARG(scan);
+                   RExC_recurse[ARG2L(scan)] = scan;
+                    start = RExC_open_parens[paren-1];
+                    end   = RExC_close_parens[paren-1];
+                } else {
+                    paren = 0;
+                    start = RExC_rxi->program + 1;
+                    end   = RExC_opend;
+                }
+                if (!recursed) {
+                    Newxz(recursed, (((RExC_npar)>>3) +1), U8);
+                    SAVEFREEPV(recursed);
+                }
+                if (!PAREN_TEST(recursed,paren+1)) {
+                   PAREN_SET(recursed,paren+1);
+                    Newx(newframe,1,scan_frame);
+                } else {
+                    if (flags & SCF_DO_SUBSTR) {
+                        SCAN_COMMIT(pRExC_state,data,minlenp);
+                        data->longest = &(data->longest_float);
+                    }
+                    is_inf = is_inf_internal = 1;
+                    if (flags & SCF_DO_STCLASS_OR) /* Allow everything */
+                        cl_anything(pRExC_state, data->start_class);
+                    flags &= ~SCF_DO_STCLASS;
+               }
+            } else {
+               Newx(newframe,1,scan_frame);
+               paren = stopparen;
+               start = scan+2;
+               end = regnext(scan);
+           }
+           if (newframe) {
+                assert(start);
+                assert(end);
+               SAVEFREEPV(newframe);
+               newframe->next = regnext(scan);
+               newframe->last = last;
+               newframe->stop = stopparen;
+               newframe->prev = frame;
+
+               frame = newframe;
+               scan =  start;
+               stopparen = paren;
+               last = end;
+
+               continue;
+           }
+       }
+       else if (OP(scan) == EXACT) {
+           I32 l = STR_LEN(scan);
+           UV uc;
+           if (UTF) {
+               const U8 * const s = (U8*)STRING(scan);
+               uc = utf8_to_uvchr_buf(s, s + l, NULL);
+               l = utf8_length(s, s + l);
+           } else {
+               uc = *((U8*)STRING(scan));
+           }
+           min += l;
+           if (flags & SCF_DO_SUBSTR) { /* Update longest substr. */
+               /* The code below prefers earlier match for fixed
+                  offset, later match for variable offset.  */
+               if (data->last_end == -1) { /* Update the start info. */
+                   data->last_start_min = data->pos_min;
+                   data->last_start_max = is_inf
+                       ? I32_MAX : data->pos_min + data->pos_delta;
+               }
+               sv_catpvn(data->last_found, STRING(scan), STR_LEN(scan));
+               if (UTF)
+                   SvUTF8_on(data->last_found);
+               {
+                   SV * const sv = data->last_found;
+                   MAGIC * const mg = SvUTF8(sv) && SvMAGICAL(sv) ?
+                       mg_find(sv, PERL_MAGIC_utf8) : NULL;
+                   if (mg && mg->mg_len >= 0)
+                       mg->mg_len += utf8_length((U8*)STRING(scan),
+                                                 (U8*)STRING(scan)+STR_LEN(scan));
+               }
+               data->last_end = data->pos_min + l;
+               data->pos_min += l; /* As in the first entry. */
+               data->flags &= ~SF_BEFORE_EOL;
+           }
+           if (flags & SCF_DO_STCLASS_AND) {
+               /* Check whether it is compatible with what we know already! */
+               int compat = 1;
+
+
+               /* If compatible, we or it in below.  It is compatible if is
+                * in the bitmp and either 1) its bit or its fold is set, or 2)
+                * it's for a locale.  Even if there isn't unicode semantics
+                * here, at runtime there may be because of matching against a
+                * utf8 string, so accept a possible false positive for
+                * latin1-range folds */
+               if (uc >= 0x100 ||
+                   (!(data->start_class->flags & ANYOF_LOCALE)
+                   && !ANYOF_BITMAP_TEST(data->start_class, uc)
+                   && (!(data->start_class->flags & ANYOF_LOC_FOLD)
+                       || !ANYOF_BITMAP_TEST(data->start_class, PL_fold_latin1[uc])))
+                    )
+               {
+                   compat = 0;
+               }
+               ANYOF_CLASS_ZERO(data->start_class);
+               ANYOF_BITMAP_ZERO(data->start_class);
+               if (compat)
+                   ANYOF_BITMAP_SET(data->start_class, uc);
+               else if (uc >= 0x100) {
+                   int i;
+
+                   /* Some Unicode code points fold to the Latin1 range; as
+                    * XXX temporary code, instead of figuring out if this is
+                    * one, just assume it is and set all the start class bits
+                    * that could be some such above 255 code point's fold
+                    * which will generate fals positives.  As the code
+                    * elsewhere that does compute the fold settles down, it
+                    * can be extracted out and re-used here */
+                   for (i = 0; i < 256; i++){
+                       if (HAS_NONLATIN1_FOLD_CLOSURE(i)) {
+                           ANYOF_BITMAP_SET(data->start_class, i);
+                       }
+                   }
+               }
+                CLEAR_SSC_EOS(data->start_class);
+               if (uc < 0x100)
+                 data->start_class->flags &= ~ANYOF_UNICODE_ALL;
+           }
+           else if (flags & SCF_DO_STCLASS_OR) {
+               /* false positive possible if the class is case-folded */
+               if (uc < 0x100)
+                   ANYOF_BITMAP_SET(data->start_class, uc);
+               else
+                   data->start_class->flags |= ANYOF_UNICODE_ALL;
+                CLEAR_SSC_EOS(data->start_class);
+               cl_and(data->start_class, and_withp);
+           }
+           flags &= ~SCF_DO_STCLASS;
+       }
+       else if (PL_regkind[OP(scan)] == EXACT) { /* But OP != EXACT! */
+           I32 l = STR_LEN(scan);
+           UV uc = *((U8*)STRING(scan));
+
+           /* Search for fixed substrings supports EXACT only. */
+           if (flags & SCF_DO_SUBSTR) {
+               assert(data);
+               SCAN_COMMIT(pRExC_state, data, minlenp);
+           }
+           if (UTF) {
+               const U8 * const s = (U8 *)STRING(scan);
+               uc = utf8_to_uvchr_buf(s, s + l, NULL);
+               l = utf8_length(s, s + l);
+           }
+           if (has_exactf_sharp_s) {
+               RExC_seen |= REG_SEEN_EXACTF_SHARP_S;
+           }
+           min += l - min_subtract;
+            assert (min >= 0);
+            delta += min_subtract;
+           if (flags & SCF_DO_SUBSTR) {
+               data->pos_min += l - min_subtract;
+               if (data->pos_min < 0) {
+                    data->pos_min = 0;
+                }
+                data->pos_delta += min_subtract;
+               if (min_subtract) {
+                   data->longest = &(data->longest_float);
+               }
+           }
+           if (flags & SCF_DO_STCLASS_AND) {
+               /* Check whether it is compatible with what we know already! */
+               int compat = 1;
+               if (uc >= 0x100 ||
+                (!(data->start_class->flags & ANYOF_LOCALE)
+                 && !ANYOF_BITMAP_TEST(data->start_class, uc)
+                 && !ANYOF_BITMAP_TEST(data->start_class, PL_fold_latin1[uc])))
+               {
+                   compat = 0;
+               }
+               ANYOF_CLASS_ZERO(data->start_class);
+               ANYOF_BITMAP_ZERO(data->start_class);
+               if (compat) {
+                   ANYOF_BITMAP_SET(data->start_class, uc);
+                    CLEAR_SSC_EOS(data->start_class);
+                   if (OP(scan) == EXACTFL) {
+                       /* XXX This set is probably no longer necessary, and
+                        * probably wrong as LOCALE now is on in the initial
+                        * state */
+                       data->start_class->flags |= ANYOF_LOCALE|ANYOF_LOC_FOLD;
+                   }
+                   else {
+
+                       /* Also set the other member of the fold pair.  In case
+                        * that unicode semantics is called for at runtime, use
+                        * the full latin1 fold.  (Can't do this for locale,
+                        * because not known until runtime) */
+                       ANYOF_BITMAP_SET(data->start_class, PL_fold_latin1[uc]);
+
+                        /* All other (EXACTFL handled above) folds except under
+                         * /iaa that include s, S, and sharp_s also may include
+                         * the others */
+                       if (OP(scan) != EXACTFA) {
+                           if (uc == 's' || uc == 'S') {
+                               ANYOF_BITMAP_SET(data->start_class,
+                                                LATIN_SMALL_LETTER_SHARP_S);
+                           }
+                           else if (uc == LATIN_SMALL_LETTER_SHARP_S) {
+                               ANYOF_BITMAP_SET(data->start_class, 's');
+                               ANYOF_BITMAP_SET(data->start_class, 'S');
+                           }
+                       }
+                   }
+               }
+               else if (uc >= 0x100) {
+                   int i;
+                   for (i = 0; i < 256; i++){
+                       if (_HAS_NONLATIN1_FOLD_CLOSURE_ONLY_FOR_USE_BY_REGCOMP_DOT_C_AND_REGEXEC_DOT_C(i)) {
+                           ANYOF_BITMAP_SET(data->start_class, i);
+                       }
+                   }
+               }
+           }
+           else if (flags & SCF_DO_STCLASS_OR) {
+               if (data->start_class->flags & ANYOF_LOC_FOLD) {
+                   /* false positive possible if the class is case-folded.
+                      Assume that the locale settings are the same... */
+                   if (uc < 0x100) {
+                       ANYOF_BITMAP_SET(data->start_class, uc);
+                        if (OP(scan) != EXACTFL) {
+
+                            /* And set the other member of the fold pair, but
+                             * can't do that in locale because not known until
+                             * run-time */
+                            ANYOF_BITMAP_SET(data->start_class,
+                                            PL_fold_latin1[uc]);
+
+                           /* All folds except under /iaa that include s, S,
+                            * and sharp_s also may include the others */
+                           if (OP(scan) != EXACTFA) {
+                               if (uc == 's' || uc == 'S') {
+                                   ANYOF_BITMAP_SET(data->start_class,
+                                                  LATIN_SMALL_LETTER_SHARP_S);
+                               }
+                               else if (uc == LATIN_SMALL_LETTER_SHARP_S) {
+                                   ANYOF_BITMAP_SET(data->start_class, 's');
+                                   ANYOF_BITMAP_SET(data->start_class, 'S');
+                               }
+                           }
+                        }
+                   }
+                    CLEAR_SSC_EOS(data->start_class);
+               }
+               cl_and(data->start_class, and_withp);
+           }
+           flags &= ~SCF_DO_STCLASS;
+       }
+       else if (REGNODE_VARIES(OP(scan))) {
+           I32 mincount, maxcount, minnext, deltanext, fl = 0;
+           I32 f = flags, pos_before = 0;
+           regnode * const oscan = scan;
+           struct regnode_charclass_class this_class;
+           struct regnode_charclass_class *oclass = NULL;
+           I32 next_is_eval = 0;
+
+           switch (PL_regkind[OP(scan)]) {
+           case WHILEM:                /* End of (?:...)* . */
+               scan = NEXTOPER(scan);
+               goto finish;
+           case PLUS:
+               if (flags & (SCF_DO_SUBSTR | SCF_DO_STCLASS)) {
+                   next = NEXTOPER(scan);
+                   if (OP(next) == EXACT || (flags & SCF_DO_STCLASS)) {
+                       mincount = 1;
+                       maxcount = REG_INFTY;
+                       next = regnext(scan);
+                       scan = NEXTOPER(scan);
+                       goto do_curly;
+                   }
+               }
+               if (flags & SCF_DO_SUBSTR)
+                   data->pos_min++;
+               min++;
+               /* Fall through. */
+           case STAR:
+               if (flags & SCF_DO_STCLASS) {
+                   mincount = 0;
+                   maxcount = REG_INFTY;
+                   next = regnext(scan);
+                   scan = NEXTOPER(scan);
+                   goto do_curly;
+               }
+               is_inf = is_inf_internal = 1;
+               scan = regnext(scan);
+               if (flags & SCF_DO_SUBSTR) {
+                   SCAN_COMMIT(pRExC_state, data, minlenp); /* Cannot extend fixed substrings */
+                   data->longest = &(data->longest_float);
+               }
+               goto optimize_curly_tail;
+           case CURLY:
+               if (stopparen>0 && (OP(scan)==CURLYN || OP(scan)==CURLYM)
+                   && (scan->flags == stopparen))
+               {
+                   mincount = 1;
+                   maxcount = 1;
+               } else {
+                   mincount = ARG1(scan);
+                   maxcount = ARG2(scan);
+               }
+               next = regnext(scan);
+               if (OP(scan) == CURLYX) {
+                   I32 lp = (data ? *(data->last_closep) : 0);
+                   scan->flags = ((lp <= (I32)U8_MAX) ? (U8)lp : U8_MAX);
+               }
+               scan = NEXTOPER(scan) + EXTRA_STEP_2ARGS;
+               next_is_eval = (OP(scan) == EVAL);
+             do_curly:
+               if (flags & SCF_DO_SUBSTR) {
+                   if (mincount == 0) SCAN_COMMIT(pRExC_state,data,minlenp); /* Cannot extend fixed substrings */
+                   pos_before = data->pos_min;
+               }
+               if (data) {
+                   fl = data->flags;
+                   data->flags &= ~(SF_HAS_PAR|SF_IN_PAR|SF_HAS_EVAL);
+                   if (is_inf)
+                       data->flags |= SF_IS_INF;
+               }
+               if (flags & SCF_DO_STCLASS) {
+                   cl_init(pRExC_state, &this_class);
+                   oclass = data->start_class;
+                   data->start_class = &this_class;
+                   f |= SCF_DO_STCLASS_AND;
+                   f &= ~SCF_DO_STCLASS_OR;
+               }
+               /* Exclude from super-linear cache processing any {n,m}
+                  regops for which the combination of input pos and regex
+                  pos is not enough information to determine if a match
+                  will be possible.
+
+                  For example, in the regex /foo(bar\s*){4,8}baz/ with the
+                  regex pos at the \s*, the prospects for a match depend not
+                  only on the input position but also on how many (bar\s*)
+                  repeats into the {4,8} we are. */
+               if ((mincount > 1) || (maxcount > 1 && maxcount != REG_INFTY))
+                   f &= ~SCF_WHILEM_VISITED_POS;
+
+               /* This will finish on WHILEM, setting scan, or on NULL: */
+               minnext = study_chunk(pRExC_state, &scan, minlenp, &deltanext, 
+                                     last, data, stopparen, recursed, NULL,
+                                     (mincount == 0
+                                       ? (f & ~SCF_DO_SUBSTR) : f),depth+1);
+
+               if (flags & SCF_DO_STCLASS)
+                   data->start_class = oclass;
+               if (mincount == 0 || minnext == 0) {
+                   if (flags & SCF_DO_STCLASS_OR) {
+                       cl_or(pRExC_state, data->start_class, &this_class);
+                   }
+                   else if (flags & SCF_DO_STCLASS_AND) {
+                       /* Switch to OR mode: cache the old value of
+                        * data->start_class */
+                       INIT_AND_WITHP;
+                       StructCopy(data->start_class, and_withp,
+                                  struct regnode_charclass_class);
+                       flags &= ~SCF_DO_STCLASS_AND;
+                       StructCopy(&this_class, data->start_class,
+                                  struct regnode_charclass_class);
+                       flags |= SCF_DO_STCLASS_OR;
+                        SET_SSC_EOS(data->start_class);
+                   }
+               } else {                /* Non-zero len */
+                   if (flags & SCF_DO_STCLASS_OR) {
+                       cl_or(pRExC_state, data->start_class, &this_class);
+                       cl_and(data->start_class, and_withp);
+                   }
+                   else if (flags & SCF_DO_STCLASS_AND)
+                       cl_and(data->start_class, &this_class);
+                   flags &= ~SCF_DO_STCLASS;
+               }
+               if (!scan)              /* It was not CURLYX, but CURLY. */
+                   scan = next;
+               if (!(flags & SCF_TRIE_DOING_RESTUDY)
+                   /* ? quantifier ok, except for (?{ ... }) */
+                   && (next_is_eval || !(mincount == 0 && maxcount == 1))
+                   && (minnext == 0) && (deltanext == 0)
+                   && data && !(data->flags & (SF_HAS_PAR|SF_IN_PAR))
+                   && maxcount <= REG_INFTY/3) /* Complement check for big count */
+               {
+                   /* Fatal warnings may leak the regexp without this: */
+                   SAVEFREESV(RExC_rx_sv);
+                   ckWARNreg(RExC_parse,
+                             "Quantifier unexpected on zero-length expression");
+                   (void)ReREFCNT_inc(RExC_rx_sv);
+               }
+
+               min += minnext * mincount;
+               is_inf_internal |= deltanext == I32_MAX
+                                    || (maxcount == REG_INFTY && minnext + deltanext > 0);
+               is_inf |= is_inf_internal;
+               if (is_inf)
+                   delta = I32_MAX;
+               else
+                   delta += (minnext + deltanext) * maxcount - minnext * mincount;
+
+               /* Try powerful optimization CURLYX => CURLYN. */
+               if (  OP(oscan) == CURLYX && data
+                     && data->flags & SF_IN_PAR
+                     && !(data->flags & SF_HAS_EVAL)
+                     && !deltanext && minnext == 1 ) {
+                   /* Try to optimize to CURLYN.  */
+                   regnode *nxt = NEXTOPER(oscan) + EXTRA_STEP_2ARGS;
+                   regnode * const nxt1 = nxt;
+#ifdef DEBUGGING
+                   regnode *nxt2;
+#endif
+
+                   /* Skip open. */
+                   nxt = regnext(nxt);
+                   if (!REGNODE_SIMPLE(OP(nxt))
+                       && !(PL_regkind[OP(nxt)] == EXACT
+                            && STR_LEN(nxt) == 1))
+                       goto nogo;
+#ifdef DEBUGGING
+                   nxt2 = nxt;
+#endif
+                   nxt = regnext(nxt);
+                   if (OP(nxt) != CLOSE)
+                       goto nogo;
+                   if (RExC_open_parens) {
+                       RExC_open_parens[ARG(nxt1)-1]=oscan; /*open->CURLYM*/
+                       RExC_close_parens[ARG(nxt1)-1]=nxt+2; /*close->while*/
+                   }
+                   /* Now we know that nxt2 is the only contents: */
+                   oscan->flags = (U8)ARG(nxt);
+                   OP(oscan) = CURLYN;
+                   OP(nxt1) = NOTHING; /* was OPEN. */
+
+#ifdef DEBUGGING
+                   OP(nxt1 + 1) = OPTIMIZED; /* was count. */
+                   NEXT_OFF(nxt1+ 1) = 0; /* just for consistency. */
+                   NEXT_OFF(nxt2) = 0; /* just for consistency with CURLY. */
+                   OP(nxt) = OPTIMIZED;        /* was CLOSE. */
+                   OP(nxt + 1) = OPTIMIZED; /* was count. */
+                   NEXT_OFF(nxt+ 1) = 0; /* just for consistency. */
+#endif
+               }
+             nogo:
+
+               /* Try optimization CURLYX => CURLYM. */
+               if (  OP(oscan) == CURLYX && data
+                     && !(data->flags & SF_HAS_PAR)
+                     && !(data->flags & SF_HAS_EVAL)
+                     && !deltanext     /* atom is fixed width */
+                     && minnext != 0   /* CURLYM can't handle zero width */
+                      && ! (RExC_seen & REG_SEEN_EXACTF_SHARP_S) /* Nor \xDF */
+               ) {
+                   /* XXXX How to optimize if data == 0? */
+                   /* Optimize to a simpler form.  */
+                   regnode *nxt = NEXTOPER(oscan) + EXTRA_STEP_2ARGS; /* OPEN */
+                   regnode *nxt2;
+
+                   OP(oscan) = CURLYM;
+                   while ( (nxt2 = regnext(nxt)) /* skip over embedded stuff*/
+                           && (OP(nxt2) != WHILEM))
+                       nxt = nxt2;
+                   OP(nxt2)  = SUCCEED; /* Whas WHILEM */
+                   /* Need to optimize away parenths. */
+                   if ((data->flags & SF_IN_PAR) && OP(nxt) == CLOSE) {
+                       /* Set the parenth number.  */
+                       regnode *nxt1 = NEXTOPER(oscan) + EXTRA_STEP_2ARGS; /* OPEN*/
+
+                       oscan->flags = (U8)ARG(nxt);
+                       if (RExC_open_parens) {
+                           RExC_open_parens[ARG(nxt1)-1]=oscan; /*open->CURLYM*/
+                           RExC_close_parens[ARG(nxt1)-1]=nxt2+1; /*close->NOTHING*/
+                       }
+                       OP(nxt1) = OPTIMIZED;   /* was OPEN. */
+                       OP(nxt) = OPTIMIZED;    /* was CLOSE. */
+
+#ifdef DEBUGGING
+                       OP(nxt1 + 1) = OPTIMIZED; /* was count. */
+                       OP(nxt + 1) = OPTIMIZED; /* was count. */
+                       NEXT_OFF(nxt1 + 1) = 0; /* just for consistency. */
+                       NEXT_OFF(nxt + 1) = 0; /* just for consistency. */
+#endif
+#if 0
+                       while ( nxt1 && (OP(nxt1) != WHILEM)) {
+                           regnode *nnxt = regnext(nxt1);
+                           if (nnxt == nxt) {
+                               if (reg_off_by_arg[OP(nxt1)])
+                                   ARG_SET(nxt1, nxt2 - nxt1);
+                               else if (nxt2 - nxt1 < U16_MAX)
+                                   NEXT_OFF(nxt1) = nxt2 - nxt1;
+                               else
+                                   OP(nxt) = NOTHING;  /* Cannot beautify */
+                           }
+                           nxt1 = nnxt;
+                       }
+#endif
+                       /* Optimize again: */
+                       study_chunk(pRExC_state, &nxt1, minlenp, &deltanext, nxt,
+                                   NULL, stopparen, recursed, NULL, 0,depth+1);
+                   }
+                   else
+                       oscan->flags = 0;
+               }
+               else if ((OP(oscan) == CURLYX)
+                        && (flags & SCF_WHILEM_VISITED_POS)
+                        /* See the comment on a similar expression above.
+                           However, this time it's not a subexpression
+                           we care about, but the expression itself. */
+                        && (maxcount == REG_INFTY)
+                        && data && ++data->whilem_c < 16) {
+                   /* This stays as CURLYX, we can put the count/of pair. */
+                   /* Find WHILEM (as in regexec.c) */
+                   regnode *nxt = oscan + NEXT_OFF(oscan);
+
+                   if (OP(PREVOPER(nxt)) == NOTHING) /* LONGJMP */
+                       nxt += ARG(nxt);
+                   PREVOPER(nxt)->flags = (U8)(data->whilem_c
+                       | (RExC_whilem_seen << 4)); /* On WHILEM */
+               }
+               if (data && fl & (SF_HAS_PAR|SF_IN_PAR))
+                   pars++;
+               if (flags & SCF_DO_SUBSTR) {
+                   SV *last_str = NULL;
+                   int counted = mincount != 0;
+
+                   if (data->last_end > 0 && mincount != 0) { /* Ends with a string. */
+#if defined(SPARC64_GCC_WORKAROUND)
+                       I32 b = 0;
+                       STRLEN l = 0;
+                       const char *s = NULL;
+                       I32 old = 0;
+
+                       if (pos_before >= data->last_start_min)
+                           b = pos_before;
+                       else
+                           b = data->last_start_min;
+
+                       l = 0;
+                       s = SvPV_const(data->last_found, l);
+                       old = b - data->last_start_min;
+
+#else
+                       I32 b = pos_before >= data->last_start_min
+                           ? pos_before : data->last_start_min;
+                       STRLEN l;
+                       const char * const s = SvPV_const(data->last_found, l);
+                       I32 old = b - data->last_start_min;
+#endif
+
+                       if (UTF)
+                           old = utf8_hop((U8*)s, old) - (U8*)s;
+                       l -= old;
+                       /* Get the added string: */
+                       last_str = newSVpvn_utf8(s  + old, l, UTF);
+                       if (deltanext == 0 && pos_before == b) {
+                           /* What was added is a constant string */
+                           if (mincount > 1) {
+                               SvGROW(last_str, (mincount * l) + 1);
+                               repeatcpy(SvPVX(last_str) + l,
+                                         SvPVX_const(last_str), l, mincount - 1);
+                               SvCUR_set(last_str, SvCUR(last_str) * mincount);
+                               /* Add additional parts. */
+                               SvCUR_set(data->last_found,
+                                         SvCUR(data->last_found) - l);
+                               sv_catsv(data->last_found, last_str);
+                               {
+                                   SV * sv = data->last_found;
+                                   MAGIC *mg =
+                                       SvUTF8(sv) && SvMAGICAL(sv) ?
+                                       mg_find(sv, PERL_MAGIC_utf8) : NULL;
+                                   if (mg && mg->mg_len >= 0)
+                                       mg->mg_len += CHR_SVLEN(last_str) - l;
+                               }
+                               data->last_end += l * (mincount - 1);
+                           }
+                       } else {
+                           /* start offset must point into the last copy */
+                           data->last_start_min += minnext * (mincount - 1);
+                           data->last_start_max += is_inf ? I32_MAX
+                               : (maxcount - 1) * (minnext + data->pos_delta);
+                       }
+                   }
+                   /* It is counted once already... */
+                   data->pos_min += minnext * (mincount - counted);
+#if 0
+PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log, "counted=%d deltanext=%d I32_MAX=%d minnext=%d maxcount=%d mincount=%d\n",
+    counted, deltanext, I32_MAX, minnext, maxcount, mincount);
+if (deltanext != I32_MAX)
+PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log, "LHS=%d RHS=%d\n", -counted * deltanext + (minnext + deltanext) * maxcount - minnext * mincount, I32_MAX - data->pos_delta);
+#endif
+                   if (deltanext == I32_MAX || -counted * deltanext + (minnext + deltanext) * maxcount - minnext * mincount >= I32_MAX - data->pos_delta)
+                       data->pos_delta = I32_MAX;
+                   else
+                       data->pos_delta += - counted * deltanext +
+                       (minnext + deltanext) * maxcount - minnext * mincount;
+                   if (mincount != maxcount) {
+                        /* Cannot extend fixed substrings found inside
+                           the group.  */
+                       SCAN_COMMIT(pRExC_state,data,minlenp);
+                       if (mincount && last_str) {
+                           SV * const sv = data->last_found;
+                           MAGIC * const mg = SvUTF8(sv) && SvMAGICAL(sv) ?
+                               mg_find(sv, PERL_MAGIC_utf8) : NULL;
+
+                           if (mg)
+                               mg->mg_len = -1;
+                           sv_setsv(sv, last_str);
+                           data->last_end = data->pos_min;
+                           data->last_start_min =
+                               data->pos_min - CHR_SVLEN(last_str);
+                           data->last_start_max = is_inf
+                               ? I32_MAX
+                               : data->pos_min + data->pos_delta
+                               - CHR_SVLEN(last_str);
+                       }
+                       data->longest = &(data->longest_float);
+                   }
+                   SvREFCNT_dec(last_str);
+               }
+               if (data && (fl & SF_HAS_EVAL))
+                   data->flags |= SF_HAS_EVAL;
+             optimize_curly_tail:
+               if (OP(oscan) != CURLYX) {
+                   while (PL_regkind[OP(next = regnext(oscan))] == NOTHING
+                          && NEXT_OFF(next))
+                       NEXT_OFF(oscan) += NEXT_OFF(next);
+               }
+               continue;
+           default:                    /* REF, and CLUMP only? */
+               if (flags & SCF_DO_SUBSTR) {
+                   SCAN_COMMIT(pRExC_state,data,minlenp);      /* Cannot expect anything... */
+                   data->longest = &(data->longest_float);
+               }
+               is_inf = is_inf_internal = 1;
+               if (flags & SCF_DO_STCLASS_OR)
+                   cl_anything(pRExC_state, data->start_class);
+               flags &= ~SCF_DO_STCLASS;
+               break;
+           }
+       }
+       else if (OP(scan) == LNBREAK) {
+           if (flags & SCF_DO_STCLASS) {
+               int value = 0;
+                CLEAR_SSC_EOS(data->start_class); /* No match on empty */
+               if (flags & SCF_DO_STCLASS_AND) {
+                    for (value = 0; value < 256; value++)
+                        if (!is_VERTWS_cp(value))
+                            ANYOF_BITMAP_CLEAR(data->start_class, value);
+                }
+                else {
+                    for (value = 0; value < 256; value++)
+                        if (is_VERTWS_cp(value))
+                            ANYOF_BITMAP_SET(data->start_class, value);
+                }
+                if (flags & SCF_DO_STCLASS_OR)
+                   cl_and(data->start_class, and_withp);
+               flags &= ~SCF_DO_STCLASS;
+            }
+           min++;
+           delta++;    /* Because of the 2 char string cr-lf */
+            if (flags & SCF_DO_SUBSTR) {
+               SCAN_COMMIT(pRExC_state,data,minlenp);  /* Cannot expect anything... */
+               data->pos_min += 1;
+               data->pos_delta += 1;
+               data->longest = &(data->longest_float);
+           }
+       }
+       else if (REGNODE_SIMPLE(OP(scan))) {
+           int value = 0;
+
+           if (flags & SCF_DO_SUBSTR) {
+               SCAN_COMMIT(pRExC_state,data,minlenp);
+               data->pos_min++;
+           }
+           min++;
+           if (flags & SCF_DO_STCLASS) {
+                int loop_max = 256;
+                CLEAR_SSC_EOS(data->start_class); /* No match on empty */
+
+               /* Some of the logic below assumes that switching
+                  locale on will only add false positives. */
+               switch (PL_regkind[OP(scan)]) {
+                    U8 classnum;
+
+               case SANY:
+               default:
+#ifdef DEBUGGING
+                   Perl_croak(aTHX_ "panic: unexpected simple REx opcode %d", OP(scan));
+#endif
+                 do_default:
+                   if (flags & SCF_DO_STCLASS_OR) /* Allow everything */
+                       cl_anything(pRExC_state, data->start_class);
+                   break;
+               case REG_ANY:
+                   if (OP(scan) == SANY)
+                       goto do_default;
+                   if (flags & SCF_DO_STCLASS_OR) { /* Everything but \n */
+                       value = (ANYOF_BITMAP_TEST(data->start_class,'\n')
+                               || ANYOF_CLASS_TEST_ANY_SET(data->start_class));
+                       cl_anything(pRExC_state, data->start_class);
+                   }
+                   if (flags & SCF_DO_STCLASS_AND || !value)
+                       ANYOF_BITMAP_CLEAR(data->start_class,'\n');
+                   break;
+               case ANYOF:
+                   if (flags & SCF_DO_STCLASS_AND)
+                       cl_and(data->start_class,
+                              (struct regnode_charclass_class*)scan);
+                   else
+                       cl_or(pRExC_state, data->start_class,
+                             (struct regnode_charclass_class*)scan);
+                   break;
+               case POSIXA:
+                    loop_max = 128;
+                    /* FALL THROUGH */
+               case POSIXL:
+               case POSIXD:
+               case POSIXU:
+                    classnum = FLAGS(scan);
+                   if (flags & SCF_DO_STCLASS_AND) {
+                       if (!(data->start_class->flags & ANYOF_LOCALE)) {
+                           ANYOF_CLASS_CLEAR(data->start_class, classnum_to_namedclass(classnum) + 1);
+                            for (value = 0; value < loop_max; value++) {
+                                if (! _generic_isCC(UNI_TO_NATIVE(value), classnum)) {
+                                    ANYOF_BITMAP_CLEAR(data->start_class, UNI_TO_NATIVE(value));
+                                }
+                            }
+                       }
+                   }
+                   else {
+                       if (data->start_class->flags & ANYOF_LOCALE) {
+                           ANYOF_CLASS_SET(data->start_class, classnum_to_namedclass(classnum));
+                        }
+                        else {
+
+                       /* Even if under locale, set the bits for non-locale
+                        * in case it isn't a true locale-node.  This will
+                        * create false positives if it truly is locale */
+                        for (value = 0; value < loop_max; value++) {
+                            if (_generic_isCC(UNI_TO_NATIVE(value), classnum)) {
+                                ANYOF_BITMAP_SET(data->start_class, UNI_TO_NATIVE(value));
+                            }
+                        }
+                        }
+                   }
+                   break;
+               case NPOSIXA:
+                    loop_max = 128;
+                    /* FALL THROUGH */
+               case NPOSIXL:
+               case NPOSIXU:
+               case NPOSIXD:
+                    classnum = FLAGS(scan);
+                   if (flags & SCF_DO_STCLASS_AND) {
+                       if (!(data->start_class->flags & ANYOF_LOCALE)) {
+                           ANYOF_CLASS_CLEAR(data->start_class, classnum_to_namedclass(classnum));
+                            for (value = 0; value < loop_max; value++) {
+                                if (_generic_isCC(UNI_TO_NATIVE(value), classnum)) {
+                                    ANYOF_BITMAP_CLEAR(data->start_class, UNI_TO_NATIVE(value));
+                                }
+                            }
+                       }
+                   }
+                   else {
+                       if (data->start_class->flags & ANYOF_LOCALE) {
+                           ANYOF_CLASS_SET(data->start_class, classnum_to_namedclass(classnum) + 1);
+                        }
+                        else {
+
+                       /* Even if under locale, set the bits for non-locale in
+                        * case it isn't a true locale-node.  This will create
+                        * false positives if it truly is locale */
+                        for (value = 0; value < loop_max; value++) {
+                            if (! _generic_isCC(UNI_TO_NATIVE(value), classnum)) {
+                                ANYOF_BITMAP_SET(data->start_class, UNI_TO_NATIVE(value));
+                            }
+                        }
+                        if (PL_regkind[OP(scan)] == NPOSIXD) {
+                            data->start_class->flags |= ANYOF_NON_UTF8_LATIN1_ALL;
+                        }
+                        }
+                   }
+                   break;
+               }
+               if (flags & SCF_DO_STCLASS_OR)
+                   cl_and(data->start_class, and_withp);
+               flags &= ~SCF_DO_STCLASS;
+           }
+       }
+       else if (PL_regkind[OP(scan)] == EOL && flags & SCF_DO_SUBSTR) {
+           data->flags |= (OP(scan) == MEOL
+                           ? SF_BEFORE_MEOL
+                           : SF_BEFORE_SEOL);
+           SCAN_COMMIT(pRExC_state, data, minlenp);
+
+       }
+       else if (  PL_regkind[OP(scan)] == BRANCHJ
+                /* Lookbehind, or need to calculate parens/evals/stclass: */
+                  && (scan->flags || data || (flags & SCF_DO_STCLASS))
+                  && (OP(scan) == IFMATCH || OP(scan) == UNLESSM)) {
+            if ( OP(scan) == UNLESSM &&
+                 scan->flags == 0 &&
+                 OP(NEXTOPER(NEXTOPER(scan))) == NOTHING &&
+                 OP(regnext(NEXTOPER(NEXTOPER(scan)))) == SUCCEED
+            ) {
+                regnode *opt;
+                regnode *upto= regnext(scan);
+                DEBUG_PARSE_r({
+                    SV * const mysv_val=sv_newmortal();
+                    DEBUG_STUDYDATA("OPFAIL",data,depth);
+
+                    /*DEBUG_PARSE_MSG("opfail");*/
+                    regprop(RExC_rx, mysv_val, upto);
+                    PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log, "~ replace with OPFAIL pointed at %s (%"IVdf") offset %"IVdf"\n",
+                                  SvPV_nolen_const(mysv_val),
+                                  (IV)REG_NODE_NUM(upto),
+                                  (IV)(upto - scan)
+                    );
+                });
+                OP(scan) = OPFAIL;
+                NEXT_OFF(scan) = upto - scan;
+                for (opt= scan + 1; opt < upto ; opt++)
+                    OP(opt) = OPTIMIZED;
+                scan= upto;
+                continue;
+            }
+            if ( !PERL_ENABLE_POSITIVE_ASSERTION_STUDY 
+                || OP(scan) == UNLESSM )
+            {
+                /* Negative Lookahead/lookbehind
+                   In this case we can't do fixed string optimisation.
+                */
+
+                I32 deltanext, minnext, fake = 0;
+                regnode *nscan;
+                struct regnode_charclass_class intrnl;
+                int f = 0;
+
+                data_fake.flags = 0;
+                if (data) {
+                    data_fake.whilem_c = data->whilem_c;
+                    data_fake.last_closep = data->last_closep;
+               }
+                else
+                    data_fake.last_closep = &fake;
+               data_fake.pos_delta = delta;
+                if ( flags & SCF_DO_STCLASS && !scan->flags
+                     && OP(scan) == IFMATCH ) { /* Lookahead */
+                    cl_init(pRExC_state, &intrnl);
+                    data_fake.start_class = &intrnl;
+                    f |= SCF_DO_STCLASS_AND;
+               }
+                if (flags & SCF_WHILEM_VISITED_POS)
+                    f |= SCF_WHILEM_VISITED_POS;
+                next = regnext(scan);
+                nscan = NEXTOPER(NEXTOPER(scan));
+                minnext = study_chunk(pRExC_state, &nscan, minlenp, &deltanext, 
+                    last, &data_fake, stopparen, recursed, NULL, f, depth+1);
+                if (scan->flags) {
+                    if (deltanext) {
+                       FAIL("Variable length lookbehind not implemented");
+                    }
+                    else if (minnext > (I32)U8_MAX) {
+                       FAIL2("Lookbehind longer than %"UVuf" not implemented", (UV)U8_MAX);
+                    }
+                    scan->flags = (U8)minnext;
+                }
+                if (data) {
+                    if (data_fake.flags & (SF_HAS_PAR|SF_IN_PAR))
+                        pars++;
+                    if (data_fake.flags & SF_HAS_EVAL)
+                        data->flags |= SF_HAS_EVAL;
+                    data->whilem_c = data_fake.whilem_c;
+                }
+                if (f & SCF_DO_STCLASS_AND) {
+                   if (flags & SCF_DO_STCLASS_OR) {
+                       /* OR before, AND after: ideally we would recurse with
+                        * data_fake to get the AND applied by study of the
+                        * remainder of the pattern, and then derecurse;
+                        * *** HACK *** for now just treat as "no information".
+                        * See [perl #56690].
+                        */
+                       cl_init(pRExC_state, data->start_class);
+                   }  else {
+                       /* AND before and after: combine and continue */
+                       const int was = TEST_SSC_EOS(data->start_class);
+
+                       cl_and(data->start_class, &intrnl);
+                       if (was)
+                            SET_SSC_EOS(data->start_class);
+                   }
+                }
+           }
+#if PERL_ENABLE_POSITIVE_ASSERTION_STUDY
+            else {
+                /* Positive Lookahead/lookbehind
+                   In this case we can do fixed string optimisation,
+                   but we must be careful about it. Note in the case of
+                   lookbehind the positions will be offset by the minimum
+                   length of the pattern, something we won't know about
+                   until after the recurse.
+                */
+                I32 deltanext, fake = 0;
+                regnode *nscan;
+                struct regnode_charclass_class intrnl;
+                int f = 0;
+                /* We use SAVEFREEPV so that when the full compile 
+                    is finished perl will clean up the allocated 
+                    minlens when it's all done. This way we don't
+                    have to worry about freeing them when we know
+                    they wont be used, which would be a pain.
+                 */
+                I32 *minnextp;
+                Newx( minnextp, 1, I32 );
+                SAVEFREEPV(minnextp);
+
+                if (data) {
+                    StructCopy(data, &data_fake, scan_data_t);
+                    if ((flags & SCF_DO_SUBSTR) && data->last_found) {
+                        f |= SCF_DO_SUBSTR;
+                        if (scan->flags) 
+                            SCAN_COMMIT(pRExC_state, &data_fake,minlenp);
+                        data_fake.last_found=newSVsv(data->last_found);
+                    }
+                }
+                else
+                    data_fake.last_closep = &fake;
+                data_fake.flags = 0;
+               data_fake.pos_delta = delta;
+                if (is_inf)
+                   data_fake.flags |= SF_IS_INF;
+                if ( flags & SCF_DO_STCLASS && !scan->flags
+                     && OP(scan) == IFMATCH ) { /* Lookahead */
+                    cl_init(pRExC_state, &intrnl);
+                    data_fake.start_class = &intrnl;
+                    f |= SCF_DO_STCLASS_AND;
+                }
+                if (flags & SCF_WHILEM_VISITED_POS)
+                    f |= SCF_WHILEM_VISITED_POS;
+                next = regnext(scan);
+                nscan = NEXTOPER(NEXTOPER(scan));
+
+                *minnextp = study_chunk(pRExC_state, &nscan, minnextp, &deltanext, 
+                    last, &data_fake, stopparen, recursed, NULL, f,depth+1);
+                if (scan->flags) {
+                    if (deltanext) {
+                       FAIL("Variable length lookbehind not implemented");
+                    }
+                    else if (*minnextp > (I32)U8_MAX) {
+                       FAIL2("Lookbehind longer than %"UVuf" not implemented", (UV)U8_MAX);
+                    }
+                    scan->flags = (U8)*minnextp;
+                }
+
+                *minnextp += min;
+
+                if (f & SCF_DO_STCLASS_AND) {
+                    const int was = TEST_SSC_EOS(data.start_class);
+
+                    cl_and(data->start_class, &intrnl);
+                    if (was)
+                        SET_SSC_EOS(data->start_class);
+                }
+                if (data) {
+                    if (data_fake.flags & (SF_HAS_PAR|SF_IN_PAR))
+                        pars++;
+                    if (data_fake.flags & SF_HAS_EVAL)
+                        data->flags |= SF_HAS_EVAL;
+                    data->whilem_c = data_fake.whilem_c;
+                    if ((flags & SCF_DO_SUBSTR) && data_fake.last_found) {
+                        if (RExC_rx->minlen<*minnextp)
+                            RExC_rx->minlen=*minnextp;
+                        SCAN_COMMIT(pRExC_state, &data_fake, minnextp);
+                        SvREFCNT_dec_NN(data_fake.last_found);
+                        
+                        if ( data_fake.minlen_fixed != minlenp ) 
+                        {
+                            data->offset_fixed= data_fake.offset_fixed;
+                            data->minlen_fixed= data_fake.minlen_fixed;
+                            data->lookbehind_fixed+= scan->flags;
+                        }
+                        if ( data_fake.minlen_float != minlenp )
+                        {
+                            data->minlen_float= data_fake.minlen_float;
+                            data->offset_float_min=data_fake.offset_float_min;
+                            data->offset_float_max=data_fake.offset_float_max;
+                            data->lookbehind_float+= scan->flags;
+                        }
+                    }
+                }
+           }
+#endif
+       }
+       else if (OP(scan) == OPEN) {
+           if (stopparen != (I32)ARG(scan))
+               pars++;
+       }
+       else if (OP(scan) == CLOSE) {
+           if (stopparen == (I32)ARG(scan)) {
+               break;
+           }
+           if ((I32)ARG(scan) == is_par) {
+               next = regnext(scan);
+
+               if ( next && (OP(next) != WHILEM) && next < last)
+                   is_par = 0;         /* Disable optimization */
+           }
+           if (data)
+               *(data->last_closep) = ARG(scan);
+       }
+       else if (OP(scan) == EVAL) {
+               if (data)
+                   data->flags |= SF_HAS_EVAL;
+       }
+       else if ( PL_regkind[OP(scan)] == ENDLIKE ) {
+           if (flags & SCF_DO_SUBSTR) {
+               SCAN_COMMIT(pRExC_state,data,minlenp);
+               flags &= ~SCF_DO_SUBSTR;
+           }
+           if (data && OP(scan)==ACCEPT) {
+               data->flags |= SCF_SEEN_ACCEPT;
+               if (stopmin > min)
+                   stopmin = min;
+           }
+       }
+       else if (OP(scan) == LOGICAL && scan->flags == 2) /* Embedded follows */
+       {
+               if (flags & SCF_DO_SUBSTR) {
+                   SCAN_COMMIT(pRExC_state,data,minlenp);
+                   data->longest = &(data->longest_float);
+               }
+               is_inf = is_inf_internal = 1;
+               if (flags & SCF_DO_STCLASS_OR) /* Allow everything */
+                   cl_anything(pRExC_state, data->start_class);
+               flags &= ~SCF_DO_STCLASS;
+       }
+       else if (OP(scan) == GPOS) {
+           if (!(RExC_rx->extflags & RXf_GPOS_FLOAT) &&
+               !(delta || is_inf || (data && data->pos_delta))) 
+           {
+               if (!(RExC_rx->extflags & RXf_ANCH) && (flags & SCF_DO_SUBSTR))
+                   RExC_rx->extflags |= RXf_ANCH_GPOS;
+               if (RExC_rx->gofs < (U32)min)
+                   RExC_rx->gofs = min;
+            } else {
+                RExC_rx->extflags |= RXf_GPOS_FLOAT;
+                RExC_rx->gofs = 0;
+            }      
+       }
+#ifdef TRIE_STUDY_OPT
+#ifdef FULL_TRIE_STUDY
+        else if (PL_regkind[OP(scan)] == TRIE) {
+            /* NOTE - There is similar code to this block above for handling
+               BRANCH nodes on the initial study.  If you change stuff here
+               check there too. */
+            regnode *trie_node= scan;
+            regnode *tail= regnext(scan);
+            reg_trie_data *trie = (reg_trie_data*)RExC_rxi->data->data[ ARG(scan) ];
+            I32 max1 = 0, min1 = I32_MAX;
+            struct regnode_charclass_class accum;
+
+            if (flags & SCF_DO_SUBSTR) /* XXXX Add !SUSPEND? */
+                SCAN_COMMIT(pRExC_state, data,minlenp); /* Cannot merge strings after this. */
+            if (flags & SCF_DO_STCLASS)
+                cl_init_zero(pRExC_state, &accum);
+                
+            if (!trie->jump) {
+                min1= trie->minlen;
+                max1= trie->maxlen;
+            } else {
+                const regnode *nextbranch= NULL;
+                U32 word;
+                
+                for ( word=1 ; word <= trie->wordcount ; word++) 
+                {
+                    I32 deltanext=0, minnext=0, f = 0, fake;
+                    struct regnode_charclass_class this_class;
+                    
+                    data_fake.flags = 0;
+                    if (data) {
+                        data_fake.whilem_c = data->whilem_c;
+                        data_fake.last_closep = data->last_closep;
+                    }
+                    else
+                        data_fake.last_closep = &fake;
+                   data_fake.pos_delta = delta;
+                    if (flags & SCF_DO_STCLASS) {
+                        cl_init(pRExC_state, &this_class);
+                        data_fake.start_class = &this_class;
+                        f = SCF_DO_STCLASS_AND;
+                    }
+                    if (flags & SCF_WHILEM_VISITED_POS)
+                        f |= SCF_WHILEM_VISITED_POS;
+    
+                    if (trie->jump[word]) {
+                        if (!nextbranch)
+                            nextbranch = trie_node + trie->jump[0];
+                        scan= trie_node + trie->jump[word];
+                        /* We go from the jump point to the branch that follows
+                           it. Note this means we need the vestigal unused branches
+                           even though they arent otherwise used.
+                         */
+                        minnext = study_chunk(pRExC_state, &scan, minlenp, 
+                            &deltanext, (regnode *)nextbranch, &data_fake, 
+                            stopparen, recursed, NULL, f,depth+1);
+                    }
+                    if (nextbranch && PL_regkind[OP(nextbranch)]==BRANCH)
+                        nextbranch= regnext((regnode*)nextbranch);
+                    
+                    if (min1 > (I32)(minnext + trie->minlen))
+                        min1 = minnext + trie->minlen;
+                    if (deltanext == I32_MAX) {
+                        is_inf = is_inf_internal = 1;
+                        max1 = I32_MAX;
+                    } else if (max1 < (I32)(minnext + deltanext + trie->maxlen))
+                        max1 = minnext + deltanext + trie->maxlen;
+                    
+                    if (data_fake.flags & (SF_HAS_PAR|SF_IN_PAR))
+                        pars++;
+                    if (data_fake.flags & SCF_SEEN_ACCEPT) {
+                        if ( stopmin > min + min1) 
+                           stopmin = min + min1;
+                       flags &= ~SCF_DO_SUBSTR;
+                       if (data)
+                           data->flags |= SCF_SEEN_ACCEPT;
+                   }
+                    if (data) {
+                        if (data_fake.flags & SF_HAS_EVAL)
+                            data->flags |= SF_HAS_EVAL;
+                        data->whilem_c = data_fake.whilem_c;
+                    }
+                    if (flags & SCF_DO_STCLASS)
+                        cl_or(pRExC_state, &accum, &this_class);
+                }
+            }
+            if (flags & SCF_DO_SUBSTR) {
+                data->pos_min += min1;
+                data->pos_delta += max1 - min1;
+                if (max1 != min1 || is_inf)
+                    data->longest = &(data->longest_float);
+            }
+            min += min1;
+            delta += max1 - min1;
+            if (flags & SCF_DO_STCLASS_OR) {
+                cl_or(pRExC_state, data->start_class, &accum);
+                if (min1) {
+                    cl_and(data->start_class, and_withp);
+                    flags &= ~SCF_DO_STCLASS;
+                }
+            }
+            else if (flags & SCF_DO_STCLASS_AND) {
+                if (min1) {
+                    cl_and(data->start_class, &accum);
+                    flags &= ~SCF_DO_STCLASS;
+                }
+                else {
+                    /* Switch to OR mode: cache the old value of
+                     * data->start_class */
+                   INIT_AND_WITHP;
+                    StructCopy(data->start_class, and_withp,
+                               struct regnode_charclass_class);
+                    flags &= ~SCF_DO_STCLASS_AND;
+                    StructCopy(&accum, data->start_class,
+                               struct regnode_charclass_class);
+                    flags |= SCF_DO_STCLASS_OR;
+                    SET_SSC_EOS(data->start_class);
+                }
+            }
+            scan= tail;
+            continue;
+        }
+#else
+       else if (PL_regkind[OP(scan)] == TRIE) {
+           reg_trie_data *trie = (reg_trie_data*)RExC_rxi->data->data[ ARG(scan) ];
+           U8*bang=NULL;
+           
+           min += trie->minlen;
+           delta += (trie->maxlen - trie->minlen);
+           flags &= ~SCF_DO_STCLASS; /* xxx */
+            if (flags & SCF_DO_SUBSTR) {
+               SCAN_COMMIT(pRExC_state,data,minlenp);  /* Cannot expect anything... */
+               data->pos_min += trie->minlen;
+               data->pos_delta += (trie->maxlen - trie->minlen);
+               if (trie->maxlen != trie->minlen)
+                   data->longest = &(data->longest_float);
+           }
+           if (trie->jump) /* no more substrings -- for now /grr*/
+               flags &= ~SCF_DO_SUBSTR; 
+       }
+#endif /* old or new */
+#endif /* TRIE_STUDY_OPT */
+
+       /* Else: zero-length, ignore. */
+       scan = regnext(scan);
+    }
+    if (frame) {
+        last = frame->last;
+        scan = frame->next;
+        stopparen = frame->stop;
+        frame = frame->prev;
+        goto fake_study_recurse;
+    }
+
+  finish:
+    assert(!frame);
+    DEBUG_STUDYDATA("pre-fin:",data,depth);
+
+    *scanp = scan;
+    *deltap = is_inf_internal ? I32_MAX : delta;
+    if (flags & SCF_DO_SUBSTR && is_inf)
+       data->pos_delta = I32_MAX - data->pos_min;
+    if (is_par > (I32)U8_MAX)
+       is_par = 0;
+    if (is_par && pars==1 && data) {
+       data->flags |= SF_IN_PAR;
+       data->flags &= ~SF_HAS_PAR;
+    }
+    else if (pars && data) {
+       data->flags |= SF_HAS_PAR;
+       data->flags &= ~SF_IN_PAR;
+    }
+    if (flags & SCF_DO_STCLASS_OR)
+       cl_and(data->start_class, and_withp);
+    if (flags & SCF_TRIE_RESTUDY)
+        data->flags |=         SCF_TRIE_RESTUDY;
+    
+    DEBUG_STUDYDATA("post-fin:",data,depth);
+    
+    return min < stopmin ? min : stopmin;
+}
+
+STATIC U32
+S_add_data(RExC_state_t *pRExC_state, U32 n, const char *s)
+{
+    U32 count = RExC_rxi->data ? RExC_rxi->data->count : 0;
+
+    PERL_ARGS_ASSERT_ADD_DATA;
+
+    Renewc(RExC_rxi->data,
+          sizeof(*RExC_rxi->data) + sizeof(void*) * (count + n - 1),
+          char, struct reg_data);
+    if(count)
+       Renew(RExC_rxi->data->what, count + n, U8);
+    else
+       Newx(RExC_rxi->data->what, n, U8);
+    RExC_rxi->data->count = count + n;
+    Copy(s, RExC_rxi->data->what + count, n, U8);
+    return count;
+}
+
+/*XXX: todo make this not included in a non debugging perl */
+#ifndef PERL_IN_XSUB_RE
+void
+Perl_reginitcolors(pTHX)
+{
+    dVAR;
+    const char * const s = PerlEnv_getenv("PERL_RE_COLORS");
+    if (s) {
+       char *t = savepv(s);
+       int i = 0;
+       PL_colors[0] = t;
+       while (++i < 6) {
+           t = strchr(t, '\t');
+           if (t) {
+               *t = '\0';
+               PL_colors[i] = ++t;
+           }
+           else
+               PL_colors[i] = t = (char *)"";
+       }
+    } else {
+       int i = 0;
+       while (i < 6)
+           PL_colors[i++] = (char *)"";
+    }
+    PL_colorset = 1;
+}
+#endif
+
+
+#ifdef TRIE_STUDY_OPT
+#define CHECK_RESTUDY_GOTO_butfirst(dOsomething)            \
+    STMT_START {                                            \
+        if (                                                \
+              (data.flags & SCF_TRIE_RESTUDY)               \
+              && ! restudied++                              \
+        ) {                                                 \
+            dOsomething;                                    \
+            goto reStudy;                                   \
+        }                                                   \
+    } STMT_END
+#else
+#define CHECK_RESTUDY_GOTO_butfirst
+#endif        
+
+/*
+ * pregcomp - compile a regular expression into internal code
+ *
+ * Decides which engine's compiler to call based on the hint currently in
+ * scope
+ */
+
+#ifndef PERL_IN_XSUB_RE 
+
+/* return the currently in-scope regex engine (or the default if none)  */
+
+regexp_engine const *
+Perl_current_re_engine(pTHX)
+{
+    dVAR;
+
+    if (IN_PERL_COMPILETIME) {
+       HV * const table = GvHV(PL_hintgv);
+       SV **ptr;
+
+       if (!table)
+           return &reh_regexp_engine;
+       ptr = hv_fetchs(table, "regcomp", FALSE);
+       if ( !(ptr && SvIOK(*ptr) && SvIV(*ptr)))
+           return &reh_regexp_engine;
+       return INT2PTR(regexp_engine*,SvIV(*ptr));
+    }
+    else {
+       SV *ptr;
+       if (!PL_curcop->cop_hints_hash)
+           return &reh_regexp_engine;
+       ptr = cop_hints_fetch_pvs(PL_curcop, "regcomp", 0);
+       if ( !(ptr && SvIOK(ptr) && SvIV(ptr)))
+           return &reh_regexp_engine;
+       return INT2PTR(regexp_engine*,SvIV(ptr));
+    }
+}
+
+
+REGEXP *
+Perl_pregcomp(pTHX_ SV * const pattern, const U32 flags)
+{
+    dVAR;
+    regexp_engine const *eng = current_re_engine();
+    GET_RE_DEBUG_FLAGS_DECL;
+
+    PERL_ARGS_ASSERT_PREGCOMP;
+
+    /* Dispatch a request to compile a regexp to correct regexp engine. */
+    DEBUG_COMPILE_r({
+       PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log, "Using engine %"UVxf"\n",
+                       PTR2UV(eng));
+    });
+    return CALLREGCOMP_ENG(eng, pattern, flags);
+}
+#endif
+
+/* public(ish) entry point for the perl core's own regex compiling code.
+ * It's actually a wrapper for Perl_re_op_compile that only takes an SV
+ * pattern rather than a list of OPs, and uses the internal engine rather
+ * than the current one */
+
+REGEXP *
+Perl_re_compile(pTHX_ SV * const pattern, U32 rx_flags)
+{
+    SV *pat = pattern; /* defeat constness! */
+    PERL_ARGS_ASSERT_RE_COMPILE;
+    return Perl_re_op_compile(aTHX_ &pat, 1, NULL,
+#ifdef PERL_IN_XSUB_RE
+                                &my_reg_engine,
+#else
+                                &reh_regexp_engine,
+#endif
+                                NULL, NULL, rx_flags, 0);
+}
+
+
+/* upgrade pattern pat_p of length plen_p to UTF8, and if there are code
+ * blocks, recalculate the indices. Update pat_p and plen_p in-place to
+ * point to the realloced string and length.
+ *
+ * This is essentially a copy of Perl_bytes_to_utf8() with the code index
+ * stuff added */
+
+static void
+S_pat_upgrade_to_utf8(pTHX_ RExC_state_t * const pRExC_state,
+                   char **pat_p, STRLEN *plen_p, int num_code_blocks)
+{
+    U8 *const src = (U8*)*pat_p;
+    U8 *dst;
+    int n=0;
+    STRLEN s = 0, d = 0;
+    bool do_end = 0;
+    GET_RE_DEBUG_FLAGS_DECL;
+
+    DEBUG_PARSE_r(PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log,
+        "UTF8 mismatch! Converting to utf8 for resizing and compile\n"));
+
+    Newx(dst, *plen_p * 2 + 1, U8);
+
+    while (s < *plen_p) {
+        const UV uv = NATIVE_TO_ASCII(src[s]);
+        if (UNI_IS_INVARIANT(uv))
+            dst[d]   = (U8)UTF_TO_NATIVE(uv);
+        else {
+            dst[d++] = (U8)UTF8_EIGHT_BIT_HI(uv);
+            dst[d]   = (U8)UTF8_EIGHT_BIT_LO(uv);
+        }
+        if (n < num_code_blocks) {
+            if (!do_end && pRExC_state->code_blocks[n].start == s) {
+                pRExC_state->code_blocks[n].start = d;
+                assert(dst[d] == '(');
+                do_end = 1;
+            }
+            else if (do_end && pRExC_state->code_blocks[n].end == s) {
+                pRExC_state->code_blocks[n].end = d;
+                assert(dst[d] == ')');
+                do_end = 0;
+                n++;
+            }
+        }
+        s++;
+        d++;
+    }
+    dst[d] = '\0';
+    *plen_p = d;
+    *pat_p = (char*) dst;
+    SAVEFREEPV(*pat_p);
+    RExC_orig_utf8 = RExC_utf8 = 1;
+}
+
+
+
+/* S_concat_pat(): concatenate a list of args to the pattern string pat,
+ * while recording any code block indices, and handling overloading,
+ * nested qr// objects etc.  If pat is null, it will allocate a new
+ * string, or just return the first arg, if there's only one.
+ *
+ * Returns the malloced/updated pat.
+ * patternp and pat_count is the array of SVs to be concatted;
+ * oplist is the optional list of ops that generated the SVs;
+ * recompile_p is a pointer to a boolean that will be set if
+ *   the regex will need to be recompiled.
+ * delim, if non-null is an SV that will be inserted between each element
+ */
+
+static SV*
+S_concat_pat(pTHX_ RExC_state_t * const pRExC_state,
+                SV *pat, SV ** const patternp, int pat_count,
+                OP *oplist, bool *recompile_p, SV *delim)
+{
+    SV **svp;
+    int n = 0;
+    bool use_delim = FALSE;
+    bool alloced = FALSE;
+
+    /* if we know we have at least two args, create an empty string,
+     * then concatenate args to that. For no args, return an empty string */
+    if (!pat && pat_count != 1) {
+        pat = newSVpvn("", 0);
+        SAVEFREESV(pat);
+        alloced = TRUE;
+    }
+
+    for (svp = patternp; svp < patternp + pat_count; svp++) {
+        SV *sv;
+        SV *rx  = NULL;
+        STRLEN orig_patlen = 0;
+        bool code = 0;
+        SV *msv = use_delim ? delim : *svp;
+
+        /* if we've got a delimiter, we go round the loop twice for each
+         * svp slot (except the last), using the delimiter the second
+         * time round */
+        if (use_delim) {
+            svp--;
+            use_delim = FALSE;
+        }
+        else if (delim)
+            use_delim = TRUE;
+
+        if (SvTYPE(msv) == SVt_PVAV) {
+            /* we've encountered an interpolated array within
+             * the pattern, e.g. /...@a..../. Expand the list of elements,
+             * then recursively append elements.
+             * The code in this block is based on S_pushav() */
+
+            AV *const av = (AV*)msv;
+            const I32 maxarg = AvFILL(av) + 1;
+            SV **array;
+
+            if (oplist) {
+                assert(oplist->op_type == OP_PADAV
+                    || oplist->op_type == OP_RV2AV); 
+                oplist = oplist->op_sibling;;
+            }
+
+            if (SvRMAGICAL(av)) {
+                U32 i;
+
+                Newx(array, maxarg, SV*);
+                SAVEFREEPV(array);
+                for (i=0; i < (U32)maxarg; i++) {
+                    SV ** const svp = av_fetch(av, i, FALSE);
+                    array[i] = svp ? *svp : &PL_sv_undef;
+                }
+            }
+            else
+                array = AvARRAY(av);
+
+            pat = S_concat_pat(aTHX_ pRExC_state, pat,
+                                array, maxarg, NULL, recompile_p,
+                                /* $" */
+                                GvSV((gv_fetchpvs("\"", GV_ADDMULTI, SVt_PV))));
+
+            continue;
+        }
+
+
+        /* we make the assumption here that each op in the list of
+         * op_siblings maps to one SV pushed onto the stack,
+         * except for code blocks, with have both an OP_NULL and
+         * and OP_CONST.
+         * This allows us to match up the list of SVs against the
+         * list of OPs to find the next code block.
+         *
+         * Note that       PUSHMARK PADSV PADSV ..
+         * is optimised to
+         *                 PADRANGE PADSV  PADSV  ..
+         * so the alignment still works. */
+
+        if (oplist) {
+            if (oplist->op_type == OP_NULL
+                && (oplist->op_flags & OPf_SPECIAL))
+            {
+                assert(n < pRExC_state->num_code_blocks);
+                pRExC_state->code_blocks[n].start = pat ? SvCUR(pat) : 0;
+                pRExC_state->code_blocks[n].block = oplist;
+                pRExC_state->code_blocks[n].src_regex = NULL;
+                n++;
+                code = 1;
+                oplist = oplist->op_sibling; /* skip CONST */
+                assert(oplist);
+            }
+            oplist = oplist->op_sibling;;
+        }
+
+       /* apply magic and QR overloading to arg */
+
+        SvGETMAGIC(msv);
+        if (SvROK(msv) && SvAMAGIC(msv)) {
+            SV *sv = AMG_CALLunary(msv, regexp_amg);
+            if (sv) {
+                if (SvROK(sv))
+                    sv = SvRV(sv);
+                if (SvTYPE(sv) != SVt_REGEXP)
+                    Perl_croak(aTHX_ "Overloaded qr did not return a REGEXP");
+                msv = sv;
+            }
+        }
+
+        /* try concatenation overload ... */
+        if (pat && (SvAMAGIC(pat) || SvAMAGIC(msv)) &&
+                (sv = amagic_call(pat, msv, concat_amg, AMGf_assign)))
+        {
+            sv_setsv(pat, sv);
+            /* overloading involved: all bets are off over literal
+             * code. Pretend we haven't seen it */
+            pRExC_state->num_code_blocks -= n;
+            n = 0;
+        }
+        else  {
+            /* ... or failing that, try "" overload */
+            while (SvAMAGIC(msv)
+                    && (sv = AMG_CALLunary(msv, string_amg))
+                    && sv != msv
+                    &&  !(   SvROK(msv)
+                          && SvROK(sv)
+                          && SvRV(msv) == SvRV(sv))
+            ) {
+                msv = sv;
+                SvGETMAGIC(msv);
+            }
+            if (SvROK(msv) && SvTYPE(SvRV(msv)) == SVt_REGEXP)
+                msv = SvRV(msv);
+
+            if (pat) {
+                /* this is a partially unrolled
+                 *     sv_catsv_nomg(pat, msv);
+                 * that allows us to adjust code block indices if
+                 * needed */
+                STRLEN dlen;
+                char *dst = SvPV_force_nomg(pat, dlen);
+                orig_patlen = dlen;
+                if (SvUTF8(msv) && !SvUTF8(pat)) {
+                    S_pat_upgrade_to_utf8(aTHX_ pRExC_state, &dst, &dlen, n);
+                    sv_setpvn(pat, dst, dlen);
+                    SvUTF8_on(pat);
+                }
+                sv_catsv_nomg(pat, msv);
+                rx = msv;
+            }
+            else
+                pat = msv;
+
+            if (code)
+                pRExC_state->code_blocks[n-1].end = SvCUR(pat)-1;
+        }
+
+        /* extract any code blocks within any embedded qr//'s */
+        if (rx && SvTYPE(rx) == SVt_REGEXP
+            && RX_ENGINE((REGEXP*)rx)->op_comp)
+        {
+
+            RXi_GET_DECL(ReANY((REGEXP *)rx), ri);
+            if (ri->num_code_blocks) {
+                int i;
+                /* the presence of an embedded qr// with code means
+                 * we should always recompile: the text of the
+                 * qr// may not have changed, but it may be a
+                 * different closure than last time */
+                *recompile_p = 1;
+                Renew(pRExC_state->code_blocks,
+                    pRExC_state->num_code_blocks + ri->num_code_blocks,
+                    struct reg_code_block);
+                pRExC_state->num_code_blocks += ri->num_code_blocks;
+
+                for (i=0; i < ri->num_code_blocks; i++) {
+                    struct reg_code_block *src, *dst;
+                    STRLEN offset =  orig_patlen
+                        + ReANY((REGEXP *)rx)->pre_prefix;
+                    assert(n < pRExC_state->num_code_blocks);
+                    src = &ri->code_blocks[i];
+                    dst = &pRExC_state->code_blocks[n];
+                    dst->start     = src->start + offset;
+                    dst->end       = src->end   + offset;
+                    dst->block     = src->block;
+                    dst->src_regex  = (REGEXP*) SvREFCNT_inc( (SV*)
+                                            src->src_regex
+                                                ? src->src_regex
+                                                : (REGEXP*)rx);
+                    n++;
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+    /* avoid calling magic multiple times on a single element e.g. =~ $qr */
+    if (alloced)
+        SvSETMAGIC(pat);
+
+    return pat;
+}
+
+
+
+/* see if there are any run-time code blocks in the pattern.
+ * False positives are allowed */
+
+static bool
+S_has_runtime_code(pTHX_ RExC_state_t * const pRExC_state,
+                   char *pat, STRLEN plen)
+{
+    int n = 0;
+    STRLEN s;
+
+    for (s = 0; s < plen; s++) {
+       if (n < pRExC_state->num_code_blocks
+           && s == pRExC_state->code_blocks[n].start)
+       {
+           s = pRExC_state->code_blocks[n].end;
+           n++;
+           continue;
+       }
+       /* TODO ideally should handle [..], (#..), /#.../x to reduce false
+        * positives here */
+       if (pat[s] == '(' && s+2 <= plen && pat[s+1] == '?' &&
+           (pat[s+2] == '{'
+                || (s + 2 <= plen && pat[s+2] == '?' && pat[s+3] == '{'))
+       )
+           return 1;
+    }
+    return 0;
+}
+
+/* Handle run-time code blocks. We will already have compiled any direct
+ * or indirect literal code blocks. Now, take the pattern 'pat' and make a
+ * copy of it, but with any literal code blocks blanked out and
+ * appropriate chars escaped; then feed it into
+ *
+ *    eval "qr'modified_pattern'"
+ *
+ * For example,
+ *
+ *       a\bc(?{"this was literal"})def'ghi\\jkl(?{"this is runtime"})mno
+ *
+ * becomes
+ *
+ *    qr'a\\bc_______________________def\'ghi\\\\jkl(?{"this is runtime"})mno'
+ *
+ * After eval_sv()-ing that, grab any new code blocks from the returned qr
+ * and merge them with any code blocks of the original regexp.
+ *
+ * If the pat is non-UTF8, while the evalled qr is UTF8, don't merge;
+ * instead, just save the qr and return FALSE; this tells our caller that
+ * the original pattern needs upgrading to utf8.
+ */
+
+static bool
+S_compile_runtime_code(pTHX_ RExC_state_t * const pRExC_state,
+    char *pat, STRLEN plen)
+{
+    SV *qr;
+
+    GET_RE_DEBUG_FLAGS_DECL;
+
+    if (pRExC_state->runtime_code_qr) {
+       /* this is the second time we've been called; this should
+        * only happen if the main pattern got upgraded to utf8
+        * during compilation; re-use the qr we compiled first time
+        * round (which should be utf8 too)
+        */
+       qr = pRExC_state->runtime_code_qr;
+       pRExC_state->runtime_code_qr = NULL;
+       assert(RExC_utf8 && SvUTF8(qr));
+    }
+    else {
+       int n = 0;
+       STRLEN s;
+       char *p, *newpat;
+       int newlen = plen + 6; /* allow for "qr''x\0" extra chars */
+       SV *sv, *qr_ref;
+       dSP;
+
+       /* determine how many extra chars we need for ' and \ escaping */
+       for (s = 0; s < plen; s++) {
+           if (pat[s] == '\'' || pat[s] == '\\')
+               newlen++;
+       }
+
+       Newx(newpat, newlen, char);
+       p = newpat;
+       *p++ = 'q'; *p++ = 'r'; *p++ = '\'';
+
+       for (s = 0; s < plen; s++) {
+           if (n < pRExC_state->num_code_blocks
+               && s == pRExC_state->code_blocks[n].start)
+           {
+               /* blank out literal code block */
+               assert(pat[s] == '(');
+               while (s <= pRExC_state->code_blocks[n].end) {
+                   *p++ = '_';
+                   s++;
+               }
+               s--;
+               n++;
+               continue;
+           }
+           if (pat[s] == '\'' || pat[s] == '\\')
+               *p++ = '\\';
+           *p++ = pat[s];
+       }
+       *p++ = '\'';
+       if (pRExC_state->pm_flags & RXf_PMf_EXTENDED)
+           *p++ = 'x';
+       *p++ = '\0';
+       DEBUG_COMPILE_r({
+           PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log,
+               "%sre-parsing pattern for runtime code:%s %s\n",
+               PL_colors[4],PL_colors[5],newpat);
+       });
+
+       sv = newSVpvn_flags(newpat, p-newpat-1, RExC_utf8 ? SVf_UTF8 : 0);
+       Safefree(newpat);
+
+       ENTER;
+       SAVETMPS;
+       save_re_context();
+       PUSHSTACKi(PERLSI_REQUIRE);
+        /* G_RE_REPARSING causes the toker to collapse \\ into \ when
+         * parsing qr''; normally only q'' does this. It also alters
+         * hints handling */
+       eval_sv(sv, G_SCALAR|G_RE_REPARSING);
+       SvREFCNT_dec_NN(sv);
+       SPAGAIN;
+       qr_ref = POPs;
+       PUTBACK;
+       {
+           SV * const errsv = ERRSV;
+           if (SvTRUE_NN(errsv))
+           {
+               Safefree(pRExC_state->code_blocks);
+                /* use croak_sv ? */
+               Perl_croak_nocontext("%s", SvPV_nolen_const(errsv));
+           }
+       }
+       assert(SvROK(qr_ref));
+       qr = SvRV(qr_ref);
+       assert(SvTYPE(qr) == SVt_REGEXP && RX_ENGINE((REGEXP*)qr)->op_comp);
+       /* the leaving below frees the tmp qr_ref.
+        * Give qr a life of its own */
+       SvREFCNT_inc(qr);
+       POPSTACK;
+       FREETMPS;
+       LEAVE;
+
+    }
+
+    if (!RExC_utf8 && SvUTF8(qr)) {
+       /* first time through; the pattern got upgraded; save the
+        * qr for the next time through */
+       assert(!pRExC_state->runtime_code_qr);
+       pRExC_state->runtime_code_qr = qr;
+       return 0;
+    }
+
+
+    /* extract any code blocks within the returned qr//  */
+
+
+    /* merge the main (r1) and run-time (r2) code blocks into one */
+    {
+       RXi_GET_DECL(ReANY((REGEXP *)qr), r2);
+       struct reg_code_block *new_block, *dst;
+       RExC_state_t * const r1 = pRExC_state; /* convenient alias */
+       int i1 = 0, i2 = 0;
+
+       if (!r2->num_code_blocks) /* we guessed wrong */
+       {
+           SvREFCNT_dec_NN(qr);
+           return 1;
+       }
+
+       Newx(new_block,
+           r1->num_code_blocks + r2->num_code_blocks,
+           struct reg_code_block);
+       dst = new_block;
+
+       while (    i1 < r1->num_code_blocks
+               || i2 < r2->num_code_blocks)
+       {
+           struct reg_code_block *src;
+           bool is_qr = 0;
+
+           if (i1 == r1->num_code_blocks) {
+               src = &r2->code_blocks[i2++];
+               is_qr = 1;
+           }
+           else if (i2 == r2->num_code_blocks)
+               src = &r1->code_blocks[i1++];
+           else if (  r1->code_blocks[i1].start
+                    < r2->code_blocks[i2].start)
+           {
+               src = &r1->code_blocks[i1++];
+               assert(src->end < r2->code_blocks[i2].start);
+           }
+           else {
+               assert(  r1->code_blocks[i1].start
+                      > r2->code_blocks[i2].start);
+               src = &r2->code_blocks[i2++];
+               is_qr = 1;
+               assert(src->end < r1->code_blocks[i1].start);
+           }
+
+           assert(pat[src->start] == '(');
+           assert(pat[src->end]   == ')');
+           dst->start      = src->start;
+           dst->end        = src->end;
+           dst->block      = src->block;
+           dst->src_regex  = is_qr ? (REGEXP*) SvREFCNT_inc( (SV*) qr)
+                                   : src->src_regex;
+           dst++;
+       }
+       r1->num_code_blocks += r2->num_code_blocks;
+       Safefree(r1->code_blocks);
+       r1->code_blocks = new_block;
+    }
+
+    SvREFCNT_dec_NN(qr);
+    return 1;
+}
+
+
+STATIC bool
+S_setup_longest(pTHX_ RExC_state_t *pRExC_state, SV* sv_longest, SV** rx_utf8, SV** rx_substr, I32* rx_end_shift, I32 lookbehind, I32 offset, I32 *minlen, STRLEN longest_length, bool eol, bool meol)
+{
+    /* This is the common code for setting up the floating and fixed length
+     * string data extracted from Perl_re_op_compile() below.  Returns a boolean
+     * as to whether succeeded or not */
+
+    I32 t,ml;
+
+    if (! (longest_length
+           || (eol /* Can't have SEOL and MULTI */
+               && (! meol || (RExC_flags & RXf_PMf_MULTILINE)))
+          )
+            /* See comments for join_exact for why REG_SEEN_EXACTF_SHARP_S */
+        || (RExC_seen & REG_SEEN_EXACTF_SHARP_S))
+    {
+        return FALSE;
+    }
+
+    /* copy the information about the longest from the reg_scan_data
+        over to the program. */
+    if (SvUTF8(sv_longest)) {
+        *rx_utf8 = sv_longest;
+        *rx_substr = NULL;
+    } else {
+        *rx_substr = sv_longest;
+        *rx_utf8 = NULL;
+    }
+    /* end_shift is how many chars that must be matched that
+        follow this item. We calculate it ahead of time as once the
+        lookbehind offset is added in we lose the ability to correctly
+        calculate it.*/
+    ml = minlen ? *(minlen) : (I32)longest_length;
+    *rx_end_shift = ml - offset
+        - longest_length + (SvTAIL(sv_longest) != 0)
+        + lookbehind;
+
+    t = (eol/* Can't have SEOL and MULTI */
+         && (! meol || (RExC_flags & RXf_PMf_MULTILINE)));
+    fbm_compile(sv_longest, t ? FBMcf_TAIL : 0);
+
+    return TRUE;
+}
+
+/*
+ * Perl_re_op_compile - the perl internal RE engine's function to compile a
+ * regular expression into internal code.
+ * The pattern may be passed either as:
+ *    a list of SVs (patternp plus pat_count)
+ *    a list of OPs (expr)
+ * If both are passed, the SV list is used, but the OP list indicates
+ * which SVs are actually pre-compiled code blocks
+ *
+ * The SVs in the list have magic and qr overloading applied to them (and
+ * the list may be modified in-place with replacement SVs in the latter
+ * case).
+ *
+ * If the pattern hasn't changed from old_re, then old_re will be
+ * returned.
+ *
+ * eng is the current engine. If that engine has an op_comp method, then
+ * handle directly (i.e. we assume that op_comp was us); otherwise, just
+ * do the initial concatenation of arguments and pass on to the external
+ * engine.
+ *
+ * If is_bare_re is not null, set it to a boolean indicating whether the
+ * arg list reduced (after overloading) to a single bare regex which has
+ * been returned (i.e. /$qr/).
+ *
+ * orig_rx_flags contains RXf_* flags. See perlreapi.pod for more details.
+ *
+ * pm_flags contains the PMf_* flags, typically based on those from the
+ * pm_flags field of the related PMOP. Currently we're only interested in
+ * PMf_HAS_CV, PMf_IS_QR, PMf_USE_RE_EVAL.
+ *
+ * We can't allocate space until we know how big the compiled form will be,
+ * but we can't compile it (and thus know how big it is) until we've got a
+ * place to put the code.  So we cheat:  we compile it twice, once with code
+ * generation turned off and size counting turned on, and once "for real".
+ * This also means that we don't allocate space until we are sure that the
+ * thing really will compile successfully, and we never have to move the
+ * code and thus invalidate pointers into it.  (Note that it has to be in
+ * one piece because free() must be able to free it all.) [NB: not true in perl]
+ *
+ * Beware that the optimization-preparation code in here knows about some
+ * of the structure of the compiled regexp.  [I'll say.]
+ */
+
+REGEXP *
+Perl_re_op_compile(pTHX_ SV ** const patternp, int pat_count,
+                   OP *expr, const regexp_engine* eng, REGEXP *old_re,
+                    bool *is_bare_re, U32 orig_rx_flags, U32 pm_flags)
+{
+    dVAR;
+    REGEXP *rx;
+    struct regexp *r;
+    regexp_internal *ri;
+    STRLEN plen;
+    char *exp;
+    regnode *scan;
+    I32 flags;
+    I32 minlen = 0;
+    U32 rx_flags;
+    SV *pat;
+    SV *code_blocksv = NULL;
+    SV** new_patternp = patternp;
+
+    /* these are all flags - maybe they should be turned
+     * into a single int with different bit masks */
+    I32 sawlookahead = 0;
+    I32 sawplus = 0;
+    I32 sawopen = 0;
+    regex_charset initial_charset = get_regex_charset(orig_rx_flags);
+    bool recompile = 0;
+    bool runtime_code = 0;
+    scan_data_t data;
+    RExC_state_t RExC_state;
+    RExC_state_t * const pRExC_state = &RExC_state;
+#ifdef TRIE_STUDY_OPT    
+    int restudied = 0;
+    RExC_state_t copyRExC_state;
+#endif    
+    GET_RE_DEBUG_FLAGS_DECL;
+
+    PERL_ARGS_ASSERT_RE_OP_COMPILE;
+
+    DEBUG_r(if (!PL_colorset) reginitcolors());
+
+#ifndef PERL_IN_XSUB_RE
+    /* Initialize these here instead of as-needed, as is quick and avoids
+     * having to test them each time otherwise */
+    if (! PL_AboveLatin1) {
+       PL_AboveLatin1 = _new_invlist_C_array(AboveLatin1_invlist);
+       PL_ASCII = _new_invlist_C_array(ASCII_invlist);
+       PL_Latin1 = _new_invlist_C_array(Latin1_invlist);
+
+       PL_L1Posix_ptrs[_CC_ALPHANUMERIC]
+                                = _new_invlist_C_array(L1PosixAlnum_invlist);
+       PL_Posix_ptrs[_CC_ALPHANUMERIC]
+                                = _new_invlist_C_array(PosixAlnum_invlist);
+
+       PL_L1Posix_ptrs[_CC_ALPHA]
+                                = _new_invlist_C_array(L1PosixAlpha_invlist);
+       PL_Posix_ptrs[_CC_ALPHA] = _new_invlist_C_array(PosixAlpha_invlist);
+
+       PL_Posix_ptrs[_CC_BLANK] = _new_invlist_C_array(PosixBlank_invlist);
+       PL_XPosix_ptrs[_CC_BLANK] = _new_invlist_C_array(XPosixBlank_invlist);
+
+        /* Cased is the same as Alpha in the ASCII range */
+       PL_L1Posix_ptrs[_CC_CASED] =  _new_invlist_C_array(L1Cased_invlist);
+       PL_Posix_ptrs[_CC_CASED] =  _new_invlist_C_array(PosixAlpha_invlist);
+
+       PL_Posix_ptrs[_CC_CNTRL] = _new_invlist_C_array(PosixCntrl_invlist);
+       PL_XPosix_ptrs[_CC_CNTRL] = _new_invlist_C_array(XPosixCntrl_invlist);
+
+       PL_Posix_ptrs[_CC_DIGIT] = _new_invlist_C_array(PosixDigit_invlist);
+       PL_L1Posix_ptrs[_CC_DIGIT] = _new_invlist_C_array(PosixDigit_invlist);
+
+       PL_L1Posix_ptrs[_CC_GRAPH] = _new_invlist_C_array(L1PosixGraph_invlist);
+       PL_Posix_ptrs[_CC_GRAPH] = _new_invlist_C_array(PosixGraph_invlist);
+
+       PL_L1Posix_ptrs[_CC_LOWER] = _new_invlist_C_array(L1PosixLower_invlist);
+       PL_Posix_ptrs[_CC_LOWER] = _new_invlist_C_array(PosixLower_invlist);
+
+       PL_L1Posix_ptrs[_CC_PRINT] = _new_invlist_C_array(L1PosixPrint_invlist);
+       PL_Posix_ptrs[_CC_PRINT] = _new_invlist_C_array(PosixPrint_invlist);
+
+       PL_L1Posix_ptrs[_CC_PUNCT] = _new_invlist_C_array(L1PosixPunct_invlist);
+       PL_Posix_ptrs[_CC_PUNCT] = _new_invlist_C_array(PosixPunct_invlist);
+
+       PL_Posix_ptrs[_CC_SPACE] = _new_invlist_C_array(PerlSpace_invlist);
+       PL_XPosix_ptrs[_CC_SPACE] = _new_invlist_C_array(XPerlSpace_invlist);
+       PL_Posix_ptrs[_CC_PSXSPC] = _new_invlist_C_array(PosixSpace_invlist);
+       PL_XPosix_ptrs[_CC_PSXSPC] = _new_invlist_C_array(XPosixSpace_invlist);
+
+       PL_L1Posix_ptrs[_CC_UPPER] = _new_invlist_C_array(L1PosixUpper_invlist);
+       PL_Posix_ptrs[_CC_UPPER] = _new_invlist_C_array(PosixUpper_invlist);
+
+        PL_XPosix_ptrs[_CC_VERTSPACE] = _new_invlist_C_array(VertSpace_invlist);
+
+       PL_Posix_ptrs[_CC_WORDCHAR] = _new_invlist_C_array(PosixWord_invlist);
+       PL_L1Posix_ptrs[_CC_WORDCHAR]
+                                = _new_invlist_C_array(L1PosixWord_invlist);
+
+       PL_Posix_ptrs[_CC_XDIGIT] = _new_invlist_C_array(PosixXDigit_invlist);
+       PL_XPosix_ptrs[_CC_XDIGIT] = _new_invlist_C_array(XPosixXDigit_invlist);
+
+        PL_HasMultiCharFold = _new_invlist_C_array(_Perl_Multi_Char_Folds_invlist);
+    }
+#endif
+
+    pRExC_state->code_blocks = NULL;
+    pRExC_state->num_code_blocks = 0;
+
+    if (is_bare_re)
+       *is_bare_re = FALSE;
+
+    if (expr && (expr->op_type == OP_LIST ||
+               (expr->op_type == OP_NULL && expr->op_targ == OP_LIST))) {
+       /* allocate code_blocks if needed */
+       OP *o;
+       int ncode = 0;
+
+       for (o = cLISTOPx(expr)->op_first; o; o = o->op_sibling)
+           if (o->op_type == OP_NULL && (o->op_flags & OPf_SPECIAL))
+               ncode++; /* count of DO blocks */
+       if (ncode) {
+           pRExC_state->num_code_blocks = ncode;
+           Newx(pRExC_state->code_blocks, ncode, struct reg_code_block);
+       }
+    }
+
+    if (!pat_count) {
+        /* compile-time pattern with just OP_CONSTs and DO blocks */
+
+        int n;
+        OP *o;
+
+        /* find how many CONSTs there are */
+        assert(expr);
+        n = 0;
+        if (expr->op_type == OP_CONST)
+            n = 1;
+        else
+            for (o = cLISTOPx(expr)->op_first; o; o = o->op_sibling) {
+                if (o->op_type == OP_CONST)
+                    n++;
+            }
+
+        /* fake up an SV array */
+
+        assert(!new_patternp);
+        Newx(new_patternp, n, SV*);
+        SAVEFREEPV(new_patternp);
+        pat_count = n;
+
+        n = 0;
+        if (expr->op_type == OP_CONST)
+            new_patternp[n] = cSVOPx_sv(expr);
+        else
+            for (o = cLISTOPx(expr)->op_first; o; o = o->op_sibling) {
+                if (o->op_type == OP_CONST)
+                    new_patternp[n++] = cSVOPo_sv;
+            }
+
+    }
+
+    DEBUG_PARSE_r(PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log,
+        "Assembling pattern from %d elements%s\n", pat_count,
+            orig_rx_flags & RXf_SPLIT ? " for split" : ""));
+
+    /* set expr to the first arg op */
+
+    if (pRExC_state->num_code_blocks
+         && expr->op_type != OP_CONST)
+    {
+            expr = cLISTOPx(expr)->op_first;
+            assert(   expr->op_type == OP_PUSHMARK
+                   || (expr->op_type == OP_NULL && expr->op_targ == OP_PUSHMARK)
+                   || expr->op_type == OP_PADRANGE);
+            expr = expr->op_sibling;
+    }
+
+    pat = S_concat_pat(aTHX_ pRExC_state, NULL, new_patternp, pat_count,
+                        expr, &recompile, NULL);
+
+    /* handle bare (possibly after overloading) regex: foo =~ $re */
+    {
+        SV *re = pat;
+        if (SvROK(re))
+            re = SvRV(re);
+        if (SvTYPE(re) == SVt_REGEXP) {
+            if (is_bare_re)
+                *is_bare_re = TRUE;
+            SvREFCNT_inc(re);
+            Safefree(pRExC_state->code_blocks);
+            DEBUG_PARSE_r(PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log,
+                "Precompiled pattern%s\n",
+                    orig_rx_flags & RXf_SPLIT ? " for split" : ""));
+
+            return (REGEXP*)re;
+        }
+    }
+
+    exp = SvPV_nomg(pat, plen);
+
+    if (!eng->op_comp) {
+       if ((SvUTF8(pat) && IN_BYTES)
+               || SvGMAGICAL(pat) || SvAMAGIC(pat))
+       {
+           /* make a temporary copy; either to convert to bytes,
+            * or to avoid repeating get-magic / overloaded stringify */
+           pat = newSVpvn_flags(exp, plen, SVs_TEMP |
+                                       (IN_BYTES ? 0 : SvUTF8(pat)));
+       }
+       Safefree(pRExC_state->code_blocks);
+       return CALLREGCOMP_ENG(eng, pat, orig_rx_flags);
+    }
+
+    /* ignore the utf8ness if the pattern is 0 length */
+    RExC_utf8 = RExC_orig_utf8 = (plen == 0 || IN_BYTES) ? 0 : SvUTF8(pat);
+    RExC_uni_semantics = 0;
+    RExC_contains_locale = 0;
+    pRExC_state->runtime_code_qr = NULL;
+
+    DEBUG_COMPILE_r({
+            SV *dsv= sv_newmortal();
+            RE_PV_QUOTED_DECL(s, RExC_utf8, dsv, exp, plen, 60);
+            PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log, "%sCompiling REx%s %s\n",
+                          PL_colors[4],PL_colors[5],s);
+        });
+
+  redo_first_pass:
+    /* we jump here if we upgrade the pattern to utf8 and have to
+     * recompile */
+
+    if ((pm_flags & PMf_USE_RE_EVAL)
+               /* this second condition covers the non-regex literal case,
+                * i.e.  $foo =~ '(?{})'. */
+               || (IN_PERL_COMPILETIME && (PL_hints & HINT_RE_EVAL))
+    )
+       runtime_code = S_has_runtime_code(aTHX_ pRExC_state, exp, plen);
+
+    /* return old regex if pattern hasn't changed */
+    /* XXX: note in the below we have to check the flags as well as the pattern.
+     *
+     * Things get a touch tricky as we have to compare the utf8 flag independently
+     * from the compile flags.
+     */
+
+    if (   old_re
+        && !recompile
+        && !!RX_UTF8(old_re) == !!RExC_utf8
+        && ( RX_COMPFLAGS(old_re) == ( orig_rx_flags & RXf_PMf_FLAGCOPYMASK ) )
+       && RX_PRECOMP(old_re)
+       && RX_PRELEN(old_re) == plen
+        && memEQ(RX_PRECOMP(old_re), exp, plen)
+       && !runtime_code /* with runtime code, always recompile */ )
+    {
+        Safefree(pRExC_state->code_blocks);
+        return old_re;
+    }
+
+    rx_flags = orig_rx_flags;
+
+    if (initial_charset == REGEX_LOCALE_CHARSET) {
+       RExC_contains_locale = 1;
+    }
+    else if (RExC_utf8 && initial_charset == REGEX_DEPENDS_CHARSET) {
+
+       /* Set to use unicode semantics if the pattern is in utf8 and has the
+        * 'depends' charset specified, as it means unicode when utf8  */
+       set_regex_charset(&rx_flags, REGEX_UNICODE_CHARSET);
+    }
+
+    RExC_precomp = exp;
+    RExC_flags = rx_flags;
+    RExC_pm_flags = pm_flags;
+
+    if (runtime_code) {
+       if (TAINTING_get && TAINT_get)
+           Perl_croak(aTHX_ "Eval-group in insecure regular expression");
+
+       if (!S_compile_runtime_code(aTHX_ pRExC_state, exp, plen)) {
+           /* whoops, we have a non-utf8 pattern, whilst run-time code
+            * got compiled as utf8. Try again with a utf8 pattern */
+            S_pat_upgrade_to_utf8(aTHX_ pRExC_state, &exp, &plen,
+                                    pRExC_state->num_code_blocks);
+            goto redo_first_pass;
+       }
+    }
+    assert(!pRExC_state->runtime_code_qr);
+
+    RExC_sawback = 0;
+
+    RExC_seen = 0;
+    RExC_in_lookbehind = 0;
+    RExC_seen_zerolen = *exp == '^' ? -1 : 0;
+    RExC_extralen = 0;
+    RExC_override_recoding = 0;
+    RExC_in_multi_char_class = 0;
+
+    /* First pass: determine size, legality. */
+    RExC_parse = exp;
+    RExC_start = exp;
+    RExC_end = exp + plen;
+    RExC_naughty = 0;
+    RExC_npar = 1;
+    RExC_nestroot = 0;
+    RExC_size = 0L;
+    RExC_emit = &RExC_emit_dummy;
+    RExC_whilem_seen = 0;
+    RExC_open_parens = NULL;
+    RExC_close_parens = NULL;
+    RExC_opend = NULL;
+    RExC_paren_names = NULL;
+#ifdef DEBUGGING
+    RExC_paren_name_list = NULL;
+#endif
+    RExC_recurse = NULL;
+    RExC_recurse_count = 0;
+    pRExC_state->code_index = 0;
+
+#if 0 /* REGC() is (currently) a NOP at the first pass.
+       * Clever compilers notice this and complain. --jhi */
+    REGC((U8)REG_MAGIC, (char*)RExC_emit);
+#endif
+    DEBUG_PARSE_r(
+       PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log, "Starting first pass (sizing)\n");
+        RExC_lastnum=0;
+        RExC_lastparse=NULL;
+    );
+    /* reg may croak on us, not giving us a chance to free
+       pRExC_state->code_blocks.  We cannot SAVEFREEPV it now, as we may
+       need it to survive as long as the regexp (qr/(?{})/).
+       We must check that code_blocksv is not already set, because we may
+       have jumped back to restart the sizing pass. */
+    if (pRExC_state->code_blocks && !code_blocksv) {
+       code_blocksv = newSV_type(SVt_PV);
+       SAVEFREESV(code_blocksv);
+       SvPV_set(code_blocksv, (char *)pRExC_state->code_blocks);
+       SvLEN_set(code_blocksv, 1); /*sufficient to make sv_clear free it*/
+    }
+    if (reg(pRExC_state, 0, &flags,1) == NULL) {
+        /* It's possible to write a regexp in ascii that represents Unicode
+        codepoints outside of the byte range, such as via \x{100}. If we
+        detect such a sequence we have to convert the entire pattern to utf8
+        and then recompile, as our sizing calculation will have been based
+        on 1 byte == 1 character, but we will need to use utf8 to encode
+        at least some part of the pattern, and therefore must convert the whole
+        thing.
+        -- dmq */
+        if (flags & RESTART_UTF8) {
+            S_pat_upgrade_to_utf8(aTHX_ pRExC_state, &exp, &plen,
+                                    pRExC_state->num_code_blocks);
+            goto redo_first_pass;
+        }
+        Perl_croak(aTHX_ "panic: reg returned NULL to re_op_compile for sizing pass, flags=%#"UVxf"", (UV) flags);
+    }
+    if (code_blocksv)
+       SvLEN_set(code_blocksv,0); /* no you can't have it, sv_clear */
+
+    DEBUG_PARSE_r({
+        PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log, 
+            "Required size %"IVdf" nodes\n"
+            "Starting second pass (creation)\n", 
+            (IV)RExC_size);
+        RExC_lastnum=0; 
+        RExC_lastparse=NULL; 
+    });
+
+    /* The first pass could have found things that force Unicode semantics */
+    if ((RExC_utf8 || RExC_uni_semantics)
+        && get_regex_charset(rx_flags) == REGEX_DEPENDS_CHARSET)
+    {
+       set_regex_charset(&rx_flags, REGEX_UNICODE_CHARSET);
+    }
+
+    /* Small enough for pointer-storage convention?
+       If extralen==0, this means that we will not need long jumps. */
+    if (RExC_size >= 0x10000L && RExC_extralen)
+        RExC_size += RExC_extralen;
+    else
+       RExC_extralen = 0;
+    if (RExC_whilem_seen > 15)
+       RExC_whilem_seen = 15;
+
+    /* Allocate space and zero-initialize. Note, the two step process 
+       of zeroing when in debug mode, thus anything assigned has to 
+       happen after that */
+    rx = (REGEXP*) newSV_type(SVt_REGEXP);
+    r = ReANY(rx);
+    Newxc(ri, sizeof(regexp_internal) + (unsigned)RExC_size * sizeof(regnode),
+        char, regexp_internal);
+    if ( r == NULL || ri == NULL )
+       FAIL("Regexp out of space");
+#ifdef DEBUGGING
+    /* avoid reading uninitialized memory in DEBUGGING code in study_chunk() */
+    Zero(ri, sizeof(regexp_internal) + (unsigned)RExC_size * sizeof(regnode), char);
+#else 
+    /* bulk initialize base fields with 0. */
+    Zero(ri, sizeof(regexp_internal), char);        
+#endif
+
+    /* non-zero initialization begins here */
+    RXi_SET( r, ri );
+    r->engine= eng;
+    r->extflags = rx_flags;
+    RXp_COMPFLAGS(r) = orig_rx_flags & RXf_PMf_FLAGCOPYMASK;
+
+    if (pm_flags & PMf_IS_QR) {
+       ri->code_blocks = pRExC_state->code_blocks;
+       ri->num_code_blocks = pRExC_state->num_code_blocks;
+    }
+    else
+    {
+       int n;
+       for (n = 0; n < pRExC_state->num_code_blocks; n++)
+           if (pRExC_state->code_blocks[n].src_regex)
+               SAVEFREESV(pRExC_state->code_blocks[n].src_regex);
+       SAVEFREEPV(pRExC_state->code_blocks);
+    }
+
+    {
+        bool has_p     = ((r->extflags & RXf_PMf_KEEPCOPY) == RXf_PMf_KEEPCOPY);
+        bool has_charset = (get_regex_charset(r->extflags) != REGEX_DEPENDS_CHARSET);
+
+        /* The caret is output if there are any defaults: if not all the STD
+         * flags are set, or if no character set specifier is needed */
+        bool has_default =
+                    (((r->extflags & RXf_PMf_STD_PMMOD) != RXf_PMf_STD_PMMOD)
+                    || ! has_charset);
+       bool has_runon = ((RExC_seen & REG_SEEN_RUN_ON_COMMENT)==REG_SEEN_RUN_ON_COMMENT);
+       U16 reganch = (U16)((r->extflags & RXf_PMf_STD_PMMOD)
+                           >> RXf_PMf_STD_PMMOD_SHIFT);
+       const char *fptr = STD_PAT_MODS;        /*"msix"*/
+       char *p;
+        /* Allocate for the worst case, which is all the std flags are turned
+         * on.  If more precision is desired, we could do a population count of
+         * the flags set.  This could be done with a small lookup table, or by
+         * shifting, masking and adding, or even, when available, assembly
+         * language for a machine-language population count.
+         * We never output a minus, as all those are defaults, so are
+         * covered by the caret */
+       const STRLEN wraplen = plen + has_p + has_runon
+            + has_default       /* If needs a caret */
+
+               /* If needs a character set specifier */
+           + ((has_charset) ? MAX_CHARSET_NAME_LENGTH : 0)
+            + (sizeof(STD_PAT_MODS) - 1)
+            + (sizeof("(?:)") - 1);
+
+        Newx(p, wraplen + 1, char); /* +1 for the ending NUL */
+       r->xpv_len_u.xpvlenu_pv = p;
+       if (RExC_utf8)
+           SvFLAGS(rx) |= SVf_UTF8;
+        *p++='('; *p++='?';
+
+        /* If a default, cover it using the caret */
+        if (has_default) {
+            *p++= DEFAULT_PAT_MOD;
+        }
+        if (has_charset) {
+           STRLEN len;
+           const char* const name = get_regex_charset_name(r->extflags, &len);
+           Copy(name, p, len, char);
+           p += len;
+        }
+        if (has_p)
+            *p++ = KEEPCOPY_PAT_MOD; /*'p'*/
+        {
+            char ch;
+            while((ch = *fptr++)) {
+                if(reganch & 1)
+                    *p++ = ch;
+                reganch >>= 1;
+            }
+        }
+
+        *p++ = ':';
+        Copy(RExC_precomp, p, plen, char);
+       assert ((RX_WRAPPED(rx) - p) < 16);
+       r->pre_prefix = p - RX_WRAPPED(rx);
+        p += plen;
+        if (has_runon)
+            *p++ = '\n';
+        *p++ = ')';
+        *p = 0;
+       SvCUR_set(rx, p - RX_WRAPPED(rx));
+    }
+
+    r->intflags = 0;
+    r->nparens = RExC_npar - 1;        /* set early to validate backrefs */
+    
+    if (RExC_seen & REG_SEEN_RECURSE) {
+        Newxz(RExC_open_parens, RExC_npar,regnode *);
+        SAVEFREEPV(RExC_open_parens);
+        Newxz(RExC_close_parens,RExC_npar,regnode *);
+        SAVEFREEPV(RExC_close_parens);
+    }
+
+    /* Useful during FAIL. */
+#ifdef RE_TRACK_PATTERN_OFFSETS
+    Newxz(ri->u.offsets, 2*RExC_size+1, U32); /* MJD 20001228 */
+    DEBUG_OFFSETS_r(PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log,
+                          "%s %"UVuf" bytes for offset annotations.\n",
+                          ri->u.offsets ? "Got" : "Couldn't get",
+                          (UV)((2*RExC_size+1) * sizeof(U32))));
+#endif
+    SetProgLen(ri,RExC_size);
+    RExC_rx_sv = rx;
+    RExC_rx = r;
+    RExC_rxi = ri;
+    REH_CALL_COMP_BEGIN_HOOK(pRExC_state->rx);
+
+    /* Second pass: emit code. */
+    RExC_flags = rx_flags;     /* don't let top level (?i) bleed */
+    RExC_pm_flags = pm_flags;
+    RExC_parse = exp;
+    RExC_end = exp + plen;
+    RExC_naughty = 0;
+    RExC_npar = 1;
+    RExC_emit_start = ri->program;
+    RExC_emit = ri->program;
+    RExC_emit_bound = ri->program + RExC_size + 1;
+    pRExC_state->code_index = 0;
+
+    REGC((U8)REG_MAGIC, (char*) RExC_emit++);
+    if (reg(pRExC_state, 0, &flags,1) == NULL) {
+       ReREFCNT_dec(rx);   
+        Perl_croak(aTHX_ "panic: reg returned NULL to re_op_compile for generation pass, flags=%#"UVxf"", (UV) flags);
+    }
+    /* XXXX To minimize changes to RE engine we always allocate
+       3-units-long substrs field. */
+    Newx(r->substrs, 1, struct reg_substr_data);
+    if (RExC_recurse_count) {
+        Newxz(RExC_recurse,RExC_recurse_count,regnode *);
+        SAVEFREEPV(RExC_recurse);
+    }
+
+reStudy:
+    r->minlen = minlen = sawlookahead = sawplus = sawopen = 0;
+    Zero(r->substrs, 1, struct reg_substr_data);
+
+#ifdef TRIE_STUDY_OPT
+    if (!restudied) {
+        StructCopy(&zero_scan_data, &data, scan_data_t);
+        copyRExC_state = RExC_state;
+    } else {
+        U32 seen=RExC_seen;
+        DEBUG_OPTIMISE_r(PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log,"Restudying\n"));
+        
+        RExC_state = copyRExC_state;
+        if (seen & REG_TOP_LEVEL_BRANCHES) 
+            RExC_seen |= REG_TOP_LEVEL_BRANCHES;
+        else
+            RExC_seen &= ~REG_TOP_LEVEL_BRANCHES;
+       StructCopy(&zero_scan_data, &data, scan_data_t);
+    }
+#else
+    StructCopy(&zero_scan_data, &data, scan_data_t);
+#endif    
+
+    /* Dig out information for optimizations. */
+    r->extflags = RExC_flags; /* was pm_op */
+    /*dmq: removed as part of de-PMOP: pm->op_pmflags = RExC_flags; */
+    if (UTF)
+       SvUTF8_on(rx);  /* Unicode in it? */
+    ri->regstclass = NULL;
+    if (RExC_naughty >= 10)    /* Probably an expensive pattern. */
+       r->intflags |= PREGf_NAUGHTY;
+    scan = ri->program + 1;            /* First BRANCH. */
+
+    /* testing for BRANCH here tells us whether there is "must appear"
+       data in the pattern. If there is then we can use it for optimisations */
+    if (!(RExC_seen & REG_TOP_LEVEL_BRANCHES)) { /*  Only one top-level choice. */
+       I32 fake;
+       STRLEN longest_float_length, longest_fixed_length;
+       struct regnode_charclass_class ch_class; /* pointed to by data */
+       int stclass_flag;
+       I32 last_close = 0; /* pointed to by data */
+        regnode *first= scan;
+        regnode *first_next= regnext(first);
+       /*
+        * Skip introductions and multiplicators >= 1
+        * so that we can extract the 'meat' of the pattern that must 
+        * match in the large if() sequence following.
+        * NOTE that EXACT is NOT covered here, as it is normally
+        * picked up by the optimiser separately. 
+        *
+        * This is unfortunate as the optimiser isnt handling lookahead
+        * properly currently.
+        *
+        */
+       while ((OP(first) == OPEN && (sawopen = 1)) ||
+              /* An OR of *one* alternative - should not happen now. */
+           (OP(first) == BRANCH && OP(first_next) != BRANCH) ||
+           /* for now we can't handle lookbehind IFMATCH*/
+           (OP(first) == IFMATCH && !first->flags && (sawlookahead = 1)) ||
+           (OP(first) == PLUS) ||
+           (OP(first) == MINMOD) ||
+              /* An {n,m} with n>0 */
+           (PL_regkind[OP(first)] == CURLY && ARG1(first) > 0) ||
+           (OP(first) == NOTHING && PL_regkind[OP(first_next)] != END ))
+       {
+               /* 
+                * the only op that could be a regnode is PLUS, all the rest
+                * will be regnode_1 or regnode_2.
+                *
+                */
+               if (OP(first) == PLUS)
+                   sawplus = 1;
+               else
+                   first += regarglen[OP(first)];
+
+               first = NEXTOPER(first);
+               first_next= regnext(first);
+       }
+
+       /* Starting-point info. */
+      again:
+        DEBUG_PEEP("first:",first,0);
+        /* Ignore EXACT as we deal with it later. */
+       if (PL_regkind[OP(first)] == EXACT) {
+           if (OP(first) == EXACT)
+               NOOP;   /* Empty, get anchored substr later. */
+           else
+               ri->regstclass = first;
+       }
+#ifdef TRIE_STCLASS
+       else if (PL_regkind[OP(first)] == TRIE &&
+               ((reg_trie_data *)ri->data->data[ ARG(first) ])->minlen>0) 
+       {
+           regnode *trie_op;
+           /* this can happen only on restudy */
+           if ( OP(first) == TRIE ) {
+                struct regnode_1 *trieop = (struct regnode_1 *)
+                   PerlMemShared_calloc(1, sizeof(struct regnode_1));
+                StructCopy(first,trieop,struct regnode_1);
+                trie_op=(regnode *)trieop;
+            } else {
+                struct regnode_charclass *trieop = (struct regnode_charclass *)
+                   PerlMemShared_calloc(1, sizeof(struct regnode_charclass));
+                StructCopy(first,trieop,struct regnode_charclass);
+                trie_op=(regnode *)trieop;
+            }
+            OP(trie_op)+=2;
+            make_trie_failtable(pRExC_state, (regnode *)first, trie_op, 0);
+           ri->regstclass = trie_op;
+       }
+#endif
+       else if (REGNODE_SIMPLE(OP(first)))
+           ri->regstclass = first;
+       else if (PL_regkind[OP(first)] == BOUND ||
+                PL_regkind[OP(first)] == NBOUND)
+           ri->regstclass = first;
+       else if (PL_regkind[OP(first)] == BOL) {
+           r->extflags |= (OP(first) == MBOL
+                          ? RXf_ANCH_MBOL
+                          : (OP(first) == SBOL
+                             ? RXf_ANCH_SBOL
+                             : RXf_ANCH_BOL));
+           first = NEXTOPER(first);
+           goto again;
+       }
+       else if (OP(first) == GPOS) {
+           r->extflags |= RXf_ANCH_GPOS;
+           first = NEXTOPER(first);
+           goto again;
+       }
+       else if ((!sawopen || !RExC_sawback) &&
+           (OP(first) == STAR &&
+           PL_regkind[OP(NEXTOPER(first))] == REG_ANY) &&
+           !(r->extflags & RXf_ANCH) && !pRExC_state->num_code_blocks)
+       {
+           /* turn .* into ^.* with an implied $*=1 */
+           const int type =
+               (OP(NEXTOPER(first)) == REG_ANY)
+                   ? RXf_ANCH_MBOL
+                   : RXf_ANCH_SBOL;
+           r->extflags |= type;
+           r->intflags |= PREGf_IMPLICIT;
+           first = NEXTOPER(first);
+           goto again;
+       }
+       if (sawplus && !sawlookahead && (!sawopen || !RExC_sawback)
+           && !pRExC_state->num_code_blocks) /* May examine pos and $& */
+           /* x+ must match at the 1st pos of run of x's */
+           r->intflags |= PREGf_SKIP;
+
+       /* Scan is after the zeroth branch, first is atomic matcher. */
+#ifdef TRIE_STUDY_OPT
+       DEBUG_PARSE_r(
+           if (!restudied)
+               PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log, "first at %"IVdf"\n",
+                             (IV)(first - scan + 1))
+        );
+#else
+       DEBUG_PARSE_r(
+           PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log, "first at %"IVdf"\n",
+               (IV)(first - scan + 1))
+        );
+#endif
+
+
+       /*
+       * If there's something expensive in the r.e., find the
+       * longest literal string that must appear and make it the
+       * regmust.  Resolve ties in favor of later strings, since
+       * the regstart check works with the beginning of the r.e.
+       * and avoiding duplication strengthens checking.  Not a
+       * strong reason, but sufficient in the absence of others.
+       * [Now we resolve ties in favor of the earlier string if
+       * it happens that c_offset_min has been invalidated, since the
+       * earlier string may buy us something the later one won't.]
+       */
+
+       data.longest_fixed = newSVpvs("");
+       data.longest_float = newSVpvs("");
+       data.last_found = newSVpvs("");
+       data.longest = &(data.longest_fixed);
+       ENTER_with_name("study_chunk");
+       SAVEFREESV(data.longest_fixed);
+       SAVEFREESV(data.longest_float);
+       SAVEFREESV(data.last_found);
+       first = scan;
+       if (!ri->regstclass) {
+           cl_init(pRExC_state, &ch_class);
+           data.start_class = &ch_class;
+           stclass_flag = SCF_DO_STCLASS_AND;
+       } else                          /* XXXX Check for BOUND? */
+           stclass_flag = 0;
+       data.last_closep = &last_close;
+        
+       minlen = study_chunk(pRExC_state, &first, &minlen, &fake, scan + RExC_size, /* Up to end */
+            &data, -1, NULL, NULL,
+            SCF_DO_SUBSTR | SCF_WHILEM_VISITED_POS | stclass_flag
+                          | (restudied ? SCF_TRIE_DOING_RESTUDY : 0),
+            0);
+
+
+        CHECK_RESTUDY_GOTO_butfirst(LEAVE_with_name("study_chunk"));
+
+
+       if ( RExC_npar == 1 && data.longest == &(data.longest_fixed)
+            && data.last_start_min == 0 && data.last_end > 0
+            && !RExC_seen_zerolen
+            && !(RExC_seen & REG_SEEN_VERBARG)
+            && (!(RExC_seen & REG_SEEN_GPOS) || (r->extflags & RXf_ANCH_GPOS)))
+           r->extflags |= RXf_CHECK_ALL;
+       scan_commit(pRExC_state, &data,&minlen,0);
+
+       longest_float_length = CHR_SVLEN(data.longest_float);
+
+        if (! ((SvCUR(data.longest_fixed)  /* ok to leave SvCUR */
+                   && data.offset_fixed == data.offset_float_min
+                   && SvCUR(data.longest_fixed) == SvCUR(data.longest_float)))
+            && S_setup_longest (aTHX_ pRExC_state,
+                                    data.longest_float,
+                                    &(r->float_utf8),
+                                    &(r->float_substr),
+                                    &(r->float_end_shift),
+                                    data.lookbehind_float,
+                                    data.offset_float_min,
+                                    data.minlen_float,
+                                    longest_float_length,
+                                    cBOOL(data.flags & SF_FL_BEFORE_EOL),
+                                    cBOOL(data.flags & SF_FL_BEFORE_MEOL)))
+        {
+           r->float_min_offset = data.offset_float_min - data.lookbehind_float;
+           r->float_max_offset = data.offset_float_max;
+           if (data.offset_float_max < I32_MAX) /* Don't offset infinity */
+               r->float_max_offset -= data.lookbehind_float;
+           SvREFCNT_inc_simple_void_NN(data.longest_float);
+       }
+       else {
+           r->float_substr = r->float_utf8 = NULL;
+           longest_float_length = 0;
+       }
+
+       longest_fixed_length = CHR_SVLEN(data.longest_fixed);
+
+        if (S_setup_longest (aTHX_ pRExC_state,
+                                data.longest_fixed,
+                                &(r->anchored_utf8),
+                                &(r->anchored_substr),
+                                &(r->anchored_end_shift),
+                                data.lookbehind_fixed,
+                                data.offset_fixed,
+                                data.minlen_fixed,
+                                longest_fixed_length,
+                                cBOOL(data.flags & SF_FIX_BEFORE_EOL),
+                                cBOOL(data.flags & SF_FIX_BEFORE_MEOL)))
+        {
+           r->anchored_offset = data.offset_fixed - data.lookbehind_fixed;
+           SvREFCNT_inc_simple_void_NN(data.longest_fixed);
+       }
+       else {
+           r->anchored_substr = r->anchored_utf8 = NULL;
+           longest_fixed_length = 0;
+       }
+       LEAVE_with_name("study_chunk");
+
+       if (ri->regstclass
+           && (OP(ri->regstclass) == REG_ANY || OP(ri->regstclass) == SANY))
+           ri->regstclass = NULL;
+
+       if ((!(r->anchored_substr || r->anchored_utf8) || r->anchored_offset)
+           && stclass_flag
+           && ! TEST_SSC_EOS(data.start_class)
+           && !cl_is_anything(data.start_class))
+       {
+           const U32 n = add_data(pRExC_state, 1, "f");
+           OP(data.start_class) = ANYOF_SYNTHETIC;
+
+           Newx(RExC_rxi->data->data[n], 1,
+               struct regnode_charclass_class);
+           StructCopy(data.start_class,
+                      (struct regnode_charclass_class*)RExC_rxi->data->data[n],
+                      struct regnode_charclass_class);
+           ri->regstclass = (regnode*)RExC_rxi->data->data[n];
+           r->intflags &= ~PREGf_SKIP; /* Used in find_byclass(). */
+           DEBUG_COMPILE_r({ SV *sv = sv_newmortal();
+                     regprop(r, sv, (regnode*)data.start_class);
+                     PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log,
+                                   "synthetic stclass \"%s\".\n",
+                                   SvPVX_const(sv));});
+       }
+
+       /* A temporary algorithm prefers floated substr to fixed one to dig more info. */
+       if (longest_fixed_length > longest_float_length) {
+           r->check_end_shift = r->anchored_end_shift;
+           r->check_substr = r->anchored_substr;
+           r->check_utf8 = r->anchored_utf8;
+           r->check_offset_min = r->check_offset_max = r->anchored_offset;
+           if (r->extflags & RXf_ANCH_SINGLE)
+               r->extflags |= RXf_NOSCAN;
+       }
+       else {
+           r->check_end_shift = r->float_end_shift;
+           r->check_substr = r->float_substr;
+           r->check_utf8 = r->float_utf8;
+           r->check_offset_min = r->float_min_offset;
+           r->check_offset_max = r->float_max_offset;
+       }
+       /* XXXX Currently intuiting is not compatible with ANCH_GPOS.
+          This should be changed ASAP!  */
+       if ((r->check_substr || r->check_utf8) && !(r->extflags & RXf_ANCH_GPOS)) {
+           r->extflags |= RXf_USE_INTUIT;
+           if (SvTAIL(r->check_substr ? r->check_substr : r->check_utf8))
+               r->extflags |= RXf_INTUIT_TAIL;
+       }
+       /* XXX Unneeded? dmq (shouldn't as this is handled elsewhere)
+       if ( (STRLEN)minlen < longest_float_length )
+            minlen= longest_float_length;
+        if ( (STRLEN)minlen < longest_fixed_length )
+            minlen= longest_fixed_length;     
+        */
+    }
+    else {
+       /* Several toplevels. Best we can is to set minlen. */
+       I32 fake;
+       struct regnode_charclass_class ch_class;
+       I32 last_close = 0;
+
+       DEBUG_PARSE_r(PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log, "\nMulti Top Level\n"));
+
+       scan = ri->program + 1;
+       cl_init(pRExC_state, &ch_class);
+       data.start_class = &ch_class;
+       data.last_closep = &last_close;
+
+        
+       minlen = study_chunk(pRExC_state, &scan, &minlen, &fake, scan + RExC_size,
+           &data, -1, NULL, NULL,
+            SCF_DO_STCLASS_AND|SCF_WHILEM_VISITED_POS
+                              |(restudied ? SCF_TRIE_DOING_RESTUDY : 0),
+            0);
+        
+        CHECK_RESTUDY_GOTO_butfirst(NOOP);
+
+       r->check_substr = r->check_utf8 = r->anchored_substr = r->anchored_utf8
+               = r->float_substr = r->float_utf8 = NULL;
+
+       if (! TEST_SSC_EOS(data.start_class)
+           && !cl_is_anything(data.start_class))
+       {
+           const U32 n = add_data(pRExC_state, 1, "f");
+           OP(data.start_class) = ANYOF_SYNTHETIC;
+
+           Newx(RExC_rxi->data->data[n], 1,
+               struct regnode_charclass_class);
+           StructCopy(data.start_class,
+                      (struct regnode_charclass_class*)RExC_rxi->data->data[n],
+                      struct regnode_charclass_class);
+           ri->regstclass = (regnode*)RExC_rxi->data->data[n];
+           r->intflags &= ~PREGf_SKIP; /* Used in find_byclass(). */
+           DEBUG_COMPILE_r({ SV* sv = sv_newmortal();
+                     regprop(r, sv, (regnode*)data.start_class);
+                     PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log,
+                                   "synthetic stclass \"%s\".\n",
+                                   SvPVX_const(sv));});
+       }
+    }
+
+    /* Guard against an embedded (?=) or (?<=) with a longer minlen than
+       the "real" pattern. */
+    DEBUG_OPTIMISE_r({
+       PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log,"minlen: %"IVdf" r->minlen:%"IVdf"\n",
+                     (IV)minlen, (IV)r->minlen);
+    });
+    r->minlenret = minlen;
+    if (r->minlen < minlen) 
+        r->minlen = minlen;
+    
+    if (RExC_seen & REG_SEEN_GPOS)
+       r->extflags |= RXf_GPOS_SEEN;
+    if (RExC_seen & REG_SEEN_LOOKBEHIND)
+        r->extflags |= RXf_NO_INPLACE_SUBST; /* inplace might break the lookbehind */
+    if (pRExC_state->num_code_blocks)
+       r->extflags |= RXf_EVAL_SEEN;
+    if (RExC_seen & REG_SEEN_CANY)
+       r->extflags |= RXf_CANY_SEEN;
+    if (RExC_seen & REG_SEEN_VERBARG)
+    {
+       r->intflags |= PREGf_VERBARG_SEEN;
+        r->extflags |= RXf_NO_INPLACE_SUBST; /* don't understand this! Yves */
+    }
+    if (RExC_seen & REG_SEEN_CUTGROUP)
+       r->intflags |= PREGf_CUTGROUP_SEEN;
+    if (pm_flags & PMf_USE_RE_EVAL)
+       r->intflags |= PREGf_USE_RE_EVAL;
+    if (RExC_paren_names)
+        RXp_PAREN_NAMES(r) = MUTABLE_HV(SvREFCNT_inc(RExC_paren_names));
+    else
+        RXp_PAREN_NAMES(r) = NULL;
+
+    {
+        regnode *first = ri->program + 1;
+        U8 fop = OP(first);
+        regnode *next = NEXTOPER(first);
+        U8 nop = OP(next);
+
+        if (PL_regkind[fop] == NOTHING && nop == END)
+            r->extflags |= RXf_NULL;
+        else if (PL_regkind[fop] == BOL && nop == END)
+            r->extflags |= RXf_START_ONLY;
+        else if (fop == PLUS && PL_regkind[nop] == POSIXD && FLAGS(next) == _CC_SPACE && OP(regnext(first)) == END)
+            r->extflags |= RXf_WHITE;
+        else if ( r->extflags & RXf_SPLIT && fop == EXACT && STR_LEN(first) == 1 && *(STRING(first)) == ' ' && OP(regnext(first)) == END )
+            r->extflags |= (RXf_SKIPWHITE|RXf_WHITE);
+
+    }
+#ifdef DEBUGGING
+    if (RExC_paren_names) {
+        ri->name_list_idx = add_data( pRExC_state, 1, "a" );
+        ri->data->data[ri->name_list_idx] = (void*)SvREFCNT_inc(RExC_paren_name_list);
+    } else
+#endif
+        ri->name_list_idx = 0;
+
+    if (RExC_recurse_count) {
+        for ( ; RExC_recurse_count ; RExC_recurse_count-- ) {
+            const regnode *scan = RExC_recurse[RExC_recurse_count-1];
+            ARG2L_SET( scan, RExC_open_parens[ARG(scan)-1] - scan );
+        }
+    }
+    Newxz(r->offs, RExC_npar, regexp_paren_pair);
+    /* assume we don't need to swap parens around before we match */
+
+    DEBUG_DUMP_r({
+        PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log,"Final program:\n");
+        regdump(r);
+    });
+#ifdef RE_TRACK_PATTERN_OFFSETS
+    DEBUG_OFFSETS_r(if (ri->u.offsets) {
+        const U32 len = ri->u.offsets[0];
+        U32 i;
+        GET_RE_DEBUG_FLAGS_DECL;
+        PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log, "Offsets: [%"UVuf"]\n\t", (UV)ri->u.offsets[0]);
+        for (i = 1; i <= len; i++) {
+            if (ri->u.offsets[i*2-1] || ri->u.offsets[i*2])
+                PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log, "%"UVuf":%"UVuf"[%"UVuf"] ",
+                (UV)i, (UV)ri->u.offsets[i*2-1], (UV)ri->u.offsets[i*2]);
+            }
+        PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log, "\n");
+    });
+#endif
+
+#ifdef USE_ITHREADS
+    /* under ithreads the ?pat? PMf_USED flag on the pmop is simulated
+     * by setting the regexp SV to readonly-only instead. If the
+     * pattern's been recompiled, the USEDness should remain. */
+    if (old_re && SvREADONLY(old_re))
+        SvREADONLY_on(rx);
+#endif
+    return rx;
+}
+
+
+SV*
+Perl_reg_named_buff(pTHX_ REGEXP * const rx, SV * const key, SV * const value,
+                    const U32 flags)
+{
+    PERL_ARGS_ASSERT_REG_NAMED_BUFF;
+
+    PERL_UNUSED_ARG(value);
+
+    if (flags & RXapif_FETCH) {
+        return reg_named_buff_fetch(rx, key, flags);
+    } else if (flags & (RXapif_STORE | RXapif_DELETE | RXapif_CLEAR)) {
+        Perl_croak_no_modify();
+        return NULL;
+    } else if (flags & RXapif_EXISTS) {
+        return reg_named_buff_exists(rx, key, flags)
+            ? &PL_sv_yes
+            : &PL_sv_no;
+    } else if (flags & RXapif_REGNAMES) {
+        return reg_named_buff_all(rx, flags);
+    } else if (flags & (RXapif_SCALAR | RXapif_REGNAMES_COUNT)) {
+        return reg_named_buff_scalar(rx, flags);
+    } else {
+        Perl_croak(aTHX_ "panic: Unknown flags %d in named_buff", (int)flags);
+        return NULL;
+    }
+}
+
+SV*
+Perl_reg_named_buff_iter(pTHX_ REGEXP * const rx, const SV * const lastkey,
+                         const U32 flags)
+{
+    PERL_ARGS_ASSERT_REG_NAMED_BUFF_ITER;
+    PERL_UNUSED_ARG(lastkey);
+
+    if (flags & RXapif_FIRSTKEY)
+        return reg_named_buff_firstkey(rx, flags);
+    else if (flags & RXapif_NEXTKEY)
+        return reg_named_buff_nextkey(rx, flags);
+    else {
+        Perl_croak(aTHX_ "panic: Unknown flags %d in named_buff_iter", (int)flags);
+        return NULL;
+    }
+}
+
+SV*
+Perl_reg_named_buff_fetch(pTHX_ REGEXP * const r, SV * const namesv,
+                         const U32 flags)
+{
+    AV *retarray = NULL;
+    SV *ret;
+    struct regexp *const rx = ReANY(r);
+
+    PERL_ARGS_ASSERT_REG_NAMED_BUFF_FETCH;
+
+    if (flags & RXapif_ALL)
+        retarray=newAV();
+
+    if (rx && RXp_PAREN_NAMES(rx)) {
+        HE *he_str = hv_fetch_ent( RXp_PAREN_NAMES(rx), namesv, 0, 0 );
+        if (he_str) {
+            IV i;
+            SV* sv_dat=HeVAL(he_str);
+            I32 *nums=(I32*)SvPVX(sv_dat);
+            for ( i=0; i<SvIVX(sv_dat); i++ ) {
+                if ((I32)(rx->nparens) >= nums[i]
+                    && rx->offs[nums[i]].start != -1
+                    && rx->offs[nums[i]].end != -1)
+                {
+                    ret = newSVpvs("");
+                    CALLREG_NUMBUF_FETCH(r,nums[i],ret);
+                    if (!retarray)
+                        return ret;
+                } else {
+                    if (retarray)
+                        ret = newSVsv(&PL_sv_undef);
+                }
+                if (retarray)
+                    av_push(retarray, ret);
+            }
+            if (retarray)
+                return newRV_noinc(MUTABLE_SV(retarray));
+        }
+    }
+    return NULL;
+}
+
+bool
+Perl_reg_named_buff_exists(pTHX_ REGEXP * const r, SV * const key,
+                           const U32 flags)
+{
+    struct regexp *const rx = ReANY(r);
+
+    PERL_ARGS_ASSERT_REG_NAMED_BUFF_EXISTS;
+
+    if (rx && RXp_PAREN_NAMES(rx)) {
+        if (flags & RXapif_ALL) {
+            return hv_exists_ent(RXp_PAREN_NAMES(rx), key, 0);
+        } else {
+           SV *sv = CALLREG_NAMED_BUFF_FETCH(r, key, flags);
+            if (sv) {
+               SvREFCNT_dec_NN(sv);
+                return TRUE;
+            } else {
+                return FALSE;
+            }
+        }
+    } else {
+        return FALSE;
+    }
+}
+
+SV*
+Perl_reg_named_buff_firstkey(pTHX_ REGEXP * const r, const U32 flags)
+{
+    struct regexp *const rx = ReANY(r);
+
+    PERL_ARGS_ASSERT_REG_NAMED_BUFF_FIRSTKEY;
+
+    if ( rx && RXp_PAREN_NAMES(rx) ) {
+       (void)hv_iterinit(RXp_PAREN_NAMES(rx));
+
+       return CALLREG_NAMED_BUFF_NEXTKEY(r, NULL, flags & ~RXapif_FIRSTKEY);
+    } else {
+       return FALSE;
+    }
+}
+
+SV*
+Perl_reg_named_buff_nextkey(pTHX_ REGEXP * const r, const U32 flags)
+{
+    struct regexp *const rx = ReANY(r);
+    GET_RE_DEBUG_FLAGS_DECL;
+
+    PERL_ARGS_ASSERT_REG_NAMED_BUFF_NEXTKEY;
+
+    if (rx && RXp_PAREN_NAMES(rx)) {
+        HV *hv = RXp_PAREN_NAMES(rx);
+        HE *temphe;
+        while ( (temphe = hv_iternext_flags(hv,0)) ) {
+            IV i;
+            IV parno = 0;
+            SV* sv_dat = HeVAL(temphe);
+            I32 *nums = (I32*)SvPVX(sv_dat);
+            for ( i = 0; i < SvIVX(sv_dat); i++ ) {
+                if ((I32)(rx->lastparen) >= nums[i] &&
+                    rx->offs[nums[i]].start != -1 &&
+                    rx->offs[nums[i]].end != -1)
+                {
+                    parno = nums[i];
+                    break;
+                }
+            }
+            if (parno || flags & RXapif_ALL) {
+               return newSVhek(HeKEY_hek(temphe));
+            }
+        }
+    }
+    return NULL;
+}
+
+SV*
+Perl_reg_named_buff_scalar(pTHX_ REGEXP * const r, const U32 flags)
+{
+    SV *ret;
+    AV *av;
+    I32 length;
+    struct regexp *const rx = ReANY(r);
+
+    PERL_ARGS_ASSERT_REG_NAMED_BUFF_SCALAR;
+
+    if (rx && RXp_PAREN_NAMES(rx)) {
+        if (flags & (RXapif_ALL | RXapif_REGNAMES_COUNT)) {
+            return newSViv(HvTOTALKEYS(RXp_PAREN_NAMES(rx)));
+        } else if (flags & RXapif_ONE) {
+            ret = CALLREG_NAMED_BUFF_ALL(r, (flags | RXapif_REGNAMES));
+            av = MUTABLE_AV(SvRV(ret));
+            length = av_len(av);
+           SvREFCNT_dec_NN(ret);
+            return newSViv(length + 1);
+        } else {
+            Perl_croak(aTHX_ "panic: Unknown flags %d in named_buff_scalar", (int)flags);
+            return NULL;
+        }
+    }
+    return &PL_sv_undef;
+}
+
+SV*
+Perl_reg_named_buff_all(pTHX_ REGEXP * const r, const U32 flags)
+{
+    struct regexp *const rx = ReANY(r);
+    AV *av = newAV();
+
+    PERL_ARGS_ASSERT_REG_NAMED_BUFF_ALL;
+
+    if (rx && RXp_PAREN_NAMES(rx)) {
+        HV *hv= RXp_PAREN_NAMES(rx);
+        HE *temphe;
+        (void)hv_iterinit(hv);
+        while ( (temphe = hv_iternext_flags(hv,0)) ) {
+            IV i;
+            IV parno = 0;
+            SV* sv_dat = HeVAL(temphe);
+            I32 *nums = (I32*)SvPVX(sv_dat);
+            for ( i = 0; i < SvIVX(sv_dat); i++ ) {
+                if ((I32)(rx->lastparen) >= nums[i] &&
+                    rx->offs[nums[i]].start != -1 &&
+                    rx->offs[nums[i]].end != -1)
+                {
+                    parno = nums[i];
+                    break;
+                }
+            }
+            if (parno || flags & RXapif_ALL) {
+                av_push(av, newSVhek(HeKEY_hek(temphe)));
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    return newRV_noinc(MUTABLE_SV(av));
+}
+
+void
+Perl_reg_numbered_buff_fetch(pTHX_ REGEXP * const r, const I32 paren,
+                            SV * const sv)
+{
+    struct regexp *const rx = ReANY(r);
+    char *s = NULL;
+    I32 i = 0;
+    I32 s1, t1;
+    I32 n = paren;
+
+    PERL_ARGS_ASSERT_REG_NUMBERED_BUFF_FETCH;
+        
+    if ( (    n == RX_BUFF_IDX_CARET_PREMATCH
+           || n == RX_BUFF_IDX_CARET_FULLMATCH
+           || n == RX_BUFF_IDX_CARET_POSTMATCH
+         )
+         && !(rx->extflags & RXf_PMf_KEEPCOPY)
+    )
+        goto ret_undef;
+
+    if (!rx->subbeg)
+        goto ret_undef;
+
+    if (n == RX_BUFF_IDX_CARET_FULLMATCH)
+        /* no need to distinguish between them any more */
+        n = RX_BUFF_IDX_FULLMATCH;
+
+    if ((n == RX_BUFF_IDX_PREMATCH || n == RX_BUFF_IDX_CARET_PREMATCH)
+        && rx->offs[0].start != -1)
+    {
+        /* $`, ${^PREMATCH} */
+       i = rx->offs[0].start;
+       s = rx->subbeg;
+    }
+    else 
+    if ((n == RX_BUFF_IDX_POSTMATCH || n == RX_BUFF_IDX_CARET_POSTMATCH)
+        && rx->offs[0].end != -1)
+    {
+        /* $', ${^POSTMATCH} */
+       s = rx->subbeg - rx->suboffset + rx->offs[0].end;
+       i = rx->sublen + rx->suboffset - rx->offs[0].end;
+    } 
+    else
+    if ( 0 <= n && n <= (I32)rx->nparens &&
+        (s1 = rx->offs[n].start) != -1 &&
+        (t1 = rx->offs[n].end) != -1)
+    {
+        /* $&, ${^MATCH},  $1 ... */
+        i = t1 - s1;
+        s = rx->subbeg + s1 - rx->suboffset;
+    } else {
+        goto ret_undef;
+    }          
+
+    assert(s >= rx->subbeg);
+    assert(rx->sublen >= (s - rx->subbeg) + i );
+    if (i >= 0) {
+#if NO_TAINT_SUPPORT
+        sv_setpvn(sv, s, i);
+#else
+        const int oldtainted = TAINT_get;
+        TAINT_NOT;
+        sv_setpvn(sv, s, i);
+        TAINT_set(oldtainted);
+#endif
+        if ( (rx->extflags & RXf_CANY_SEEN)
+            ? (RXp_MATCH_UTF8(rx)
+                        && (!i || is_utf8_string((U8*)s, i)))
+            : (RXp_MATCH_UTF8(rx)) )
+        {
+            SvUTF8_on(sv);
+        }
+        else
+            SvUTF8_off(sv);
+        if (TAINTING_get) {
+            if (RXp_MATCH_TAINTED(rx)) {
+                if (SvTYPE(sv) >= SVt_PVMG) {
+                    MAGIC* const mg = SvMAGIC(sv);
+                    MAGIC* mgt;
+                    TAINT;
+                    SvMAGIC_set(sv, mg->mg_moremagic);
+                    SvTAINT(sv);
+                    if ((mgt = SvMAGIC(sv))) {
+                        mg->mg_moremagic = mgt;
+                        SvMAGIC_set(sv, mg);
+                    }
+                } else {
+                    TAINT;
+                    SvTAINT(sv);
+                }
+            } else 
+                SvTAINTED_off(sv);
+        }
+    } else {
+      ret_undef:
+        sv_setsv(sv,&PL_sv_undef);
+        return;
+    }
+}
+
+void
+Perl_reg_numbered_buff_store(pTHX_ REGEXP * const rx, const I32 paren,
+                                                        SV const * const value)
+{
+    PERL_ARGS_ASSERT_REG_NUMBERED_BUFF_STORE;
+
+    PERL_UNUSED_ARG(rx);
+    PERL_UNUSED_ARG(paren);
+    PERL_UNUSED_ARG(value);
+
+    if (!PL_localizing)
+        Perl_croak_no_modify();
+}
+
+I32
+Perl_reg_numbered_buff_length(pTHX_ REGEXP * const r, const SV * const sv,
+                              const I32 paren)
+{
+    struct regexp *const rx = ReANY(r);
+    I32 i;
+    I32 s1, t1;
+
+    PERL_ARGS_ASSERT_REG_NUMBERED_BUFF_LENGTH;
+
+    /* Some of this code was originally in C<Perl_magic_len> in F<mg.c> */
+    switch (paren) {
+      case RX_BUFF_IDX_CARET_PREMATCH: /* ${^PREMATCH} */
+         if (!(rx->extflags & RXf_PMf_KEEPCOPY))
+            goto warn_undef;
+        /*FALLTHROUGH*/
+
+      case RX_BUFF_IDX_PREMATCH:       /* $` */
+        if (rx->offs[0].start != -1) {
+                       i = rx->offs[0].start;
+                       if (i > 0) {
+                               s1 = 0;
+                               t1 = i;
+                               goto getlen;
+                       }
+           }
+        return 0;
+
+      case RX_BUFF_IDX_CARET_POSTMATCH: /* ${^POSTMATCH} */
+         if (!(rx->extflags & RXf_PMf_KEEPCOPY))
+            goto warn_undef;
+      case RX_BUFF_IDX_POSTMATCH:       /* $' */
+           if (rx->offs[0].end != -1) {
+                       i = rx->sublen - rx->offs[0].end;
+                       if (i > 0) {
+                               s1 = rx->offs[0].end;
+                               t1 = rx->sublen;
+                               goto getlen;
+                       }
+           }
+        return 0;
+
+      case RX_BUFF_IDX_CARET_FULLMATCH: /* ${^MATCH} */
+         if (!(rx->extflags & RXf_PMf_KEEPCOPY))
+            goto warn_undef;
+        /*FALLTHROUGH*/
+
+      /* $& / ${^MATCH}, $1, $2, ... */
+      default:
+           if (paren <= (I32)rx->nparens &&
+            (s1 = rx->offs[paren].start) != -1 &&
+            (t1 = rx->offs[paren].end) != -1)
+           {
+            i = t1 - s1;
+            goto getlen;
+        } else {
+          warn_undef:
+            if (ckWARN(WARN_UNINITIALIZED))
+                report_uninit((const SV *)sv);
+            return 0;
+        }
+    }
+  getlen:
+    if (i > 0 && RXp_MATCH_UTF8(rx)) {
+        const char * const s = rx->subbeg - rx->suboffset + s1;
+        const U8 *ep;
+        STRLEN el;
+
+        i = t1 - s1;
+        if (is_utf8_string_loclen((U8*)s, i, &ep, &el))
+                       i = el;
+    }
+    return i;
+}
+
+SV*
+Perl_reg_qr_package(pTHX_ REGEXP * const rx)
+{
+    PERL_ARGS_ASSERT_REG_QR_PACKAGE;
+       PERL_UNUSED_ARG(rx);
+       if (0)
+           return NULL;
+       else
+           return newSVpvs("Regexp");
+}
+
+/* Scans the name of a named buffer from the pattern.
+ * If flags is REG_RSN_RETURN_NULL returns null.
+ * If flags is REG_RSN_RETURN_NAME returns an SV* containing the name
+ * If flags is REG_RSN_RETURN_DATA returns the data SV* corresponding
+ * to the parsed name as looked up in the RExC_paren_names hash.
+ * If there is an error throws a vFAIL().. type exception.
+ */
+
+#define REG_RSN_RETURN_NULL    0
+#define REG_RSN_RETURN_NAME    1
+#define REG_RSN_RETURN_DATA    2
+
+STATIC SV*
+S_reg_scan_name(pTHX_ RExC_state_t *pRExC_state, U32 flags)
+{
+    char *name_start = RExC_parse;
+
+    PERL_ARGS_ASSERT_REG_SCAN_NAME;
+
+    if (isIDFIRST_lazy_if(RExC_parse, UTF)) {
+        /* skip IDFIRST by using do...while */
+       if (UTF)
+           do {
+               RExC_parse += UTF8SKIP(RExC_parse);
+           } while (isWORDCHAR_utf8((U8*)RExC_parse));
+       else
+           do {
+               RExC_parse++;
+           } while (isWORDCHAR(*RExC_parse));
+    } else {
+       RExC_parse++; /* so the <- from the vFAIL is after the offending character */
+        vFAIL("Group name must start with a non-digit word character");
+    }
+    if ( flags ) {
+        SV* sv_name
+           = newSVpvn_flags(name_start, (int)(RExC_parse - name_start),
+                            SVs_TEMP | (UTF ? SVf_UTF8 : 0));
+        if ( flags == REG_RSN_RETURN_NAME)
+            return sv_name;
+        else if (flags==REG_RSN_RETURN_DATA) {
+            HE *he_str = NULL;
+            SV *sv_dat = NULL;
+            if ( ! sv_name )      /* should not happen*/
+                Perl_croak(aTHX_ "panic: no svname in reg_scan_name");
+            if (RExC_paren_names)
+                he_str = hv_fetch_ent( RExC_paren_names, sv_name, 0, 0 );
+            if ( he_str )
+                sv_dat = HeVAL(he_str);
+            if ( ! sv_dat )
+                vFAIL("Reference to nonexistent named group");
+            return sv_dat;
+        }
+        else {
+            Perl_croak(aTHX_ "panic: bad flag %lx in reg_scan_name",
+                      (unsigned long) flags);
+        }
+        assert(0); /* NOT REACHED */
+    }
+    return NULL;
+}
+
+#define DEBUG_PARSE_MSG(funcname)     DEBUG_PARSE_r({           \
+    int rem=(int)(RExC_end - RExC_parse);                       \
+    int cut;                                                    \
+    int num;                                                    \
+    int iscut=0;                                                \
+    if (rem>10) {                                               \
+        rem=10;                                                 \
+        iscut=1;                                                \
+    }                                                           \
+    cut=10-rem;                                                 \
+    if (RExC_lastparse!=RExC_parse)                             \
+        PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log," >%.*s%-*s",              \
+            rem, RExC_parse,                                    \
+            cut + 4,                                            \
+            iscut ? "..." : "<"                                 \
+        );                                                      \
+    else                                                        \
+        PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log,"%16s","");                \
+                                                                \
+    if (SIZE_ONLY)                                              \
+       num = RExC_size + 1;                                     \
+    else                                                        \
+       num=REG_NODE_NUM(RExC_emit);                             \
+    if (RExC_lastnum!=num)                                      \
+       PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log,"|%4d",num);                \
+    else                                                        \
+       PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log,"|%4s","");                 \
+    PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log,"|%*s%-4s",                    \
+        (int)((depth*2)), "",                                   \
+        (funcname)                                              \
+    );                                                          \
+    RExC_lastnum=num;                                           \
+    RExC_lastparse=RExC_parse;                                  \
+})
+
+
+
+#define DEBUG_PARSE(funcname)     DEBUG_PARSE_r({           \
+    DEBUG_PARSE_MSG((funcname));                            \
+    PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log,"%4s","\n");               \
+})
+#define DEBUG_PARSE_FMT(funcname,fmt,args)     DEBUG_PARSE_r({           \
+    DEBUG_PARSE_MSG((funcname));                            \
+    PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log,fmt "\n",args);               \
+})
+
+/* This section of code defines the inversion list object and its methods.  The
+ * interfaces are highly subject to change, so as much as possible is static to
+ * this file.  An inversion list is here implemented as a malloc'd C UV array
+ * with some added info that is placed as UVs at the beginning in a header
+ * portion.  An inversion list for Unicode is an array of code points, sorted
+ * by ordinal number.  The zeroth element is the first code point in the list.
+ * The 1th element is the first element beyond that not in the list.  In other
+ * words, the first range is
+ *  invlist[0]..(invlist[1]-1)
+ * The other ranges follow.  Thus every element whose index is divisible by two
+ * marks the beginning of a range that is in the list, and every element not
+ * divisible by two marks the beginning of a range not in the list.  A single
+ * element inversion list that contains the single code point N generally
+ * consists of two elements
+ *  invlist[0] == N
+ *  invlist[1] == N+1
+ * (The exception is when N is the highest representable value on the
+ * machine, in which case the list containing just it would be a single
+ * element, itself.  By extension, if the last range in the list extends to
+ * infinity, then the first element of that range will be in the inversion list
+ * at a position that is divisible by two, and is the final element in the
+ * list.)
+ * Taking the complement (inverting) an inversion list is quite simple, if the
+ * first element is 0, remove it; otherwise add a 0 element at the beginning.
+ * This implementation reserves an element at the beginning of each inversion
+ * list to contain 0 when the list contains 0, and contains 1 otherwise.  The
+ * actual beginning of the list is either that element if 0, or the next one if
+ * 1.
+ *
+ * More about inversion lists can be found in "Unicode Demystified"
+ * Chapter 13 by Richard Gillam, published by Addison-Wesley.
+ * More will be coming when functionality is added later.
+ *
+ * The inversion list data structure is currently implemented as an SV pointing
+ * to an array of UVs that the SV thinks are bytes.  This allows us to have an
+ * array of UV whose memory management is automatically handled by the existing
+ * facilities for SV's.
+ *
+ * Some of the methods should always be private to the implementation, and some
+ * should eventually be made public */
+
+/* The header definitions are in F<inline_invlist.c> */
+#define TO_INTERNAL_SIZE(x) (((x) + HEADER_LENGTH) * sizeof(UV))
+#define FROM_INTERNAL_SIZE(x) (((x)/ sizeof(UV)) - HEADER_LENGTH)
+
+#define INVLIST_INITIAL_LEN 10
+
+PERL_STATIC_INLINE UV*
+S__invlist_array_init(pTHX_ SV* const invlist, const bool will_have_0)
+{
+    /* Returns a pointer to the first element in the inversion list's array.
+     * This is called upon initialization of an inversion list.  Where the
+     * array begins depends on whether the list has the code point U+0000
+     * in it or not.  The other parameter tells it whether the code that
+     * follows this call is about to put a 0 in the inversion list or not.
+     * The first element is either the element with 0, if 0, or the next one,
+     * if 1 */
+
+    UV* zero = get_invlist_zero_addr(invlist);
+
+    PERL_ARGS_ASSERT__INVLIST_ARRAY_INIT;
+
+    /* Must be empty */
+    assert(! *_get_invlist_len_addr(invlist));
+
+    /* 1^1 = 0; 1^0 = 1 */
+    *zero = 1 ^ will_have_0;
+    return zero + *zero;
+}
+
+PERL_STATIC_INLINE UV*
+S_invlist_array(pTHX_ SV* const invlist)
+{
+    /* Returns the pointer to the inversion list's array.  Every time the
+     * length changes, this needs to be called in case malloc or realloc moved
+     * it */
+
+    PERL_ARGS_ASSERT_INVLIST_ARRAY;
+
+    /* Must not be empty.  If these fail, you probably didn't check for <len>
+     * being non-zero before trying to get the array */
+    assert(*_get_invlist_len_addr(invlist));
+    assert(*get_invlist_zero_addr(invlist) == 0
+          || *get_invlist_zero_addr(invlist) == 1);
+
+    /* The array begins either at the element reserved for zero if the
+     * list contains 0 (that element will be set to 0), or otherwise the next
+     * element (in which case the reserved element will be set to 1). */
+    return (UV *) (get_invlist_zero_addr(invlist)
+                  + *get_invlist_zero_addr(invlist));
+}
+
+PERL_STATIC_INLINE void
+S_invlist_set_len(pTHX_ SV* const invlist, const UV len)
+{
+    /* Sets the current number of elements stored in the inversion list */
+
+    PERL_ARGS_ASSERT_INVLIST_SET_LEN;
+
+    *_get_invlist_len_addr(invlist) = len;
+
+    assert(len <= SvLEN(invlist));
+
+    SvCUR_set(invlist, TO_INTERNAL_SIZE(len));
+    /* If the list contains U+0000, that element is part of the header,
+     * and should not be counted as part of the array.  It will contain
+     * 0 in that case, and 1 otherwise.  So we could flop 0=>1, 1=>0 and
+     * subtract:
+     * SvCUR_set(invlist,
+     *           TO_INTERNAL_SIZE(len
+     *                            - (*get_invlist_zero_addr(inv_list) ^ 1)));
+     * But, this is only valid if len is not 0.  The consequences of not doing
+     * this is that the memory allocation code may think that 1 more UV is
+     * being used than actually is, and so might do an unnecessary grow.  That
+     * seems worth not bothering to make this the precise amount.
+     *
+     * Note that when inverting, SvCUR shouldn't change */
+}
+
+PERL_STATIC_INLINE IV*
+S_get_invlist_previous_index_addr(pTHX_ SV* invlist)
+{
+    /* Return the address of the UV that is reserved to hold the cached index
+     * */
+
+    PERL_ARGS_ASSERT_GET_INVLIST_PREVIOUS_INDEX_ADDR;
+
+    return (IV *) (SvPVX(invlist) + (INVLIST_PREVIOUS_INDEX_OFFSET * sizeof (UV)));
+}
+
+PERL_STATIC_INLINE IV
+S_invlist_previous_index(pTHX_ SV* const invlist)
+{
+    /* Returns cached index of previous search */
+
+    PERL_ARGS_ASSERT_INVLIST_PREVIOUS_INDEX;
+
+    return *get_invlist_previous_index_addr(invlist);
+}
+
+PERL_STATIC_INLINE void
+S_invlist_set_previous_index(pTHX_ SV* const invlist, const IV index)
+{
+    /* Caches <index> for later retrieval */
+
+    PERL_ARGS_ASSERT_INVLIST_SET_PREVIOUS_INDEX;
+
+    assert(index == 0 || index < (int) _invlist_len(invlist));
+
+    *get_invlist_previous_index_addr(invlist) = index;
+}
+
+PERL_STATIC_INLINE UV
+S_invlist_max(pTHX_ SV* const invlist)
+{
+    /* Returns the maximum number of elements storable in the inversion list's
+     * array, without having to realloc() */
+
+    PERL_ARGS_ASSERT_INVLIST_MAX;
+
+    return SvLEN(invlist) == 0  /* This happens under _new_invlist_C_array */
+           ? _invlist_len(invlist)
+           : FROM_INTERNAL_SIZE(SvLEN(invlist));
+}
+
+PERL_STATIC_INLINE UV*
+S_get_invlist_zero_addr(pTHX_ SV* invlist)
+{
+    /* Return the address of the UV that is reserved to hold 0 if the inversion
+     * list contains 0.  This has to be the last element of the heading, as the
+     * list proper starts with either it if 0, or the next element if not.
+     * (But we force it to contain either 0 or 1) */
+
+    PERL_ARGS_ASSERT_GET_INVLIST_ZERO_ADDR;
+
+    return (UV *) (SvPVX(invlist) + (INVLIST_ZERO_OFFSET * sizeof (UV)));
+}
+
+#ifndef PERL_IN_XSUB_RE
+SV*
+Perl__new_invlist(pTHX_ IV initial_size)
+{
+
+    /* Return a pointer to a newly constructed inversion list, with enough
+     * space to store 'initial_size' elements.  If that number is negative, a
+     * system default is used instead */
+
+    SV* new_list;
+
+    if (initial_size < 0) {
+       initial_size = INVLIST_INITIAL_LEN;
+    }
+
+    /* Allocate the initial space */
+    new_list = newSV(TO_INTERNAL_SIZE(initial_size));
+    invlist_set_len(new_list, 0);
+
+    /* Force iterinit() to be used to get iteration to work */
+    *get_invlist_iter_addr(new_list) = UV_MAX;
+
+    /* This should force a segfault if a method doesn't initialize this
+     * properly */
+    *get_invlist_zero_addr(new_list) = UV_MAX;
+
+    *get_invlist_previous_index_addr(new_list) = 0;
+    *get_invlist_version_id_addr(new_list) = INVLIST_VERSION_ID;
+#if HEADER_LENGTH != 5
+#   error Need to regenerate INVLIST_VERSION_ID by running perl -E 'say int(rand 2**31-1)', and then changing the #if to the new length
+#endif
+
+    return new_list;
+}
+#endif
+
+STATIC SV*
+S__new_invlist_C_array(pTHX_ UV* list)
+{
+    /* Return a pointer to a newly constructed inversion list, initialized to
+     * point to <list>, which has to be in the exact correct inversion list
+     * form, including internal fields.  Thus this is a dangerous routine that
+     * should not be used in the wrong hands */
+
+    SV* invlist = newSV_type(SVt_PV);
+
+    PERL_ARGS_ASSERT__NEW_INVLIST_C_ARRAY;
+
+    SvPV_set(invlist, (char *) list);
+    SvLEN_set(invlist, 0);  /* Means we own the contents, and the system
+                              shouldn't touch it */
+    SvCUR_set(invlist, TO_INTERNAL_SIZE(_invlist_len(invlist)));
+
+    if (*get_invlist_version_id_addr(invlist) != INVLIST_VERSION_ID) {
+        Perl_croak(aTHX_ "panic: Incorrect version for previously generated inversion list");
+    }
+
+    /* Initialize the iteration pointer.
+     * XXX This could be done at compile time in charclass_invlists.h, but I
+     * (khw) am not confident that the suffixes for specifying the C constant
+     * UV_MAX are portable, e.g.  'ull' on a 32 bit machine that is configured
+     * to use 64 bits; might need a Configure probe */
+    invlist_iterfinish(invlist);
+
+    return invlist;
+}
+
+STATIC void
+S_invlist_extend(pTHX_ SV* const invlist, const UV new_max)
+{
+    /* Grow the maximum size of an inversion list */
+
+    PERL_ARGS_ASSERT_INVLIST_EXTEND;
+
+    SvGROW((SV *)invlist, TO_INTERNAL_SIZE(new_max));
+}
+
+PERL_STATIC_INLINE void
+S_invlist_trim(pTHX_ SV* const invlist)
+{
+    PERL_ARGS_ASSERT_INVLIST_TRIM;
+
+    /* Change the length of the inversion list to how many entries it currently
+     * has */
+
+    SvPV_shrink_to_cur((SV *) invlist);
+}
+
+#define _invlist_union_complement_2nd(a, b, output) _invlist_union_maybe_complement_2nd(a, b, TRUE, output)
+
+STATIC void
+S__append_range_to_invlist(pTHX_ SV* const invlist, const UV start, const UV end)
+{
+   /* Subject to change or removal.  Append the range from 'start' to 'end' at
+    * the end of the inversion list.  The range must be above any existing
+    * ones. */
+
+    UV* array;
+    UV max = invlist_max(invlist);
+    UV len = _invlist_len(invlist);
+
+    PERL_ARGS_ASSERT__APPEND_RANGE_TO_INVLIST;
+
+    if (len == 0) { /* Empty lists must be initialized */
+        array = _invlist_array_init(invlist, start == 0);
+    }
+    else {
+       /* Here, the existing list is non-empty. The current max entry in the
+        * list is generally the first value not in the set, except when the
+        * set extends to the end of permissible values, in which case it is
+        * the first entry in that final set, and so this call is an attempt to
+        * append out-of-order */
+
+       UV final_element = len - 1;
+       array = invlist_array(invlist);
+       if (array[final_element] > start
+           || ELEMENT_RANGE_MATCHES_INVLIST(final_element))
+       {
+           Perl_croak(aTHX_ "panic: attempting to append to an inversion list, but wasn't at the end of the list, final=%"UVuf", start=%"UVuf", match=%c",
+                      array[final_element], start,
+                      ELEMENT_RANGE_MATCHES_INVLIST(final_element) ? 't' : 'f');
+       }
+
+       /* Here, it is a legal append.  If the new range begins with the first
+        * value not in the set, it is extending the set, so the new first
+        * value not in the set is one greater than the newly extended range.
+        * */
+       if (array[final_element] == start) {
+           if (end != UV_MAX) {
+               array[final_element] = end + 1;
+           }
+           else {
+               /* But if the end is the maximum representable on the machine,
+                * just let the range that this would extend to have no end */
+               invlist_set_len(invlist, len - 1);
+           }
+           return;
+       }
+    }
+
+    /* Here the new range doesn't extend any existing set.  Add it */
+
+    len += 2;  /* Includes an element each for the start and end of range */
+
+    /* If overflows the existing space, extend, which may cause the array to be
+     * moved */
+    if (max < len) {
+       invlist_extend(invlist, len);
+       invlist_set_len(invlist, len);  /* Have to set len here to avoid assert
+                                          failure in invlist_array() */
+       array = invlist_array(invlist);
+    }
+    else {
+       invlist_set_len(invlist, len);
+    }
+
+    /* The next item on the list starts the range, the one after that is
+     * one past the new range.  */
+    array[len - 2] = start;
+    if (end != UV_MAX) {
+       array[len - 1] = end + 1;
+    }
+    else {
+       /* But if the end is the maximum representable on the machine, just let
+        * the range have no end */
+       invlist_set_len(invlist, len - 1);
+    }
+}
+
+#ifndef PERL_IN_XSUB_RE
+
+IV
+Perl__invlist_search(pTHX_ SV* const invlist, const UV cp)
+{
+    /* Searches the inversion list for the entry that contains the input code
+     * point <cp>.  If <cp> is not in the list, -1 is returned.  Otherwise, the
+     * return value is the index into the list's array of the range that
+     * contains <cp> */
+
+    IV low = 0;
+    IV mid;
+    IV high = _invlist_len(invlist);
+    const IV highest_element = high - 1;
+    const UV* array;
+
+    PERL_ARGS_ASSERT__INVLIST_SEARCH;
+
+    /* If list is empty, return failure. */
+    if (high == 0) {
+       return -1;
+    }
+
+    /* (We can't get the array unless we know the list is non-empty) */
+    array = invlist_array(invlist);
+
+    mid = invlist_previous_index(invlist);
+    assert(mid >=0 && mid <= highest_element);
+
+    /* <mid> contains the cache of the result of the previous call to this
+     * function (0 the first time).  See if this call is for the same result,
+     * or if it is for mid-1.  This is under the theory that calls to this
+     * function will often be for related code points that are near each other.
+     * And benchmarks show that caching gives better results.  We also test
+     * here if the code point is within the bounds of the list.  These tests
+     * replace others that would have had to be made anyway to make sure that
+     * the array bounds were not exceeded, and these give us extra information
+     * at the same time */
+    if (cp >= array[mid]) {
+        if (cp >= array[highest_element]) {
+            return highest_element;
+        }
+
+        /* Here, array[mid] <= cp < array[highest_element].  This means that
+         * the final element is not the answer, so can exclude it; it also
+         * means that <mid> is not the final element, so can refer to 'mid + 1'
+         * safely */
+        if (cp < array[mid + 1]) {
+            return mid;
+        }
+        high--;
+        low = mid + 1;
+    }
+    else { /* cp < aray[mid] */
+        if (cp < array[0]) { /* Fail if outside the array */
+            return -1;
+        }
+        high = mid;
+        if (cp >= array[mid - 1]) {
+            goto found_entry;
+        }
+    }
+
+    /* Binary search.  What we are looking for is <i> such that
+     * array[i] <= cp < array[i+1]
+     * The loop below converges on the i+1.  Note that there may not be an
+     * (i+1)th element in the array, and things work nonetheless */
+    while (low < high) {
+       mid = (low + high) / 2;
+        assert(mid <= highest_element);
+       if (array[mid] <= cp) { /* cp >= array[mid] */
+           low = mid + 1;
+
+           /* We could do this extra test to exit the loop early.
+           if (cp < array[low]) {
+               return mid;
+           }
+           */
+       }
+       else { /* cp < array[mid] */
+           high = mid;
+       }
+    }
+
+  found_entry:
+    high--;
+    invlist_set_previous_index(invlist, high);
+    return high;
+}
+
+void
+Perl__invlist_populate_swatch(pTHX_ SV* const invlist, const UV start, const UV end, U8* swatch)
+{
+    /* populates a swatch of a swash the same way swatch_get() does in utf8.c,
+     * but is used when the swash has an inversion list.  This makes this much
+     * faster, as it uses a binary search instead of a linear one.  This is
+     * intimately tied to that function, and perhaps should be in utf8.c,
+     * except it is intimately tied to inversion lists as well.  It assumes
+     * that <swatch> is all 0's on input */
+
+    UV current = start;
+    const IV len = _invlist_len(invlist);
+    IV i;
+    const UV * array;
+
+    PERL_ARGS_ASSERT__INVLIST_POPULATE_SWATCH;
+
+    if (len == 0) { /* Empty inversion list */
+        return;
+    }
+
+    array = invlist_array(invlist);
+
+    /* Find which element it is */
+    i = _invlist_search(invlist, start);
+
+    /* We populate from <start> to <end> */
+    while (current < end) {
+        UV upper;
+
+       /* The inversion list gives the results for every possible code point
+        * after the first one in the list.  Only those ranges whose index is
+        * even are ones that the inversion list matches.  For the odd ones,
+        * and if the initial code point is not in the list, we have to skip
+        * forward to the next element */
+        if (i == -1 || ! ELEMENT_RANGE_MATCHES_INVLIST(i)) {
+            i++;
+            if (i >= len) { /* Finished if beyond the end of the array */
+                return;
+            }
+            current = array[i];
+           if (current >= end) {   /* Finished if beyond the end of what we
+                                      are populating */
+                if (LIKELY(end < UV_MAX)) {
+                    return;
+                }
+
+                /* We get here when the upper bound is the maximum
+                 * representable on the machine, and we are looking for just
+                 * that code point.  Have to special case it */
+                i = len;
+                goto join_end_of_list;
+            }
+        }
+        assert(current >= start);
+
+       /* The current range ends one below the next one, except don't go past
+        * <end> */
+        i++;
+        upper = (i < len && array[i] < end) ? array[i] : end;
+
+       /* Here we are in a range that matches.  Populate a bit in the 3-bit U8
+        * for each code point in it */
+        for (; current < upper; current++) {
+            const STRLEN offset = (STRLEN)(current - start);
+            swatch[offset >> 3] |= 1 << (offset & 7);
+        }
+
+    join_end_of_list:
+
+       /* Quit if at the end of the list */
+        if (i >= len) {
+
+           /* But first, have to deal with the highest possible code point on
+            * the platform.  The previous code assumes that <end> is one
+            * beyond where we want to populate, but that is impossible at the
+            * platform's infinity, so have to handle it specially */
+            if (UNLIKELY(end == UV_MAX && ELEMENT_RANGE_MATCHES_INVLIST(len-1)))
+           {
+                const STRLEN offset = (STRLEN)(end - start);
+                swatch[offset >> 3] |= 1 << (offset & 7);
+            }
+            return;
+        }
+
+       /* Advance to the next range, which will be for code points not in the
+        * inversion list */
+        current = array[i];
+    }
+
+    return;
+}
+
+void
+Perl__invlist_union_maybe_complement_2nd(pTHX_ SV* const a, SV* const b, bool complement_b, SV** output)
+{
+    /* Take the union of two inversion lists and point <output> to it.  *output
+     * SHOULD BE DEFINED upon input, and if it points to one of the two lists,
+     * the reference count to that list will be decremented.  The first list,
+     * <a>, may be NULL, in which case a copy of the second list is returned.
+     * If <complement_b> is TRUE, the union is taken of the complement
+     * (inversion) of <b> instead of b itself.
+     *
+     * The basis for this comes from "Unicode Demystified" Chapter 13 by
+     * Richard Gillam, published by Addison-Wesley, and explained at some
+     * length there.  The preface says to incorporate its examples into your
+     * code at your own risk.
+     *
+     * The algorithm is like a merge sort.
+     *
+     * XXX A potential performance improvement is to keep track as we go along
+     * if only one of the inputs contributes to the result, meaning the other
+     * is a subset of that one.  In that case, we can skip the final copy and
+     * return the larger of the input lists, but then outside code might need
+     * to keep track of whether to free the input list or not */
+
+    UV* array_a;    /* a's array */
+    UV* array_b;
+    UV len_a;      /* length of a's array */
+    UV len_b;
+
+    SV* u;                     /* the resulting union */
+    UV* array_u;
+    UV len_u;
+
+    UV i_a = 0;                    /* current index into a's array */
+    UV i_b = 0;
+    UV i_u = 0;
+
+    /* running count, as explained in the algorithm source book; items are
+     * stopped accumulating and are output when the count changes to/from 0.
+     * The count is incremented when we start a range that's in the set, and
+     * decremented when we start a range that's not in the set.  So its range
+     * is 0 to 2.  Only when the count is zero is something not in the set.
+     */
+    UV count = 0;
+
+    PERL_ARGS_ASSERT__INVLIST_UNION_MAYBE_COMPLEMENT_2ND;
+    assert(a != b);
+
+    /* If either one is empty, the union is the other one */
+    if (a == NULL || ((len_a = _invlist_len(a)) == 0)) {
+       if (*output == a) {
+            if (a != NULL) {
+                SvREFCNT_dec_NN(a);
+            }
+       }
+       if (*output != b) {
+           *output = invlist_clone(b);
+            if (complement_b) {
+                _invlist_invert(*output);
+            }
+       } /* else *output already = b; */
+       return;
+    }
+    else if ((len_b = _invlist_len(b)) == 0) {
+       if (*output == b) {
+           SvREFCNT_dec_NN(b);
+       }
+
+        /* The complement of an empty list is a list that has everything in it,
+         * so the union with <a> includes everything too */
+        if (complement_b) {
+            if (a == *output) {
+                SvREFCNT_dec_NN(a);
+            }
+            *output = _new_invlist(1);
+            _append_range_to_invlist(*output, 0, UV_MAX);
+        }
+        else if (*output != a) {
+            *output = invlist_clone(a);
+        }
+        /* else *output already = a; */
+       return;
+    }
+
+    /* Here both lists exist and are non-empty */
+    array_a = invlist_array(a);
+    array_b = invlist_array(b);
+
+    /* If are to take the union of 'a' with the complement of b, set it
+     * up so are looking at b's complement. */
+    if (complement_b) {
+
+       /* To complement, we invert: if the first element is 0, remove it.  To
+        * do this, we just pretend the array starts one later, and clear the
+        * flag as we don't have to do anything else later */
+        if (array_b[0] == 0) {
+            array_b++;
+            len_b--;
+            complement_b = FALSE;
+        }
+        else {
+
+            /* But if the first element is not zero, we unshift a 0 before the
+             * array.  The data structure reserves a space for that 0 (which
+             * should be a '1' right now), so physical shifting is unneeded,
+             * but temporarily change that element to 0.  Before exiting the
+             * routine, we must restore the element to '1' */
+            array_b--;
+            len_b++;
+            array_b[0] = 0;
+        }
+    }
+
+    /* Size the union for the worst case: that the sets are completely
+     * disjoint */
+    u = _new_invlist(len_a + len_b);
+
+    /* Will contain U+0000 if either component does */
+    array_u = _invlist_array_init(u, (len_a > 0 && array_a[0] == 0)
+                                     || (len_b > 0 && array_b[0] == 0));
+
+    /* Go through each list item by item, stopping when exhausted one of
+     * them */
+    while (i_a < len_a && i_b < len_b) {
+       UV cp;      /* The element to potentially add to the union's array */
+       bool cp_in_set;   /* is it in the the input list's set or not */
+
+       /* We need to take one or the other of the two inputs for the union.
+        * Since we are merging two sorted lists, we take the smaller of the
+        * next items.  In case of a tie, we take the one that is in its set
+        * first.  If we took one not in the set first, it would decrement the
+        * count, possibly to 0 which would cause it to be output as ending the
+        * range, and the next time through we would take the same number, and
+        * output it again as beginning the next range.  By doing it the
+        * opposite way, there is no possibility that the count will be
+        * momentarily decremented to 0, and thus the two adjoining ranges will
+        * be seamlessly merged.  (In a tie and both are in the set or both not
+        * in the set, it doesn't matter which we take first.) */
+       if (array_a[i_a] < array_b[i_b]
+           || (array_a[i_a] == array_b[i_b]
+               && ELEMENT_RANGE_MATCHES_INVLIST(i_a)))
+       {
+           cp_in_set = ELEMENT_RANGE_MATCHES_INVLIST(i_a);
+           cp= array_a[i_a++];
+       }
+       else {
+           cp_in_set = ELEMENT_RANGE_MATCHES_INVLIST(i_b);
+           cp = array_b[i_b++];
+       }
+
+       /* Here, have chosen which of the two inputs to look at.  Only output
+        * if the running count changes to/from 0, which marks the
+        * beginning/end of a range in that's in the set */
+       if (cp_in_set) {
+           if (count == 0) {
+               array_u[i_u++] = cp;
+           }
+           count++;
+       }
+       else {
+           count--;
+           if (count == 0) {
+               array_u[i_u++] = cp;
+           }
+       }
+    }
+
+    /* Here, we are finished going through at least one of the lists, which
+     * means there is something remaining in at most one.  We check if the list
+     * that hasn't been exhausted is positioned such that we are in the middle
+     * of a range in its set or not.  (i_a and i_b point to the element beyond
+     * the one we care about.) If in the set, we decrement 'count'; if 0, there
+     * is potentially more to output.
+     * There are four cases:
+     * 1) Both weren't in their sets, count is 0, and remains 0.  What's left
+     *    in the union is entirely from the non-exhausted set.
+     * 2) Both were in their sets, count is 2.  Nothing further should
+     *    be output, as everything that remains will be in the exhausted
+     *    list's set, hence in the union; decrementing to 1 but not 0 insures
+     *    that
+     * 3) the exhausted was in its set, non-exhausted isn't, count is 1.
+     *    Nothing further should be output because the union includes
+     *    everything from the exhausted set.  Not decrementing ensures that.
+     * 4) the exhausted wasn't in its set, non-exhausted is, count is 1;
+     *    decrementing to 0 insures that we look at the remainder of the
+     *    non-exhausted set */
+    if ((i_a != len_a && PREV_RANGE_MATCHES_INVLIST(i_a))
+       || (i_b != len_b && PREV_RANGE_MATCHES_INVLIST(i_b)))
+    {
+       count--;
+    }
+
+    /* The final length is what we've output so far, plus what else is about to
+     * be output.  (If 'count' is non-zero, then the input list we exhausted
+     * has everything remaining up to the machine's limit in its set, and hence
+     * in the union, so there will be no further output. */
+    len_u = i_u;
+    if (count == 0) {
+       /* At most one of the subexpressions will be non-zero */
+       len_u += (len_a - i_a) + (len_b - i_b);
+    }
+
+    /* Set result to final length, which can change the pointer to array_u, so
+     * re-find it */
+    if (len_u != _invlist_len(u)) {
+       invlist_set_len(u, len_u);
+       invlist_trim(u);
+       array_u = invlist_array(u);
+    }
+
+    /* When 'count' is 0, the list that was exhausted (if one was shorter than
+     * the other) ended with everything above it not in its set.  That means
+     * that the remaining part of the union is precisely the same as the
+     * non-exhausted list, so can just copy it unchanged.  (If both list were
+     * exhausted at the same time, then the operations below will be both 0.)
+     */
+    if (count == 0) {
+       IV copy_count; /* At most one will have a non-zero copy count */
+       if ((copy_count = len_a - i_a) > 0) {
+           Copy(array_a + i_a, array_u + i_u, copy_count, UV);
+       }
+       else if ((copy_count = len_b - i_b) > 0) {
+           Copy(array_b + i_b, array_u + i_u, copy_count, UV);
+       }
+    }
+
+    /* If we've changed b, restore it */
+    if (complement_b) {
+        array_b[0] = 1;
+    }
+
+    /*  We may be removing a reference to one of the inputs */
+    if (a == *output || b == *output) {
+        assert(! invlist_is_iterating(*output));
+       SvREFCNT_dec_NN(*output);
+    }
+
+    *output = u;
+    return;
+}
+
+void
+Perl__invlist_intersection_maybe_complement_2nd(pTHX_ SV* const a, SV* const b, bool complement_b, SV** i)
+{
+    /* Take the intersection of two inversion lists and point <i> to it.  *i
+     * SHOULD BE DEFINED upon input, and if it points to one of the two lists,
+     * the reference count to that list will be decremented.
+     * If <complement_b> is TRUE, the result will be the intersection of <a>
+     * and the complement (or inversion) of <b> instead of <b> directly.
+     *
+     * The basis for this comes from "Unicode Demystified" Chapter 13 by
+     * Richard Gillam, published by Addison-Wesley, and explained at some
+     * length there.  The preface says to incorporate its examples into your
+     * code at your own risk.  In fact, it had bugs
+     *
+     * The algorithm is like a merge sort, and is essentially the same as the
+     * union above
+     */
+
+    UV* array_a;               /* a's array */
+    UV* array_b;
+    UV len_a;  /* length of a's array */
+    UV len_b;
+
+    SV* r;                  /* the resulting intersection */
+    UV* array_r;
+    UV len_r;
+
+    UV i_a = 0;                    /* current index into a's array */
+    UV i_b = 0;
+    UV i_r = 0;
+
+    /* running count, as explained in the algorithm source book; items are
+     * stopped accumulating and are output when the count changes to/from 2.
+     * The count is incremented when we start a range that's in the set, and
+     * decremented when we start a range that's not in the set.  So its range
+     * is 0 to 2.  Only when the count is 2 is something in the intersection.
+     */
+    UV count = 0;
+
+    PERL_ARGS_ASSERT__INVLIST_INTERSECTION_MAYBE_COMPLEMENT_2ND;
+    assert(a != b);
+
+    /* Special case if either one is empty */
+    len_a = _invlist_len(a);
+    if ((len_a == 0) || ((len_b = _invlist_len(b)) == 0)) {
+
+        if (len_a != 0 && complement_b) {
+
+            /* Here, 'a' is not empty, therefore from the above 'if', 'b' must
+             * be empty.  Here, also we are using 'b's complement, which hence
+             * must be every possible code point.  Thus the intersection is
+             * simply 'a'. */
+            if (*i != a) {
+                *i = invlist_clone(a);
+
+                if (*i == b) {
+                    SvREFCNT_dec_NN(b);
+                }
+            }
+            /* else *i is already 'a' */
+            return;
+        }
+
+        /* Here, 'a' or 'b' is empty and not using the complement of 'b'.  The
+         * intersection must be empty */
+       if (*i == a) {
+           SvREFCNT_dec_NN(a);
+       }
+       else if (*i == b) {
+           SvREFCNT_dec_NN(b);
+       }
+       *i = _new_invlist(0);
+       return;
+    }
+
+    /* Here both lists exist and are non-empty */
+    array_a = invlist_array(a);
+    array_b = invlist_array(b);
+
+    /* If are to take the intersection of 'a' with the complement of b, set it
+     * up so are looking at b's complement. */
+    if (complement_b) {
+
+       /* To complement, we invert: if the first element is 0, remove it.  To
+        * do this, we just pretend the array starts one later, and clear the
+        * flag as we don't have to do anything else later */
+        if (array_b[0] == 0) {
+            array_b++;
+            len_b--;
+            complement_b = FALSE;
+        }
+        else {
+
+            /* But if the first element is not zero, we unshift a 0 before the
+             * array.  The data structure reserves a space for that 0 (which
+             * should be a '1' right now), so physical shifting is unneeded,
+             * but temporarily change that element to 0.  Before exiting the
+             * routine, we must restore the element to '1' */
+            array_b--;
+            len_b++;
+            array_b[0] = 0;
+        }
+    }
+
+    /* Size the intersection for the worst case: that the intersection ends up
+     * fragmenting everything to be completely disjoint */
+    r= _new_invlist(len_a + len_b);
+
+    /* Will contain U+0000 iff both components do */
+    array_r = _invlist_array_init(r, len_a > 0 && array_a[0] == 0
+                                    && len_b > 0 && array_b[0] == 0);
+
+    /* Go through each list item by item, stopping when exhausted one of
+     * them */
+    while (i_a < len_a && i_b < len_b) {
+       UV cp;      /* The element to potentially add to the intersection's
+                      array */
+       bool cp_in_set; /* Is it in the input list's set or not */
+
+       /* We need to take one or the other of the two inputs for the
+        * intersection.  Since we are merging two sorted lists, we take the
+        * smaller of the next items.  In case of a tie, we take the one that
+        * is not in its set first (a difference from the union algorithm).  If
+        * we took one in the set first, it would increment the count, possibly
+        * to 2 which would cause it to be output as starting a range in the
+        * intersection, and the next time through we would take that same
+        * number, and output it again as ending the set.  By doing it the
+        * opposite of this, there is no possibility that the count will be
+        * momentarily incremented to 2.  (In a tie and both are in the set or
+        * both not in the set, it doesn't matter which we take first.) */
+       if (array_a[i_a] < array_b[i_b]
+           || (array_a[i_a] == array_b[i_b]
+               && ! ELEMENT_RANGE_MATCHES_INVLIST(i_a)))
+       {
+           cp_in_set = ELEMENT_RANGE_MATCHES_INVLIST(i_a);
+           cp= array_a[i_a++];
+       }
+       else {
+           cp_in_set = ELEMENT_RANGE_MATCHES_INVLIST(i_b);
+           cp= array_b[i_b++];
+       }
+
+       /* Here, have chosen which of the two inputs to look at.  Only output
+        * if the running count changes to/from 2, which marks the
+        * beginning/end of a range that's in the intersection */
+       if (cp_in_set) {
+           count++;
+           if (count == 2) {
+               array_r[i_r++] = cp;
+           }
+       }
+       else {
+           if (count == 2) {
+               array_r[i_r++] = cp;
+           }
+           count--;
+       }
+    }
+
+    /* Here, we are finished going through at least one of the lists, which
+     * means there is something remaining in at most one.  We check if the list
+     * that has been exhausted is positioned such that we are in the middle
+     * of a range in its set or not.  (i_a and i_b point to elements 1 beyond
+     * the ones we care about.)  There are four cases:
+     * 1) Both weren't in their sets, count is 0, and remains 0.  There's
+     *    nothing left in the intersection.
+     * 2) Both were in their sets, count is 2 and perhaps is incremented to
+     *    above 2.  What should be output is exactly that which is in the
+     *    non-exhausted set, as everything it has is also in the intersection
+     *    set, and everything it doesn't have can't be in the intersection
+     * 3) The exhausted was in its set, non-exhausted isn't, count is 1, and
+     *    gets incremented to 2.  Like the previous case, the intersection is
+     *    everything that remains in the non-exhausted set.
+     * 4) the exhausted wasn't in its set, non-exhausted is, count is 1, and
+     *    remains 1.  And the intersection has nothing more. */
+    if ((i_a == len_a && PREV_RANGE_MATCHES_INVLIST(i_a))
+       || (i_b == len_b && PREV_RANGE_MATCHES_INVLIST(i_b)))
+    {
+       count++;
+    }
+
+    /* The final length is what we've output so far plus what else is in the
+     * intersection.  At most one of the subexpressions below will be non-zero */
+    len_r = i_r;
+    if (count >= 2) {
+       len_r += (len_a - i_a) + (len_b - i_b);
+    }
+
+    /* Set result to final length, which can change the pointer to array_r, so
+     * re-find it */
+    if (len_r != _invlist_len(r)) {
+       invlist_set_len(r, len_r);
+       invlist_trim(r);
+       array_r = invlist_array(r);
+    }
+
+    /* Finish outputting any remaining */
+    if (count >= 2) { /* At most one will have a non-zero copy count */
+       IV copy_count;
+       if ((copy_count = len_a - i_a) > 0) {
+           Copy(array_a + i_a, array_r + i_r, copy_count, UV);
+       }
+       else if ((copy_count = len_b - i_b) > 0) {
+           Copy(array_b + i_b, array_r + i_r, copy_count, UV);
+       }
+    }
+
+    /* If we've changed b, restore it */
+    if (complement_b) {
+        array_b[0] = 1;
+    }
+
+    /*  We may be removing a reference to one of the inputs */
+    if (a == *i || b == *i) {
+        assert(! invlist_is_iterating(*i));
+       SvREFCNT_dec_NN(*i);
+    }
+
+    *i = r;
+    return;
+}
+
+SV*
+Perl__add_range_to_invlist(pTHX_ SV* invlist, const UV start, const UV end)
+{
+    /* Add the range from 'start' to 'end' inclusive to the inversion list's
+     * set.  A pointer to the inversion list is returned.  This may actually be
+     * a new list, in which case the passed in one has been destroyed.  The
+     * passed in inversion list can be NULL, in which case a new one is created
+     * with just the one range in it */
+
+    SV* range_invlist;
+    UV len;
+
+    if (invlist == NULL) {
+       invlist = _new_invlist(2);
+       len = 0;
+    }
+    else {
+       len = _invlist_len(invlist);
+    }
+
+    /* If comes after the final entry actually in the list, can just append it
+     * to the end, */
+    if (len == 0
+       || (! ELEMENT_RANGE_MATCHES_INVLIST(len - 1)
+            && start >= invlist_array(invlist)[len - 1]))
+    {
+       _append_range_to_invlist(invlist, start, end);
+       return invlist;
+    }
+
+    /* Here, can't just append things, create and return a new inversion list
+     * which is the union of this range and the existing inversion list */
+    range_invlist = _new_invlist(2);
+    _append_range_to_invlist(range_invlist, start, end);
+
+    _invlist_union(invlist, range_invlist, &invlist);
+
+    /* The temporary can be freed */
+    SvREFCNT_dec_NN(range_invlist);
+
+    return invlist;
+}
+
+#endif
+
+PERL_STATIC_INLINE SV*
+S_add_cp_to_invlist(pTHX_ SV* invlist, const UV cp) {
+    return _add_range_to_invlist(invlist, cp, cp);
+}
+
+#ifndef PERL_IN_XSUB_RE
+void
+Perl__invlist_invert(pTHX_ SV* const invlist)
+{
+    /* Complement the input inversion list.  This adds a 0 if the list didn't
+     * have a zero; removes it otherwise.  As described above, the data
+     * structure is set up so that this is very efficient */
+
+    UV* len_pos = _get_invlist_len_addr(invlist);
+
+    PERL_ARGS_ASSERT__INVLIST_INVERT;
+
+    assert(! invlist_is_iterating(invlist));
+
+    /* The inverse of matching nothing is matching everything */
+    if (*len_pos == 0) {
+       _append_range_to_invlist(invlist, 0, UV_MAX);
+       return;
+    }
+
+    /* The exclusive or complents 0 to 1; and 1 to 0.  If the result is 1, the
+     * zero element was a 0, so it is being removed, so the length decrements
+     * by 1; and vice-versa.  SvCUR is unaffected */
+    if (*get_invlist_zero_addr(invlist) ^= 1) {
+       (*len_pos)--;
+    }
+    else {
+       (*len_pos)++;
+    }
+}
+
+void
+Perl__invlist_invert_prop(pTHX_ SV* const invlist)
+{
+    /* Complement the input inversion list (which must be a Unicode property,
+     * all of which don't match above the Unicode maximum code point.)  And
+     * Perl has chosen to not have the inversion match above that either.  This
+     * adds a 0x110000 if the list didn't end with it, and removes it if it did
+     */
+
+    UV len;
+    UV* array;
+
+    PERL_ARGS_ASSERT__INVLIST_INVERT_PROP;
+
+    _invlist_invert(invlist);
+
+    len = _invlist_len(invlist);
+
+    if (len != 0) { /* If empty do nothing */
+       array = invlist_array(invlist);
+       if (array[len - 1] != PERL_UNICODE_MAX + 1) {
+           /* Add 0x110000.  First, grow if necessary */
+           len++;
+           if (invlist_max(invlist) < len) {
+               invlist_extend(invlist, len);
+               array = invlist_array(invlist);
+           }
+           invlist_set_len(invlist, len);
+           array[len - 1] = PERL_UNICODE_MAX + 1;
+       }
+       else {  /* Remove the 0x110000 */
+           invlist_set_len(invlist, len - 1);
+       }
+    }
+
+    return;
+}
+#endif
+
+PERL_STATIC_INLINE SV*
+S_invlist_clone(pTHX_ SV* const invlist)
+{
+
+    /* Return a new inversion list that is a copy of the input one, which is
+     * unchanged */
+
+    /* Need to allocate extra space to accommodate Perl's addition of a
+     * trailing NUL to SvPV's, since it thinks they are always strings */
+    SV* new_invlist = _new_invlist(_invlist_len(invlist) + 1);
+    STRLEN length = SvCUR(invlist);
+
+    PERL_ARGS_ASSERT_INVLIST_CLONE;
+
+    SvCUR_set(new_invlist, length); /* This isn't done automatically */
+    Copy(SvPVX(invlist), SvPVX(new_invlist), length, char);
+
+    return new_invlist;
+}
+
+PERL_STATIC_INLINE UV*
+S_get_invlist_iter_addr(pTHX_ SV* invlist)
+{
+    /* Return the address of the UV that contains the current iteration
+     * position */
+
+    PERL_ARGS_ASSERT_GET_INVLIST_ITER_ADDR;
+
+    return (UV *) (SvPVX(invlist) + (INVLIST_ITER_OFFSET * sizeof (UV)));
+}
+
+PERL_STATIC_INLINE UV*
+S_get_invlist_version_id_addr(pTHX_ SV* invlist)
+{
+    /* Return the address of the UV that contains the version id. */
+
+    PERL_ARGS_ASSERT_GET_INVLIST_VERSION_ID_ADDR;
+
+    return (UV *) (SvPVX(invlist) + (INVLIST_VERSION_ID_OFFSET * sizeof (UV)));
+}
+
+PERL_STATIC_INLINE void
+S_invlist_iterinit(pTHX_ SV* invlist)  /* Initialize iterator for invlist */
+{
+    PERL_ARGS_ASSERT_INVLIST_ITERINIT;
+
+    *get_invlist_iter_addr(invlist) = 0;
+}
+
+PERL_STATIC_INLINE void
+S_invlist_iterfinish(pTHX_ SV* invlist)
+{
+    /* Terminate iterator for invlist.  This is to catch development errors.
+     * Any iteration that is interrupted before completed should call this
+     * function.  Functions that add code points anywhere else but to the end
+     * of an inversion list assert that they are not in the middle of an
+     * iteration.  If they were, the addition would make the iteration
+     * problematical: if the iteration hadn't reached the place where things
+     * were being added, it would be ok */
+
+    PERL_ARGS_ASSERT_INVLIST_ITERFINISH;
+
+    *get_invlist_iter_addr(invlist) = UV_MAX;
+}
+
+STATIC bool
+S_invlist_iternext(pTHX_ SV* invlist, UV* start, UV* end)
+{
+    /* An C<invlist_iterinit> call on <invlist> must be used to set this up.
+     * This call sets in <*start> and <*end>, the next range in <invlist>.
+     * Returns <TRUE> if successful and the next call will return the next
+     * range; <FALSE> if was already at the end of the list.  If the latter,
+     * <*start> and <*end> are unchanged, and the next call to this function
+     * will start over at the beginning of the list */
+
+    UV* pos = get_invlist_iter_addr(invlist);
+    UV len = _invlist_len(invlist);
+    UV *array;
+
+    PERL_ARGS_ASSERT_INVLIST_ITERNEXT;
+
+    if (*pos >= len) {
+       *pos = UV_MAX;  /* Force iterinit() to be required next time */
+       return FALSE;
+    }
+
+    array = invlist_array(invlist);
+
+    *start = array[(*pos)++];
+
+    if (*pos >= len) {
+       *end = UV_MAX;
+    }
+    else {
+       *end = array[(*pos)++] - 1;
+    }
+
+    return TRUE;
+}
+
+PERL_STATIC_INLINE bool
+S_invlist_is_iterating(pTHX_ SV* const invlist)
+{
+    PERL_ARGS_ASSERT_INVLIST_IS_ITERATING;
+
+    return *(get_invlist_iter_addr(invlist)) < UV_MAX;
+}
+
+PERL_STATIC_INLINE UV
+S_invlist_highest(pTHX_ SV* const invlist)
+{
+    /* Returns the highest code point that matches an inversion list.  This API
+     * has an ambiguity, as it returns 0 under either the highest is actually
+     * 0, or if the list is empty.  If this distinction matters to you, check
+     * for emptiness before calling this function */
+
+    UV len = _invlist_len(invlist);
+    UV *array;
+
+    PERL_ARGS_ASSERT_INVLIST_HIGHEST;
+
+    if (len == 0) {
+       return 0;
+    }
+
+    array = invlist_array(invlist);
+
+    /* The last element in the array in the inversion list always starts a
+     * range that goes to infinity.  That range may be for code points that are
+     * matched in the inversion list, or it may be for ones that aren't
+     * matched.  In the latter case, the highest code point in the set is one
+     * less than the beginning of this range; otherwise it is the final element
+     * of this range: infinity */
+    return (ELEMENT_RANGE_MATCHES_INVLIST(len - 1))
+           ? UV_MAX
+           : array[len - 1] - 1;
+}
+
+#ifndef PERL_IN_XSUB_RE
+SV *
+Perl__invlist_contents(pTHX_ SV* const invlist)
+{
+    /* Get the contents of an inversion list into a string SV so that they can
+     * be printed out.  It uses the format traditionally done for debug tracing
+     */
+
+    UV start, end;
+    SV* output = newSVpvs("\n");
+
+    PERL_ARGS_ASSERT__INVLIST_CONTENTS;
+
+    assert(! invlist_is_iterating(invlist));
+
+    invlist_iterinit(invlist);
+    while (invlist_iternext(invlist, &start, &end)) {
+       if (end == UV_MAX) {
+           Perl_sv_catpvf(aTHX_ output, "%04"UVXf"\tINFINITY\n", start);
+       }
+       else if (end != start) {
+           Perl_sv_catpvf(aTHX_ output, "%04"UVXf"\t%04"UVXf"\n",
+                   start,       end);
+       }
+       else {
+           Perl_sv_catpvf(aTHX_ output, "%04"UVXf"\n", start);
+       }
+    }
+
+    return output;
+}
+#endif
+
+#ifdef PERL_ARGS_ASSERT__INVLIST_DUMP
+void
+Perl__invlist_dump(pTHX_ SV* const invlist, const char * const header)
+{
+    /* Dumps out the ranges in an inversion list.  The string 'header'
+     * if present is output on a line before the first range */
+
+    UV start, end;
+
+    PERL_ARGS_ASSERT__INVLIST_DUMP;
+
+    if (header && strlen(header)) {
+       PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log, "%s\n", header);
+    }
+    if (invlist_is_iterating(invlist)) {
+        PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log, "Can't dump because is in middle of iterating\n");
+        return;
+    }
+
+    invlist_iterinit(invlist);
+    while (invlist_iternext(invlist, &start, &end)) {
+       if (end == UV_MAX) {
+           PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log, "0x%04"UVXf" .. INFINITY\n", start);
+       }
+       else if (end != start) {
+           PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log, "0x%04"UVXf" .. 0x%04"UVXf"\n",
+                                                start,         end);
+       }
+       else {
+           PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log, "0x%04"UVXf"\n", start);
+       }
+    }
+}
+#endif
+
+#if 0
+bool
+S__invlistEQ(pTHX_ SV* const a, SV* const b, bool complement_b)
+{
+    /* Return a boolean as to if the two passed in inversion lists are
+     * identical.  The final argument, if TRUE, says to take the complement of
+     * the second inversion list before doing the comparison */
+
+    UV* array_a = invlist_array(a);
+    UV* array_b = invlist_array(b);
+    UV len_a = _invlist_len(a);
+    UV len_b = _invlist_len(b);
+
+    UV i = 0;              /* current index into the arrays */
+    bool retval = TRUE;     /* Assume are identical until proven otherwise */
+
+    PERL_ARGS_ASSERT__INVLISTEQ;
+
+    /* If are to compare 'a' with the complement of b, set it
+     * up so are looking at b's complement. */
+    if (complement_b) {
+
+        /* The complement of nothing is everything, so <a> would have to have
+         * just one element, starting at zero (ending at infinity) */
+        if (len_b == 0) {
+            return (len_a == 1 && array_a[0] == 0);
+        }
+        else if (array_b[0] == 0) {
+
+            /* Otherwise, to complement, we invert.  Here, the first element is
+             * 0, just remove it.  To do this, we just pretend the array starts
+             * one later, and clear the flag as we don't have to do anything
+             * else later */
+
+            array_b++;
+            len_b--;
+            complement_b = FALSE;
+        }
+        else {
+
+            /* But if the first element is not zero, we unshift a 0 before the
+             * array.  The data structure reserves a space for that 0 (which
+             * should be a '1' right now), so physical shifting is unneeded,
+             * but temporarily change that element to 0.  Before exiting the
+             * routine, we must restore the element to '1' */
+            array_b--;
+            len_b++;
+            array_b[0] = 0;
+        }
+    }
+
+    /* Make sure that the lengths are the same, as well as the final element
+     * before looping through the remainder.  (Thus we test the length, final,
+     * and first elements right off the bat) */
+    if (len_a != len_b || array_a[len_a-1] != array_b[len_a-1]) {
+        retval = FALSE;
+    }
+    else for (i = 0; i < len_a - 1; i++) {
+        if (array_a[i] != array_b[i]) {
+            retval = FALSE;
+            break;
+        }
+    }
+
+    if (complement_b) {
+        array_b[0] = 1;
+    }
+    return retval;
+}
+#endif
+
+#undef HEADER_LENGTH
+#undef INVLIST_INITIAL_LENGTH
+#undef TO_INTERNAL_SIZE
+#undef FROM_INTERNAL_SIZE
+#undef INVLIST_LEN_OFFSET
+#undef INVLIST_ZERO_OFFSET
+#undef INVLIST_ITER_OFFSET
+#undef INVLIST_VERSION_ID
+#undef INVLIST_PREVIOUS_INDEX_OFFSET
+
+/* End of inversion list object */
+
+STATIC void
+S_parse_lparen_question_flags(pTHX_ struct RExC_state_t *pRExC_state)
+{
+    /* This parses the flags that are in either the '(?foo)' or '(?foo:bar)'
+     * constructs, and updates RExC_flags with them.  On input, RExC_parse
+     * should point to the first flag; it is updated on output to point to the
+     * final ')' or ':'.  There needs to be at least one flag, or this will
+     * abort */
+
+    /* for (?g), (?gc), and (?o) warnings; warning
+       about (?c) will warn about (?g) -- japhy    */
+
+#define WASTED_O  0x01
+#define WASTED_G  0x02
+#define WASTED_C  0x04
+#define WASTED_GC (WASTED_G|WASTED_C)
+    I32 wastedflags = 0x00;
+    U32 posflags = 0, negflags = 0;
+    U32 *flagsp = &posflags;
+    char has_charset_modifier = '\0';
+    regex_charset cs;
+    bool has_use_defaults = FALSE;
+    const char* const seqstart = RExC_parse - 1; /* Point to the '?' */
+
+    PERL_ARGS_ASSERT_PARSE_LPAREN_QUESTION_FLAGS;
+
+    /* '^' as an initial flag sets certain defaults */
+    if (UCHARAT(RExC_parse) == '^') {
+        RExC_parse++;
+        has_use_defaults = TRUE;
+        STD_PMMOD_FLAGS_CLEAR(&RExC_flags);
+        set_regex_charset(&RExC_flags, (RExC_utf8 || RExC_uni_semantics)
+                                        ? REGEX_UNICODE_CHARSET
+                                        : REGEX_DEPENDS_CHARSET);
+    }
+
+    cs = get_regex_charset(RExC_flags);
+    if (cs == REGEX_DEPENDS_CHARSET
+        && (RExC_utf8 || RExC_uni_semantics))
+    {
+        cs = REGEX_UNICODE_CHARSET;
+    }
+
+    while (*RExC_parse) {
+        /* && strchr("iogcmsx", *RExC_parse) */
+        /* (?g), (?gc) and (?o) are useless here
+           and must be globally applied -- japhy */
+        switch (*RExC_parse) {
+
+            /* Code for the imsx flags */
+            CASE_STD_PMMOD_FLAGS_PARSE_SET(flagsp);
+
+            case LOCALE_PAT_MOD:
+                if (has_charset_modifier) {
+                    goto excess_modifier;
+                }
+                else if (flagsp == &negflags) {
+                    goto neg_modifier;
+                }
+                cs = REGEX_LOCALE_CHARSET;
+                has_charset_modifier = LOCALE_PAT_MOD;
+                RExC_contains_locale = 1;
+                break;
+            case UNICODE_PAT_MOD:
+                if (has_charset_modifier) {
+                    goto excess_modifier;
+                }
+                else if (flagsp == &negflags) {
+                    goto neg_modifier;
+                }
+                cs = REGEX_UNICODE_CHARSET;
+                has_charset_modifier = UNICODE_PAT_MOD;
+                break;
+            case ASCII_RESTRICT_PAT_MOD:
+                if (flagsp == &negflags) {
+                    goto neg_modifier;
+                }
+                if (has_charset_modifier) {
+                    if (cs != REGEX_ASCII_RESTRICTED_CHARSET) {
+                        goto excess_modifier;
+                    }
+                    /* Doubled modifier implies more restricted */
+                    cs = REGEX_ASCII_MORE_RESTRICTED_CHARSET;
+                }
+                else {
+                    cs = REGEX_ASCII_RESTRICTED_CHARSET;
+                }
+                has_charset_modifier = ASCII_RESTRICT_PAT_MOD;
+                break;
+            case DEPENDS_PAT_MOD:
+                if (has_use_defaults) {
+                    goto fail_modifiers;
+                }
+                else if (flagsp == &negflags) {
+                    goto neg_modifier;
+                }
+                else if (has_charset_modifier) {
+                    goto excess_modifier;
+                }
+
+                /* The dual charset means unicode semantics if the
+                 * pattern (or target, not known until runtime) are
+                 * utf8, or something in the pattern indicates unicode
+                 * semantics */
+                cs = (RExC_utf8 || RExC_uni_semantics)
+                     ? REGEX_UNICODE_CHARSET
+                     : REGEX_DEPENDS_CHARSET;
+                has_charset_modifier = DEPENDS_PAT_MOD;
+                break;
+            excess_modifier:
+                RExC_parse++;
+                if (has_charset_modifier == ASCII_RESTRICT_PAT_MOD) {
+                    vFAIL2("Regexp modifier \"%c\" may appear a maximum of twice", ASCII_RESTRICT_PAT_MOD);
+                }
+                else if (has_charset_modifier == *(RExC_parse - 1)) {
+                    vFAIL2("Regexp modifier \"%c\" may not appear twice", *(RExC_parse - 1));
+                }
+                else {
+                    vFAIL3("Regexp modifiers \"%c\" and \"%c\" are mutually exclusive", has_charset_modifier, *(RExC_parse - 1));
+                }
+                /*NOTREACHED*/
+            neg_modifier:
+                RExC_parse++;
+                vFAIL2("Regexp modifier \"%c\" may not appear after the \"-\"", *(RExC_parse - 1));
+                /*NOTREACHED*/
+            case ONCE_PAT_MOD: /* 'o' */
+            case GLOBAL_PAT_MOD: /* 'g' */
+                if (SIZE_ONLY && ckWARN(WARN_REGEXP)) {
+                    const I32 wflagbit = *RExC_parse == 'o' ? WASTED_O : WASTED_G;
+                    if (! (wastedflags & wflagbit) ) {
+                        wastedflags |= wflagbit;
+                       /* diag_listed_as: Useless (?-%s) - don't use /%s modifier in regex; marked by <-- HERE in m/%s/ */
+                        vWARN5(
+                            RExC_parse + 1,
+                            "Useless (%s%c) - %suse /%c modifier",
+                            flagsp == &negflags ? "?-" : "?",
+                            *RExC_parse,
+                            flagsp == &negflags ? "don't " : "",
+                            *RExC_parse
+                        );
+                    }
+                }
+                break;
+
+            case CONTINUE_PAT_MOD: /* 'c' */
+                if (SIZE_ONLY && ckWARN(WARN_REGEXP)) {
+                    if (! (wastedflags & WASTED_C) ) {
+                        wastedflags |= WASTED_GC;
+                       /* diag_listed_as: Useless (?-%s) - don't use /%s modifier in regex; marked by <-- HERE in m/%s/ */
+                        vWARN3(
+                            RExC_parse + 1,
+                            "Useless (%sc) - %suse /gc modifier",
+                            flagsp == &negflags ? "?-" : "?",
+                            flagsp == &negflags ? "don't " : ""
+                        );
+                    }
+                }
+                break;
+            case KEEPCOPY_PAT_MOD: /* 'p' */
+                if (flagsp == &negflags) {
+                    if (SIZE_ONLY)
+                        ckWARNreg(RExC_parse + 1,"Useless use of (?-p)");
+                } else {
+                    *flagsp |= RXf_PMf_KEEPCOPY;
+                }
+                break;
+            case '-':
+                /* A flag is a default iff it is following a minus, so
+                 * if there is a minus, it means will be trying to
+                 * re-specify a default which is an error */
+                if (has_use_defaults || flagsp == &negflags) {
+                    goto fail_modifiers;
+                }
+                flagsp = &negflags;
+                wastedflags = 0;  /* reset so (?g-c) warns twice */
+                break;
+            case ':':
+            case ')':
+                RExC_flags |= posflags;
+                RExC_flags &= ~negflags;
+                set_regex_charset(&RExC_flags, cs);
+                return;
+                /*NOTREACHED*/
+            default:
+            fail_modifiers:
+                RExC_parse++;
+                vFAIL3("Sequence (%.*s...) not recognized",
+                       RExC_parse-seqstart, seqstart);
+                /*NOTREACHED*/
+        }
+
+        ++RExC_parse;
+    }
+}
+
+/*
+ - reg - regular expression, i.e. main body or parenthesized thing
+ *
+ * Caller must absorb opening parenthesis.
+ *
+ * Combining parenthesis handling with the base level of regular expression
+ * is a trifle forced, but the need to tie the tails of the branches to what
+ * follows makes it hard to avoid.
+ */
+#define REGTAIL(x,y,z) regtail((x),(y),(z),depth+1)
+#ifdef DEBUGGING
+#define REGTAIL_STUDY(x,y,z) regtail_study((x),(y),(z),depth+1)
+#else
+#define REGTAIL_STUDY(x,y,z) regtail((x),(y),(z),depth+1)
+#endif
+
+/* Returns NULL, setting *flagp to TRYAGAIN at the end of (?) that only sets
+   flags. Returns NULL, setting *flagp to RESTART_UTF8 if the sizing scan
+   needs to be restarted.
+   Otherwise would only return NULL if regbranch() returns NULL, which
+   cannot happen.  */
+STATIC regnode *
+S_reg(pTHX_ RExC_state_t *pRExC_state, I32 paren, I32 *flagp,U32 depth)
+    /* paren: Parenthesized? 0=top; 1,2=inside '(': changed to letter.
+     * 2 is like 1, but indicates that nextchar() has been called to advance
+     * RExC_parse beyond the '('.  Things like '(?' are indivisible tokens, and
+     * this flag alerts us to the need to check for that */
+{
+    dVAR;
+    regnode *ret;              /* Will be the head of the group. */
+    regnode *br;
+    regnode *lastbr;
+    regnode *ender = NULL;
+    I32 parno = 0;
+    I32 flags;
+    U32 oregflags = RExC_flags;
+    bool have_branch = 0;
+    bool is_open = 0;
+    I32 freeze_paren = 0;
+    I32 after_freeze = 0;
+
+    char * parse_start = RExC_parse; /* MJD */
+    char * const oregcomp_parse = RExC_parse;
+
+    GET_RE_DEBUG_FLAGS_DECL;
+
+    PERL_ARGS_ASSERT_REG;
+    DEBUG_PARSE("reg ");
+
+    *flagp = 0;                                /* Tentatively. */
+
+
+    /* Make an OPEN node, if parenthesized. */
+    if (paren) {
+
+        /* Under /x, space and comments can be gobbled up between the '(' and
+         * here (if paren ==2).  The forms '(*VERB' and '(?...' disallow such
+         * intervening space, as the sequence is a token, and a token should be
+         * indivisible */
+        bool has_intervening_patws = paren == 2 && *(RExC_parse - 1) != '(';
+
+        if ( *RExC_parse == '*') { /* (*VERB:ARG) */
+           char *start_verb = RExC_parse;
+           STRLEN verb_len = 0;
+           char *start_arg = NULL;
+           unsigned char op = 0;
+           int argok = 1;
+           int internal_argval = 0; /* internal_argval is only useful if !argok */
+
+            if (has_intervening_patws && SIZE_ONLY) {
+                ckWARNregdep(RExC_parse + 1, "In '(*VERB...)', splitting the initial '(*' is deprecated");
+            }
+           while ( *RExC_parse && *RExC_parse != ')' ) {
+               if ( *RExC_parse == ':' ) {
+                   start_arg = RExC_parse + 1;
+                   break;
+               }
+               RExC_parse++;
+           }
+           ++start_verb;
+           verb_len = RExC_parse - start_verb;
+           if ( start_arg ) {
+               RExC_parse++;
+               while ( *RExC_parse && *RExC_parse != ')' ) 
+                   RExC_parse++;
+               if ( *RExC_parse != ')' ) 
+                   vFAIL("Unterminated verb pattern argument");
+               if ( RExC_parse == start_arg )
+                   start_arg = NULL;
+           } else {
+               if ( *RExC_parse != ')' )
+                   vFAIL("Unterminated verb pattern");
+           }
+           
+           switch ( *start_verb ) {
+            case 'A':  /* (*ACCEPT) */
+                if ( memEQs(start_verb,verb_len,"ACCEPT") ) {
+                   op = ACCEPT;
+                   internal_argval = RExC_nestroot;
+               }
+               break;
+            case 'C':  /* (*COMMIT) */
+                if ( memEQs(start_verb,verb_len,"COMMIT") )
+                    op = COMMIT;
+                break;
+            case 'F':  /* (*FAIL) */
+                if ( verb_len==1 || memEQs(start_verb,verb_len,"FAIL") ) {
+                   op = OPFAIL;
+                   argok = 0;
+               }
+               break;
+            case ':':  /* (*:NAME) */
+           case 'M':  /* (*MARK:NAME) */
+               if ( verb_len==0 || memEQs(start_verb,verb_len,"MARK") ) {
+                    op = MARKPOINT;
+                    argok = -1;
+                }
+                break;
+            case 'P':  /* (*PRUNE) */
+                if ( memEQs(start_verb,verb_len,"PRUNE") )
+                    op = PRUNE;
+                break;
+            case 'S':   /* (*SKIP) */  
+                if ( memEQs(start_verb,verb_len,"SKIP") ) 
+                    op = SKIP;
+                break;
+            case 'T':  /* (*THEN) */
+                /* [19:06] <TimToady> :: is then */
+                if ( memEQs(start_verb,verb_len,"THEN") ) {
+                    op = CUTGROUP;
+                    RExC_seen |= REG_SEEN_CUTGROUP;
+                }
+                break;
+           }
+           if ( ! op ) {
+               RExC_parse++;
+               vFAIL3("Unknown verb pattern '%.*s'",
+                   verb_len, start_verb);
+           }
+           if ( argok ) {
+                if ( start_arg && internal_argval ) {
+                   vFAIL3("Verb pattern '%.*s' may not have an argument",
+                       verb_len, start_verb); 
+               } else if ( argok < 0 && !start_arg ) {
+                    vFAIL3("Verb pattern '%.*s' has a mandatory argument",
+                       verb_len, start_verb);    
+               } else {
+                   ret = reganode(pRExC_state, op, internal_argval);
+                   if ( ! internal_argval && ! SIZE_ONLY ) {
+                        if (start_arg) {
+                            SV *sv = newSVpvn( start_arg, RExC_parse - start_arg);
+                            ARG(ret) = add_data( pRExC_state, 1, "S" );
+                            RExC_rxi->data->data[ARG(ret)]=(void*)sv;
+                            ret->flags = 0;
+                        } else {
+                            ret->flags = 1; 
+                        }
+                    }              
+               }
+               if (!internal_argval)
+                   RExC_seen |= REG_SEEN_VERBARG;
+           } else if ( start_arg ) {
+               vFAIL3("Verb pattern '%.*s' may not have an argument",
+                       verb_len, start_verb);    
+           } else {
+               ret = reg_node(pRExC_state, op);
+           }
+           nextchar(pRExC_state);
+           return ret;
+        }
+        else if (*RExC_parse == '?') { /* (?...) */
+           bool is_logical = 0;
+           const char * const seqstart = RExC_parse;
+            if (has_intervening_patws && SIZE_ONLY) {
+                ckWARNregdep(RExC_parse + 1, "In '(?...)', splitting the initial '(?' is deprecated");
+            }
+
+           RExC_parse++;
+           paren = *RExC_parse++;
+           ret = NULL;                 /* For look-ahead/behind. */
+           switch (paren) {
+
+           case 'P':   /* (?P...) variants for those used to PCRE/Python */
+               paren = *RExC_parse++;
+               if ( paren == '<')         /* (?P<...>) named capture */
+                   goto named_capture;
+                else if (paren == '>') {   /* (?P>name) named recursion */
+                    goto named_recursion;
+                }
+                else if (paren == '=') {   /* (?P=...)  named backref */
+                    /* this pretty much dupes the code for \k<NAME> in regatom(), if
+                       you change this make sure you change that */
+                    char* name_start = RExC_parse;
+                   U32 num = 0;
+                    SV *sv_dat = reg_scan_name(pRExC_state,
+                        SIZE_ONLY ? REG_RSN_RETURN_NULL : REG_RSN_RETURN_DATA);
+                    if (RExC_parse == name_start || *RExC_parse != ')')
+                        vFAIL2("Sequence %.3s... not terminated",parse_start);
+
+                    if (!SIZE_ONLY) {
+                        num = add_data( pRExC_state, 1, "S" );
+                        RExC_rxi->data->data[num]=(void*)sv_dat;
+                        SvREFCNT_inc_simple_void(sv_dat);
+                    }
+                    RExC_sawback = 1;
+                   ret = reganode(pRExC_state,
+                                  ((! FOLD)
+                                    ? NREF
+                                    : (ASCII_FOLD_RESTRICTED)
+                                      ? NREFFA
+                                       : (AT_LEAST_UNI_SEMANTICS)
+                                         ? NREFFU
+                                         : (LOC)
+                                           ? NREFFL
+                                           : NREFF),
+                                   num);
+                    *flagp |= HASWIDTH;
+
+                    Set_Node_Offset(ret, parse_start+1);
+                    Set_Node_Cur_Length(ret, parse_start);
+
+                    nextchar(pRExC_state);
+                    return ret;
+                }
+                RExC_parse++;
+               vFAIL3("Sequence (%.*s...) not recognized", RExC_parse-seqstart, seqstart);
+               /*NOTREACHED*/
+            case '<':           /* (?<...) */
+               if (*RExC_parse == '!')
+                   paren = ',';
+               else if (*RExC_parse != '=') 
+              named_capture:
+               {               /* (?<...>) */
+                   char *name_start;
+                   SV *svname;
+                   paren= '>';
+            case '\'':          /* (?'...') */
+                   name_start= RExC_parse;
+                   svname = reg_scan_name(pRExC_state,
+                       SIZE_ONLY ?  /* reverse test from the others */
+                       REG_RSN_RETURN_NAME : 
+                       REG_RSN_RETURN_NULL);
+                   if (RExC_parse == name_start) {
+                       RExC_parse++;
+                       vFAIL3("Sequence (%.*s...) not recognized", RExC_parse-seqstart, seqstart);
+                       /*NOTREACHED*/
+                    }
+                   if (*RExC_parse != paren)
+                       vFAIL2("Sequence (?%c... not terminated",
+                           paren=='>' ? '<' : paren);
+                   if (SIZE_ONLY) {
+                       HE *he_str;
+                       SV *sv_dat = NULL;
+                        if (!svname) /* shouldn't happen */
+                            Perl_croak(aTHX_
+                                "panic: reg_scan_name returned NULL");
+                        if (!RExC_paren_names) {
+                            RExC_paren_names= newHV();
+                            sv_2mortal(MUTABLE_SV(RExC_paren_names));
+#ifdef DEBUGGING
+                            RExC_paren_name_list= newAV();
+                            sv_2mortal(MUTABLE_SV(RExC_paren_name_list));
+#endif
+                        }
+                        he_str = hv_fetch_ent( RExC_paren_names, svname, 1, 0 );
+                        if ( he_str )
+                            sv_dat = HeVAL(he_str);
+                        if ( ! sv_dat ) {
+                            /* croak baby croak */
+                            Perl_croak(aTHX_
+                                "panic: paren_name hash element allocation failed");
+                        } else if ( SvPOK(sv_dat) ) {
+                            /* (?|...) can mean we have dupes so scan to check
+                               its already been stored. Maybe a flag indicating
+                               we are inside such a construct would be useful,
+                               but the arrays are likely to be quite small, so
+                               for now we punt -- dmq */
+                            IV count = SvIV(sv_dat);
+                            I32 *pv = (I32*)SvPVX(sv_dat);
+                            IV i;
+                            for ( i = 0 ; i < count ; i++ ) {
+                                if ( pv[i] == RExC_npar ) {
+                                    count = 0;
+                                    break;
+                                }
+                            }
+                            if ( count ) {
+                                pv = (I32*)SvGROW(sv_dat, SvCUR(sv_dat) + sizeof(I32)+1);
+                                SvCUR_set(sv_dat, SvCUR(sv_dat) + sizeof(I32));
+                                pv[count] = RExC_npar;
+                                SvIV_set(sv_dat, SvIVX(sv_dat) + 1);
+                            }
+                        } else {
+                            (void)SvUPGRADE(sv_dat,SVt_PVNV);
+                            sv_setpvn(sv_dat, (char *)&(RExC_npar), sizeof(I32));
+                            SvIOK_on(sv_dat);
+                            SvIV_set(sv_dat, 1);
+                        }
+#ifdef DEBUGGING
+                       /* Yes this does cause a memory leak in debugging Perls */
+                        if (!av_store(RExC_paren_name_list, RExC_npar, SvREFCNT_inc(svname)))
+                            SvREFCNT_dec_NN(svname);
+#endif
+
+                        /*sv_dump(sv_dat);*/
+                    }
+                    nextchar(pRExC_state);
+                   paren = 1;
+                   goto capturing_parens;
+               }
+                RExC_seen |= REG_SEEN_LOOKBEHIND;
+               RExC_in_lookbehind++;
+               RExC_parse++;
+           case '=':           /* (?=...) */
+               RExC_seen_zerolen++;
+                break;
+           case '!':           /* (?!...) */
+               RExC_seen_zerolen++;
+               if (*RExC_parse == ')') {
+                   ret=reg_node(pRExC_state, OPFAIL);
+                   nextchar(pRExC_state);
+                   return ret;
+               }
+               break;
+           case '|':           /* (?|...) */
+               /* branch reset, behave like a (?:...) except that
+                  buffers in alternations share the same numbers */
+               paren = ':'; 
+               after_freeze = freeze_paren = RExC_npar;
+               break;
+           case ':':           /* (?:...) */
+           case '>':           /* (?>...) */
+               break;
+           case '$':           /* (?$...) */
+           case '@':           /* (?@...) */
+               vFAIL2("Sequence (?%c...) not implemented", (int)paren);
+               break;
+            case '#':           /* (?#...) */
+                /* XXX As soon as we disallow separating the '?' and '*' (by
+                 * spaces or (?#...) comment), it is believed that this case
+                 * will be unreachable and can be removed.  See
+                 * [perl #117327] */
+                while (*RExC_parse && *RExC_parse != ')')
+                   RExC_parse++;
+               if (*RExC_parse != ')')
+                   FAIL("Sequence (?#... not terminated");
+               nextchar(pRExC_state);
+               *flagp = TRYAGAIN;
+               return NULL;
+           case '0' :           /* (?0) */
+           case 'R' :           /* (?R) */
+               if (*RExC_parse != ')')
+                   FAIL("Sequence (?R) not terminated");
+               ret = reg_node(pRExC_state, GOSTART);
+               *flagp |= POSTPONED;
+               nextchar(pRExC_state);
+               return ret;
+               /*notreached*/
+            { /* named and numeric backreferences */
+                I32 num;
+            case '&':            /* (?&NAME) */
+                parse_start = RExC_parse - 1;
+              named_recursion:
+                {
+                   SV *sv_dat = reg_scan_name(pRExC_state,
+                       SIZE_ONLY ? REG_RSN_RETURN_NULL : REG_RSN_RETURN_DATA);
+                    num = sv_dat ? *((I32 *)SvPVX(sv_dat)) : 0;
+                }
+                goto gen_recurse_regop;
+                assert(0); /* NOT REACHED */
+            case '+':
+                if (!(RExC_parse[0] >= '1' && RExC_parse[0] <= '9')) {
+                    RExC_parse++;
+                    vFAIL("Illegal pattern");
+                }
+                goto parse_recursion;
+                /* NOT REACHED*/
+            case '-': /* (?-1) */
+                if (!(RExC_parse[0] >= '1' && RExC_parse[0] <= '9')) {
+                    RExC_parse--; /* rewind to let it be handled later */
+                    goto parse_flags;
+                } 
+                /*FALLTHROUGH */
+            case '1': case '2': case '3': case '4': /* (?1) */
+           case '5': case '6': case '7': case '8': case '9':
+               RExC_parse--;
+              parse_recursion:
+               num = atoi(RExC_parse);
+               parse_start = RExC_parse - 1; /* MJD */
+               if (*RExC_parse == '-')
+                   RExC_parse++;
+               while (isDIGIT(*RExC_parse))
+                       RExC_parse++;
+               if (*RExC_parse!=')') 
+                   vFAIL("Expecting close bracket");
+
+              gen_recurse_regop:
+                if ( paren == '-' ) {
+                    /*
+                    Diagram of capture buffer numbering.
+                    Top line is the normal capture buffer numbers
+                    Bottom line is the negative indexing as from
+                    the X (the (?-2))
+
+                    +   1 2    3 4 5 X          6 7
+                       /(a(x)y)(a(b(c(?-2)d)e)f)(g(h))/
+                    -   5 4    3 2 1 X          x x
+
+                    */
+                    num = RExC_npar + num;
+                    if (num < 1)  {
+                        RExC_parse++;
+                        vFAIL("Reference to nonexistent group");
+                    }
+                } else if ( paren == '+' ) {
+                    num = RExC_npar + num - 1;
+                }
+
+                ret = reganode(pRExC_state, GOSUB, num);
+                if (!SIZE_ONLY) {
+                   if (num > (I32)RExC_rx->nparens) {
+                       RExC_parse++;
+                       vFAIL("Reference to nonexistent group");
+                   }
+                   ARG2L_SET( ret, RExC_recurse_count++);
+                    RExC_emit++;
+                   DEBUG_OPTIMISE_MORE_r(PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log,
+                       "Recurse #%"UVuf" to %"IVdf"\n", (UV)ARG(ret), (IV)ARG2L(ret)));
+               } else {
+                   RExC_size++;
+               }
+               RExC_seen |= REG_SEEN_RECURSE;
+                Set_Node_Length(ret, 1 + regarglen[OP(ret)]); /* MJD */
+               Set_Node_Offset(ret, parse_start); /* MJD */
+
+                *flagp |= POSTPONED;
+                nextchar(pRExC_state);
+                return ret;
+            } /* named and numeric backreferences */
+            assert(0); /* NOT REACHED */
+
+           case '?':           /* (??...) */
+               is_logical = 1;
+               if (*RExC_parse != '{') {
+                   RExC_parse++;
+                   vFAIL3("Sequence (%.*s...) not recognized", RExC_parse-seqstart, seqstart);
+                   /*NOTREACHED*/
+               }
+               *flagp |= POSTPONED;
+               paren = *RExC_parse++;
+               /* FALL THROUGH */
+           case '{':           /* (?{...}) */
+           {
+               U32 n = 0;
+               struct reg_code_block *cb;
+
+               RExC_seen_zerolen++;
+
+               if (   !pRExC_state->num_code_blocks
+                   || pRExC_state->code_index >= pRExC_state->num_code_blocks
+                   || pRExC_state->code_blocks[pRExC_state->code_index].start
+                       != (STRLEN)((RExC_parse -3 - (is_logical ? 1 : 0))
+                           - RExC_start)
+               ) {
+                   if (RExC_pm_flags & PMf_USE_RE_EVAL)
+                       FAIL("panic: Sequence (?{...}): no code block found\n");
+                   FAIL("Eval-group not allowed at runtime, use re 'eval'");
+               }
+               /* this is a pre-compiled code block (?{...}) */
+               cb = &pRExC_state->code_blocks[pRExC_state->code_index];
+               RExC_parse = RExC_start + cb->end;
+               if (!SIZE_ONLY) {
+                   OP *o = cb->block;
+                   if (cb->src_regex) {
+                       n = add_data(pRExC_state, 2, "rl");
+                       RExC_rxi->data->data[n] =
+                           (void*)SvREFCNT_inc((SV*)cb->src_regex);
+                       RExC_rxi->data->data[n+1] = (void*)o;
+                   }
+                   else {
+                       n = add_data(pRExC_state, 1,
+                              (RExC_pm_flags & PMf_HAS_CV) ? "L" : "l");
+                       RExC_rxi->data->data[n] = (void*)o;
+                   }
+               }
+               pRExC_state->code_index++;
+               nextchar(pRExC_state);
+
+               if (is_logical) {
+                    regnode *eval;
+                   ret = reg_node(pRExC_state, LOGICAL);
+                    eval = reganode(pRExC_state, EVAL, n);
+                   if (!SIZE_ONLY) {
+                       ret->flags = 2;
+                        /* for later propagation into (??{}) return value */
+                        eval->flags = (U8) (RExC_flags & RXf_PMf_COMPILETIME);
+                    }
+                    REGTAIL(pRExC_state, ret, eval);
+                    /* deal with the length of this later - MJD */
+                   return ret;
+               }
+               ret = reganode(pRExC_state, EVAL, n);
+               Set_Node_Length(ret, RExC_parse - parse_start + 1);
+               Set_Node_Offset(ret, parse_start);
+               return ret;
+           }
+           case '(':           /* (?(?{...})...) and (?(?=...)...) */
+           {
+               int is_define= 0;
+               if (RExC_parse[0] == '?') {        /* (?(?...)) */
+                   if (RExC_parse[1] == '=' || RExC_parse[1] == '!'
+                       || RExC_parse[1] == '<'
+                       || RExC_parse[1] == '{') { /* Lookahead or eval. */
+                       I32 flag;
+                        regnode *tail;
+
+                       ret = reg_node(pRExC_state, LOGICAL);
+                       if (!SIZE_ONLY)
+                           ret->flags = 1;
+                        
+                        tail = reg(pRExC_state, 1, &flag, depth+1);
+                        if (flag & RESTART_UTF8) {
+                            *flagp = RESTART_UTF8;
+                            return NULL;
+                        }
+                        REGTAIL(pRExC_state, ret, tail);
+                       goto insert_if;
+                   }
+               }
+               else if ( RExC_parse[0] == '<'     /* (?(<NAME>)...) */
+                        || RExC_parse[0] == '\'' ) /* (?('NAME')...) */
+               {
+                   char ch = RExC_parse[0] == '<' ? '>' : '\'';
+                   char *name_start= RExC_parse++;
+                   U32 num = 0;
+                   SV *sv_dat=reg_scan_name(pRExC_state,
+                       SIZE_ONLY ? REG_RSN_RETURN_NULL : REG_RSN_RETURN_DATA);
+                   if (RExC_parse == name_start || *RExC_parse != ch)
+                        vFAIL2("Sequence (?(%c... not terminated",
+                            (ch == '>' ? '<' : ch));
+                    RExC_parse++;
+                   if (!SIZE_ONLY) {
+                        num = add_data( pRExC_state, 1, "S" );
+                        RExC_rxi->data->data[num]=(void*)sv_dat;
+                        SvREFCNT_inc_simple_void(sv_dat);
+                    }
+                    ret = reganode(pRExC_state,NGROUPP,num);
+                    goto insert_if_check_paren;
+               }
+               else if (RExC_parse[0] == 'D' &&
+                        RExC_parse[1] == 'E' &&
+                        RExC_parse[2] == 'F' &&
+                        RExC_parse[3] == 'I' &&
+                        RExC_parse[4] == 'N' &&
+                        RExC_parse[5] == 'E')
+               {
+                   ret = reganode(pRExC_state,DEFINEP,0);
+                   RExC_parse +=6 ;
+                   is_define = 1;
+                   goto insert_if_check_paren;
+               }
+               else if (RExC_parse[0] == 'R') {
+                   RExC_parse++;
+                   parno = 0;
+                   if (RExC_parse[0] >= '1' && RExC_parse[0] <= '9' ) {
+                       parno = atoi(RExC_parse++);
+                       while (isDIGIT(*RExC_parse))
+                           RExC_parse++;
+                   } else if (RExC_parse[0] == '&') {
+                       SV *sv_dat;
+                       RExC_parse++;
+                       sv_dat = reg_scan_name(pRExC_state,
+                           SIZE_ONLY ? REG_RSN_RETURN_NULL : REG_RSN_RETURN_DATA);
+                       parno = sv_dat ? *((I32 *)SvPVX(sv_dat)) : 0;
+                   }
+                   ret = reganode(pRExC_state,INSUBP,parno); 
+                   goto insert_if_check_paren;
+               }
+               else if (RExC_parse[0] >= '1' && RExC_parse[0] <= '9' ) {
+                    /* (?(1)...) */
+                   char c;
+                   parno = atoi(RExC_parse++);
+
+                   while (isDIGIT(*RExC_parse))
+                       RExC_parse++;
+                    ret = reganode(pRExC_state, GROUPP, parno);
+
+                 insert_if_check_paren:
+                   if ((c = *nextchar(pRExC_state)) != ')')
+                       vFAIL("Switch condition not recognized");
+                 insert_if:
+                    REGTAIL(pRExC_state, ret, reganode(pRExC_state, IFTHEN, 0));
+                    br = regbranch(pRExC_state, &flags, 1,depth+1);
+                   if (br == NULL) {
+                        if (flags & RESTART_UTF8) {
+                            *flagp = RESTART_UTF8;
+                            return NULL;
+                        }
+                        FAIL2("panic: regbranch returned NULL, flags=%#"UVxf"",
+                              (UV) flags);
+                    } else
+                        REGTAIL(pRExC_state, br, reganode(pRExC_state, LONGJMP, 0));
+                   c = *nextchar(pRExC_state);
+                   if (flags&HASWIDTH)
+                       *flagp |= HASWIDTH;
+                   if (c == '|') {
+                       if (is_define) 
+                           vFAIL("(?(DEFINE)....) does not allow branches");
+                       lastbr = reganode(pRExC_state, IFTHEN, 0); /* Fake one for optimizer. */
+                        if (!regbranch(pRExC_state, &flags, 1,depth+1)) {
+                            if (flags & RESTART_UTF8) {
+                                *flagp = RESTART_UTF8;
+                                return NULL;
+                            }
+                            FAIL2("panic: regbranch returned NULL, flags=%#"UVxf"",
+                                  (UV) flags);
+                        }
+                        REGTAIL(pRExC_state, ret, lastbr);
+                       if (flags&HASWIDTH)
+                           *flagp |= HASWIDTH;
+                       c = *nextchar(pRExC_state);
+                   }
+                   else
+                       lastbr = NULL;
+                   if (c != ')')
+                       vFAIL("Switch (?(condition)... contains too many branches");
+                   ender = reg_node(pRExC_state, TAIL);
+                    REGTAIL(pRExC_state, br, ender);
+                   if (lastbr) {
+                        REGTAIL(pRExC_state, lastbr, ender);
+                        REGTAIL(pRExC_state, NEXTOPER(NEXTOPER(lastbr)), ender);
+                   }
+                   else
+                        REGTAIL(pRExC_state, ret, ender);
+                    RExC_size++; /* XXX WHY do we need this?!!
+                                    For large programs it seems to be required
+                                    but I can't figure out why. -- dmq*/
+                   return ret;
+               }
+               else {
+                   vFAIL2("Unknown switch condition (?(%.2s", RExC_parse);
+               }
+           }
+           case '[':           /* (?[ ... ]) */
+                return handle_regex_sets(pRExC_state, NULL, flagp, depth,
+                                         oregcomp_parse);
+            case 0:
+               RExC_parse--; /* for vFAIL to print correctly */
+                vFAIL("Sequence (? incomplete");
+                break;
+           default: /* e.g., (?i) */
+               --RExC_parse;
+              parse_flags:
+               parse_lparen_question_flags(pRExC_state);
+                if (UCHARAT(RExC_parse) != ':') {
+                    nextchar(pRExC_state);
+                    *flagp = TRYAGAIN;
+                    return NULL;
+                }
+                paren = ':';
+                nextchar(pRExC_state);
+                ret = NULL;
+                goto parse_rest;
+            } /* end switch */
+       }
+       else {                  /* (...) */
+         capturing_parens:
+           parno = RExC_npar;
+           RExC_npar++;
+           
+           ret = reganode(pRExC_state, OPEN, parno);
+           if (!SIZE_ONLY ){
+               if (!RExC_nestroot) 
+                   RExC_nestroot = parno;
+               if (RExC_seen & REG_SEEN_RECURSE
+                   && !RExC_open_parens[parno-1])
+               {
+                   DEBUG_OPTIMISE_MORE_r(PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log,
+                       "Setting open paren #%"IVdf" to %d\n", 
+                       (IV)parno, REG_NODE_NUM(ret)));
+                   RExC_open_parens[parno-1]= ret;
+               }
+           }
+            Set_Node_Length(ret, 1); /* MJD */
+            Set_Node_Offset(ret, RExC_parse); /* MJD */
+           is_open = 1;
+       }
+    }
+    else                        /* ! paren */
+       ret = NULL;
+   
+   parse_rest:
+    /* Pick up the branches, linking them together. */
+    parse_start = RExC_parse;   /* MJD */
+    br = regbranch(pRExC_state, &flags, 1,depth+1);
+
+    /*     branch_len = (paren != 0); */
+
+    if (br == NULL) {
+        if (flags & RESTART_UTF8) {
+            *flagp = RESTART_UTF8;
+            return NULL;
+        }
+        FAIL2("panic: regbranch returned NULL, flags=%#"UVxf"", (UV) flags);
+    }
+    if (*RExC_parse == '|') {
+       if (!SIZE_ONLY && RExC_extralen) {
+           reginsert(pRExC_state, BRANCHJ, br, depth+1);
+       }
+       else {                  /* MJD */
+           reginsert(pRExC_state, BRANCH, br, depth+1);
+            Set_Node_Length(br, paren != 0);
+            Set_Node_Offset_To_R(br-RExC_emit_start, parse_start-RExC_start);
+        }
+       have_branch = 1;
+       if (SIZE_ONLY)
+           RExC_extralen += 1;         /* For BRANCHJ-BRANCH. */
+    }
+    else if (paren == ':') {
+       *flagp |= flags&SIMPLE;
+    }
+    if (is_open) {                             /* Starts with OPEN. */
+        REGTAIL(pRExC_state, ret, br);          /* OPEN -> first. */
+    }
+    else if (paren != '?')             /* Not Conditional */
+       ret = br;
+    *flagp |= flags & (SPSTART | HASWIDTH | POSTPONED);
+    lastbr = br;
+    while (*RExC_parse == '|') {
+       if (!SIZE_ONLY && RExC_extralen) {
+           ender = reganode(pRExC_state, LONGJMP,0);
+            REGTAIL(pRExC_state, NEXTOPER(NEXTOPER(lastbr)), ender); /* Append to the previous. */
+       }
+       if (SIZE_ONLY)
+           RExC_extralen += 2;         /* Account for LONGJMP. */
+       nextchar(pRExC_state);
+       if (freeze_paren) {
+           if (RExC_npar > after_freeze)
+               after_freeze = RExC_npar;
+            RExC_npar = freeze_paren;      
+        }
+        br = regbranch(pRExC_state, &flags, 0, depth+1);
+
+       if (br == NULL) {
+            if (flags & RESTART_UTF8) {
+                *flagp = RESTART_UTF8;
+                return NULL;
+            }
+            FAIL2("panic: regbranch returned NULL, flags=%#"UVxf"", (UV) flags);
+        }
+        REGTAIL(pRExC_state, lastbr, br);               /* BRANCH -> BRANCH. */
+       lastbr = br;
+       *flagp |= flags & (SPSTART | HASWIDTH | POSTPONED);
+    }
+
+    if (have_branch || paren != ':') {
+       /* Make a closing node, and hook it on the end. */
+       switch (paren) {
+       case ':':
+           ender = reg_node(pRExC_state, TAIL);
+           break;
+       case 1: case 2:
+           ender = reganode(pRExC_state, CLOSE, parno);
+           if (!SIZE_ONLY && RExC_seen & REG_SEEN_RECURSE) {
+               DEBUG_OPTIMISE_MORE_r(PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log,
+                       "Setting close paren #%"IVdf" to %d\n", 
+                       (IV)parno, REG_NODE_NUM(ender)));
+               RExC_close_parens[parno-1]= ender;
+               if (RExC_nestroot == parno) 
+                   RExC_nestroot = 0;
+           }       
+            Set_Node_Offset(ender,RExC_parse+1); /* MJD */
+            Set_Node_Length(ender,1); /* MJD */
+           break;
+       case '<':
+       case ',':
+       case '=':
+       case '!':
+           *flagp &= ~HASWIDTH;
+           /* FALL THROUGH */
+       case '>':
+           ender = reg_node(pRExC_state, SUCCEED);
+           break;
+       case 0:
+           ender = reg_node(pRExC_state, END);
+           if (!SIZE_ONLY) {
+                assert(!RExC_opend); /* there can only be one! */
+                RExC_opend = ender;
+            }
+           break;
+       }
+        DEBUG_PARSE_r(if (!SIZE_ONLY) {
+            SV * const mysv_val1=sv_newmortal();
+            SV * const mysv_val2=sv_newmortal();
+            DEBUG_PARSE_MSG("lsbr");
+            regprop(RExC_rx, mysv_val1, lastbr);
+            regprop(RExC_rx, mysv_val2, ender);
+            PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log, "~ tying lastbr %s (%"IVdf") to ender %s (%"IVdf") offset %"IVdf"\n",
+                          SvPV_nolen_const(mysv_val1),
+                          (IV)REG_NODE_NUM(lastbr),
+                          SvPV_nolen_const(mysv_val2),
+                          (IV)REG_NODE_NUM(ender),
+                          (IV)(ender - lastbr)
+            );
+        });
+        REGTAIL(pRExC_state, lastbr, ender);
+
+       if (have_branch && !SIZE_ONLY) {
+            char is_nothing= 1;
+           if (depth==1)
+               RExC_seen |= REG_TOP_LEVEL_BRANCHES;
+
+           /* Hook the tails of the branches to the closing node. */
+           for (br = ret; br; br = regnext(br)) {
+               const U8 op = PL_regkind[OP(br)];
+               if (op == BRANCH) {
+                    REGTAIL_STUDY(pRExC_state, NEXTOPER(br), ender);
+                    if (OP(NEXTOPER(br)) != NOTHING || regnext(NEXTOPER(br)) != ender)
+                        is_nothing= 0;
+               }
+               else if (op == BRANCHJ) {
+                    REGTAIL_STUDY(pRExC_state, NEXTOPER(NEXTOPER(br)), ender);
+                    /* for now we always disable this optimisation * /
+                    if (OP(NEXTOPER(NEXTOPER(br))) != NOTHING || regnext(NEXTOPER(NEXTOPER(br))) != ender)
+                    */
+                        is_nothing= 0;
+               }
+           }
+            if (is_nothing) {
+                br= PL_regkind[OP(ret)] != BRANCH ? regnext(ret) : ret;
+                DEBUG_PARSE_r(if (!SIZE_ONLY) {
+                    SV * const mysv_val1=sv_newmortal();
+                    SV * const mysv_val2=sv_newmortal();
+                    DEBUG_PARSE_MSG("NADA");
+                    regprop(RExC_rx, mysv_val1, ret);
+                    regprop(RExC_rx, mysv_val2, ender);
+                    PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log, "~ converting ret %s (%"IVdf") to ender %s (%"IVdf") offset %"IVdf"\n",
+                                  SvPV_nolen_const(mysv_val1),
+                                  (IV)REG_NODE_NUM(ret),
+                                  SvPV_nolen_const(mysv_val2),
+                                  (IV)REG_NODE_NUM(ender),
+                                  (IV)(ender - ret)
+                    );
+                });
+                OP(br)= NOTHING;
+                if (OP(ender) == TAIL) {
+                    NEXT_OFF(br)= 0;
+                    RExC_emit= br + 1;
+                } else {
+                    regnode *opt;
+                    for ( opt= br + 1; opt < ender ; opt++ )
+                        OP(opt)= OPTIMIZED;
+                    NEXT_OFF(br)= ender - br;
+                }
+            }
+       }
+    }
+
+    {
+        const char *p;
+        static const char parens[] = "=!<,>";
+
+       if (paren && (p = strchr(parens, paren))) {
+           U8 node = ((p - parens) % 2) ? UNLESSM : IFMATCH;
+           int flag = (p - parens) > 1;
+
+           if (paren == '>')
+               node = SUSPEND, flag = 0;
+           reginsert(pRExC_state, node,ret, depth+1);
+            Set_Node_Cur_Length(ret, parse_start);
+           Set_Node_Offset(ret, parse_start + 1);
+           ret->flags = flag;
+            REGTAIL_STUDY(pRExC_state, ret, reg_node(pRExC_state, TAIL));
+       }
+    }
+
+    /* Check for proper termination. */
+    if (paren) {
+        /* restore original flags, but keep (?p) */
+       RExC_flags = oregflags | (RExC_flags & RXf_PMf_KEEPCOPY);
+       if (RExC_parse >= RExC_end || *nextchar(pRExC_state) != ')') {
+           RExC_parse = oregcomp_parse;
+           vFAIL("Unmatched (");
+       }
+    }
+    else if (!paren && RExC_parse < RExC_end) {
+       if (*RExC_parse == ')') {
+           RExC_parse++;
+           vFAIL("Unmatched )");
+       }
+       else
+           FAIL("Junk on end of regexp");      /* "Can't happen". */
+       assert(0); /* NOTREACHED */
+    }
+
+    if (RExC_in_lookbehind) {
+       RExC_in_lookbehind--;
+    }
+    if (after_freeze > RExC_npar)
+        RExC_npar = after_freeze;
+    return(ret);
+}
+
+/*
+ - regbranch - one alternative of an | operator
+ *
+ * Implements the concatenation operator.
+ *
+ * Returns NULL, setting *flagp to RESTART_UTF8 if the sizing scan needs to be
+ * restarted.
+ */
+STATIC regnode *
+S_regbranch(pTHX_ RExC_state_t *pRExC_state, I32 *flagp, I32 first, U32 depth)
+{
+    dVAR;
+    regnode *ret;
+    regnode *chain = NULL;
+    regnode *latest;
+    I32 flags = 0, c = 0;
+    GET_RE_DEBUG_FLAGS_DECL;
+
+    PERL_ARGS_ASSERT_REGBRANCH;
+
+    DEBUG_PARSE("brnc");
+
+    if (first)
+       ret = NULL;
+    else {
+       if (!SIZE_ONLY && RExC_extralen)
+           ret = reganode(pRExC_state, BRANCHJ,0);
+       else {
+           ret = reg_node(pRExC_state, BRANCH);
+            Set_Node_Length(ret, 1);
+        }
+    }
+
+    if (!first && SIZE_ONLY)
+       RExC_extralen += 1;                     /* BRANCHJ */
+
+    *flagp = WORST;                    /* Tentatively. */
+
+    RExC_parse--;
+    nextchar(pRExC_state);
+    while (RExC_parse < RExC_end && *RExC_parse != '|' && *RExC_parse != ')') {
+       flags &= ~TRYAGAIN;
+        latest = regpiece(pRExC_state, &flags,depth+1);
+       if (latest == NULL) {
+           if (flags & TRYAGAIN)
+               continue;
+            if (flags & RESTART_UTF8) {
+                *flagp = RESTART_UTF8;
+                return NULL;
+            }
+            FAIL2("panic: regpiece returned NULL, flags=%#"UVxf"", (UV) flags);
+       }
+       else if (ret == NULL)
+           ret = latest;
+       *flagp |= flags&(HASWIDTH|POSTPONED);
+       if (chain == NULL)      /* First piece. */
+           *flagp |= flags&SPSTART;
+       else {
+           RExC_naughty++;
+            REGTAIL(pRExC_state, chain, latest);
+       }
+       chain = latest;
+       c++;
+    }
+    if (chain == NULL) {       /* Loop ran zero times. */
+       chain = reg_node(pRExC_state, NOTHING);
+       if (ret == NULL)
+           ret = chain;
+    }
+    if (c == 1) {
+       *flagp |= flags&SIMPLE;
+    }
+
+    return ret;
+}
+
+/*
+ - regpiece - something followed by possible [*+?]
+ *
+ * Note that the branching code sequences used for ? and the general cases
+ * of * and + are somewhat optimized:  they use the same NOTHING node as
+ * both the endmarker for their branch list and the body of the last branch.
+ * It might seem that this node could be dispensed with entirely, but the
+ * endmarker role is not redundant.
+ *
+ * Returns NULL, setting *flagp to TRYAGAIN if regatom() returns NULL with
+ * TRYAGAIN.
+ * Returns NULL, setting *flagp to RESTART_UTF8 if the sizing scan needs to be
+ * restarted.
+ */
+STATIC regnode *
+S_regpiece(pTHX_ RExC_state_t *pRExC_state, I32 *flagp, U32 depth)
+{
+    dVAR;
+    regnode *ret;
+    char op;
+    char *next;
+    I32 flags;
+    const char * const origparse = RExC_parse;
+    I32 min;
+    I32 max = REG_INFTY;
+#ifdef RE_TRACK_PATTERN_OFFSETS
+    char *parse_start;
+#endif
+    const char *maxpos = NULL;
+
+    /* Save the original in case we change the emitted regop to a FAIL. */
+    regnode * const orig_emit = RExC_emit;
+
+    GET_RE_DEBUG_FLAGS_DECL;
+
+    PERL_ARGS_ASSERT_REGPIECE;
+
+    DEBUG_PARSE("piec");
+
+    ret = regatom(pRExC_state, &flags,depth+1);
+    if (ret == NULL) {
+       if (flags & (TRYAGAIN|RESTART_UTF8))
+           *flagp |= flags & (TRYAGAIN|RESTART_UTF8);
+        else
+            FAIL2("panic: regatom returned NULL, flags=%#"UVxf"", (UV) flags);
+       return(NULL);
+    }
+
+    op = *RExC_parse;
+
+    if (op == '{' && regcurly(RExC_parse, FALSE)) {
+       maxpos = NULL;
+#ifdef RE_TRACK_PATTERN_OFFSETS
+        parse_start = RExC_parse; /* MJD */
+#endif
+       next = RExC_parse + 1;
+       while (isDIGIT(*next) || *next == ',') {
+           if (*next == ',') {
+               if (maxpos)
+                   break;
+               else
+                   maxpos = next;
+           }
+           next++;
+       }
+       if (*next == '}') {             /* got one */
+           if (!maxpos)
+               maxpos = next;
+           RExC_parse++;
+           min = atoi(RExC_parse);
+           if (*maxpos == ',')
+               maxpos++;
+           else
+               maxpos = RExC_parse;
+           max = atoi(maxpos);
+           if (!max && *maxpos != '0')
+               max = REG_INFTY;                /* meaning "infinity" */
+           else if (max >= REG_INFTY)
+               vFAIL2("Quantifier in {,} bigger than %d", REG_INFTY - 1);
+           RExC_parse = next;
+           nextchar(pRExC_state);
+            if (max < min) {    /* If can't match, warn and optimize to fail
+                                   unconditionally */
+                if (SIZE_ONLY) {
+                    ckWARNreg(RExC_parse, "Quantifier {n,m} with n > m can't match");
+
+                    /* We can't back off the size because we have to reserve
+                     * enough space for all the things we are about to throw
+                     * away, but we can shrink it by the ammount we are about
+                     * to re-use here */
+                    RExC_size = PREVOPER(RExC_size) - regarglen[(U8)OPFAIL];
+                }
+                else {
+                    RExC_emit = orig_emit;
+                }
+                ret = reg_node(pRExC_state, OPFAIL);
+                return ret;
+            }
+            else if (max == 0) {    /* replace {0} with a nothing node */
+                if (SIZE_ONLY) {
+                    RExC_size = PREVOPER(RExC_size) - regarglen[(U8)NOTHING];
+                }
+                else {
+                    RExC_emit = orig_emit;
+                }
+                ret = reg_node(pRExC_state, NOTHING);
+
+                /* But the quantifier includes any '?', the non-greedy
+                 * modifier, after the {}, [perl #118375]
+                 * Likewise the '+', the possessive modifier. They are mutually exclusive.
+                 */
+                if (RExC_parse < RExC_end && (*RExC_parse == '?' || *RExC_parse == '+') ) {
+                    nextchar(pRExC_state);
+                }
+                return ret;
+            }
+
+       do_curly:
+           if ((flags&SIMPLE)) {
+               RExC_naughty += 2 + RExC_naughty / 2;
+               reginsert(pRExC_state, CURLY, ret, depth+1);
+                Set_Node_Offset(ret, parse_start+1); /* MJD */
+                Set_Node_Cur_Length(ret, parse_start);
+           }
+           else {
+               regnode * const w = reg_node(pRExC_state, WHILEM);
+
+               w->flags = 0;
+                REGTAIL(pRExC_state, ret, w);
+               if (!SIZE_ONLY && RExC_extralen) {
+                   reginsert(pRExC_state, LONGJMP,ret, depth+1);
+                   reginsert(pRExC_state, NOTHING,ret, depth+1);
+                   NEXT_OFF(ret) = 3;  /* Go over LONGJMP. */
+               }
+               reginsert(pRExC_state, CURLYX,ret, depth+1);
+                                /* MJD hk */
+                Set_Node_Offset(ret, parse_start+1);
+                Set_Node_Length(ret,
+                                op == '{' ? (RExC_parse - parse_start) : 1);
+
+               if (!SIZE_ONLY && RExC_extralen)
+                   NEXT_OFF(ret) = 3;  /* Go over NOTHING to LONGJMP. */
+                REGTAIL(pRExC_state, ret, reg_node(pRExC_state, NOTHING));
+               if (SIZE_ONLY)
+                   RExC_whilem_seen++, RExC_extralen += 3;
+               RExC_naughty += 4 + RExC_naughty;       /* compound interest */
+           }
+           ret->flags = 0;
+
+           if (min > 0)
+               *flagp = WORST;
+           if (max > 0)
+               *flagp |= HASWIDTH;
+           if (!SIZE_ONLY) {
+               ARG1_SET(ret, (U16)min);
+               ARG2_SET(ret, (U16)max);
+           }
+
+           goto nest_check;
+       }
+    }
+
+    if (!ISMULT1(op)) {
+       *flagp = flags;
+       return(ret);
+    }
+
+#if 0                          /* Now runtime fix should be reliable. */
+
+    /* if this is reinstated, don't forget to put this back into perldiag:
+
+           =item Regexp *+ operand could be empty at {#} in regex m/%s/
+
+          (F) The part of the regexp subject to either the * or + quantifier
+           could match an empty string. The {#} shows in the regular
+           expression about where the problem was discovered.
+
+    */
+
+    if (!(flags&HASWIDTH) && op != '?')
+      vFAIL("Regexp *+ operand could be empty");
+#endif
+
+#ifdef RE_TRACK_PATTERN_OFFSETS
+    parse_start = RExC_parse;
+#endif
+    nextchar(pRExC_state);
+
+    *flagp = (op != '+') ? (WORST|SPSTART|HASWIDTH) : (WORST|HASWIDTH);
+
+    if (op == '*' && (flags&SIMPLE)) {
+       reginsert(pRExC_state, STAR, ret, depth+1);
+       ret->flags = 0;
+       RExC_naughty += 4;
+    }
+    else if (op == '*') {
+       min = 0;
+       goto do_curly;
+    }
+    else if (op == '+' && (flags&SIMPLE)) {
+       reginsert(pRExC_state, PLUS, ret, depth+1);
+       ret->flags = 0;
+       RExC_naughty += 3;
+    }
+    else if (op == '+') {
+       min = 1;
+       goto do_curly;
+    }
+    else if (op == '?') {
+       min = 0; max = 1;
+       goto do_curly;
+    }
+  nest_check:
+    if (!SIZE_ONLY && !(flags&(HASWIDTH|POSTPONED)) && max > REG_INFTY/3) {
+       SAVEFREESV(RExC_rx_sv); /* in case of fatal warnings */
+       ckWARN3reg(RExC_parse,
+                  "%.*s matches null string many times",
+                  (int)(RExC_parse >= origparse ? RExC_parse - origparse : 0),
+                  origparse);
+       (void)ReREFCNT_inc(RExC_rx_sv);
+    }
+
+    if (RExC_parse < RExC_end && *RExC_parse == '?') {
+       nextchar(pRExC_state);
+       reginsert(pRExC_state, MINMOD, ret, depth+1);
+        REGTAIL(pRExC_state, ret, ret + NODE_STEP_REGNODE);
+    }
+    else
+    if (RExC_parse < RExC_end && *RExC_parse == '+') {
+        regnode *ender;
+        nextchar(pRExC_state);
+        ender = reg_node(pRExC_state, SUCCEED);
+        REGTAIL(pRExC_state, ret, ender);
+        reginsert(pRExC_state, SUSPEND, ret, depth+1);
+        ret->flags = 0;
+        ender = reg_node(pRExC_state, TAIL);
+        REGTAIL(pRExC_state, ret, ender);
+    }
+
+    if (RExC_parse < RExC_end && ISMULT2(RExC_parse)) {
+       RExC_parse++;
+       vFAIL("Nested quantifiers");
+    }
+
+    return(ret);
+}
+
+STATIC bool
+S_grok_bslash_N(pTHX_ RExC_state_t *pRExC_state, regnode** node_p, UV *valuep, I32 *flagp, U32 depth, bool in_char_class,
+        const bool strict   /* Apply stricter parsing rules? */
+    )
+{
+   
+ /* This is expected to be called by a parser routine that has recognized '\N'
+   and needs to handle the rest. RExC_parse is expected to point at the first
+   char following the N at the time of the call.  On successful return,
+   RExC_parse has been updated to point to just after the sequence identified
+   by this routine, and <*flagp> has been updated.
+
+   The \N may be inside (indicated by the boolean <in_char_class>) or outside a
+   character class.
+
+   \N may begin either a named sequence, or if outside a character class, mean
+   to match a non-newline.  For non single-quoted regexes, the tokenizer has
+   attempted to decide which, and in the case of a named sequence, converted it
+   into one of the forms: \N{} (if the sequence is null), or \N{U+c1.c2...},
+   where c1... are the characters in the sequence.  For single-quoted regexes,
+   the tokenizer passes the \N sequence through unchanged; this code will not
+   attempt to determine this nor expand those, instead raising a syntax error.
+   The net effect is that if the beginning of the passed-in pattern isn't '{U+'
+   or there is no '}', it signals that this \N occurrence means to match a
+   non-newline.
+
+   Only the \N{U+...} form should occur in a character class, for the same
+   reason that '.' inside a character class means to just match a period: it
+   just doesn't make sense.
+
+   The function raises an error (via vFAIL), and doesn't return for various
+   syntax errors.  Otherwise it returns TRUE and sets <node_p> or <valuep> on
+   success; it returns FALSE otherwise. Returns FALSE, setting *flagp to
+   RESTART_UTF8 if the sizing scan needs to be restarted. Such a restart is
+   only possible if node_p is non-NULL.
+
+
+   If <valuep> is non-null, it means the caller can accept an input sequence
+   consisting of a just a single code point; <*valuep> is set to that value
+   if the input is such.
+
+   If <node_p> is non-null it signifies that the caller can accept any other
+   legal sequence (i.e., one that isn't just a single code point).  <*node_p>
+   is set as follows:
+    1) \N means not-a-NL: points to a newly created REG_ANY node;
+    2) \N{}:              points to a new NOTHING node;
+    3) otherwise:         points to a new EXACT node containing the resolved
+                          string.
+   Note that FALSE is returned for single code point sequences if <valuep> is
+   null.
+ */
+
+    char * endbrace;    /* '}' following the name */
+    char* p;
+    char *endchar;     /* Points to '.' or '}' ending cur char in the input
+                           stream */
+    bool has_multiple_chars; /* true if the input stream contains a sequence of
+                                more than one character */
+
+    GET_RE_DEBUG_FLAGS_DECL;
+    PERL_ARGS_ASSERT_GROK_BSLASH_N;
+
+    GET_RE_DEBUG_FLAGS;
+
+    assert(cBOOL(node_p) ^ cBOOL(valuep));  /* Exactly one should be set */
+
+    /* The [^\n] meaning of \N ignores spaces and comments under the /x
+     * modifier.  The other meaning does not */
+    p = (RExC_flags & RXf_PMf_EXTENDED)
+       ? regwhite( pRExC_state, RExC_parse )
+       : RExC_parse;
+
+    /* Disambiguate between \N meaning a named character versus \N meaning
+     * [^\n].  The former is assumed when it can't be the latter. */
+    if (*p != '{' || regcurly(p, FALSE)) {
+       RExC_parse = p;
+       if (! node_p) {
+           /* no bare \N in a charclass */
+            if (in_char_class) {
+                vFAIL("\\N in a character class must be a named character: \\N{...}");
+            }
+            return FALSE;
+        }
+       nextchar(pRExC_state);
+       *node_p = reg_node(pRExC_state, REG_ANY);
+       *flagp |= HASWIDTH|SIMPLE;
+       RExC_naughty++;
+       RExC_parse--;
+        Set_Node_Length(*node_p, 1); /* MJD */
+       return TRUE;
+    }
+
+    /* Here, we have decided it should be a named character or sequence */
+
+    /* The test above made sure that the next real character is a '{', but
+     * under the /x modifier, it could be separated by space (or a comment and
+     * \n) and this is not allowed (for consistency with \x{...} and the
+     * tokenizer handling of \N{NAME}). */
+    if (*RExC_parse != '{') {
+       vFAIL("Missing braces on \\N{}");
+    }
+
+    RExC_parse++;      /* Skip past the '{' */
+
+    if (! (endbrace = strchr(RExC_parse, '}')) /* no trailing brace */
+       || ! (endbrace == RExC_parse            /* nothing between the {} */
+             || (endbrace - RExC_parse >= 2    /* U+ (bad hex is checked below */
+                 && strnEQ(RExC_parse, "U+", 2)))) /* for a better error msg) */
+    {
+       if (endbrace) RExC_parse = endbrace;    /* position msg's '<--HERE' */
+       vFAIL("\\N{NAME} must be resolved by the lexer");
+    }
+
+    if (endbrace == RExC_parse) {   /* empty: \N{} */
+        bool ret = TRUE;
+       if (node_p) {
+           *node_p = reg_node(pRExC_state,NOTHING);
+       }
+        else if (in_char_class) {
+            if (SIZE_ONLY && in_char_class) {
+                if (strict) {
+                    RExC_parse++;   /* Position after the "}" */
+                    vFAIL("Zero length \\N{}");
+                }
+                else {
+                    ckWARNreg(RExC_parse,
+                              "Ignoring zero length \\N{} in character class");
+                }
+            }
+            ret = FALSE;
+       }
+        else {
+            return FALSE;
+        }
+        nextchar(pRExC_state);
+        return ret;
+    }
+
+    RExC_uni_semantics = 1; /* Unicode named chars imply Unicode semantics */
+    RExC_parse += 2;   /* Skip past the 'U+' */
+
+    endchar = RExC_parse + strcspn(RExC_parse, ".}");
+
+    /* Code points are separated by dots.  If none, there is only one code
+     * point, and is terminated by the brace */
+    has_multiple_chars = (endchar < endbrace);
+
+    if (valuep && (! has_multiple_chars || in_char_class)) {
+       /* We only pay attention to the first char of
+        multichar strings being returned in char classes. I kinda wonder
+       if this makes sense as it does change the behaviour
+       from earlier versions, OTOH that behaviour was broken
+       as well. XXX Solution is to recharacterize as
+       [rest-of-class]|multi1|multi2... */
+
+       STRLEN length_of_hex = (STRLEN)(endchar - RExC_parse);
+       I32 grok_hex_flags = PERL_SCAN_ALLOW_UNDERSCORES
+           | PERL_SCAN_DISALLOW_PREFIX
+           | (SIZE_ONLY ? PERL_SCAN_SILENT_ILLDIGIT : 0);
+
+       *valuep = grok_hex(RExC_parse, &length_of_hex, &grok_hex_flags, NULL);
+
+       /* The tokenizer should have guaranteed validity, but it's possible to
+        * bypass it by using single quoting, so check */
+       if (length_of_hex == 0
+           || length_of_hex != (STRLEN)(endchar - RExC_parse) )
+       {
+           RExC_parse += length_of_hex;        /* Includes all the valid */
+           RExC_parse += (RExC_orig_utf8)      /* point to after 1st invalid */
+                           ? UTF8SKIP(RExC_parse)
+                           : 1;
+           /* Guard against malformed utf8 */
+           if (RExC_parse >= endchar) {
+                RExC_parse = endchar;
+            }
+           vFAIL("Invalid hexadecimal number in \\N{U+...}");
+       }
+
+        if (in_char_class && has_multiple_chars) {
+            if (strict) {
+                RExC_parse = endbrace;
+                vFAIL("\\N{} in character class restricted to one character");
+            }
+            else {
+                ckWARNreg(endchar, "Using just the first character returned by \\N{} in character class");
+            }
+        }
+
+        RExC_parse = endbrace + 1;
+    }
+    else if (! node_p || ! has_multiple_chars) {
+
+        /* Here, the input is legal, but not according to the caller's
+         * options.  We fail without advancing the parse, so that the
+         * caller can try again */
+        RExC_parse = p;
+        return FALSE;
+    }
+    else {
+
+       /* What is done here is to convert this to a sub-pattern of the form
+        * (?:\x{char1}\x{char2}...)
+        * and then call reg recursively.  That way, it retains its atomicness,
+        * while not having to worry about special handling that some code
+        * points may have.  toke.c has converted the original Unicode values
+        * to native, so that we can just pass on the hex values unchanged.  We
+        * do have to set a flag to keep recoding from happening in the
+        * recursion */
+
+       SV * substitute_parse = newSVpvn_flags("?:", 2, SVf_UTF8|SVs_TEMP);
+       STRLEN len;
+       char *orig_end = RExC_end;
+        I32 flags;
+
+       while (RExC_parse < endbrace) {
+
+           /* Convert to notation the rest of the code understands */
+           sv_catpv(substitute_parse, "\\x{");
+           sv_catpvn(substitute_parse, RExC_parse, endchar - RExC_parse);
+           sv_catpv(substitute_parse, "}");
+
+           /* Point to the beginning of the next character in the sequence. */
+           RExC_parse = endchar + 1;
+           endchar = RExC_parse + strcspn(RExC_parse, ".}");
+       }
+       sv_catpv(substitute_parse, ")");
+
+       RExC_parse = SvPV(substitute_parse, len);
+
+       /* Don't allow empty number */
+       if (len < 8) {
+           vFAIL("Invalid hexadecimal number in \\N{U+...}");
+       }
+       RExC_end = RExC_parse + len;
+
+       /* The values are Unicode, and therefore not subject to recoding */
+       RExC_override_recoding = 1;
+
+       if (!(*node_p = reg(pRExC_state, 1, &flags, depth+1))) {
+            if (flags & RESTART_UTF8) {
+                *flagp = RESTART_UTF8;
+                return FALSE;
+            }
+            FAIL2("panic: reg returned NULL to grok_bslash_N, flags=%#"UVxf"",
+                  (UV) flags);
+        } 
+       *flagp |= flags&(HASWIDTH|SPSTART|SIMPLE|POSTPONED);
+
+       RExC_parse = endbrace;
+       RExC_end = orig_end;
+       RExC_override_recoding = 0;
+
+        nextchar(pRExC_state);
+    }
+
+    return TRUE;
+}
+
+
+/*
+ * reg_recode
+ *
+ * It returns the code point in utf8 for the value in *encp.
+ *    value: a code value in the source encoding
+ *    encp:  a pointer to an Encode object
+ *
+ * If the result from Encode is not a single character,
+ * it returns U+FFFD (Replacement character) and sets *encp to NULL.
+ */
+STATIC UV
+S_reg_recode(pTHX_ const char value, SV **encp)
+{
+    STRLEN numlen = 1;
+    SV * const sv = newSVpvn_flags(&value, numlen, SVs_TEMP);
+    const char * const s = *encp ? sv_recode_to_utf8(sv, *encp) : SvPVX(sv);
+    const STRLEN newlen = SvCUR(sv);
+    UV uv = UNICODE_REPLACEMENT;
+
+    PERL_ARGS_ASSERT_REG_RECODE;
+
+    if (newlen)
+       uv = SvUTF8(sv)
+            ? utf8n_to_uvchr((U8*)s, newlen, &numlen, UTF8_ALLOW_DEFAULT)
+            : *(U8*)s;
+
+    if (!newlen || numlen != newlen) {
+       uv = UNICODE_REPLACEMENT;
+       *encp = NULL;
+    }
+    return uv;
+}
+
+PERL_STATIC_INLINE U8
+S_compute_EXACTish(pTHX_ RExC_state_t *pRExC_state)
+{
+    U8 op;
+
+    PERL_ARGS_ASSERT_COMPUTE_EXACTISH;
+
+    if (! FOLD) {
+        return EXACT;
+    }
+
+    op = get_regex_charset(RExC_flags);
+    if (op >= REGEX_ASCII_RESTRICTED_CHARSET) {
+        op--; /* /a is same as /u, and map /aa's offset to what /a's would have
+                 been, so there is no hole */
+    }
+
+    return op + EXACTF;
+}
+
+PERL_STATIC_INLINE void
+S_alloc_maybe_populate_EXACT(pTHX_ RExC_state_t *pRExC_state, regnode *node, I32* flagp, STRLEN len, UV code_point)
+{
+    /* This knows the details about sizing an EXACTish node, setting flags for
+     * it (by setting <*flagp>, and potentially populating it with a single
+     * character.
+     *
+     * If <len> (the length in bytes) is non-zero, this function assumes that
+     * the node has already been populated, and just does the sizing.  In this
+     * case <code_point> should be the final code point that has already been
+     * placed into the node.  This value will be ignored except that under some
+     * circumstances <*flagp> is set based on it.
+     *
+     * If <len> is zero, the function assumes that the node is to contain only
+     * the single character given by <code_point> and calculates what <len>
+     * should be.  In pass 1, it sizes the node appropriately.  In pass 2, it
+     * additionally will populate the node's STRING with <code_point>, if <len>
+     * is 0.  In both cases <*flagp> is appropriately set
+     *
+     * It knows that under FOLD, the Latin Sharp S and UTF characters above
+     * 255, must be folded (the former only when the rules indicate it can
+     * match 'ss') */
+
+    bool len_passed_in = cBOOL(len != 0);
+    U8 character[UTF8_MAXBYTES_CASE+1];
+
+    PERL_ARGS_ASSERT_ALLOC_MAYBE_POPULATE_EXACT;
+
+    if (! len_passed_in) {
+        if (UTF) {
+            if (FOLD && (! LOC || code_point > 255)) {
+                _to_uni_fold_flags(NATIVE_TO_UNI(code_point),
+                                   character,
+                                   &len,
+                                   FOLD_FLAGS_FULL | ((LOC)
+                                                     ? FOLD_FLAGS_LOCALE
+                                                     : (ASCII_FOLD_RESTRICTED)
+                                                       ? FOLD_FLAGS_NOMIX_ASCII
+                                                       : 0));
+            }
+            else {
+                uvchr_to_utf8( character, code_point);
+                len = UTF8SKIP(character);
+            }
+        }
+        else if (! FOLD
+                 || code_point != LATIN_SMALL_LETTER_SHARP_S
+                 || ASCII_FOLD_RESTRICTED
+                 || ! AT_LEAST_UNI_SEMANTICS)
+        {
+            *character = (U8) code_point;
+            len = 1;
+        }
+        else {
+            *character = 's';
+            *(character + 1) = 's';
+            len = 2;
+        }
+    }
+
+    if (SIZE_ONLY) {
+        RExC_size += STR_SZ(len);
+    }
+    else {
+        RExC_emit += STR_SZ(len);
+        STR_LEN(node) = len;
+        if (! len_passed_in) {
+            Copy((char *) character, STRING(node), len, char);
+        }
+    }
+
+    *flagp |= HASWIDTH;
+
+    /* A single character node is SIMPLE, except for the special-cased SHARP S
+     * under /di. */
+    if ((len == 1 || (UTF && len == UNISKIP(code_point)))
+        && (code_point != LATIN_SMALL_LETTER_SHARP_S
+            || ! FOLD || ! DEPENDS_SEMANTICS))
+    {
+        *flagp |= SIMPLE;
+    }
+}
+
+/*
+ - regatom - the lowest level
+
+   Try to identify anything special at the start of the pattern. If there
+   is, then handle it as required. This may involve generating a single regop,
+   such as for an assertion; or it may involve recursing, such as to
+   handle a () structure.
+
+   If the string doesn't start with something special then we gobble up
+   as much literal text as we can.
+
+   Once we have been able to handle whatever type of thing started the
+   sequence, we return.
+
+   Note: we have to be careful with escapes, as they can be both literal
+   and special, and in the case of \10 and friends, context determines which.
+
+   A summary of the code structure is:
+
+   switch (first_byte) {
+       cases for each special:
+           handle this special;
+           break;
+       case '\\':
+           switch (2nd byte) {
+               cases for each unambiguous special:
+                   handle this special;
+                   break;
+               cases for each ambigous special/literal:
+                   disambiguate;
+                   if (special)  handle here
+                   else goto defchar;
+               default: // unambiguously literal:
+                   goto defchar;
+           }
+       default:  // is a literal char
+           // FALL THROUGH
+       defchar:
+           create EXACTish node for literal;
+           while (more input and node isn't full) {
+               switch (input_byte) {
+                  cases for each special;
+                       make sure parse pointer is set so that the next call to
+                           regatom will see this special first
+                       goto loopdone; // EXACTish node terminated by prev. char
+                  default:
+                      append char to EXACTISH node;
+               }
+               get next input byte;
+           }
+        loopdone:
+   }
+   return the generated node;
+
+   Specifically there are two separate switches for handling
+   escape sequences, with the one for handling literal escapes requiring
+   a dummy entry for all of the special escapes that are actually handled
+   by the other.
+
+   Returns NULL, setting *flagp to TRYAGAIN if reg() returns NULL with
+   TRYAGAIN.  
+   Returns NULL, setting *flagp to RESTART_UTF8 if the sizing scan needs to be
+   restarted.
+   Otherwise does not return NULL.
+*/
+
+STATIC regnode *
+S_regatom(pTHX_ RExC_state_t *pRExC_state, I32 *flagp, U32 depth)
+{
+    dVAR;
+    regnode *ret = NULL;
+    I32 flags = 0;
+    char *parse_start = RExC_parse;
+    U8 op;
+    int invert = 0;
+
+    GET_RE_DEBUG_FLAGS_DECL;
+
+    *flagp = WORST;            /* Tentatively. */
+
+    DEBUG_PARSE("atom");
+
+    PERL_ARGS_ASSERT_REGATOM;
+
+tryagain:
+    switch ((U8)*RExC_parse) {
+    case '^':
+       RExC_seen_zerolen++;
+       nextchar(pRExC_state);
+       if (RExC_flags & RXf_PMf_MULTILINE)
+           ret = reg_node(pRExC_state, MBOL);
+       else if (RExC_flags & RXf_PMf_SINGLELINE)
+           ret = reg_node(pRExC_state, SBOL);
+       else
+           ret = reg_node(pRExC_state, BOL);
+        Set_Node_Length(ret, 1); /* MJD */
+       break;
+    case '$':
+       nextchar(pRExC_state);
+       if (*RExC_parse)
+           RExC_seen_zerolen++;
+       if (RExC_flags & RXf_PMf_MULTILINE)
+           ret = reg_node(pRExC_state, MEOL);
+       else if (RExC_flags & RXf_PMf_SINGLELINE)
+           ret = reg_node(pRExC_state, SEOL);
+       else
+           ret = reg_node(pRExC_state, EOL);
+        Set_Node_Length(ret, 1); /* MJD */
+       break;
+    case '.':
+       nextchar(pRExC_state);
+       if (RExC_flags & RXf_PMf_SINGLELINE)
+           ret = reg_node(pRExC_state, SANY);
+       else
+           ret = reg_node(pRExC_state, REG_ANY);
+       *flagp |= HASWIDTH|SIMPLE;
+       RExC_naughty++;
+        Set_Node_Length(ret, 1); /* MJD */
+       break;
+    case '[':
+    {
+       char * const oregcomp_parse = ++RExC_parse;
+        ret = regclass(pRExC_state, flagp,depth+1,
+                       FALSE, /* means parse the whole char class */
+                       TRUE, /* allow multi-char folds */
+                       FALSE, /* don't silence non-portable warnings. */
+                       NULL);
+       if (*RExC_parse != ']') {
+           RExC_parse = oregcomp_parse;
+           vFAIL("Unmatched [");
+       }
+        if (ret == NULL) {
+            if (*flagp & RESTART_UTF8)
+                return NULL;
+            FAIL2("panic: regclass returned NULL to regatom, flags=%#"UVxf"",
+                  (UV) *flagp);
+        }
+       nextchar(pRExC_state);
+        Set_Node_Length(ret, RExC_parse - oregcomp_parse + 1); /* MJD */
+       break;
+    }
+    case '(':
+       nextchar(pRExC_state);
+        ret = reg(pRExC_state, 2, &flags,depth+1);
+       if (ret == NULL) {
+               if (flags & TRYAGAIN) {
+                   if (RExC_parse == RExC_end) {
+                        /* Make parent create an empty node if needed. */
+                       *flagp |= TRYAGAIN;
+                       return(NULL);
+                   }
+                   goto tryagain;
+               }
+                if (flags & RESTART_UTF8) {
+                    *flagp = RESTART_UTF8;
+                    return NULL;
+                }
+                FAIL2("panic: reg returned NULL to regatom, flags=%#"UVxf"", (UV) flags);
+       }
+       *flagp |= flags&(HASWIDTH|SPSTART|SIMPLE|POSTPONED);
+       break;
+    case '|':
+    case ')':
+       if (flags & TRYAGAIN) {
+           *flagp |= TRYAGAIN;
+           return NULL;
+       }
+       vFAIL("Internal urp");
+                               /* Supposed to be caught earlier. */
+       break;
+    case '{':
+       if (!regcurly(RExC_parse, FALSE)) {
+           RExC_parse++;
+           goto defchar;
+       }
+       /* FALL THROUGH */
+    case '?':
+    case '+':
+    case '*':
+       RExC_parse++;
+       vFAIL("Quantifier follows nothing");
+       break;
+    case '\\':
+       /* Special Escapes
+
+          This switch handles escape sequences that resolve to some kind
+          of special regop and not to literal text. Escape sequnces that
+          resolve to literal text are handled below in the switch marked
+          "Literal Escapes".
+
+          Every entry in this switch *must* have a corresponding entry
+          in the literal escape switch. However, the opposite is not
+          required, as the default for this switch is to jump to the
+          literal text handling code.
+       */
+       switch ((U8)*++RExC_parse) {
+            U8 arg;
+       /* Special Escapes */
+       case 'A':
+           RExC_seen_zerolen++;
+           ret = reg_node(pRExC_state, SBOL);
+           *flagp |= SIMPLE;
+           goto finish_meta_pat;
+       case 'G':
+           ret = reg_node(pRExC_state, GPOS);
+           RExC_seen |= REG_SEEN_GPOS;
+           *flagp |= SIMPLE;
+           goto finish_meta_pat;
+       case 'K':
+           RExC_seen_zerolen++;
+           ret = reg_node(pRExC_state, KEEPS);
+           *flagp |= SIMPLE;
+           /* XXX:dmq : disabling in-place substitution seems to
+            * be necessary here to avoid cases of memory corruption, as
+            * with: C<$_="x" x 80; s/x\K/y/> -- rgs
+            */
+           RExC_seen |= REG_SEEN_LOOKBEHIND;
+           goto finish_meta_pat;
+       case 'Z':
+           ret = reg_node(pRExC_state, SEOL);
+           *flagp |= SIMPLE;
+           RExC_seen_zerolen++;                /* Do not optimize RE away */
+           goto finish_meta_pat;
+       case 'z':
+           ret = reg_node(pRExC_state, EOS);
+           *flagp |= SIMPLE;
+           RExC_seen_zerolen++;                /* Do not optimize RE away */
+           goto finish_meta_pat;
+       case 'C':
+           ret = reg_node(pRExC_state, CANY);
+           RExC_seen |= REG_SEEN_CANY;
+           *flagp |= HASWIDTH|SIMPLE;
+           goto finish_meta_pat;
+       case 'X':
+           ret = reg_node(pRExC_state, CLUMP);
+           *flagp |= HASWIDTH;
+           goto finish_meta_pat;
+
+       case 'W':
+            invert = 1;
+            /* FALLTHROUGH */
+       case 'w':
+            arg = ANYOF_WORDCHAR;
+            goto join_posix;
+
+       case 'b':
+           RExC_seen_zerolen++;
+           RExC_seen |= REG_SEEN_LOOKBEHIND;
+           op = BOUND + get_regex_charset(RExC_flags);
+            if (op > BOUNDA) {  /* /aa is same as /a */
+                op = BOUNDA;
+            }
+           ret = reg_node(pRExC_state, op);
+           FLAGS(ret) = get_regex_charset(RExC_flags);
+           *flagp |= SIMPLE;
+           if (! SIZE_ONLY && (U8) *(RExC_parse + 1) == '{') {
+               ckWARNdep(RExC_parse, "\"\\b{\" is deprecated; use \"\\b\\{\" or \"\\b[{]\" instead");
+           }
+           goto finish_meta_pat;
+       case 'B':
+           RExC_seen_zerolen++;
+           RExC_seen |= REG_SEEN_LOOKBEHIND;
+           op = NBOUND + get_regex_charset(RExC_flags);
+            if (op > NBOUNDA) { /* /aa is same as /a */
+                op = NBOUNDA;
+            }
+           ret = reg_node(pRExC_state, op);
+           FLAGS(ret) = get_regex_charset(RExC_flags);
+           *flagp |= SIMPLE;
+           if (! SIZE_ONLY && (U8) *(RExC_parse + 1) == '{') {
+               ckWARNdep(RExC_parse, "\"\\B{\" is deprecated; use \"\\B\\{\" or \"\\B[{]\" instead");
+           }
+           goto finish_meta_pat;
+
+       case 'D':
+            invert = 1;
+            /* FALLTHROUGH */
+       case 'd':
+            arg = ANYOF_DIGIT;
+            goto join_posix;
+
+       case 'R':
+           ret = reg_node(pRExC_state, LNBREAK);
+           *flagp |= HASWIDTH|SIMPLE;
+           goto finish_meta_pat;
+
+       case 'H':
+            invert = 1;
+            /* FALLTHROUGH */
+       case 'h':
+           arg = ANYOF_BLANK;
+            op = POSIXU;
+            goto join_posix_op_known;
+
+       case 'V':
+            invert = 1;
+            /* FALLTHROUGH */
+       case 'v':
+           arg = ANYOF_VERTWS;
+            op = POSIXU;
+            goto join_posix_op_known;
+
+       case 'S':
+            invert = 1;
+            /* FALLTHROUGH */
+       case 's':
+            arg = ANYOF_SPACE;
+
+        join_posix:
+
+           op = POSIXD + get_regex_charset(RExC_flags);
+            if (op > POSIXA) {  /* /aa is same as /a */
+                op = POSIXA;
+            }
+
+        join_posix_op_known:
+
+            if (invert) {
+                op += NPOSIXD - POSIXD;
+            }
+
+           ret = reg_node(pRExC_state, op);
+            if (! SIZE_ONLY) {
+                FLAGS(ret) = namedclass_to_classnum(arg);
+            }
+
+           *flagp |= HASWIDTH|SIMPLE;
+            /* FALL THROUGH */
+
+         finish_meta_pat:          
+           nextchar(pRExC_state);
+            Set_Node_Length(ret, 2); /* MJD */
+           break;          
+       case 'p':
+       case 'P':
+           {
+#ifdef DEBUGGING
+               char* parse_start = RExC_parse - 2;
+#endif
+
+               RExC_parse--;
+
+                ret = regclass(pRExC_state, flagp,depth+1,
+                               TRUE, /* means just parse this element */
+                               FALSE, /* don't allow multi-char folds */
+                               FALSE, /* don't silence non-portable warnings.
+                                         It would be a bug if these returned
+                                         non-portables */
+                               NULL);
+                /* regclass() can only return RESTART_UTF8 if multi-char folds
+                   are allowed.  */
+                if (!ret)
+                    FAIL2("panic: regclass returned NULL to regatom, flags=%#"UVxf"",
+                          (UV) *flagp);
+
+               RExC_parse--;
+
+               Set_Node_Offset(ret, parse_start + 2);
+                Set_Node_Cur_Length(ret, parse_start);
+               nextchar(pRExC_state);
+           }
+           break;
+        case 'N': 
+            /* Handle \N and \N{NAME} with multiple code points here and not
+             * below because it can be multicharacter. join_exact() will join
+             * them up later on.  Also this makes sure that things like
+             * /\N{BLAH}+/ and \N{BLAH} being multi char Just Happen. dmq.
+             * The options to the grok function call causes it to fail if the
+             * sequence is just a single code point.  We then go treat it as
+             * just another character in the current EXACT node, and hence it
+             * gets uniform treatment with all the other characters.  The
+             * special treatment for quantifiers is not needed for such single
+             * character sequences */
+            ++RExC_parse;
+            if (! grok_bslash_N(pRExC_state, &ret, NULL, flagp, depth, FALSE,
+                                FALSE /* not strict */ )) {
+                if (*flagp & RESTART_UTF8)
+                    return NULL;
+                RExC_parse--;
+                goto defchar;
+            }
+            break;
+       case 'k':    /* Handle \k<NAME> and \k'NAME' */
+       parse_named_seq:
+        {   
+            char ch= RExC_parse[1];        
+           if (ch != '<' && ch != '\'' && ch != '{') {
+               RExC_parse++;
+               vFAIL2("Sequence %.2s... not terminated",parse_start);
+           } else {
+               /* this pretty much dupes the code for (?P=...) in reg(), if
+                   you change this make sure you change that */
+               char* name_start = (RExC_parse += 2);
+               U32 num = 0;
+                SV *sv_dat = reg_scan_name(pRExC_state,
+                    SIZE_ONLY ? REG_RSN_RETURN_NULL : REG_RSN_RETURN_DATA);
+                ch= (ch == '<') ? '>' : (ch == '{') ? '}' : '\'';
+                if (RExC_parse == name_start || *RExC_parse != ch)
+                    vFAIL2("Sequence %.3s... not terminated",parse_start);
+
+                if (!SIZE_ONLY) {
+                    num = add_data( pRExC_state, 1, "S" );
+                    RExC_rxi->data->data[num]=(void*)sv_dat;
+                    SvREFCNT_inc_simple_void(sv_dat);
+                }
+
+                RExC_sawback = 1;
+                ret = reganode(pRExC_state,
+                               ((! FOLD)
+                                 ? NREF
+                                : (ASCII_FOLD_RESTRICTED)
+                                  ? NREFFA
+                                   : (AT_LEAST_UNI_SEMANTICS)
+                                     ? NREFFU
+                                     : (LOC)
+                                       ? NREFFL
+                                       : NREFF),
+                                num);
+                *flagp |= HASWIDTH;
+
+                /* override incorrect value set in reganode MJD */
+                Set_Node_Offset(ret, parse_start+1);
+                Set_Node_Cur_Length(ret, parse_start);
+                nextchar(pRExC_state);
+
+            }
+            break;
+       }
+       case 'g': 
+       case '1': case '2': case '3': case '4':
+       case '5': case '6': case '7': case '8': case '9':
+           {
+               I32 num;
+               bool isg = *RExC_parse == 'g';
+               bool isrel = 0; 
+               bool hasbrace = 0;
+               if (isg) {
+                   RExC_parse++;
+                   if (*RExC_parse == '{') {
+                       RExC_parse++;
+                       hasbrace = 1;
+                   }
+                   if (*RExC_parse == '-') {
+                       RExC_parse++;
+                       isrel = 1;
+                   }
+                   if (hasbrace && !isDIGIT(*RExC_parse)) {
+                       if (isrel) RExC_parse--;
+                        RExC_parse -= 2;                           
+                       goto parse_named_seq;
+               }   }
+               num = atoi(RExC_parse);
+               if (isg && num == 0) {
+                   if (*RExC_parse == '0') {
+                        vFAIL("Reference to invalid group 0");
+                    }
+                    else {
+                       vFAIL("Unterminated \\g... pattern");
+                    }
+                }
+                if (isrel) {
+                    num = RExC_npar - num;
+                    if (num < 1)
+                        vFAIL("Reference to nonexistent or unclosed group");
+                }
+               if (!isg && num > 9 && num >= RExC_npar)
+                    /* Probably a character specified in octal, e.g. \35 */
+                   goto defchar;
+               else {
+#ifdef RE_TRACK_PATTERN_OFFSETS
+                   char * const parse_start = RExC_parse - 1; /* MJD */
+#endif
+                   while (isDIGIT(*RExC_parse))
+                       RExC_parse++;
+                    if (hasbrace) {
+                        if (*RExC_parse != '}') 
+                            vFAIL("Unterminated \\g{...} pattern");
+                        RExC_parse++;
+                    }    
+                   if (!SIZE_ONLY) {
+                       if (num > (I32)RExC_rx->nparens)
+                           vFAIL("Reference to nonexistent group");
+                   }
+                   RExC_sawback = 1;
+                   ret = reganode(pRExC_state,
+                                  ((! FOLD)
+                                    ? REF
+                                    : (ASCII_FOLD_RESTRICTED)
+                                      ? REFFA
+                                       : (AT_LEAST_UNI_SEMANTICS)
+                                         ? REFFU
+                                         : (LOC)
+                                           ? REFFL
+                                           : REFF),
+                                   num);
+                   *flagp |= HASWIDTH;
+
+                    /* override incorrect value set in reganode MJD */
+                    Set_Node_Offset(ret, parse_start+1);
+                    Set_Node_Cur_Length(ret, parse_start);
+                   RExC_parse--;
+                   nextchar(pRExC_state);
+               }
+           }
+           break;
+       case '\0':
+           if (RExC_parse >= RExC_end)
+               FAIL("Trailing \\");
+           /* FALL THROUGH */
+       default:
+           /* Do not generate "unrecognized" warnings here, we fall
+              back into the quick-grab loop below */
+           parse_start--;
+           goto defchar;
+       }
+       break;
+
+    case '#':
+       if (RExC_flags & RXf_PMf_EXTENDED) {
+           if ( reg_skipcomment( pRExC_state ) )
+               goto tryagain;
+       }
+       /* FALL THROUGH */
+
+    default:
+
+            parse_start = RExC_parse - 1;
+
+           RExC_parse++;
+
+       defchar: {
+           STRLEN len = 0;
+           UV ender;
+           char *p;
+           char *s;
+#define MAX_NODE_STRING_SIZE 127
+           char foldbuf[MAX_NODE_STRING_SIZE+UTF8_MAXBYTES_CASE];
+           char *s0;
+           U8 upper_parse = MAX_NODE_STRING_SIZE;
+           STRLEN foldlen;
+            U8 node_type;
+            bool next_is_quantifier;
+            char * oldp = NULL;
+
+            /* If a folding node contains only code points that don't
+             * participate in folds, it can be changed into an EXACT node,
+             * which allows the optimizer more things to look for */
+            bool maybe_exact;
+
+           ender = 0;
+            node_type = compute_EXACTish(pRExC_state);
+           ret = reg_node(pRExC_state, node_type);
+
+            /* In pass1, folded, we use a temporary buffer instead of the
+             * actual node, as the node doesn't exist yet */
+           s = (SIZE_ONLY && FOLD) ? foldbuf : STRING(ret);
+
+            s0 = s;
+
+       reparse:
+
+            /* We do the EXACTFish to EXACT node only if folding, and not if in
+             * locale, as whether a character folds or not isn't known until
+             * runtime */
+            maybe_exact = FOLD && ! LOC;
+
+           /* XXX The node can hold up to 255 bytes, yet this only goes to
+             * 127.  I (khw) do not know why.  Keeping it somewhat less than
+             * 255 allows us to not have to worry about overflow due to
+             * converting to utf8 and fold expansion, but that value is
+             * 255-UTF8_MAXBYTES_CASE.  join_exact() may join adjacent nodes
+             * split up by this limit into a single one using the real max of
+             * 255.  Even at 127, this breaks under rare circumstances.  If
+             * folding, we do not want to split a node at a character that is a
+             * non-final in a multi-char fold, as an input string could just
+             * happen to want to match across the node boundary.  The join
+             * would solve that problem if the join actually happens.  But a
+             * series of more than two nodes in a row each of 127 would cause
+             * the first join to succeed to get to 254, but then there wouldn't
+             * be room for the next one, which could at be one of those split
+             * multi-char folds.  I don't know of any fool-proof solution.  One
+             * could back off to end with only a code point that isn't such a
+             * non-final, but it is possible for there not to be any in the
+             * entire node. */
+           for (p = RExC_parse - 1;
+                len < upper_parse && p < RExC_end;
+                len++)
+           {
+               oldp = p;
+
+               if (RExC_flags & RXf_PMf_EXTENDED)
+                   p = regwhite( pRExC_state, p );
+               switch ((U8)*p) {
+               case '^':
+               case '$':
+               case '.':
+               case '[':
+               case '(':
+               case ')':
+               case '|':
+                   goto loopdone;
+               case '\\':
+                   /* Literal Escapes Switch
+
+                      This switch is meant to handle escape sequences that
+                      resolve to a literal character.
+
+                      Every escape sequence that represents something
+                      else, like an assertion or a char class, is handled
+                      in the switch marked 'Special Escapes' above in this
+                      routine, but also has an entry here as anything that
+                      isn't explicitly mentioned here will be treated as
+                      an unescaped equivalent literal.
+                   */
+
+                   switch ((U8)*++p) {
+                   /* These are all the special escapes. */
+                   case 'A':             /* Start assertion */
+                   case 'b': case 'B':   /* Word-boundary assertion*/
+                   case 'C':             /* Single char !DANGEROUS! */
+                   case 'd': case 'D':   /* digit class */
+                   case 'g': case 'G':   /* generic-backref, pos assertion */
+                   case 'h': case 'H':   /* HORIZWS */
+                   case 'k': case 'K':   /* named backref, keep marker */
+                   case 'p': case 'P':   /* Unicode property */
+                             case 'R':   /* LNBREAK */
+                   case 's': case 'S':   /* space class */
+                   case 'v': case 'V':   /* VERTWS */
+                   case 'w': case 'W':   /* word class */
+                   case 'X':             /* eXtended Unicode "combining character sequence" */
+                   case 'z': case 'Z':   /* End of line/string assertion */
+                       --p;
+                       goto loopdone;
+
+                   /* Anything after here is an escape that resolves to a
+                      literal. (Except digits, which may or may not)
+                    */
+                   case 'n':
+                       ender = '\n';
+                       p++;
+                       break;
+                   case 'N': /* Handle a single-code point named character. */
+                        /* The options cause it to fail if a multiple code
+                         * point sequence.  Handle those in the switch() above
+                         * */
+                        RExC_parse = p + 1;
+                        if (! grok_bslash_N(pRExC_state, NULL, &ender,
+                                            flagp, depth, FALSE,
+                                            FALSE /* not strict */ ))
+                        {
+                            if (*flagp & RESTART_UTF8)
+                                FAIL("panic: grok_bslash_N set RESTART_UTF8");
+                            RExC_parse = p = oldp;
+                            goto loopdone;
+                        }
+                        p = RExC_parse;
+                        if (ender > 0xff) {
+                            REQUIRE_UTF8;
+                        }
+                        break;
+                   case 'r':
+                       ender = '\r';
+                       p++;
+                       break;
+                   case 't':
+                       ender = '\t';
+                       p++;
+                       break;
+                   case 'f':
+                       ender = '\f';
+                       p++;
+                       break;
+                   case 'e':
+                         ender = ASCII_TO_NATIVE('\033');
+                       p++;
+                       break;
+                   case 'a':
+                         ender = ASCII_TO_NATIVE('\007');
+                       p++;
+                       break;
+                   case 'o':
+                       {
+                           UV result;
+                           const char* error_msg;
+
+                           bool valid = grok_bslash_o(&p,
+                                                      &result,
+                                                      &error_msg,
+                                                      TRUE, /* out warnings */
+                                                       FALSE, /* not strict */
+                                                       TRUE, /* Output warnings
+                                                                for non-
+                                                                portables */
+                                                       UTF);
+                           if (! valid) {
+                               RExC_parse = p; /* going to die anyway; point
+                                                  to exact spot of failure */
+                               vFAIL(error_msg);
+                           }
+                            ender = result;
+                           if (PL_encoding && ender < 0x100) {
+                               goto recode_encoding;
+                           }
+                           if (ender > 0xff) {
+                               REQUIRE_UTF8;
+                           }
+                           break;
+                       }
+                   case 'x':
+                       {
+                            UV result = UV_MAX; /* initialize to erroneous
+                                                   value */
+                           const char* error_msg;
+
+                           bool valid = grok_bslash_x(&p,
+                                                      &result,
+                                                      &error_msg,
+                                                      TRUE, /* out warnings */
+                                                       FALSE, /* not strict */
+                                                       TRUE, /* Output warnings
+                                                                for non-
+                                                                portables */
+                                                       UTF);
+                           if (! valid) {
+                               RExC_parse = p; /* going to die anyway; point
+                                                  to exact spot of failure */
+                               vFAIL(error_msg);
+                           }
+                            ender = result;
+
+                           if (PL_encoding && ender < 0x100) {
+                               goto recode_encoding;
+                           }
+                           if (ender > 0xff) {
+                               REQUIRE_UTF8;
+                           }
+                           break;
+                       }
+                   case 'c':
+                       p++;
+                       ender = grok_bslash_c(*p++, UTF, SIZE_ONLY);
+                       break;
+                   case '0': case '1': case '2': case '3':case '4':
+                   case '5': case '6': case '7':
+                       if (*p == '0' ||
+                           (isDIGIT(p[1]) && atoi(p) >= RExC_npar))
+                       {
+                           I32 flags = PERL_SCAN_SILENT_ILLDIGIT;
+                           STRLEN numlen = 3;
+                           ender = grok_oct(p, &numlen, &flags, NULL);
+                           if (ender > 0xff) {
+                               REQUIRE_UTF8;
+                           }
+                           p += numlen;
+                            if (SIZE_ONLY   /* like \08, \178 */
+                                && numlen < 3
+                                && p < RExC_end
+                                && isDIGIT(*p) && ckWARN(WARN_REGEXP))
+                            {
+                               reg_warn_non_literal_string(
+                                         p + 1,
+                                         form_short_octal_warning(p, numlen));
+                            }
+                       }
+                        else {  /* Not to be treated as an octal constant, go
+                                   find backref */
+                           --p;
+                           goto loopdone;
+                       }
+                       if (PL_encoding && ender < 0x100)
+                           goto recode_encoding;
+                       break;
+                   recode_encoding:
+                       if (! RExC_override_recoding) {
+                           SV* enc = PL_encoding;
+                           ender = reg_recode((const char)(U8)ender, &enc);
+                           if (!enc && SIZE_ONLY)
+                               ckWARNreg(p, "Invalid escape in the specified encoding");
+                           REQUIRE_UTF8;
+                       }
+                       break;
+                   case '\0':
+                       if (p >= RExC_end)
+                           FAIL("Trailing \\");
+                       /* FALL THROUGH */
+                   default:
+                       if (!SIZE_ONLY&& isALPHANUMERIC(*p)) {
+                           /* Include any { following the alpha to emphasize
+                            * that it could be part of an escape at some point
+                            * in the future */
+                           int len = (isALPHA(*p) && *(p + 1) == '{') ? 2 : 1;
+                           ckWARN3reg(p + len, "Unrecognized escape \\%.*s passed through", len, p);
+                       }
+                       goto normal_default;
+                   } /* End of switch on '\' */
+                   break;
+               default:    /* A literal character */
+
+                    if (! SIZE_ONLY
+                        && RExC_flags & RXf_PMf_EXTENDED
+                        && ckWARN_d(WARN_DEPRECATED)
+                        && is_PATWS_non_low(p, UTF))
+                    {
+                        vWARN_dep(p + ((UTF) ? UTF8SKIP(p) : 1),
+                                "Escape literal pattern white space under /x");
+                    }
+
+                 normal_default:
+                   if (UTF8_IS_START(*p) && UTF) {
+                       STRLEN numlen;
+                       ender = utf8n_to_uvchr((U8*)p, RExC_end - p,
+                                              &numlen, UTF8_ALLOW_DEFAULT);
+                       p += numlen;
+                   }
+                   else
+                       ender = (U8) *p++;
+                   break;
+               } /* End of switch on the literal */
+
+               /* Here, have looked at the literal character and <ender>
+                * contains its ordinal, <p> points to the character after it
+                */
+
+               if ( RExC_flags & RXf_PMf_EXTENDED)
+                   p = regwhite( pRExC_state, p );
+
+                /* If the next thing is a quantifier, it applies to this
+                 * character only, which means that this character has to be in
+                 * its own node and can't just be appended to the string in an
+                 * existing node, so if there are already other characters in
+                 * the node, close the node with just them, and set up to do
+                 * this character again next time through, when it will be the
+                 * only thing in its new node */
+                if ((next_is_quantifier = (p < RExC_end && ISMULT2(p))) && len)
+               {
+                    p = oldp;
+                    goto loopdone;
+                }
+
+                if (! FOLD) {
+                    if (UTF) {
+                        const STRLEN unilen = reguni(pRExC_state, ender, s);
+                        if (unilen > 0) {
+                           s   += unilen;
+                           len += unilen;
+                        }
+
+                        /* The loop increments <len> each time, as all but this
+                         * path (and one other) through it add a single byte to
+                         * the EXACTish node.  But this one has changed len to
+                         * be the correct final value, so subtract one to
+                         * cancel out the increment that follows */
+                        len--;
+                    }
+                    else {
+                        REGC((char)ender, s++);
+                    }
+                }
+                else /* FOLD */
+                     if (! ( UTF
+                        /* See comments for join_exact() as to why we fold this
+                         * non-UTF at compile time */
+                        || (node_type == EXACTFU
+                            && ender == LATIN_SMALL_LETTER_SHARP_S)))
+                {
+                    *(s++) = (char) ender;
+                    maybe_exact &= ! IS_IN_SOME_FOLD_L1(ender);
+                }
+                else {  /* UTF */
+
+                    /* Prime the casefolded buffer.  Locale rules, which apply
+                     * only to code points < 256, aren't known until execution,
+                     * so for them, just output the original character using
+                     * utf8.  If we start to fold non-UTF patterns, be sure to
+                     * update join_exact() */
+                    if (LOC && ender < 256) {
+                        if (UNI_IS_INVARIANT(ender)) {
+                            *s = (U8) ender;
+                            foldlen = 1;
+                        } else {
+                            *s = UTF8_TWO_BYTE_HI(ender);
+                            *(s + 1) = UTF8_TWO_BYTE_LO(ender);
+                            foldlen = 2;
+                        }
+                    }
+                    else {
+                        UV folded = _to_uni_fold_flags(
+                                       ender,
+                                       (U8 *) s,
+                                       &foldlen,
+                                       FOLD_FLAGS_FULL
+                                       | ((LOC) ?  FOLD_FLAGS_LOCALE
+                                                : (ASCII_FOLD_RESTRICTED)
+                                                  ? FOLD_FLAGS_NOMIX_ASCII
+                                                  : 0)
+                                        );
+
+                        /* If this node only contains non-folding code points
+                         * so far, see if this new one is also non-folding */
+                        if (maybe_exact) {
+                            if (folded != ender) {
+                                maybe_exact = FALSE;
+                            }
+                            else {
+                                /* Here the fold is the original; we have
+                                 * to check further to see if anything
+                                 * folds to it */
+                                if (! PL_utf8_foldable) {
+                                    SV* swash = swash_init("utf8",
+                                                       "_Perl_Any_Folds",
+                                                       &PL_sv_undef, 1, 0);
+                                    PL_utf8_foldable =
+                                                _get_swash_invlist(swash);
+                                    SvREFCNT_dec_NN(swash);
+                                }
+                                if (_invlist_contains_cp(PL_utf8_foldable,
+                                                         ender))
+                                {
+                                    maybe_exact = FALSE;
+                                }
+                            }
+                        }
+                        ender = folded;
+                    }
+                    s += foldlen;
+
+                    /* The loop increments <len> each time, as all but this
+                     * path (and one other) through it add a single byte to the
+                     * EXACTish node.  But this one has changed len to be the
+                     * correct final value, so subtract one to cancel out the
+                     * increment that follows */
+                    len += foldlen - 1;
+               }
+
+               if (next_is_quantifier) {
+
+                    /* Here, the next input is a quantifier, and to get here,
+                     * the current character is the only one in the node.
+                     * Also, here <len> doesn't include the final byte for this
+                     * character */
+                    len++;
+                    goto loopdone;
+               }
+
+           } /* End of loop through literal characters */
+
+            /* Here we have either exhausted the input or ran out of room in
+             * the node.  (If we encountered a character that can't be in the
+             * node, transfer is made directly to <loopdone>, and so we
+             * wouldn't have fallen off the end of the loop.)  In the latter
+             * case, we artificially have to split the node into two, because
+             * we just don't have enough space to hold everything.  This
+             * creates a problem if the final character participates in a
+             * multi-character fold in the non-final position, as a match that
+             * should have occurred won't, due to the way nodes are matched,
+             * and our artificial boundary.  So back off until we find a non-
+             * problematic character -- one that isn't at the beginning or
+             * middle of such a fold.  (Either it doesn't participate in any
+             * folds, or appears only in the final position of all the folds it
+             * does participate in.)  A better solution with far fewer false
+             * positives, and that would fill the nodes more completely, would
+             * be to actually have available all the multi-character folds to
+             * test against, and to back-off only far enough to be sure that
+             * this node isn't ending with a partial one.  <upper_parse> is set
+             * further below (if we need to reparse the node) to include just
+             * up through that final non-problematic character that this code
+             * identifies, so when it is set to less than the full node, we can
+             * skip the rest of this */
+            if (FOLD && p < RExC_end && upper_parse == MAX_NODE_STRING_SIZE) {
+
+                const STRLEN full_len = len;
+
+               assert(len >= MAX_NODE_STRING_SIZE);
+
+                /* Here, <s> points to the final byte of the final character.
+                 * Look backwards through the string until find a non-
+                 * problematic character */
+
+               if (! UTF) {
+
+                    /* These two have no multi-char folds to non-UTF characters
+                     */
+                    if (ASCII_FOLD_RESTRICTED || LOC) {
+                        goto loopdone;
+                    }
+
+                    while (--s >= s0 && IS_NON_FINAL_FOLD(*s)) { }
+                    len = s - s0 + 1;
+               }
+                else {
+                    if (!  PL_NonL1NonFinalFold) {
+                        PL_NonL1NonFinalFold = _new_invlist_C_array(
+                                        NonL1_Perl_Non_Final_Folds_invlist);
+                    }
+
+                    /* Point to the first byte of the final character */
+                    s = (char *) utf8_hop((U8 *) s, -1);
+
+                    while (s >= s0) {   /* Search backwards until find
+                                           non-problematic char */
+                        if (UTF8_IS_INVARIANT(*s)) {
+
+                            /* There are no ascii characters that participate
+                             * in multi-char folds under /aa.  In EBCDIC, the
+                             * non-ascii invariants are all control characters,
+                             * so don't ever participate in any folds. */
+                            if (ASCII_FOLD_RESTRICTED
+                                || ! IS_NON_FINAL_FOLD(*s))
+                            {
+                                break;
+                            }
+                        }
+                        else if (UTF8_IS_DOWNGRADEABLE_START(*s)) {
+
+                            /* No Latin1 characters participate in multi-char
+                             * folds under /l */
+                            if (LOC
+                                || ! IS_NON_FINAL_FOLD(TWO_BYTE_UTF8_TO_UNI(
+                                                                *s, *(s+1))))
+                            {
+                                break;
+                            }
+                        }
+                        else if (! _invlist_contains_cp(
+                                        PL_NonL1NonFinalFold,
+                                        valid_utf8_to_uvchr((U8 *) s, NULL)))
+                        {
+                            break;
+                        }
+
+                        /* Here, the current character is problematic in that
+                         * it does occur in the non-final position of some
+                         * fold, so try the character before it, but have to
+                         * special case the very first byte in the string, so
+                         * we don't read outside the string */
+                        s = (s == s0) ? s -1 : (char *) utf8_hop((U8 *) s, -1);
+                    } /* End of loop backwards through the string */
+
+                    /* If there were only problematic characters in the string,
+                     * <s> will point to before s0, in which case the length
+                     * should be 0, otherwise include the length of the
+                     * non-problematic character just found */
+                    len = (s < s0) ? 0 : s - s0 + UTF8SKIP(s);
+               }
+
+                /* Here, have found the final character, if any, that is
+                 * non-problematic as far as ending the node without splitting
+                 * it across a potential multi-char fold.  <len> contains the
+                 * number of bytes in the node up-to and including that
+                 * character, or is 0 if there is no such character, meaning
+                 * the whole node contains only problematic characters.  In
+                 * this case, give up and just take the node as-is.  We can't
+                 * do any better */
+                if (len == 0) {
+                    len = full_len;
+                } else {
+
+                    /* Here, the node does contain some characters that aren't
+                     * problematic.  If one such is the final character in the
+                     * node, we are done */
+                    if (len == full_len) {
+                        goto loopdone;
+                    }
+                    else if (len + ((UTF) ? UTF8SKIP(s) : 1) == full_len) {
+
+                        /* If the final character is problematic, but the
+                         * penultimate is not, back-off that last character to
+                         * later start a new node with it */
+                        p = oldp;
+                        goto loopdone;
+                    }
+
+                    /* Here, the final non-problematic character is earlier
+                     * in the input than the penultimate character.  What we do
+                     * is reparse from the beginning, going up only as far as
+                     * this final ok one, thus guaranteeing that the node ends
+                     * in an acceptable character.  The reason we reparse is
+                     * that we know how far in the character is, but we don't
+                     * know how to correlate its position with the input parse.
+                     * An alternate implementation would be to build that
+                     * correlation as we go along during the original parse,
+                     * but that would entail extra work for every node, whereas
+                     * this code gets executed only when the string is too
+                     * large for the node, and the final two characters are
+                     * problematic, an infrequent occurrence.  Yet another
+                     * possible strategy would be to save the tail of the
+                     * string, and the next time regatom is called, initialize
+                     * with that.  The problem with this is that unless you
+                     * back off one more character, you won't be guaranteed
+                     * regatom will get called again, unless regbranch,
+                     * regpiece ... are also changed.  If you do back off that
+                     * extra character, so that there is input guaranteed to
+                     * force calling regatom, you can't handle the case where
+                     * just the first character in the node is acceptable.  I
+                     * (khw) decided to try this method which doesn't have that
+                     * pitfall; if performance issues are found, we can do a
+                     * combination of the current approach plus that one */
+                    upper_parse = len;
+                    len = 0;
+                    s = s0;
+                    goto reparse;
+                }
+           }   /* End of verifying node ends with an appropriate char */
+
+       loopdone:   /* Jumped to when encounters something that shouldn't be in
+                      the node */
+
+            /* I (khw) don't know if you can get here with zero length, but the
+             * old code handled this situation by creating a zero-length EXACT
+             * node.  Might as well be NOTHING instead */
+            if (len == 0) {
+                OP(ret) = NOTHING;
+            }
+            else{
+
+                /* If 'maybe_exact' is still set here, means there are no
+                 * code points in the node that participate in folds */
+                if (FOLD && maybe_exact) {
+                    OP(ret) = EXACT;
+                }
+                alloc_maybe_populate_EXACT(pRExC_state, ret, flagp, len, ender);
+            }
+
+           RExC_parse = p - 1;
+            Set_Node_Cur_Length(ret, parse_start);
+           nextchar(pRExC_state);
+           {
+               /* len is STRLEN which is unsigned, need to copy to signed */
+               IV iv = len;
+               if (iv < 0)
+                   vFAIL("Internal disaster");
+           }
+
+       } /* End of label 'defchar:' */
+       break;
+    } /* End of giant switch on input character */
+
+    return(ret);
+}
+
+STATIC char *
+S_regwhite( RExC_state_t *pRExC_state, char *p )
+{
+    const char *e = RExC_end;
+
+    PERL_ARGS_ASSERT_REGWHITE;
+
+    while (p < e) {
+       if (isSPACE(*p))
+           ++p;
+       else if (*p == '#') {
+            bool ended = 0;
+           do {
+               if (*p++ == '\n') {
+                   ended = 1;
+                   break;
+               }
+           } while (p < e);
+           if (!ended)
+               RExC_seen |= REG_SEEN_RUN_ON_COMMENT;
+       }
+       else
+           break;
+    }
+    return p;
+}
+
+STATIC char *
+S_regpatws( RExC_state_t *pRExC_state, char *p , const bool recognize_comment )
+{
+    /* Returns the next non-pattern-white space, non-comment character (the
+     * latter only if 'recognize_comment is true) in the string p, which is
+     * ended by RExC_end.  If there is no line break ending a comment,
+     * RExC_seen has added the REG_SEEN_RUN_ON_COMMENT flag; */
+    const char *e = RExC_end;
+
+    PERL_ARGS_ASSERT_REGPATWS;
+
+    while (p < e) {
+        STRLEN len;
+       if ((len = is_PATWS_safe(p, e, UTF))) {
+           p += len;
+        }
+       else if (recognize_comment && *p == '#') {
+            bool ended = 0;
+           do {
+                p++;
+                if (is_LNBREAK_safe(p, e, UTF)) {
+                   ended = 1;
+                   break;
+               }
+           } while (p < e);
+           if (!ended)
+               RExC_seen |= REG_SEEN_RUN_ON_COMMENT;
+       }
+       else
+           break;
+    }
+    return p;
+}
+
+/* Parse POSIX character classes: [[:foo:]], [[=foo=]], [[.foo.]].
+   Character classes ([:foo:]) can also be negated ([:^foo:]).
+   Returns a named class id (ANYOF_XXX) if successful, -1 otherwise.
+   Equivalence classes ([=foo=]) and composites ([.foo.]) are parsed,
+   but trigger failures because they are currently unimplemented. */
+
+#define POSIXCC_DONE(c)   ((c) == ':')
+#define POSIXCC_NOTYET(c) ((c) == '=' || (c) == '.')
+#define POSIXCC(c) (POSIXCC_DONE(c) || POSIXCC_NOTYET(c))
+
+PERL_STATIC_INLINE I32
+S_regpposixcc(pTHX_ RExC_state_t *pRExC_state, I32 value, const bool strict)
+{
+    dVAR;
+    I32 namedclass = OOB_NAMEDCLASS;
+
+    PERL_ARGS_ASSERT_REGPPOSIXCC;
+
+    if (value == '[' && RExC_parse + 1 < RExC_end &&
+       /* I smell either [: or [= or [. -- POSIX has been here, right? */
+       POSIXCC(UCHARAT(RExC_parse)))
+    {
+       const char c = UCHARAT(RExC_parse);
+       char* const s = RExC_parse++;
+
+       while (RExC_parse < RExC_end && UCHARAT(RExC_parse) != c)
+           RExC_parse++;
+       if (RExC_parse == RExC_end) {
+            if (strict) {
+
+                /* Try to give a better location for the error (than the end of
+                 * the string) by looking for the matching ']' */
+                RExC_parse = s;
+                while (RExC_parse < RExC_end && UCHARAT(RExC_parse) != ']') {
+                    RExC_parse++;
+                }
+                vFAIL2("Unmatched '%c' in POSIX class", c);
+            }
+           /* Grandfather lone [:, [=, [. */
+           RExC_parse = s;
+        }
+       else {
+           const char* const t = RExC_parse++; /* skip over the c */
+           assert(*t == c);
+
+           if (UCHARAT(RExC_parse) == ']') {
+               const char *posixcc = s + 1;
+               RExC_parse++; /* skip over the ending ] */
+
+               if (*s == ':') {
+                   const I32 complement = *posixcc == '^' ? *posixcc++ : 0;
+                   const I32 skip = t - posixcc;
+
+                   /* Initially switch on the length of the name.  */
+                   switch (skip) {
+                   case 4:
+                        if (memEQ(posixcc, "word", 4)) /* this is not POSIX,
+                                                          this is the Perl \w
+                                                        */
+                           namedclass = ANYOF_WORDCHAR;
+                       break;
+                   case 5:
+                       /* Names all of length 5.  */
+                       /* alnum alpha ascii blank cntrl digit graph lower
+                          print punct space upper  */
+                       /* Offset 4 gives the best switch position.  */
+                       switch (posixcc[4]) {
+                       case 'a':
+                           if (memEQ(posixcc, "alph", 4)) /* alpha */
+                               namedclass = ANYOF_ALPHA;
+                           break;
+                       case 'e':
+                           if (memEQ(posixcc, "spac", 4)) /* space */
+                               namedclass = ANYOF_PSXSPC;
+                           break;
+                       case 'h':
+                           if (memEQ(posixcc, "grap", 4)) /* graph */
+                               namedclass = ANYOF_GRAPH;
+                           break;
+                       case 'i':
+                           if (memEQ(posixcc, "asci", 4)) /* ascii */
+                               namedclass = ANYOF_ASCII;
+                           break;
+                       case 'k':
+                           if (memEQ(posixcc, "blan", 4)) /* blank */
+                               namedclass = ANYOF_BLANK;
+                           break;
+                       case 'l':
+                           if (memEQ(posixcc, "cntr", 4)) /* cntrl */
+                               namedclass = ANYOF_CNTRL;
+                           break;
+                       case 'm':
+                           if (memEQ(posixcc, "alnu", 4)) /* alnum */
+                               namedclass = ANYOF_ALPHANUMERIC;
+                           break;
+                       case 'r':
+                           if (memEQ(posixcc, "lowe", 4)) /* lower */
+                               namedclass = (FOLD) ? ANYOF_CASED : ANYOF_LOWER;
+                           else if (memEQ(posixcc, "uppe", 4)) /* upper */
+                               namedclass = (FOLD) ? ANYOF_CASED : ANYOF_UPPER;
+                           break;
+                       case 't':
+                           if (memEQ(posixcc, "digi", 4)) /* digit */
+                               namedclass = ANYOF_DIGIT;
+                           else if (memEQ(posixcc, "prin", 4)) /* print */
+                               namedclass = ANYOF_PRINT;
+                           else if (memEQ(posixcc, "punc", 4)) /* punct */
+                               namedclass = ANYOF_PUNCT;
+                           break;
+                       }
+                       break;
+                   case 6:
+                       if (memEQ(posixcc, "xdigit", 6))
+                           namedclass = ANYOF_XDIGIT;
+                       break;
+                   }
+
+                   if (namedclass == OOB_NAMEDCLASS)
+                       Simple_vFAIL3("POSIX class [:%.*s:] unknown",
+                                     t - s - 1, s + 1);
+
+                    /* The #defines are structured so each complement is +1 to
+                     * the normal one */
+                    if (complement) {
+                        namedclass++;
+                    }
+                   assert (posixcc[skip] == ':');
+                   assert (posixcc[skip+1] == ']');
+               } else if (!SIZE_ONLY) {
+                   /* [[=foo=]] and [[.foo.]] are still future. */
+
+                   /* adjust RExC_parse so the warning shows after
+                      the class closes */
+                   while (UCHARAT(RExC_parse) && UCHARAT(RExC_parse) != ']')
+                       RExC_parse++;
+                   vFAIL3("POSIX syntax [%c %c] is reserved for future extensions", c, c);
+               }
+           } else {
+               /* Maternal grandfather:
+                * "[:" ending in ":" but not in ":]" */
+                if (strict) {
+                    vFAIL("Unmatched '[' in POSIX class");
+                }
+
+                /* Grandfather lone [:, [=, [. */
+               RExC_parse = s;
+           }
+       }
+    }
+
+    return namedclass;
+}
+
+STATIC bool
+S_could_it_be_a_POSIX_class(pTHX_ RExC_state_t *pRExC_state)
+{
+    /* This applies some heuristics at the current parse position (which should
+     * be at a '[') to see if what follows might be intended to be a [:posix:]
+     * class.  It returns true if it really is a posix class, of course, but it
+     * also can return true if it thinks that what was intended was a posix
+     * class that didn't quite make it.
+     *
+     * It will return true for
+     *      [:alphanumerics:
+     *      [:alphanumerics]  (as long as the ] isn't followed immediately by a
+     *                         ')' indicating the end of the (?[
+     *      [:any garbage including %^&$ punctuation:]
+     *
+     * This is designed to be called only from S_handle_regex_sets; it could be
+     * easily adapted to be called from the spot at the beginning of regclass()
+     * that checks to see in a normal bracketed class if the surrounding []
+     * have been omitted ([:word:] instead of [[:word:]]).  But doing so would
+     * change long-standing behavior, so I (khw) didn't do that */
+    char* p = RExC_parse + 1;
+    char first_char = *p;
+
+    PERL_ARGS_ASSERT_COULD_IT_BE_A_POSIX_CLASS;
+
+    assert(*(p - 1) == '[');
+
+    if (! POSIXCC(first_char)) {
+        return FALSE;
+    }
+
+    p++;
+    while (p < RExC_end && isWORDCHAR(*p)) p++;
+
+    if (p >= RExC_end) {
+        return FALSE;
+    }
+
+    if (p - RExC_parse > 2    /* Got at least 1 word character */
+        && (*p == first_char
+            || (*p == ']' && p + 1 < RExC_end && *(p + 1) != ')')))
+    {
+        return TRUE;
+    }
+
+    p = (char *) memchr(RExC_parse, ']', RExC_end - RExC_parse);
+
+    return (p
+            && p - RExC_parse > 2 /* [:] evaluates to colon;
+                                      [::] is a bad posix class. */
+            && first_char == *(p - 1));
+}
+
+STATIC regnode *
+S_handle_regex_sets(pTHX_ RExC_state_t *pRExC_state, SV** return_invlist, I32 *flagp, U32 depth,
+                   char * const oregcomp_parse)
+{
+    /* Handle the (?[...]) construct to do set operations */
+
+    U8 curchar;
+    UV start, end;     /* End points of code point ranges */
+    SV* result_string;
+    char *save_end, *save_parse;
+    SV* final;
+    STRLEN len;
+    regnode* node;
+    AV* stack;
+    const bool save_fold = FOLD;
+
+    GET_RE_DEBUG_FLAGS_DECL;
+
+    PERL_ARGS_ASSERT_HANDLE_REGEX_SETS;
+
+    if (LOC) {
+        vFAIL("(?[...]) not valid in locale");
+    }
+    RExC_uni_semantics = 1;
+
+    /* This will return only an ANYOF regnode, or (unlikely) something smaller
+     * (such as EXACT).  Thus we can skip most everything if just sizing.  We
+     * call regclass to handle '[]' so as to not have to reinvent its parsing
+     * rules here (throwing away the size it computes each time).  And, we exit
+     * upon an unescaped ']' that isn't one ending a regclass.  To do both
+     * these things, we need to realize that something preceded by a backslash
+     * is escaped, so we have to keep track of backslashes */
+    if (SIZE_ONLY) {
+        UV depth = 0; /* how many nested (?[...]) constructs */
+
+        Perl_ck_warner_d(aTHX_
+            packWARN(WARN_EXPERIMENTAL__REGEX_SETS),
+            "The regex_sets feature is experimental" REPORT_LOCATION,
+            (int) (RExC_parse - RExC_precomp) , RExC_precomp, RExC_parse);
+
+        while (RExC_parse < RExC_end) {
+            SV* current = NULL;
+            RExC_parse = regpatws(pRExC_state, RExC_parse,
+                                TRUE); /* means recognize comments */
+            switch (*RExC_parse) {
+                case '?':
+                    if (RExC_parse[1] == '[') depth++, RExC_parse++;
+                    /* FALL THROUGH */
+                default:
+                    break;
+                case '\\':
+                    /* Skip the next byte (which could cause us to end up in
+                     * the middle of a UTF-8 character, but since none of those
+                     * are confusable with anything we currently handle in this
+                     * switch (invariants all), it's safe.  We'll just hit the
+                     * default: case next time and keep on incrementing until
+                     * we find one of the invariants we do handle. */
+                    RExC_parse++;
+                    break;
+                case '[':
+                {
+                    /* If this looks like it is a [:posix:] class, leave the
+                     * parse pointer at the '[' to fool regclass() into
+                     * thinking it is part of a '[[:posix:]]'.  That function
+                     * will use strict checking to force a syntax error if it
+                     * doesn't work out to a legitimate class */
+                    bool is_posix_class
+                                    = could_it_be_a_POSIX_class(pRExC_state);
+                    if (! is_posix_class) {
+                        RExC_parse++;
+                    }
+
+                    /* regclass() can only return RESTART_UTF8 if multi-char
+                       folds are allowed.  */
+                    if (!regclass(pRExC_state, flagp,depth+1,
+                                  is_posix_class, /* parse the whole char
+                                                     class only if not a
+                                                     posix class */
+                                  FALSE, /* don't allow multi-char folds */
+                                  TRUE, /* silence non-portable warnings. */
+                                  &current))
+                        FAIL2("panic: regclass returned NULL to handle_sets, flags=%#"UVxf"",
+                              (UV) *flagp);
+
+                    /* function call leaves parse pointing to the ']', except
+                     * if we faked it */
+                    if (is_posix_class) {
+                        RExC_parse--;
+                    }
+
+                    SvREFCNT_dec(current);   /* In case it returned something */
+                    break;
+                }
+
+                case ']':
+                    if (depth--) break;
+                    RExC_parse++;
+                    if (RExC_parse < RExC_end
+                        && *RExC_parse == ')')
+                    {
+                        node = reganode(pRExC_state, ANYOF, 0);
+                        RExC_size += ANYOF_SKIP;
+                        nextchar(pRExC_state);
+                        Set_Node_Length(node,
+                                RExC_parse - oregcomp_parse + 1); /* MJD */
+                        return node;
+                    }
+                    goto no_close;
+            }
+            RExC_parse++;
+        }
+
+        no_close:
+        FAIL("Syntax error in (?[...])");
+    }
+
+    /* Pass 2 only after this.  Everything in this construct is a
+     * metacharacter.  Operands begin with either a '\' (for an escape
+     * sequence), or a '[' for a bracketed character class.  Any other
+     * character should be an operator, or parenthesis for grouping.  Both
+     * types of operands are handled by calling regclass() to parse them.  It
+     * is called with a parameter to indicate to return the computed inversion
+     * list.  The parsing here is implemented via a stack.  Each entry on the
+     * stack is a single character representing one of the operators, or the
+     * '('; or else a pointer to an operand inversion list. */
+
+#define IS_OPERAND(a)  (! SvIOK(a))
+
+    /* The stack starts empty.  It is a syntax error if the first thing parsed
+     * is a binary operator; everything else is pushed on the stack.  When an
+     * operand is parsed, the top of the stack is examined.  If it is a binary
+     * operator, the item before it should be an operand, and both are replaced
+     * by the result of doing that operation on the new operand and the one on
+     * the stack.   Thus a sequence of binary operands is reduced to a single
+     * one before the next one is parsed.
+     *
+     * A unary operator may immediately follow a binary in the input, for
+     * example
+     *      [a] + ! [b]
+     * When an operand is parsed and the top of the stack is a unary operator,
+     * the operation is performed, and then the stack is rechecked to see if
+     * this new operand is part of a binary operation; if so, it is handled as
+     * above.
+     *
+     * A '(' is simply pushed on the stack; it is valid only if the stack is
+     * empty, or the top element of the stack is an operator or another '('
+     * (for which the parenthesized expression will become an operand).  By the
+     * time the corresponding ')' is parsed everything in between should have
+     * been parsed and evaluated to a single operand (or else is a syntax
+     * error), and is handled as a regular operand */
+
+    sv_2mortal((SV *)(stack = newAV()));
+
+    while (RExC_parse < RExC_end) {
+        I32 top_index = av_tindex(stack);
+        SV** top_ptr;
+        SV* current = NULL;
+
+        /* Skip white space */
+        RExC_parse = regpatws(pRExC_state, RExC_parse,
+                                TRUE); /* means recognize comments */
+        if (RExC_parse >= RExC_end) {
+            Perl_croak(aTHX_ "panic: Read past end of '(?[ ])'");
+        }
+        if ((curchar = UCHARAT(RExC_parse)) == ']') {
+            break;
+        }
+
+        switch (curchar) {
+
+            case '?':
+                if (av_tindex(stack) >= 0   /* This makes sure that we can
+                                               safely subtract 1 from
+                                               RExC_parse in the next clause.
+                                               If we have something on the
+                                               stack, we have parsed something
+                                             */
+                    && UCHARAT(RExC_parse - 1) == '('
+                    && RExC_parse < RExC_end)
+                {
+                    /* If is a '(?', could be an embedded '(?flags:(?[...])'.
+                     * This happens when we have some thing like
+                     *
+                     *   my $thai_or_lao = qr/(?[ \p{Thai} + \p{Lao} ])/;
+                     *   ...
+                     *   qr/(?[ \p{Digit} & $thai_or_lao ])/;
+                     *
+                     * Here we would be handling the interpolated
+                     * '$thai_or_lao'.  We handle this by a recursive call to
+                     * ourselves which returns the inversion list the
+                     * interpolated expression evaluates to.  We use the flags
+                     * from the interpolated pattern. */
+                    U32 save_flags = RExC_flags;
+                    const char * const save_parse = ++RExC_parse;
+
+                    parse_lparen_question_flags(pRExC_state);
+
+                    if (RExC_parse == save_parse  /* Makes sure there was at
+                                                     least one flag (or this
+                                                     embedding wasn't compiled)
+                                                   */
+                        || RExC_parse >= RExC_end - 4
+                        || UCHARAT(RExC_parse) != ':'
+                        || UCHARAT(++RExC_parse) != '('
+                        || UCHARAT(++RExC_parse) != '?'
+                        || UCHARAT(++RExC_parse) != '[')
+                    {
+
+                        /* In combination with the above, this moves the
+                         * pointer to the point just after the first erroneous
+                         * character (or if there are no flags, to where they
+                         * should have been) */
+                        if (RExC_parse >= RExC_end - 4) {
+                            RExC_parse = RExC_end;
+                        }
+                        else if (RExC_parse != save_parse) {
+                            RExC_parse += (UTF) ? UTF8SKIP(RExC_parse) : 1;
+                        }
+                        vFAIL("Expecting '(?flags:(?[...'");
+                    }
+                    RExC_parse++;
+                    (void) handle_regex_sets(pRExC_state, &current, flagp,
+                                                    depth+1, oregcomp_parse);
+
+                    /* Here, 'current' contains the embedded expression's
+                     * inversion list, and RExC_parse points to the trailing
+                     * ']'; the next character should be the ')' which will be
+                     * paired with the '(' that has been put on the stack, so
+                     * the whole embedded expression reduces to '(operand)' */
+                    RExC_parse++;
+
+                    RExC_flags = save_flags;
+                    goto handle_operand;
+                }
+                /* FALL THROUGH */
+
+            default:
+                RExC_parse += (UTF) ? UTF8SKIP(RExC_parse) : 1;
+                vFAIL("Unexpected character");
+
+            case '\\':
+                /* regclass() can only return RESTART_UTF8 if multi-char
+                   folds are allowed.  */
+                if (!regclass(pRExC_state, flagp,depth+1,
+                              TRUE, /* means parse just the next thing */
+                              FALSE, /* don't allow multi-char folds */
+                              FALSE, /* don't silence non-portable warnings.  */
+                              &current))
+                    FAIL2("panic: regclass returned NULL to handle_sets, flags=%#"UVxf"",
+                          (UV) *flagp);
+                /* regclass() will return with parsing just the \ sequence,
+                 * leaving the parse pointer at the next thing to parse */
+                RExC_parse--;
+                goto handle_operand;
+
+            case '[':   /* Is a bracketed character class */
+            {
+                bool is_posix_class = could_it_be_a_POSIX_class(pRExC_state);
+
+                if (! is_posix_class) {
+                    RExC_parse++;
+                }
+
+                /* regclass() can only return RESTART_UTF8 if multi-char
+                   folds are allowed.  */
+                if(!regclass(pRExC_state, flagp,depth+1,
+                             is_posix_class, /* parse the whole char class
+                                                only if not a posix class */
+                             FALSE, /* don't allow multi-char folds */
+                             FALSE, /* don't silence non-portable warnings.  */
+                             &current))
+                    FAIL2("panic: regclass returned NULL to handle_sets, flags=%#"UVxf"",
+                          (UV) *flagp);
+                /* function call leaves parse pointing to the ']', except if we
+                 * faked it */
+                if (is_posix_class) {
+                    RExC_parse--;
+                }
+
+                goto handle_operand;
+            }
+
+            case '&':
+            case '|':
+            case '+':
+            case '-':
+            case '^':
+                if (top_index < 0
+                    || ( ! (top_ptr = av_fetch(stack, top_index, FALSE)))
+                    || ! IS_OPERAND(*top_ptr))
+                {
+                    RExC_parse++;
+                    vFAIL2("Unexpected binary operator '%c' with no preceding operand", curchar);
+                }
+                av_push(stack, newSVuv(curchar));
+                break;
+
+            case '!':
+                av_push(stack, newSVuv(curchar));
+                break;
+
+            case '(':
+                if (top_index >= 0) {
+                    top_ptr = av_fetch(stack, top_index, FALSE);
+                    assert(top_ptr);
+                    if (IS_OPERAND(*top_ptr)) {
+                        RExC_parse++;
+                        vFAIL("Unexpected '(' with no preceding operator");
+                    }
+                }
+                av_push(stack, newSVuv(curchar));
+                break;
+
+            case ')':
+            {
+                SV* lparen;
+                if (top_index < 1
+                    || ! (current = av_pop(stack))
+                    || ! IS_OPERAND(current)
+                    || ! (lparen = av_pop(stack))
+                    || IS_OPERAND(lparen)
+                    || SvUV(lparen) != '(')
+                {
+                    SvREFCNT_dec(current);
+                    RExC_parse++;
+                    vFAIL("Unexpected ')'");
+                }
+                top_index -= 2;
+                SvREFCNT_dec_NN(lparen);
+
+                /* FALL THROUGH */
+            }
+
+              handle_operand:
+
+                /* Here, we have an operand to process, in 'current' */
+
+                if (top_index < 0) {    /* Just push if stack is empty */
+                    av_push(stack, current);
+                }
+                else {
+                    SV* top = av_pop(stack);
+                    SV *prev = NULL;
+                    char current_operator;
+
+                    if (IS_OPERAND(top)) {
+                        SvREFCNT_dec_NN(top);
+                        SvREFCNT_dec_NN(current);
+                        vFAIL("Operand with no preceding operator");
+                    }
+                    current_operator = (char) SvUV(top);
+                    switch (current_operator) {
+                        case '(':   /* Push the '(' back on followed by the new
+                                       operand */
+                            av_push(stack, top);
+                            av_push(stack, current);
+                            SvREFCNT_inc(top);  /* Counters the '_dec' done
+                                                   just after the 'break', so
+                                                   it doesn't get wrongly freed
+                                                 */
+                            break;
+
+                        case '!':
+                            _invlist_invert(current);
+
+                            /* Unlike binary operators, the top of the stack,
+                             * now that this unary one has been popped off, may
+                             * legally be an operator, and we now have operand
+                             * for it. */
+                            top_index--;
+                            SvREFCNT_dec_NN(top);
+                            goto handle_operand;
+
+                        case '&':
+                            prev = av_pop(stack);
+                            _invlist_intersection(prev,
+                                                   current,
+                                                   &current);
+                            av_push(stack, current);
+                            break;
+
+                        case '|':
+                        case '+':
+                            prev = av_pop(stack);
+                            _invlist_union(prev, current, &current);
+                            av_push(stack, current);
+                            break;
+
+                        case '-':
+                            prev = av_pop(stack);;
+                            _invlist_subtract(prev, current, &current);
+                            av_push(stack, current);
+                            break;
+
+                        case '^':   /* The union minus the intersection */
+                        {
+                            SV* i = NULL;
+                            SV* u = NULL;
+                            SV* element;
+
+                            prev = av_pop(stack);
+                            _invlist_union(prev, current, &u);
+                            _invlist_intersection(prev, current, &i);
+                            /* _invlist_subtract will overwrite current
+                                without freeing what it already contains */
+                            element = current;
+                            _invlist_subtract(u, i, &current);
+                            av_push(stack, current);
+                            SvREFCNT_dec_NN(i);
+                            SvREFCNT_dec_NN(u);
+                            SvREFCNT_dec_NN(element);
+                            break;
+                        }
+
+                        default:
+                            Perl_croak(aTHX_ "panic: Unexpected item on '(?[ ])' stack");
+                }
+                SvREFCNT_dec_NN(top);
+                SvREFCNT_dec(prev);
+            }
+        }
+
+        RExC_parse += (UTF) ? UTF8SKIP(RExC_parse) : 1;
+    }
+
+    if (av_tindex(stack) < 0   /* Was empty */
+        || ((final = av_pop(stack)) == NULL)
+        || ! IS_OPERAND(final)
+        || av_tindex(stack) >= 0)  /* More left on stack */
+    {
+        vFAIL("Incomplete expression within '(?[ ])'");
+    }
+
+    /* Here, 'final' is the resultant inversion list from evaluating the
+     * expression.  Return it if so requested */
+    if (return_invlist) {
+        *return_invlist = final;
+        return END;
+    }
+
+    /* Otherwise generate a resultant node, based on 'final'.  regclass() is
+     * expecting a string of ranges and individual code points */
+    invlist_iterinit(final);
+    result_string = newSVpvs("");
+    while (invlist_iternext(final, &start, &end)) {
+        if (start == end) {
+            Perl_sv_catpvf(aTHX_ result_string, "\\x{%"UVXf"}", start);
+        }
+        else {
+            Perl_sv_catpvf(aTHX_ result_string, "\\x{%"UVXf"}-\\x{%"UVXf"}",
+                                                     start,          end);
+        }
+    }
+
+    save_parse = RExC_parse;
+    RExC_parse = SvPV(result_string, len);
+    save_end = RExC_end;
+    RExC_end = RExC_parse + len;
+
+    /* We turn off folding around the call, as the class we have constructed
+     * already has all folding taken into consideration, and we don't want
+     * regclass() to add to that */
+    RExC_flags &= ~RXf_PMf_FOLD;
+    /* regclass() can only return RESTART_UTF8 if multi-char folds are allowed.
+     */
+    node = regclass(pRExC_state, flagp,depth+1,
+                    FALSE, /* means parse the whole char class */
+                    FALSE, /* don't allow multi-char folds */
+                    TRUE, /* silence non-portable warnings.  The above may very
+                             well have generated non-portable code points, but
+                             they're valid on this machine */
+                    NULL);
+    if (!node)
+        FAIL2("panic: regclass returned NULL to handle_sets, flags=%#"UVxf,
+                    PTR2UV(flagp));
+    if (save_fold) {
+        RExC_flags |= RXf_PMf_FOLD;
+    }
+    RExC_parse = save_parse + 1;
+    RExC_end = save_end;
+    SvREFCNT_dec_NN(final);
+    SvREFCNT_dec_NN(result_string);
+
+    nextchar(pRExC_state);
+    Set_Node_Length(node, RExC_parse - oregcomp_parse + 1); /* MJD */
+    return node;
+}
+#undef IS_OPERAND
+
+/* The names of properties whose definitions are not known at compile time are
+ * stored in this SV, after a constant heading.  So if the length has been
+ * changed since initialization, then there is a run-time definition. */
+#define HAS_NONLOCALE_RUNTIME_PROPERTY_DEFINITION (SvCUR(listsv) != initial_listsv_len)
+
+STATIC regnode *
+S_regclass(pTHX_ RExC_state_t *pRExC_state, I32 *flagp, U32 depth,
+                 const bool stop_at_1,  /* Just parse the next thing, don't
+                                           look for a full character class */
+                 bool allow_multi_folds,
+                 const bool silence_non_portable,   /* Don't output warnings
+                                                       about too large
+                                                       characters */
+                 SV** ret_invlist)  /* Return an inversion list, not a node */
+{
+    /* parse a bracketed class specification.  Most of these will produce an
+     * ANYOF node; but something like [a] will produce an EXACT node; [aA], an
+     * EXACTFish node; [[:ascii:]], a POSIXA node; etc.  It is more complex
+     * under /i with multi-character folds: it will be rewritten following the
+     * paradigm of this example, where the <multi-fold>s are characters which
+     * fold to multiple character sequences:
+     *      /[abc\x{multi-fold1}def\x{multi-fold2}ghi]/i
+     * gets effectively rewritten as:
+     *      /(?:\x{multi-fold1}|\x{multi-fold2}|[abcdefghi]/i
+     * reg() gets called (recursively) on the rewritten version, and this
+     * function will return what it constructs.  (Actually the <multi-fold>s
+     * aren't physically removed from the [abcdefghi], it's just that they are
+     * ignored in the recursion by means of a flag:
+     * <RExC_in_multi_char_class>.)
+     *
+     * ANYOF nodes contain a bit map for the first 256 characters, with the
+     * corresponding bit set if that character is in the list.  For characters
+     * above 255, a range list or swash is used.  There are extra bits for \w,
+     * etc. in locale ANYOFs, as what these match is not determinable at
+     * compile time
+     *
+     * Returns NULL, setting *flagp to RESTART_UTF8 if the sizing scan needs
+     * to be restarted.  This can only happen if ret_invlist is non-NULL.
+     */
+
+    dVAR;
+    UV prevvalue = OOB_UNICODE, save_prevvalue = OOB_UNICODE;
+    IV range = 0;
+    UV value = OOB_UNICODE, save_value = OOB_UNICODE;
+    regnode *ret;
+    STRLEN numlen;
+    IV namedclass = OOB_NAMEDCLASS;
+    char *rangebegin = NULL;
+    bool need_class = 0;
+    SV *listsv = NULL;
+    STRLEN initial_listsv_len = 0; /* Kind of a kludge to see if it is more
+                                     than just initialized.  */
+    SV* properties = NULL;    /* Code points that match \p{} \P{} */
+    SV* posixes = NULL;     /* Code points that match classes like, [:word:],
+                               extended beyond the Latin1 range */
+    UV element_count = 0;   /* Number of distinct elements in the class.
+                              Optimizations may be possible if this is tiny */
+    AV * multi_char_matches = NULL; /* Code points that fold to more than one
+                                       character; used under /i */
+    UV n;
+    char * stop_ptr = RExC_end;    /* where to stop parsing */
+    const bool skip_white = cBOOL(ret_invlist); /* ignore unescaped white
+                                                   space? */
+    const bool strict = cBOOL(ret_invlist); /* Apply strict parsing rules? */
+
+    /* Unicode properties are stored in a swash; this holds the current one
+     * being parsed.  If this swash is the only above-latin1 component of the
+     * character class, an optimization is to pass it directly on to the
+     * execution engine.  Otherwise, it is set to NULL to indicate that there
+     * are other things in the class that have to be dealt with at execution
+     * time */
+    SV* swash = NULL;          /* Code points that match \p{} \P{} */
+
+    /* Set if a component of this character class is user-defined; just passed
+     * on to the engine */
+    bool has_user_defined_property = FALSE;
+
+    /* inversion list of code points this node matches only when the target
+     * string is in UTF-8.  (Because is under /d) */
+    SV* depends_list = NULL;
+
+    /* inversion list of code points this node matches.  For much of the
+     * function, it includes only those that match regardless of the utf8ness
+     * of the target string */
+    SV* cp_list = NULL;
+
+#ifdef EBCDIC
+    /* In a range, counts how many 0-2 of the ends of it came from literals,
+     * not escapes.  Thus we can tell if 'A' was input vs \x{C1} */
+    UV literal_endpoint = 0;
+#endif
+    bool invert = FALSE;    /* Is this class to be complemented */
+
+    /* Is there any thing like \W or [:^digit:] that matches above the legal
+     * Unicode range? */
+    bool runtime_posix_matches_above_Unicode = FALSE;
+
+    regnode * const orig_emit = RExC_emit; /* Save the original RExC_emit in
+        case we need to change the emitted regop to an EXACT. */
+    const char * orig_parse = RExC_parse;
+    const I32 orig_size = RExC_size;
+    GET_RE_DEBUG_FLAGS_DECL;
+
+    PERL_ARGS_ASSERT_REGCLASS;
+#ifndef DEBUGGING
+    PERL_UNUSED_ARG(depth);
+#endif
+
+    DEBUG_PARSE("clas");
+
+    /* Assume we are going to generate an ANYOF node. */
+    ret = reganode(pRExC_state, ANYOF, 0);
+
+    if (SIZE_ONLY) {
+       RExC_size += ANYOF_SKIP;
+       listsv = &PL_sv_undef; /* For code scanners: listsv always non-NULL. */
+    }
+    else {
+        ANYOF_FLAGS(ret) = 0;
+
+       RExC_emit += ANYOF_SKIP;
+       if (LOC) {
+           ANYOF_FLAGS(ret) |= ANYOF_LOCALE;
+       }
+       listsv = newSVpvs_flags("# comment\n", SVs_TEMP);
+       initial_listsv_len = SvCUR(listsv);
+        SvTEMP_off(listsv); /* Grr, TEMPs and mortals are conflated.  */
+    }
+
+    if (skip_white) {
+        RExC_parse = regpatws(pRExC_state, RExC_parse,
+                              FALSE /* means don't recognize comments */);
+    }
+
+    if (UCHARAT(RExC_parse) == '^') {  /* Complement of range. */
+       RExC_parse++;
+        invert = TRUE;
+        allow_multi_folds = FALSE;
+        RExC_naughty++;
+        if (skip_white) {
+            RExC_parse = regpatws(pRExC_state, RExC_parse,
+                                  FALSE /* means don't recognize comments */);
+        }
+    }
+
+    /* Check that they didn't say [:posix:] instead of [[:posix:]] */
+    if (!SIZE_ONLY && RExC_parse < RExC_end && POSIXCC(UCHARAT(RExC_parse))) {
+       const char *s = RExC_parse;
+       const char  c = *s++;
+
+       while (isWORDCHAR(*s))
+           s++;
+       if (*s && c == *s && s[1] == ']') {
+           SAVEFREESV(RExC_rx_sv);
+           ckWARN3reg(s+2,
+                      "POSIX syntax [%c %c] belongs inside character classes",
+                      c, c);
+           (void)ReREFCNT_inc(RExC_rx_sv);
+       }
+    }
+
+    /* If the caller wants us to just parse a single element, accomplish this
+     * by faking the loop ending condition */
+    if (stop_at_1 && RExC_end > RExC_parse) {
+        stop_ptr = RExC_parse + 1;
+    }
+
+    /* allow 1st char to be ']' (allowing it to be '-' is dealt with later) */
+    if (UCHARAT(RExC_parse) == ']')
+       goto charclassloop;
+
+parseit:
+    while (1) {
+        if  (RExC_parse >= stop_ptr) {
+            break;
+        }
+
+        if (skip_white) {
+            RExC_parse = regpatws(pRExC_state, RExC_parse,
+                                  FALSE /* means don't recognize comments */);
+        }
+
+        if  (UCHARAT(RExC_parse) == ']') {
+            break;
+        }
+
+    charclassloop:
+
+       namedclass = OOB_NAMEDCLASS; /* initialize as illegal */
+        save_value = value;
+        save_prevvalue = prevvalue;
+
+       if (!range) {
+           rangebegin = RExC_parse;
+           element_count++;
+       }
+       if (UTF) {
+           value = utf8n_to_uvchr((U8*)RExC_parse,
+                                  RExC_end - RExC_parse,
+                                  &numlen, UTF8_ALLOW_DEFAULT);
+           RExC_parse += numlen;
+       }
+       else
+           value = UCHARAT(RExC_parse++);
+
+        if (value == '['
+            && RExC_parse < RExC_end
+            && POSIXCC(UCHARAT(RExC_parse)))
+        {
+            namedclass = regpposixcc(pRExC_state, value, strict);
+        }
+        else if (value == '\\') {
+           if (UTF) {
+               value = utf8n_to_uvchr((U8*)RExC_parse,
+                                  RExC_end - RExC_parse,
+                                  &numlen, UTF8_ALLOW_DEFAULT);
+               RExC_parse += numlen;
+           }
+           else
+               value = UCHARAT(RExC_parse++);
+
+           /* Some compilers cannot handle switching on 64-bit integer
+            * values, therefore value cannot be an UV.  Yes, this will
+            * be a problem later if we want switch on Unicode.
+            * A similar issue a little bit later when switching on
+            * namedclass. --jhi */
+
+            /* If the \ is escaping white space when white space is being
+             * skipped, it means that that white space is wanted literally, and
+             * is already in 'value'.  Otherwise, need to translate the escape
+             * into what it signifies. */
+            if (! skip_white || ! is_PATWS_cp(value)) switch ((I32)value) {
+
+           case 'w':   namedclass = ANYOF_WORDCHAR;    break;
+           case 'W':   namedclass = ANYOF_NWORDCHAR;   break;
+           case 's':   namedclass = ANYOF_SPACE;       break;
+           case 'S':   namedclass = ANYOF_NSPACE;      break;
+           case 'd':   namedclass = ANYOF_DIGIT;       break;
+           case 'D':   namedclass = ANYOF_NDIGIT;      break;
+           case 'v':   namedclass = ANYOF_VERTWS;      break;
+           case 'V':   namedclass = ANYOF_NVERTWS;     break;
+           case 'h':   namedclass = ANYOF_HORIZWS;     break;
+           case 'H':   namedclass = ANYOF_NHORIZWS;    break;
+            case 'N':  /* Handle \N{NAME} in class */
+                {
+                    /* We only pay attention to the first char of 
+                    multichar strings being returned. I kinda wonder
+                    if this makes sense as it does change the behaviour
+                    from earlier versions, OTOH that behaviour was broken
+                    as well. */
+                    if (! grok_bslash_N(pRExC_state, NULL, &value, flagp, depth,
+                                      TRUE, /* => charclass */
+                                      strict))
+                    {
+                        if (*flagp & RESTART_UTF8)
+                            FAIL("panic: grok_bslash_N set RESTART_UTF8");
+                        goto parseit;
+                    }
+                }
+                break;
+           case 'p':
+           case 'P':
+               {
+               char *e;
+
+                /* We will handle any undefined properties ourselves */
+                U8 swash_init_flags = _CORE_SWASH_INIT_RETURN_IF_UNDEF;
+
+               if (RExC_parse >= RExC_end)
+                   vFAIL2("Empty \\%c{}", (U8)value);
+               if (*RExC_parse == '{') {
+                   const U8 c = (U8)value;
+                   e = strchr(RExC_parse++, '}');
+                    if (!e)
+                        vFAIL2("Missing right brace on \\%c{}", c);
+                   while (isSPACE(UCHARAT(RExC_parse)))
+                       RExC_parse++;
+                    if (e == RExC_parse)
+                        vFAIL2("Empty \\%c{}", c);
+                   n = e - RExC_parse;
+                   while (isSPACE(UCHARAT(RExC_parse + n - 1)))
+                       n--;
+               }
+               else {
+                   e = RExC_parse;
+                   n = 1;
+               }
+               if (!SIZE_ONLY) {
+                    SV* invlist;
+                    char* name;
+
+                   if (UCHARAT(RExC_parse) == '^') {
+                        RExC_parse++;
+                        n--;
+                         /* toggle.  (The rhs xor gets the single bit that
+                          * differs between P and p; the other xor inverts just
+                          * that bit) */
+                         value ^= 'P' ^ 'p';
+
+                        while (isSPACE(UCHARAT(RExC_parse))) {
+                             RExC_parse++;
+                             n--;
+                        }
+                   }
+                    /* Try to get the definition of the property into
+                     * <invlist>.  If /i is in effect, the effective property
+                     * will have its name be <__NAME_i>.  The design is
+                     * discussed in commit
+                     * 2f833f5208e26b208886e51e09e2c072b5eabb46 */
+                    Newx(name, n + sizeof("_i__\n"), char);
+
+                    sprintf(name, "%s%.*s%s\n",
+                                    (FOLD) ? "__" : "",
+                                    (int)n,
+                                    RExC_parse,
+                                    (FOLD) ? "_i" : ""
+                    );
+
+                    /* Look up the property name, and get its swash and
+                     * inversion list, if the property is found  */
+                    if (swash) {
+                        SvREFCNT_dec_NN(swash);
+                    }
+                    swash = _core_swash_init("utf8", name, &PL_sv_undef,
+                                             1, /* binary */
+                                             0, /* not tr/// */
+                                             NULL, /* No inversion list */
+                                             &swash_init_flags
+                                            );
+                    if (! swash || ! (invlist = _get_swash_invlist(swash))) {
+                        if (swash) {
+                            SvREFCNT_dec_NN(swash);
+                            swash = NULL;
+                        }
+
+                        /* Here didn't find it.  It could be a user-defined
+                         * property that will be available at run-time.  If we
+                         * accept only compile-time properties, is an error;
+                         * otherwise add it to the list for run-time look up */
+                        if (ret_invlist) {
+                            RExC_parse = e + 1;
+                            vFAIL3("Property '%.*s' is unknown", (int) n, name);
+                        }
+                        Perl_sv_catpvf(aTHX_ listsv, "%cutf8::%s\n",
+                                        (value == 'p' ? '+' : '!'),
+                                        name);
+                        has_user_defined_property = TRUE;
+
+                        /* We don't know yet, so have to assume that the
+                         * property could match something in the Latin1 range,
+                         * hence something that isn't utf8.  Note that this
+                         * would cause things in <depends_list> to match
+                         * inappropriately, except that any \p{}, including
+                         * this one forces Unicode semantics, which means there
+                         * is <no depends_list> */
+                        ANYOF_FLAGS(ret) |= ANYOF_NONBITMAP_NON_UTF8;
+                    }
+                    else {
+
+                        /* Here, did get the swash and its inversion list.  If
+                         * the swash is from a user-defined property, then this
+                         * whole character class should be regarded as such */
+                        has_user_defined_property =
+                                    (swash_init_flags
+                                     & _CORE_SWASH_INIT_USER_DEFINED_PROPERTY);
+
+                        /* Invert if asking for the complement */
+                        if (value == 'P') {
+                           _invlist_union_complement_2nd(properties,
+                                                          invlist,
+                                                          &properties);
+
+                            /* The swash can't be used as-is, because we've
+                            * inverted things; delay removing it to here after
+                            * have copied its invlist above */
+                            SvREFCNT_dec_NN(swash);
+                            swash = NULL;
+                        }
+                        else {
+                            _invlist_union(properties, invlist, &properties);
+                       }
+                   }
+                   Safefree(name);
+               }
+               RExC_parse = e + 1;
+                namedclass = ANYOF_UNIPROP;  /* no official name, but it's
+                                                named */
+
+               /* \p means they want Unicode semantics */
+               RExC_uni_semantics = 1;
+               }
+               break;
+           case 'n':   value = '\n';                   break;
+           case 'r':   value = '\r';                   break;
+           case 't':   value = '\t';                   break;
+           case 'f':   value = '\f';                   break;
+           case 'b':   value = '\b';                   break;
+           case 'e':   value = ASCII_TO_NATIVE('\033');break;
+           case 'a':   value = ASCII_TO_NATIVE('\007');break;
+           case 'o':
+               RExC_parse--;   /* function expects to be pointed at the 'o' */
+               {
+                   const char* error_msg;
+                   bool valid = grok_bslash_o(&RExC_parse,
+                                              &value,
+                                              &error_msg,
+                                               SIZE_ONLY,   /* warnings in pass
+                                                               1 only */
+                                               strict,
+                                               silence_non_portable,
+                                               UTF);
+                   if (! valid) {
+                       vFAIL(error_msg);
+                   }
+               }
+               if (PL_encoding && value < 0x100) {
+                   goto recode_encoding;
+               }
+               break;
+           case 'x':
+               RExC_parse--;   /* function expects to be pointed at the 'x' */
+               {
+                   const char* error_msg;
+                   bool valid = grok_bslash_x(&RExC_parse,
+                                              &value,
+                                              &error_msg,
+                                              TRUE, /* Output warnings */
+                                               strict,
+                                               silence_non_portable,
+                                               UTF);
+                    if (! valid) {
+                       vFAIL(error_msg);
+                   }
+               }
+               if (PL_encoding && value < 0x100)
+                   goto recode_encoding;
+               break;
+           case 'c':
+               value = grok_bslash_c(*RExC_parse++, UTF, SIZE_ONLY);
+               break;
+           case '0': case '1': case '2': case '3': case '4':
+           case '5': case '6': case '7':
+               {
+                   /* Take 1-3 octal digits */
+                   I32 flags = PERL_SCAN_SILENT_ILLDIGIT;
+                    numlen = (strict) ? 4 : 3;
+                    value = grok_oct(--RExC_parse, &numlen, &flags, NULL);
+                   RExC_parse += numlen;
+                    if (numlen != 3) {
+                        if (strict) {
+                            RExC_parse += (UTF) ? UTF8SKIP(RExC_parse) : 1;
+                            vFAIL("Need exactly 3 octal digits");
+                        }
+                        else if (! SIZE_ONLY /* like \08, \178 */
+                                 && numlen < 3
+                                 && RExC_parse < RExC_end
+                                 && isDIGIT(*RExC_parse)
+                                 && ckWARN(WARN_REGEXP))
+                        {
+                            SAVEFREESV(RExC_rx_sv);
+                            reg_warn_non_literal_string(
+                                 RExC_parse + 1,
+                                 form_short_octal_warning(RExC_parse, numlen));
+                            (void)ReREFCNT_inc(RExC_rx_sv);
+                        }
+                    }
+                   if (PL_encoding && value < 0x100)
+                       goto recode_encoding;
+                   break;
+               }
+           recode_encoding:
+               if (! RExC_override_recoding) {
+                   SV* enc = PL_encoding;
+                   value = reg_recode((const char)(U8)value, &enc);
+                   if (!enc) {
+                        if (strict) {
+                            vFAIL("Invalid escape in the specified encoding");
+                        }
+                        else if (SIZE_ONLY) {
+                            ckWARNreg(RExC_parse,
+                                 "Invalid escape in the specified encoding");
+                        }
+                    }
+                   break;
+               }
+           default:
+               /* Allow \_ to not give an error */
+               if (!SIZE_ONLY && isWORDCHAR(value) && value != '_') {
+                    if (strict) {
+                        vFAIL2("Unrecognized escape \\%c in character class",
+                               (int)value);
+                    }
+                    else {
+                        SAVEFREESV(RExC_rx_sv);
+                        ckWARN2reg(RExC_parse,
+                            "Unrecognized escape \\%c in character class passed through",
+                            (int)value);
+                        (void)ReREFCNT_inc(RExC_rx_sv);
+                    }
+               }
+               break;
+           }   /* End of switch on char following backslash */
+       } /* end of handling backslash escape sequences */
+#ifdef EBCDIC
+        else
+            literal_endpoint++;
+#endif
+
+        /* Here, we have the current token in 'value' */
+
+        /* What matches in a locale is not known until runtime.  This includes
+         * what the Posix classes (like \w, [:space:]) match.  Room must be
+         * reserved (one time per class) to store such classes, either if Perl
+         * is compiled so that locale nodes always should have this space, or
+         * if there is such class info to be stored.  The space will contain a
+         * bit for each named class that is to be matched against.  This isn't
+         * needed for \p{} and pseudo-classes, as they are not affected by
+         * locale, and hence are dealt with separately */
+        if (LOC
+            && ! need_class
+            && (ANYOF_LOCALE == ANYOF_CLASS
+                || (namedclass > OOB_NAMEDCLASS && namedclass < ANYOF_MAX)))
+        {
+            need_class = 1;
+            if (SIZE_ONLY) {
+                RExC_size += ANYOF_CLASS_SKIP - ANYOF_SKIP;
+            }
+            else {
+                RExC_emit += ANYOF_CLASS_SKIP - ANYOF_SKIP;
+                ANYOF_CLASS_ZERO(ret);
+            }
+            ANYOF_FLAGS(ret) |= ANYOF_CLASS;
+        }
+
+       if (namedclass > OOB_NAMEDCLASS) { /* this is a named class \blah */
+
+           /* a bad range like a-\d, a-[:digit:].  The '-' is taken as a
+            * literal, as is the character that began the false range, i.e.
+            * the 'a' in the examples */
+           if (range) {
+               if (!SIZE_ONLY) {
+                   const int w = (RExC_parse >= rangebegin)
+                                  ? RExC_parse - rangebegin
+                                  : 0;
+                    if (strict) {
+                        vFAIL4("False [] range \"%*.*s\"", w, w, rangebegin);
+                    }
+                    else {
+                        SAVEFREESV(RExC_rx_sv); /* in case of fatal warnings */
+                        ckWARN4reg(RExC_parse,
+                                "False [] range \"%*.*s\"",
+                                w, w, rangebegin);
+                        (void)ReREFCNT_inc(RExC_rx_sv);
+                        cp_list = add_cp_to_invlist(cp_list, '-');
+                        cp_list = add_cp_to_invlist(cp_list, prevvalue);
+                    }
+               }
+
+               range = 0; /* this was not a true range */
+                element_count += 2; /* So counts for three values */
+           }
+
+           if (! SIZE_ONLY) {
+                U8 classnum = namedclass_to_classnum(namedclass);
+                if (namedclass >= ANYOF_MAX) {  /* If a special class */
+                    if (namedclass != ANYOF_UNIPROP) { /* UNIPROP = \p and \P */
+
+                        /* Here, should be \h, \H, \v, or \V.  Neither /d nor
+                         * /l make a difference in what these match.  There
+                         * would be problems if these characters had folds
+                         * other than themselves, as cp_list is subject to
+                         * folding. */
+                        if (classnum != _CC_VERTSPACE) {
+                            assert(   namedclass == ANYOF_HORIZWS
+                                   || namedclass == ANYOF_NHORIZWS);
+
+                            /* It turns out that \h is just a synonym for
+                             * XPosixBlank */
+                            classnum = _CC_BLANK;
+                        }
+
+                        _invlist_union_maybe_complement_2nd(
+                                cp_list,
+                                PL_XPosix_ptrs[classnum],
+                                cBOOL(namedclass % 2), /* Complement if odd
+                                                          (NHORIZWS, NVERTWS)
+                                                        */
+                                &cp_list);
+                    }
+                }
+                else if (classnum == _CC_ASCII) {
+#ifdef HAS_ISASCII
+                    if (LOC) {
+                        ANYOF_CLASS_SET(ret, namedclass);
+                    }
+                    else
+#endif  /* Not isascii(); just use the hard-coded definition for it */
+                        _invlist_union_maybe_complement_2nd(
+                                posixes,
+                                PL_ASCII,
+                                cBOOL(namedclass % 2), /* Complement if odd
+                                                          (NASCII) */
+                                &posixes);
+                }
+                else {  /* Garden variety class */
+
+                    /* The ascii range inversion list */
+                    SV* ascii_source = PL_Posix_ptrs[classnum];
+
+                    /* The full Latin1 range inversion list */
+                    SV* l1_source = PL_L1Posix_ptrs[classnum];
+
+                    /* This code is structured into two major clauses.  The
+                     * first is for classes whose complete definitions may not
+                     * already be known.  It not, the Latin1 definition
+                     * (guaranteed to already known) is used plus code is
+                     * generated to load the rest at run-time (only if needed).
+                     * If the complete definition is known, it drops down to
+                     * the second clause, where the complete definition is
+                     * known */
+
+                    if (classnum < _FIRST_NON_SWASH_CC) {
+
+                        /* Here, the class has a swash, which may or not
+                         * already be loaded */
+
+                        /* The name of the property to use to match the full
+                         * eXtended Unicode range swash for this character
+                         * class */
+                        const char *Xname = swash_property_names[classnum];
+
+                        /* If returning the inversion list, we can't defer
+                         * getting this until runtime */
+                        if (ret_invlist && !  PL_utf8_swash_ptrs[classnum]) {
+                            PL_utf8_swash_ptrs[classnum] =
+                                _core_swash_init("utf8", Xname, &PL_sv_undef,
+                                             1, /* binary */
+                                             0, /* not tr/// */
+                                             NULL, /* No inversion list */
+                                             NULL  /* No flags */
+                                            );
+                            assert(PL_utf8_swash_ptrs[classnum]);
+                        }
+                        if ( !  PL_utf8_swash_ptrs[classnum]) {
+                            if (namedclass % 2 == 0) { /* A non-complemented
+                                                          class */
+                                /* If not /a matching, there are code points we
+                                 * don't know at compile time.  Arrange for the
+                                 * unknown matches to be loaded at run-time, if
+                                 * needed */
+                                if (! AT_LEAST_ASCII_RESTRICTED) {
+                                    Perl_sv_catpvf(aTHX_ listsv, "+utf8::%s\n",
+                                                                 Xname);
+                                }
+                                if (LOC) {  /* Under locale, set run-time
+                                               lookup */
+                                    ANYOF_CLASS_SET(ret, namedclass);
+                                }
+                                else {
+                                    /* Add the current class's code points to
+                                     * the running total */
+                                    _invlist_union(posixes,
+                                                   (AT_LEAST_ASCII_RESTRICTED)
+                                                        ? ascii_source
+                                                        : l1_source,
+                                                   &posixes);
+                                }
+                            }
+                            else {  /* A complemented class */
+                                if (AT_LEAST_ASCII_RESTRICTED) {
+                                    /* Under /a should match everything above
+                                     * ASCII, plus the complement of the set's
+                                     * ASCII matches */
+                                    _invlist_union_complement_2nd(posixes,
+                                                                  ascii_source,
+                                                                  &posixes);
+                                }
+                                else {
+                                    /* Arrange for the unknown matches to be
+                                     * loaded at run-time, if needed */
+                                    Perl_sv_catpvf(aTHX_ listsv, "!utf8::%s\n",
+                                                                 Xname);
+                                    runtime_posix_matches_above_Unicode = TRUE;
+                                    if (LOC) {
+                                        ANYOF_CLASS_SET(ret, namedclass);
+                                    }
+                                    else {
+
+                                        /* We want to match everything in
+                                         * Latin1, except those things that
+                                         * l1_source matches */
+                                        SV* scratch_list = NULL;
+                                        _invlist_subtract(PL_Latin1, l1_source,
+                                                          &scratch_list);
+
+                                        /* Add the list from this class to the
+                                         * running total */
+                                        if (! posixes) {
+                                            posixes = scratch_list;
+                                        }
+                                        else {
+                                            _invlist_union(posixes,
+                                                           scratch_list,
+                                                           &posixes);
+                                            SvREFCNT_dec_NN(scratch_list);
+                                        }
+                                        if (DEPENDS_SEMANTICS) {
+                                            ANYOF_FLAGS(ret)
+                                                  |= ANYOF_NON_UTF8_LATIN1_ALL;
+                                        }
+                                    }
+                                }
+                            }
+                            goto namedclass_done;
+                        }
+
+                        /* Here, there is a swash loaded for the class.  If no
+                         * inversion list for it yet, get it */
+                        if (! PL_XPosix_ptrs[classnum]) {
+                            PL_XPosix_ptrs[classnum]
+                             = _swash_to_invlist(PL_utf8_swash_ptrs[classnum]);
+                        }
+                    }
+
+                    /* Here there is an inversion list already loaded for the
+                     * entire class */
+
+                    if (namedclass % 2 == 0) {  /* A non-complemented class,
+                                                   like ANYOF_PUNCT */
+                        if (! LOC) {
+                            /* For non-locale, just add it to any existing list
+                             * */
+                            _invlist_union(posixes,
+                                           (AT_LEAST_ASCII_RESTRICTED)
+                                               ? ascii_source
+                                               : PL_XPosix_ptrs[classnum],
+                                           &posixes);
+                        }
+                        else {  /* Locale */
+                            SV* scratch_list = NULL;
+
+                            /* For above Latin1 code points, we use the full
+                             * Unicode range */
+                            _invlist_intersection(PL_AboveLatin1,
+                                                  PL_XPosix_ptrs[classnum],
+                                                  &scratch_list);
+                            /* And set the output to it, adding instead if
+                             * there already is an output.  Checking if
+                             * 'posixes' is NULL first saves an extra clone.
+                             * Its reference count will be decremented at the
+                             * next union, etc, or if this is the only
+                             * instance, at the end of the routine */
+                            if (! posixes) {
+                                posixes = scratch_list;
+                            }
+                            else {
+                                _invlist_union(posixes, scratch_list, &posixes);
+                                SvREFCNT_dec_NN(scratch_list);
+                            }
+
+#ifndef HAS_ISBLANK
+                            if (namedclass != ANYOF_BLANK) {
+#endif
+                                /* Set this class in the node for runtime
+                                 * matching */
+                                ANYOF_CLASS_SET(ret, namedclass);
+#ifndef HAS_ISBLANK
+                            }
+                            else {
+                                /* No isblank(), use the hard-coded ASCII-range
+                                 * blanks, adding them to the running total. */
+
+                                _invlist_union(posixes, ascii_source, &posixes);
+                            }
+#endif
+                        }
+                    }
+                    else {  /* A complemented class, like ANYOF_NPUNCT */
+                        if (! LOC) {
+                            _invlist_union_complement_2nd(
+                                                posixes,
+                                                (AT_LEAST_ASCII_RESTRICTED)
+                                                    ? ascii_source
+                                                    : PL_XPosix_ptrs[classnum],
+                                                &posixes);
+                            /* Under /d, everything in the upper half of the
+                             * Latin1 range matches this complement */
+                            if (DEPENDS_SEMANTICS) {
+                                ANYOF_FLAGS(ret) |= ANYOF_NON_UTF8_LATIN1_ALL;
+                            }
+                        }
+                        else {  /* Locale */
+                            SV* scratch_list = NULL;
+                            _invlist_subtract(PL_AboveLatin1,
+                                              PL_XPosix_ptrs[classnum],
+                                              &scratch_list);
+                            if (! posixes) {
+                                posixes = scratch_list;
+                            }
+                            else {
+                                _invlist_union(posixes, scratch_list, &posixes);
+                                SvREFCNT_dec_NN(scratch_list);
+                            }
+#ifndef HAS_ISBLANK
+                            if (namedclass != ANYOF_NBLANK) {
+#endif
+                                ANYOF_CLASS_SET(ret, namedclass);
+#ifndef HAS_ISBLANK
+                            }
+                            else {
+                                /* Get the list of all code points in Latin1
+                                 * that are not ASCII blanks, and add them to
+                                 * the running total */
+                                _invlist_subtract(PL_Latin1, ascii_source,
+                                                  &scratch_list);
+                                _invlist_union(posixes, scratch_list, &posixes);
+                                SvREFCNT_dec_NN(scratch_list);
+                            }
+#endif
+                        }
+                    }
+                }
+              namedclass_done:
+               continue;   /* Go get next character */
+           }
+       } /* end of namedclass \blah */
+
+        /* Here, we have a single value.  If 'range' is set, it is the ending
+         * of a range--check its validity.  Later, we will handle each
+         * individual code point in the range.  If 'range' isn't set, this
+         * could be the beginning of a range, so check for that by looking
+         * ahead to see if the next real character to be processed is the range
+         * indicator--the minus sign */
+
+        if (skip_white) {
+            RExC_parse = regpatws(pRExC_state, RExC_parse,
+                                FALSE /* means don't recognize comments */);
+        }
+
+       if (range) {
+           if (prevvalue > value) /* b-a */ {
+               const int w = RExC_parse - rangebegin;
+               Simple_vFAIL4("Invalid [] range \"%*.*s\"", w, w, rangebegin);
+               range = 0; /* not a valid range */
+           }
+       }
+       else {
+            prevvalue = value; /* save the beginning of the potential range */
+            if (! stop_at_1     /* Can't be a range if parsing just one thing */
+                && *RExC_parse == '-')
+            {
+                char* next_char_ptr = RExC_parse + 1;
+                if (skip_white) {   /* Get the next real char after the '-' */
+                    next_char_ptr = regpatws(pRExC_state,
+                                             RExC_parse + 1,
+                                             FALSE); /* means don't recognize
+                                                        comments */
+                }
+
+                /* If the '-' is at the end of the class (just before the ']',
+                 * it is a literal minus; otherwise it is a range */
+                if (next_char_ptr < RExC_end && *next_char_ptr != ']') {
+                    RExC_parse = next_char_ptr;
+
+                    /* a bad range like \w-, [:word:]- ? */
+                    if (namedclass > OOB_NAMEDCLASS) {
+                        if (strict || ckWARN(WARN_REGEXP)) {
+                            const int w =
+                                RExC_parse >= rangebegin ?
+                                RExC_parse - rangebegin : 0;
+                            if (strict) {
+                                vFAIL4("False [] range \"%*.*s\"",
+                                    w, w, rangebegin);
+                            }
+                            else {
+                                vWARN4(RExC_parse,
+                                    "False [] range \"%*.*s\"",
+                                    w, w, rangebegin);
+                            }
+                        }
+                        if (!SIZE_ONLY) {
+                            cp_list = add_cp_to_invlist(cp_list, '-');
+                        }
+                        element_count++;
+                    } else
+                        range = 1;     /* yeah, it's a range! */
+                    continue;  /* but do it the next time */
+                }
+           }
+       }
+
+        /* Here, <prevvalue> is the beginning of the range, if any; or <value>
+         * if not */
+
+       /* non-Latin1 code point implies unicode semantics.  Must be set in
+        * pass1 so is there for the whole of pass 2 */
+       if (value > 255) {
+           RExC_uni_semantics = 1;
+       }
+
+        /* Ready to process either the single value, or the completed range.
+         * For single-valued non-inverted ranges, we consider the possibility
+         * of multi-char folds.  (We made a conscious decision to not do this
+         * for the other cases because it can often lead to non-intuitive
+         * results.  For example, you have the peculiar case that:
+         *  "s s" =~ /^[^\xDF]+$/i => Y
+         *  "ss"  =~ /^[^\xDF]+$/i => N
+         *
+         * See [perl #89750] */
+        if (FOLD && allow_multi_folds && value == prevvalue) {
+            if (value == LATIN_SMALL_LETTER_SHARP_S
+                || (value > 255 && _invlist_contains_cp(PL_HasMultiCharFold,
+                                                        value)))
+            {
+                /* Here <value> is indeed a multi-char fold.  Get what it is */
+
+                U8 foldbuf[UTF8_MAXBYTES_CASE];
+                STRLEN foldlen;
+
+                UV folded = _to_uni_fold_flags(
+                                value,
+                                foldbuf,
+                                &foldlen,
+                                FOLD_FLAGS_FULL
+                                | ((LOC) ?  FOLD_FLAGS_LOCALE
+                                            : (ASCII_FOLD_RESTRICTED)
+                                              ? FOLD_FLAGS_NOMIX_ASCII
+                                              : 0)
+                                );
+
+                /* Here, <folded> should be the first character of the
+                 * multi-char fold of <value>, with <foldbuf> containing the
+                 * whole thing.  But, if this fold is not allowed (because of
+                 * the flags), <fold> will be the same as <value>, and should
+                 * be processed like any other character, so skip the special
+                 * handling */
+                if (folded != value) {
+
+                    /* Skip if we are recursed, currently parsing the class
+                     * again.  Otherwise add this character to the list of
+                     * multi-char folds. */
+                    if (! RExC_in_multi_char_class) {
+                        AV** this_array_ptr;
+                        AV* this_array;
+                        STRLEN cp_count = utf8_length(foldbuf,
+                                                      foldbuf + foldlen);
+                        SV* multi_fold = sv_2mortal(newSVpvn("", 0));
+
+                        Perl_sv_catpvf(aTHX_ multi_fold, "\\x{%"UVXf"}", value);
+
+
+                        if (! multi_char_matches) {
+                            multi_char_matches = newAV();
+                        }
+
+                        /* <multi_char_matches> is actually an array of arrays.
+                         * There will be one or two top-level elements: [2],
+                         * and/or [3].  The [2] element is an array, each
+                         * element thereof is a character which folds to TWO
+                         * characters; [3] is for folds to THREE characters.
+                         * (Unicode guarantees a maximum of 3 characters in any
+                         * fold.)  When we rewrite the character class below,
+                         * we will do so such that the longest folds are
+                         * written first, so that it prefers the longest
+                         * matching strings first.  This is done even if it
+                         * turns out that any quantifier is non-greedy, out of
+                         * programmer laziness.  Tom Christiansen has agreed
+                         * that this is ok.  This makes the test for the
+                         * ligature 'ffi' come before the test for 'ff' */
+                        if (av_exists(multi_char_matches, cp_count)) {
+                            this_array_ptr = (AV**) av_fetch(multi_char_matches,
+                                                             cp_count, FALSE);
+                            this_array = *this_array_ptr;
+                        }
+                        else {
+                            this_array = newAV();
+                            av_store(multi_char_matches, cp_count,
+                                     (SV*) this_array);
+                        }
+                        av_push(this_array, multi_fold);
+                    }
+
+                    /* This element should not be processed further in this
+                     * class */
+                    element_count--;
+                    value = save_value;
+                    prevvalue = save_prevvalue;
+                    continue;
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        /* Deal with this element of the class */
+       if (! SIZE_ONLY) {
+#ifndef EBCDIC
+            cp_list = _add_range_to_invlist(cp_list, prevvalue, value);
+#else
+            SV* this_range = _new_invlist(1);
+            _append_range_to_invlist(this_range, prevvalue, value);
+
+            /* In EBCDIC, the ranges 'A-Z' and 'a-z' are each not contiguous.
+             * If this range was specified using something like 'i-j', we want
+             * to include only the 'i' and the 'j', and not anything in
+             * between, so exclude non-ASCII, non-alphabetics from it.
+             * However, if the range was specified with something like
+             * [\x89-\x91] or [\x89-j], all code points within it should be
+             * included.  literal_endpoint==2 means both ends of the range used
+             * a literal character, not \x{foo} */
+           if (literal_endpoint == 2
+                && (prevvalue >= 'a' && value <= 'z')
+                    || (prevvalue >= 'A' && value <= 'Z'))
+            {
+                _invlist_intersection(this_range, PL_Posix_ptrs[_CC_ALPHA],
+                                      &this_range);
+            }
+            _invlist_union(cp_list, this_range, &cp_list);
+            literal_endpoint = 0;
+#endif
+        }
+
+       range = 0; /* this range (if it was one) is done now */
+    } /* End of loop through all the text within the brackets */
+
+    /* If anything in the class expands to more than one character, we have to
+     * deal with them by building up a substitute parse string, and recursively
+     * calling reg() on it, instead of proceeding */
+    if (multi_char_matches) {
+       SV * substitute_parse = newSVpvn_flags("?:", 2, SVs_TEMP);
+        I32 cp_count;
+       STRLEN len;
+       char *save_end = RExC_end;
+       char *save_parse = RExC_parse;
+        bool first_time = TRUE;     /* First multi-char occurrence doesn't get
+                                       a "|" */
+        I32 reg_flags;
+
+        assert(! invert);
+#if 0   /* Have decided not to deal with multi-char folds in inverted classes,
+           because too confusing */
+        if (invert) {
+            sv_catpv(substitute_parse, "(?:");
+        }
+#endif
+
+        /* Look at the longest folds first */
+        for (cp_count = av_len(multi_char_matches); cp_count > 0; cp_count--) {
+
+            if (av_exists(multi_char_matches, cp_count)) {
+                AV** this_array_ptr;
+                SV* this_sequence;
+
+                this_array_ptr = (AV**) av_fetch(multi_char_matches,
+                                                 cp_count, FALSE);
+                while ((this_sequence = av_pop(*this_array_ptr)) !=
+                                                                &PL_sv_undef)
+                {
+                    if (! first_time) {
+                        sv_catpv(substitute_parse, "|");
+                    }
+                    first_time = FALSE;
+
+                    sv_catpv(substitute_parse, SvPVX(this_sequence));
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        /* If the character class contains anything else besides these
+         * multi-character folds, have to include it in recursive parsing */
+        if (element_count) {
+            sv_catpv(substitute_parse, "|[");
+            sv_catpvn(substitute_parse, orig_parse, RExC_parse - orig_parse);
+            sv_catpv(substitute_parse, "]");
+        }
+
+        sv_catpv(substitute_parse, ")");
+#if 0
+        if (invert) {
+            /* This is a way to get the parse to skip forward a whole named
+             * sequence instead of matching the 2nd character when it fails the
+             * first */
+            sv_catpv(substitute_parse, "(*THEN)(*SKIP)(*FAIL)|.)");
+        }
+#endif
+
+       RExC_parse = SvPV(substitute_parse, len);
+       RExC_end = RExC_parse + len;
+        RExC_in_multi_char_class = 1;
+        RExC_emit = (regnode *)orig_emit;
+
+       ret = reg(pRExC_state, 1, &reg_flags, depth+1);
+
+       *flagp |= reg_flags&(HASWIDTH|SIMPLE|SPSTART|POSTPONED|RESTART_UTF8);
+
+       RExC_parse = save_parse;
+       RExC_end = save_end;
+       RExC_in_multi_char_class = 0;
+        SvREFCNT_dec_NN(multi_char_matches);
+        return ret;
+    }
+
+    /* If the character class contains only a single element, it may be
+     * optimizable into another node type which is smaller and runs faster.
+     * Check if this is the case for this class */
+    if (element_count == 1 && ! ret_invlist) {
+        U8 op = END;
+        U8 arg = 0;
+
+        if (namedclass > OOB_NAMEDCLASS) { /* this is a named class, like \w or
+                                              [:digit:] or \p{foo} */
+
+            /* All named classes are mapped into POSIXish nodes, with its FLAG
+             * argument giving which class it is */
+            switch ((I32)namedclass) {
+                case ANYOF_UNIPROP:
+                    break;
+
+                /* These don't depend on the charset modifiers.  They always
+                 * match under /u rules */
+                case ANYOF_NHORIZWS:
+                case ANYOF_HORIZWS:
+                    namedclass = ANYOF_BLANK + namedclass - ANYOF_HORIZWS;
+                    /* FALLTHROUGH */
+
+                case ANYOF_NVERTWS:
+                case ANYOF_VERTWS:
+                    op = POSIXU;
+                    goto join_posix;
+
+                /* The actual POSIXish node for all the rest depends on the
+                 * charset modifier.  The ones in the first set depend only on
+                 * ASCII or, if available on this platform, locale */
+                case ANYOF_ASCII:
+                case ANYOF_NASCII:
+#ifdef HAS_ISASCII
+                    op = (LOC) ? POSIXL : POSIXA;
+#else
+                    op = POSIXA;
+#endif
+                    goto join_posix;
+
+                case ANYOF_NCASED:
+                case ANYOF_LOWER:
+                case ANYOF_NLOWER:
+                case ANYOF_UPPER:
+                case ANYOF_NUPPER:
+                    /* under /a could be alpha */
+                    if (FOLD) {
+                        if (ASCII_RESTRICTED) {
+                            namedclass = ANYOF_ALPHA + (namedclass % 2);
+                        }
+                        else if (! LOC) {
+                            break;
+                        }
+                    }
+                    /* FALLTHROUGH */
+
+                /* The rest have more possibilities depending on the charset.
+                 * We take advantage of the enum ordering of the charset
+                 * modifiers to get the exact node type, */
+                default:
+                    op = POSIXD + get_regex_charset(RExC_flags);
+                    if (op > POSIXA) { /* /aa is same as /a */
+                        op = POSIXA;
+                    }
+#ifndef HAS_ISBLANK
+                    if (op == POSIXL
+                        && (namedclass == ANYOF_BLANK
+                            || namedclass == ANYOF_NBLANK))
+                    {
+                        op = POSIXA;
+                    }
+#endif
+
+                join_posix:
+                    /* The odd numbered ones are the complements of the
+                     * next-lower even number one */
+                    if (namedclass % 2 == 1) {
+                        invert = ! invert;
+                        namedclass--;
+                    }
+                    arg = namedclass_to_classnum(namedclass);
+                    break;
+            }
+        }
+        else if (value == prevvalue) {
+
+            /* Here, the class consists of just a single code point */
+
+            if (invert) {
+                if (! LOC && value == '\n') {
+                    op = REG_ANY; /* Optimize [^\n] */
+                    *flagp |= HASWIDTH|SIMPLE;
+                    RExC_naughty++;
+                }
+            }
+            else if (value < 256 || UTF) {
+
+                /* Optimize a single value into an EXACTish node, but not if it
+                 * would require converting the pattern to UTF-8. */
+                op = compute_EXACTish(pRExC_state);
+            }
+        } /* Otherwise is a range */
+        else if (! LOC) {   /* locale could vary these */
+            if (prevvalue == '0') {
+                if (value == '9') {
+                    arg = _CC_DIGIT;
+                    op = POSIXA;
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        /* Here, we have changed <op> away from its initial value iff we found
+         * an optimization */
+        if (op != END) {
+
+            /* Throw away this ANYOF regnode, and emit the calculated one,
+             * which should correspond to the beginning, not current, state of
+             * the parse */
+            const char * cur_parse = RExC_parse;
+            RExC_parse = (char *)orig_parse;
+            if ( SIZE_ONLY) {
+                if (! LOC) {
+
+                    /* To get locale nodes to not use the full ANYOF size would
+                     * require moving the code above that writes the portions
+                     * of it that aren't in other nodes to after this point.
+                     * e.g.  ANYOF_CLASS_SET */
+                    RExC_size = orig_size;
+                }
+            }
+            else {
+                RExC_emit = (regnode *)orig_emit;
+                if (PL_regkind[op] == POSIXD) {
+                    if (invert) {
+                        op += NPOSIXD - POSIXD;
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+
+            ret = reg_node(pRExC_state, op);
+
+            if (PL_regkind[op] == POSIXD || PL_regkind[op] == NPOSIXD) {
+                if (! SIZE_ONLY) {
+                    FLAGS(ret) = arg;
+                }
+                *flagp |= HASWIDTH|SIMPLE;
+            }
+            else if (PL_regkind[op] == EXACT) {
+                alloc_maybe_populate_EXACT(pRExC_state, ret, flagp, 0, value);
+            }
+
+            RExC_parse = (char *) cur_parse;
+
+            SvREFCNT_dec(posixes);
+            SvREFCNT_dec(cp_list);
+            return ret;
+        }
+    }
+
+    if (SIZE_ONLY)
+        return ret;
+    /****** !SIZE_ONLY (Pass 2) AFTER HERE *********/
+
+    /* If folding, we calculate all characters that could fold to or from the
+     * ones already on the list */
+    if (FOLD && cp_list) {
+       UV start, end;  /* End points of code point ranges */
+
+       SV* fold_intersection = NULL;
+
+        /* If the highest code point is within Latin1, we can use the
+         * compiled-in Alphas list, and not have to go out to disk.  This
+         * yields two false positives, the masculine and feminine ordinal
+         * indicators, which are weeded out below using the
+         * IS_IN_SOME_FOLD_L1() macro */
+        if (invlist_highest(cp_list) < 256) {
+            _invlist_intersection(PL_L1Posix_ptrs[_CC_ALPHA], cp_list,
+                                                           &fold_intersection);
+        }
+        else {
+
+            /* Here, there are non-Latin1 code points, so we will have to go
+             * fetch the list of all the characters that participate in folds
+             */
+            if (! PL_utf8_foldable) {
+                SV* swash = swash_init("utf8", "_Perl_Any_Folds",
+                                       &PL_sv_undef, 1, 0);
+                PL_utf8_foldable = _get_swash_invlist(swash);
+                SvREFCNT_dec_NN(swash);
+            }
+
+            /* This is a hash that for a particular fold gives all characters
+             * that are involved in it */
+            if (! PL_utf8_foldclosures) {
+
+                /* If we were unable to find any folds, then we likely won't be
+                 * able to find the closures.  So just create an empty list.
+                 * Folding will effectively be restricted to the non-Unicode
+                 * rules hard-coded into Perl.  (This case happens legitimately
+                 * during compilation of Perl itself before the Unicode tables
+                 * are generated) */
+                if (_invlist_len(PL_utf8_foldable) == 0) {
+                    PL_utf8_foldclosures = newHV();
+                }
+                else {
+                    /* If the folds haven't been read in, call a fold function
+                     * to force that */
+                    if (! PL_utf8_tofold) {
+                        U8 dummy[UTF8_MAXBYTES+1];
+
+                        /* This string is just a short named one above \xff */
+                        to_utf8_fold((U8*) HYPHEN_UTF8, dummy, NULL);
+                        assert(PL_utf8_tofold); /* Verify that worked */
+                    }
+                    PL_utf8_foldclosures =
+                                    _swash_inversion_hash(PL_utf8_tofold);
+                }
+            }
+
+            /* Only the characters in this class that participate in folds need
+             * be checked.  Get the intersection of this class and all the
+             * possible characters that are foldable.  This can quickly narrow
+             * down a large class */
+            _invlist_intersection(PL_utf8_foldable, cp_list,
+                                  &fold_intersection);
+        }
+
+       /* Now look at the foldable characters in this class individually */
+       invlist_iterinit(fold_intersection);
+       while (invlist_iternext(fold_intersection, &start, &end)) {
+           UV j;
+
+            /* Locale folding for Latin1 characters is deferred until runtime */
+            if (LOC && start < 256) {
+                start = 256;
+            }
+
+           /* Look at every character in the range */
+           for (j = start; j <= end; j++) {
+
+               U8 foldbuf[UTF8_MAXBYTES_CASE+1];
+               STRLEN foldlen;
+                SV** listp;
+
+                if (j < 256) {
+
+                    /* We have the latin1 folding rules hard-coded here so that
+                     * an innocent-looking character class, like /[ks]/i won't
+                     * have to go out to disk to find the possible matches.
+                     * XXX It would be better to generate these via regen, in
+                     * case a new version of the Unicode standard adds new
+                     * mappings, though that is not really likely, and may be
+                     * caught by the default: case of the switch below. */
+
+                    if (IS_IN_SOME_FOLD_L1(j)) {
+
+                        /* ASCII is always matched; non-ASCII is matched only
+                         * under Unicode rules */
+                        if (isASCII(j) || AT_LEAST_UNI_SEMANTICS) {
+                            cp_list =
+                                add_cp_to_invlist(cp_list, PL_fold_latin1[j]);
+                        }
+                        else {
+                            depends_list =
+                             add_cp_to_invlist(depends_list, PL_fold_latin1[j]);
+                        }
+                    }
+
+                    if (HAS_NONLATIN1_FOLD_CLOSURE(j)
+                        && (! isASCII(j) || ! ASCII_FOLD_RESTRICTED))
+                    {
+                        /* Certain Latin1 characters have matches outside
+                         * Latin1.  To get here, <j> is one of those
+                         * characters.   None of these matches is valid for
+                         * ASCII characters under /aa, which is why the 'if'
+                         * just above excludes those.  These matches only
+                         * happen when the target string is utf8.  The code
+                         * below adds the single fold closures for <j> to the
+                         * inversion list. */
+                        switch (j) {
+                            case 'k':
+                            case 'K':
+                                cp_list =
+                                    add_cp_to_invlist(cp_list, KELVIN_SIGN);
+                                break;
+                            case 's':
+                            case 'S':
+                                cp_list = add_cp_to_invlist(cp_list,
+                                                    LATIN_SMALL_LETTER_LONG_S);
+                                break;
+                            case MICRO_SIGN:
+                                cp_list = add_cp_to_invlist(cp_list,
+                                                    GREEK_CAPITAL_LETTER_MU);
+                                cp_list = add_cp_to_invlist(cp_list,
+                                                    GREEK_SMALL_LETTER_MU);
+                                break;
+                            case LATIN_CAPITAL_LETTER_A_WITH_RING_ABOVE:
+                            case LATIN_SMALL_LETTER_A_WITH_RING_ABOVE:
+                                cp_list =
+                                    add_cp_to_invlist(cp_list, ANGSTROM_SIGN);
+                                break;
+                            case LATIN_SMALL_LETTER_Y_WITH_DIAERESIS:
+                                cp_list = add_cp_to_invlist(cp_list,
+                                        LATIN_CAPITAL_LETTER_Y_WITH_DIAERESIS);
+                                break;
+                            case LATIN_SMALL_LETTER_SHARP_S:
+                                cp_list = add_cp_to_invlist(cp_list,
+                                                LATIN_CAPITAL_LETTER_SHARP_S);
+                                break;
+                            case 'F': case 'f':
+                            case 'I': case 'i':
+                            case 'L': case 'l':
+                            case 'T': case 't':
+                            case 'A': case 'a':
+                            case 'H': case 'h':
+                            case 'J': case 'j':
+                            case 'N': case 'n':
+                            case 'W': case 'w':
+                            case 'Y': case 'y':
+                                /* These all are targets of multi-character
+                                 * folds from code points that require UTF8 to
+                                 * express, so they can't match unless the
+                                 * target string is in UTF-8, so no action here
+                                 * is necessary, as regexec.c properly handles
+                                 * the general case for UTF-8 matching and
+                                 * multi-char folds */
+                                break;
+                            default:
+                                /* Use deprecated warning to increase the
+                                 * chances of this being output */
+                                ckWARN2regdep(RExC_parse, "Perl folding rules are not up-to-date for 0x%"UVXf"; please use the perlbug utility to report;", j);
+                                break;
+                        }
+                    }
+                    continue;
+                }
+
+                /* Here is an above Latin1 character.  We don't have the rules
+                 * hard-coded for it.  First, get its fold.  This is the simple
+                 * fold, as the multi-character folds have been handled earlier
+                 * and separated out */
+               _to_uni_fold_flags(j, foldbuf, &foldlen,
+                                               ((LOC)
+                                               ? FOLD_FLAGS_LOCALE
+                                               : (ASCII_FOLD_RESTRICTED)
+                                                  ? FOLD_FLAGS_NOMIX_ASCII
+                                                  : 0));
+
+                /* Single character fold of above Latin1.  Add everything in
+                 * its fold closure to the list that this node should match.
+                 * The fold closures data structure is a hash with the keys
+                 * being the UTF-8 of every character that is folded to, like
+                 * 'k', and the values each an array of all code points that
+                 * fold to its key.  e.g. [ 'k', 'K', KELVIN_SIGN ].
+                 * Multi-character folds are not included */
+                if ((listp = hv_fetch(PL_utf8_foldclosures,
+                                      (char *) foldbuf, foldlen, FALSE)))
+                {
+                    AV* list = (AV*) *listp;
+                    IV k;
+                    for (k = 0; k <= av_len(list); k++) {
+                        SV** c_p = av_fetch(list, k, FALSE);
+                        UV c;
+                        if (c_p == NULL) {
+                            Perl_croak(aTHX_ "panic: invalid PL_utf8_foldclosures structure");
+                        }
+                        c = SvUV(*c_p);
+
+                        /* /aa doesn't allow folds between ASCII and non-; /l
+                         * doesn't allow them between above and below 256 */
+                        if ((ASCII_FOLD_RESTRICTED
+                                  && (isASCII(c) != isASCII(j)))
+                            || (LOC && c < 256)) {
+                            continue;
+                        }
+
+                        /* Folds involving non-ascii Latin1 characters
+                         * under /d are added to a separate list */
+                        if (isASCII(c) || c > 255 || AT_LEAST_UNI_SEMANTICS)
+                        {
+                            cp_list = add_cp_to_invlist(cp_list, c);
+                        }
+                        else {
+                          depends_list = add_cp_to_invlist(depends_list, c);
+                        }
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+       }
+       SvREFCNT_dec_NN(fold_intersection);
+    }
+
+    /* And combine the result (if any) with any inversion list from posix
+     * classes.  The lists are kept separate up to now because we don't want to
+     * fold the classes (folding of those is automatically handled by the swash
+     * fetching code) */
+    if (posixes) {
+        if (! DEPENDS_SEMANTICS) {
+            if (cp_list) {
+                _invlist_union(cp_list, posixes, &cp_list);
+                SvREFCNT_dec_NN(posixes);
+            }
+            else {
+                cp_list = posixes;
+            }
+        }
+        else {
+            /* Under /d, we put into a separate list the Latin1 things that
+             * match only when the target string is utf8 */
+            SV* nonascii_but_latin1_properties = NULL;
+            _invlist_intersection(posixes, PL_Latin1,
+                                  &nonascii_but_latin1_properties);
+            _invlist_subtract(nonascii_but_latin1_properties, PL_ASCII,
+                              &nonascii_but_latin1_properties);
+            _invlist_subtract(posixes, nonascii_but_latin1_properties,
+                              &posixes);
+            if (cp_list) {
+                _invlist_union(cp_list, posixes, &cp_list);
+                SvREFCNT_dec_NN(posixes);
+            }
+            else {
+                cp_list = posixes;
+            }
+
+            if (depends_list) {
+                _invlist_union(depends_list, nonascii_but_latin1_properties,
+                               &depends_list);
+                SvREFCNT_dec_NN(nonascii_but_latin1_properties);
+            }
+            else {
+                depends_list = nonascii_but_latin1_properties;
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    /* And combine the result (if any) with any inversion list from properties.
+     * The lists are kept separate up to now so that we can distinguish the two
+     * in regards to matching above-Unicode.  A run-time warning is generated
+     * if a Unicode property is matched against a non-Unicode code point. But,
+     * we allow user-defined properties to match anything, without any warning,
+     * and we also suppress the warning if there is a portion of the character
+     * class that isn't a Unicode property, and which matches above Unicode, \W
+     * or [\x{110000}] for example.
+     * (Note that in this case, unlike the Posix one above, there is no
+     * <depends_list>, because having a Unicode property forces Unicode
+     * semantics */
+    if (properties) {
+        bool warn_super = ! has_user_defined_property;
+        if (cp_list) {
+
+            /* If it matters to the final outcome, see if a non-property
+             * component of the class matches above Unicode.  If so, the
+             * warning gets suppressed.  This is true even if just a single
+             * such code point is specified, as though not strictly correct if
+             * another such code point is matched against, the fact that they
+             * are using above-Unicode code points indicates they should know
+             * the issues involved */
+            if (warn_super) {
+                bool non_prop_matches_above_Unicode =
+                            runtime_posix_matches_above_Unicode
+                            | (invlist_highest(cp_list) > PERL_UNICODE_MAX);
+                if (invert) {
+                    non_prop_matches_above_Unicode =
+                                            !  non_prop_matches_above_Unicode;
+                }
+                warn_super = ! non_prop_matches_above_Unicode;
+            }
+
+            _invlist_union(properties, cp_list, &cp_list);
+            SvREFCNT_dec_NN(properties);
+        }
+        else {
+            cp_list = properties;
+        }
+
+        if (warn_super) {
+            OP(ret) = ANYOF_WARN_SUPER;
+        }
+    }
+
+    /* Here, we have calculated what code points should be in the character
+     * class.
+     *
+     * Now we can see about various optimizations.  Fold calculation (which we
+     * did above) needs to take place before inversion.  Otherwise /[^k]/i
+     * would invert to include K, which under /i would match k, which it
+     * shouldn't.  Therefore we can't invert folded locale now, as it won't be
+     * folded until runtime */
+
+    /* Optimize inverted simple patterns (e.g. [^a-z]) when everything is known
+     * at compile time.  Besides not inverting folded locale now, we can't
+     * invert if there are things such as \w, which aren't known until runtime
+     * */
+    if (invert
+        && ! (LOC && (FOLD || (ANYOF_FLAGS(ret) & ANYOF_CLASS)))
+       && ! depends_list
+       && ! HAS_NONLOCALE_RUNTIME_PROPERTY_DEFINITION)
+    {
+        _invlist_invert(cp_list);
+
+        /* Any swash can't be used as-is, because we've inverted things */
+        if (swash) {
+            SvREFCNT_dec_NN(swash);
+            swash = NULL;
+        }
+
+       /* Clear the invert flag since have just done it here */
+       invert = FALSE;
+    }
+
+    if (ret_invlist) {
+        *ret_invlist = cp_list;
+        SvREFCNT_dec(swash);
+
+        /* Discard the generated node */
+        if (SIZE_ONLY) {
+            RExC_size = orig_size;
+        }
+        else {
+            RExC_emit = orig_emit;
+        }
+        return orig_emit;
+    }
+
+    /* If we didn't do folding, it's because some information isn't available
+     * until runtime; set the run-time fold flag for these.  (We don't have to
+     * worry about properties folding, as that is taken care of by the swash
+     * fetching) */
+    if (FOLD && LOC)
+    {
+       ANYOF_FLAGS(ret) |= ANYOF_LOC_FOLD;
+    }
+
+    /* Some character classes are equivalent to other nodes.  Such nodes take
+     * up less room and generally fewer operations to execute than ANYOF nodes.
+     * Above, we checked for and optimized into some such equivalents for
+     * certain common classes that are easy to test.  Getting to this point in
+     * the code means that the class didn't get optimized there.  Since this
+     * code is only executed in Pass 2, it is too late to save space--it has
+     * been allocated in Pass 1, and currently isn't given back.  But turning
+     * things into an EXACTish node can allow the optimizer to join it to any
+     * adjacent such nodes.  And if the class is equivalent to things like /./,
+     * expensive run-time swashes can be avoided.  Now that we have more
+     * complete information, we can find things necessarily missed by the
+     * earlier code.  I (khw) am not sure how much to look for here.  It would
+     * be easy, but perhaps too slow, to check any candidates against all the
+     * node types they could possibly match using _invlistEQ(). */
+
+    if (cp_list
+        && ! invert
+        && ! depends_list
+        && ! (ANYOF_FLAGS(ret) & ANYOF_CLASS)
+        && ! HAS_NONLOCALE_RUNTIME_PROPERTY_DEFINITION)
+    {
+        UV start, end;
+        U8 op = END;  /* The optimzation node-type */
+        const char * cur_parse= RExC_parse;
+
+        invlist_iterinit(cp_list);
+        if (! invlist_iternext(cp_list, &start, &end)) {
+
+            /* Here, the list is empty.  This happens, for example, when a
+             * Unicode property is the only thing in the character class, and
+             * it doesn't match anything.  (perluniprops.pod notes such
+             * properties) */
+            op = OPFAIL;
+            *flagp |= HASWIDTH|SIMPLE;
+        }
+        else if (start == end) {    /* The range is a single code point */
+            if (! invlist_iternext(cp_list, &start, &end)
+
+                    /* Don't do this optimization if it would require changing
+                     * the pattern to UTF-8 */
+                && (start < 256 || UTF))
+            {
+                /* Here, the list contains a single code point.  Can optimize
+                 * into an EXACT node */
+
+                value = start;
+
+                if (! FOLD) {
+                    op = EXACT;
+                }
+                else if (LOC) {
+
+                    /* A locale node under folding with one code point can be
+                     * an EXACTFL, as its fold won't be calculated until
+                     * runtime */
+                    op = EXACTFL;
+                }
+                else {
+
+                    /* Here, we are generally folding, but there is only one
+                     * code point to match.  If we have to, we use an EXACT
+                     * node, but it would be better for joining with adjacent
+                     * nodes in the optimization pass if we used the same
+                     * EXACTFish node that any such are likely to be.  We can
+                     * do this iff the code point doesn't participate in any
+                     * folds.  For example, an EXACTF of a colon is the same as
+                     * an EXACT one, since nothing folds to or from a colon. */
+                    if (value < 256) {
+                        if (IS_IN_SOME_FOLD_L1(value)) {
+                            op = EXACT;
+                        }
+                    }
+                    else {
+                        if (! PL_utf8_foldable) {
+                            SV* swash = swash_init("utf8", "_Perl_Any_Folds",
+                                                &PL_sv_undef, 1, 0);
+                            PL_utf8_foldable = _get_swash_invlist(swash);
+                            SvREFCNT_dec_NN(swash);
+                        }
+                        if (_invlist_contains_cp(PL_utf8_foldable, value)) {
+                            op = EXACT;
+                        }
+                    }
+
+                    /* If we haven't found the node type, above, it means we
+                     * can use the prevailing one */
+                    if (op == END) {
+                        op = compute_EXACTish(pRExC_state);
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        else if (start == 0) {
+            if (end == UV_MAX) {
+                op = SANY;
+                *flagp |= HASWIDTH|SIMPLE;
+                RExC_naughty++;
+            }
+            else if (end == '\n' - 1
+                    && invlist_iternext(cp_list, &start, &end)
+                    && start == '\n' + 1 && end == UV_MAX)
+            {
+                op = REG_ANY;
+                *flagp |= HASWIDTH|SIMPLE;
+                RExC_naughty++;
+            }
+        }
+        invlist_iterfinish(cp_list);
+
+        if (op != END) {
+            RExC_parse = (char *)orig_parse;
+            RExC_emit = (regnode *)orig_emit;
+
+            ret = reg_node(pRExC_state, op);
+
+            RExC_parse = (char *)cur_parse;
+
+            if (PL_regkind[op] == EXACT) {
+                alloc_maybe_populate_EXACT(pRExC_state, ret, flagp, 0, value);
+            }
+
+            SvREFCNT_dec_NN(cp_list);
+            return ret;
+        }
+    }
+
+    /* Here, <cp_list> contains all the code points we can determine at
+     * compile time that match under all conditions.  Go through it, and
+     * for things that belong in the bitmap, put them there, and delete from
+     * <cp_list>.  While we are at it, see if everything above 255 is in the
+     * list, and if so, set a flag to speed up execution */
+    ANYOF_BITMAP_ZERO(ret);
+    if (cp_list) {
+
+       /* This gets set if we actually need to modify things */
+       bool change_invlist = FALSE;
+
+       UV start, end;
+
+       /* Start looking through <cp_list> */
+       invlist_iterinit(cp_list);
+       while (invlist_iternext(cp_list, &start, &end)) {
+           UV high;
+           int i;
+
+            if (end == UV_MAX && start <= 256) {
+                ANYOF_FLAGS(ret) |= ANYOF_UNICODE_ALL;
+            }
+
+           /* Quit if are above what we should change */
+           if (start > 255) {
+               break;
+           }
+
+           change_invlist = TRUE;
+
+           /* Set all the bits in the range, up to the max that we are doing */
+           high = (end < 255) ? end : 255;
+           for (i = start; i <= (int) high; i++) {
+               if (! ANYOF_BITMAP_TEST(ret, i)) {
+                   ANYOF_BITMAP_SET(ret, i);
+                   prevvalue = value;
+                   value = i;
+               }
+           }
+       }
+       invlist_iterfinish(cp_list);
+
+        /* Done with loop; remove any code points that are in the bitmap from
+         * <cp_list> */
+       if (change_invlist) {
+           _invlist_subtract(cp_list, PL_Latin1, &cp_list);
+       }
+
+       /* If have completely emptied it, remove it completely */
+       if (_invlist_len(cp_list) == 0) {
+           SvREFCNT_dec_NN(cp_list);
+           cp_list = NULL;
+       }
+    }
+
+    if (invert) {
+        ANYOF_FLAGS(ret) |= ANYOF_INVERT;
+    }
+
+    /* Here, the bitmap has been populated with all the Latin1 code points that
+     * always match.  Can now add to the overall list those that match only
+     * when the target string is UTF-8 (<depends_list>). */
+    if (depends_list) {
+       if (cp_list) {
+           _invlist_union(cp_list, depends_list, &cp_list);
+           SvREFCNT_dec_NN(depends_list);
+       }
+       else {
+           cp_list = depends_list;
+       }
+    }
+
+    /* If there is a swash and more than one element, we can't use the swash in
+     * the optimization below. */
+    if (swash && element_count > 1) {
+       SvREFCNT_dec_NN(swash);
+       swash = NULL;
+    }
+
+    if (! cp_list
+       && ! HAS_NONLOCALE_RUNTIME_PROPERTY_DEFINITION)
+    {
+       ARG_SET(ret, ANYOF_NONBITMAP_EMPTY);
+    }
+    else {
+       /* av[0] stores the character class description in its textual form:
+        *       used later (regexec.c:Perl_regclass_swash()) to initialize the
+        *       appropriate swash, and is also useful for dumping the regnode.
+        * av[1] if NULL, is a placeholder to later contain the swash computed
+        *       from av[0].  But if no further computation need be done, the
+        *       swash is stored there now.
+        * av[2] stores the cp_list inversion list for use in addition or
+        *       instead of av[0]; used only if av[1] is NULL
+        * av[3] is set if any component of the class is from a user-defined
+        *       property; used only if av[1] is NULL */
+       AV * const av = newAV();
+       SV *rv;
+
+       av_store(av, 0, (HAS_NONLOCALE_RUNTIME_PROPERTY_DEFINITION)
+                       ? SvREFCNT_inc(listsv) : &PL_sv_undef);
+       if (swash) {
+           av_store(av, 1, swash);
+           SvREFCNT_dec_NN(cp_list);
+       }
+       else {
+           av_store(av, 1, NULL);
+           if (cp_list) {
+               av_store(av, 2, cp_list);
+               av_store(av, 3, newSVuv(has_user_defined_property));
+           }
+       }
+
+       rv = newRV_noinc(MUTABLE_SV(av));
+       n = add_data(pRExC_state, 1, "s");
+       RExC_rxi->data->data[n] = (void*)rv;
+       ARG_SET(ret, n);
+    }
+
+    *flagp |= HASWIDTH|SIMPLE;
+    return ret;
+}
+#undef HAS_NONLOCALE_RUNTIME_PROPERTY_DEFINITION
+
+
+/* reg_skipcomment()
+
+   Absorbs an /x style # comments from the input stream.
+   Returns true if there is more text remaining in the stream.
+   Will set the REG_SEEN_RUN_ON_COMMENT flag if the comment
+   terminates the pattern without including a newline.
+
+   Note its the callers responsibility to ensure that we are
+   actually in /x mode
+
+*/
+
+STATIC bool
+S_reg_skipcomment(pTHX_ RExC_state_t *pRExC_state)
+{
+    bool ended = 0;
+
+    PERL_ARGS_ASSERT_REG_SKIPCOMMENT;
+
+    while (RExC_parse < RExC_end)
+        if (*RExC_parse++ == '\n') {
+            ended = 1;
+            break;
+        }
+    if (!ended) {
+        /* we ran off the end of the pattern without ending
+           the comment, so we have to add an \n when wrapping */
+        RExC_seen |= REG_SEEN_RUN_ON_COMMENT;
+        return 0;
+    } else
+        return 1;
+}
+
+/* nextchar()
+
+   Advances the parse position, and optionally absorbs
+   "whitespace" from the inputstream.
+
+   Without /x "whitespace" means (?#...) style comments only,
+   with /x this means (?#...) and # comments and whitespace proper.
+
+   Returns the RExC_parse point from BEFORE the scan occurs.
+
+   This is the /x friendly way of saying RExC_parse++.
+*/
+
+STATIC char*
+S_nextchar(pTHX_ RExC_state_t *pRExC_state)
+{
+    char* const retval = RExC_parse++;
+
+    PERL_ARGS_ASSERT_NEXTCHAR;
+
+    for (;;) {
+       if (RExC_end - RExC_parse >= 3
+           && *RExC_parse == '('
+           && RExC_parse[1] == '?'
+           && RExC_parse[2] == '#')
+       {
+           while (*RExC_parse != ')') {
+               if (RExC_parse == RExC_end)
+                   FAIL("Sequence (?#... not terminated");
+               RExC_parse++;
+           }
+           RExC_parse++;
+           continue;
+       }
+       if (RExC_flags & RXf_PMf_EXTENDED) {
+           if (isSPACE(*RExC_parse)) {
+               RExC_parse++;
+               continue;
+           }
+           else if (*RExC_parse == '#') {
+               if ( reg_skipcomment( pRExC_state ) )
+                   continue;
+           }
+       }
+       return retval;
+    }
+}
+
+/*
+- reg_node - emit a node
+*/
+STATIC regnode *                       /* Location. */
+S_reg_node(pTHX_ RExC_state_t *pRExC_state, U8 op)
+{
+    dVAR;
+    regnode *ptr;
+    regnode * const ret = RExC_emit;
+    GET_RE_DEBUG_FLAGS_DECL;
+
+    PERL_ARGS_ASSERT_REG_NODE;
+
+    if (SIZE_ONLY) {
+       SIZE_ALIGN(RExC_size);
+       RExC_size += 1;
+       return(ret);
+    }
+    if (RExC_emit >= RExC_emit_bound)
+        Perl_croak(aTHX_ "panic: reg_node overrun trying to emit %d, %p>=%p",
+                  op, RExC_emit, RExC_emit_bound);
+
+    NODE_ALIGN_FILL(ret);
+    ptr = ret;
+    FILL_ADVANCE_NODE(ptr, op);
+    REH_CALL_COMP_NODE_HOOK(pRExC_state->rx, (ptr) - 1);
+#ifdef RE_TRACK_PATTERN_OFFSETS
+    if (RExC_offsets) {         /* MJD */
+       MJD_OFFSET_DEBUG(("%s:%d: (op %s) %s %"UVuf" (len %"UVuf") (max %"UVuf").\n", 
+              "reg_node", __LINE__, 
+              PL_reg_name[op],
+              (UV)(RExC_emit - RExC_emit_start) > RExC_offsets[0] 
+               ? "Overwriting end of array!\n" : "OK",
+              (UV)(RExC_emit - RExC_emit_start),
+              (UV)(RExC_parse - RExC_start),
+              (UV)RExC_offsets[0])); 
+       Set_Node_Offset(RExC_emit, RExC_parse + (op == END));
+    }
+#endif
+    RExC_emit = ptr;
+    return(ret);
+}
+
+/*
+- reganode - emit a node with an argument
+*/
+STATIC regnode *                       /* Location. */
+S_reganode(pTHX_ RExC_state_t *pRExC_state, U8 op, U32 arg)
+{
+    dVAR;
+    regnode *ptr;
+    regnode * const ret = RExC_emit;
+    GET_RE_DEBUG_FLAGS_DECL;
+
+    PERL_ARGS_ASSERT_REGANODE;
+
+    if (SIZE_ONLY) {
+       SIZE_ALIGN(RExC_size);
+       RExC_size += 2;
+       /* 
+          We can't do this:
+          
+          assert(2==regarglen[op]+1); 
+
+          Anything larger than this has to allocate the extra amount.
+          If we changed this to be:
+          
+          RExC_size += (1 + regarglen[op]);
+          
+          then it wouldn't matter. Its not clear what side effect
+          might come from that so its not done so far.
+          -- dmq
+       */
+       return(ret);
+    }
+    if (RExC_emit >= RExC_emit_bound)
+        Perl_croak(aTHX_ "panic: reg_node overrun trying to emit %d, %p>=%p",
+                  op, RExC_emit, RExC_emit_bound);
+
+    NODE_ALIGN_FILL(ret);
+    ptr = ret;
+    FILL_ADVANCE_NODE_ARG(ptr, op, arg);
+    REH_CALL_COMP_NODE_HOOK(pRExC_state->rx, (ptr) - 2);
+#ifdef RE_TRACK_PATTERN_OFFSETS
+    if (RExC_offsets) {         /* MJD */
+       MJD_OFFSET_DEBUG(("%s(%d): (op %s) %s %"UVuf" <- %"UVuf" (max %"UVuf").\n", 
+              "reganode",
+             __LINE__,
+             PL_reg_name[op],
+              (UV)(RExC_emit - RExC_emit_start) > RExC_offsets[0] ? 
+              "Overwriting end of array!\n" : "OK",
+              (UV)(RExC_emit - RExC_emit_start),
+              (UV)(RExC_parse - RExC_start),
+              (UV)RExC_offsets[0])); 
+       Set_Cur_Node_Offset;
+    }
+#endif            
+    RExC_emit = ptr;
+    return(ret);
+}
+
+/*
+- reguni - emit (if appropriate) a Unicode character
+*/
+STATIC STRLEN
+S_reguni(pTHX_ const RExC_state_t *pRExC_state, UV uv, char* s)
+{
+    dVAR;
+
+    PERL_ARGS_ASSERT_REGUNI;
+
+    return SIZE_ONLY ? UNISKIP(uv) : (uvchr_to_utf8((U8*)s, uv) - (U8*)s);
+}
+
+/*
+- reginsert - insert an operator in front of already-emitted operand
+*
+* Means relocating the operand.
+*/
+STATIC void
+S_reginsert(pTHX_ RExC_state_t *pRExC_state, U8 op, regnode *opnd, U32 depth)
+{
+    dVAR;
+    regnode *src;
+    regnode *dst;
+    regnode *place;
+    const int offset = regarglen[(U8)op];
+    const int size = NODE_STEP_REGNODE + offset;
+    GET_RE_DEBUG_FLAGS_DECL;
+
+    PERL_ARGS_ASSERT_REGINSERT;
+    PERL_UNUSED_ARG(depth);
+/* (PL_regkind[(U8)op] == CURLY ? EXTRA_STEP_2ARGS : 0); */
+    DEBUG_PARSE_FMT("inst"," - %s",PL_reg_name[op]);
+    if (SIZE_ONLY) {
+       RExC_size += size;
+       return;
+    }
+
+    src = RExC_emit;
+    RExC_emit += size;
+    dst = RExC_emit;
+    if (RExC_open_parens) {
+        int paren;
+        /*DEBUG_PARSE_FMT("inst"," - %"IVdf, (IV)RExC_npar);*/
+        for ( paren=0 ; paren < RExC_npar ; paren++ ) {
+            if ( RExC_open_parens[paren] >= opnd ) {
+                /*DEBUG_PARSE_FMT("open"," - %d",size);*/
+                RExC_open_parens[paren] += size;
+            } else {
+                /*DEBUG_PARSE_FMT("open"," - %s","ok");*/
+            }
+            if ( RExC_close_parens[paren] >= opnd ) {
+                /*DEBUG_PARSE_FMT("close"," - %d",size);*/
+                RExC_close_parens[paren] += size;
+            } else {
+                /*DEBUG_PARSE_FMT("close"," - %s","ok");*/
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    while (src > opnd) {
+       StructCopy(--src, --dst, regnode);
+#ifdef RE_TRACK_PATTERN_OFFSETS
+        if (RExC_offsets) {     /* MJD 20010112 */
+           MJD_OFFSET_DEBUG(("%s(%d): (op %s) %s copy %"UVuf" -> %"UVuf" (max %"UVuf").\n",
+                  "reg_insert",
+                 __LINE__,
+                 PL_reg_name[op],
+                  (UV)(dst - RExC_emit_start) > RExC_offsets[0] 
+                   ? "Overwriting end of array!\n" : "OK",
+                  (UV)(src - RExC_emit_start),
+                  (UV)(dst - RExC_emit_start),
+                  (UV)RExC_offsets[0])); 
+           Set_Node_Offset_To_R(dst-RExC_emit_start, Node_Offset(src));
+           Set_Node_Length_To_R(dst-RExC_emit_start, Node_Length(src));
+        }
+#endif
+    }
+    
+
+    place = opnd;              /* Op node, where operand used to be. */
+#ifdef RE_TRACK_PATTERN_OFFSETS
+    if (RExC_offsets) {         /* MJD */
+       MJD_OFFSET_DEBUG(("%s(%d): (op %s) %s %"UVuf" <- %"UVuf" (max %"UVuf").\n", 
+              "reginsert",
+             __LINE__,
+             PL_reg_name[op],
+              (UV)(place - RExC_emit_start) > RExC_offsets[0] 
+              ? "Overwriting end of array!\n" : "OK",
+              (UV)(place - RExC_emit_start),
+              (UV)(RExC_parse - RExC_start),
+              (UV)RExC_offsets[0]));
+       Set_Node_Offset(place, RExC_parse);
+       Set_Node_Length(place, 1);
+    }
+#endif    
+    src = NEXTOPER(place);
+    FILL_ADVANCE_NODE(place, op);
+    REH_CALL_COMP_NODE_HOOK(pRExC_state->rx, (place) - 1);
+    Zero(src, offset, regnode);
+}
+
+/*
+- regtail - set the next-pointer at the end of a node chain of p to val.
+- SEE ALSO: regtail_study
+*/
+/* TODO: All three parms should be const */
+STATIC void
+S_regtail(pTHX_ RExC_state_t *pRExC_state, regnode *p, const regnode *val,U32 depth)
+{
+    dVAR;
+    regnode *scan;
+    GET_RE_DEBUG_FLAGS_DECL;
+
+    PERL_ARGS_ASSERT_REGTAIL;
+#ifndef DEBUGGING
+    PERL_UNUSED_ARG(depth);
+#endif
+
+    if (SIZE_ONLY)
+       return;
+
+    /* Find last node. */
+    scan = p;
+    for (;;) {
+       regnode * const temp = regnext(scan);
+        DEBUG_PARSE_r({
+            SV * const mysv=sv_newmortal();
+            DEBUG_PARSE_MSG((scan==p ? "tail" : ""));
+            regprop(RExC_rx, mysv, scan);
+            PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log, "~ %s (%d) %s %s\n",
+                SvPV_nolen_const(mysv), REG_NODE_NUM(scan),
+                    (temp == NULL ? "->" : ""),
+                    (temp == NULL ? PL_reg_name[OP(val)] : "")
+            );
+        });
+        if (temp == NULL)
+            break;
+        scan = temp;
+    }
+
+    if (reg_off_by_arg[OP(scan)]) {
+        ARG_SET(scan, val - scan);
+    }
+    else {
+        NEXT_OFF(scan) = val - scan;
+    }
+}
+
+#ifdef DEBUGGING
+/*
+- regtail_study - set the next-pointer at the end of a node chain of p to val.
+- Look for optimizable sequences at the same time.
+- currently only looks for EXACT chains.
+
+This is experimental code. The idea is to use this routine to perform 
+in place optimizations on branches and groups as they are constructed,
+with the long term intention of removing optimization from study_chunk so
+that it is purely analytical.
+
+Currently only used when in DEBUG mode. The macro REGTAIL_STUDY() is used
+to control which is which.
+
+*/
+/* TODO: All four parms should be const */
+
+STATIC U8
+S_regtail_study(pTHX_ RExC_state_t *pRExC_state, regnode *p, const regnode *val,U32 depth)
+{
+    dVAR;
+    regnode *scan;
+    U8 exact = PSEUDO;
+#ifdef EXPERIMENTAL_INPLACESCAN
+    I32 min = 0;
+#endif
+    GET_RE_DEBUG_FLAGS_DECL;
+
+    PERL_ARGS_ASSERT_REGTAIL_STUDY;
+
+
+    if (SIZE_ONLY)
+        return exact;
+
+    /* Find last node. */
+
+    scan = p;
+    for (;;) {
+        regnode * const temp = regnext(scan);
+#ifdef EXPERIMENTAL_INPLACESCAN
+        if (PL_regkind[OP(scan)] == EXACT) {
+           bool has_exactf_sharp_s;    /* Unexamined in this routine */
+            if (join_exact(pRExC_state,scan,&min, &has_exactf_sharp_s, 1,val,depth+1))
+                return EXACT;
+       }
+#endif
+        if ( exact ) {
+            switch (OP(scan)) {
+                case EXACT:
+                case EXACTF:
+                case EXACTFA:
+                case EXACTFU:
+                case EXACTFU_SS:
+                case EXACTFU_TRICKYFOLD:
+                case EXACTFL:
+                        if( exact == PSEUDO )
+                            exact= OP(scan);
+                        else if ( exact != OP(scan) )
+                            exact= 0;
+                case NOTHING:
+                    break;
+                default:
+                    exact= 0;
+            }
+        }
+        DEBUG_PARSE_r({
+            SV * const mysv=sv_newmortal();
+            DEBUG_PARSE_MSG((scan==p ? "tsdy" : ""));
+            regprop(RExC_rx, mysv, scan);
+            PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log, "~ %s (%d) -> %s\n",
+                SvPV_nolen_const(mysv),
+                REG_NODE_NUM(scan),
+                PL_reg_name[exact]);
+        });
+       if (temp == NULL)
+           break;
+       scan = temp;
+    }
+    DEBUG_PARSE_r({
+        SV * const mysv_val=sv_newmortal();
+        DEBUG_PARSE_MSG("");
+        regprop(RExC_rx, mysv_val, val);
+        PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log, "~ attach to %s (%"IVdf") offset to %"IVdf"\n",
+                     SvPV_nolen_const(mysv_val),
+                     (IV)REG_NODE_NUM(val),
+                     (IV)(val - scan)
+        );
+    });
+    if (reg_off_by_arg[OP(scan)]) {
+       ARG_SET(scan, val - scan);
+    }
+    else {
+       NEXT_OFF(scan) = val - scan;
+    }
+
+    return exact;
+}
+#endif
+
+/*
+ - regdump - dump a regexp onto Perl_debug_log in vaguely comprehensible form
+ */
+#ifdef DEBUGGING
+static void 
+S_regdump_extflags(pTHX_ const char *lead, const U32 flags)
+{
+    int bit;
+    int set=0;
+    regex_charset cs;
+
+    for (bit=0; bit<32; bit++) {
+        if (flags & (1<<bit)) {
+           if ((1<<bit) & RXf_PMf_CHARSET) {   /* Output separately, below */
+               continue;
+           }
+            if (!set++ && lead) 
+                PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log, "%s",lead);
+            PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log, "%s ",PL_reg_extflags_name[bit]);
+        }              
+    }     
+    if ((cs = get_regex_charset(flags)) != REGEX_DEPENDS_CHARSET) {
+            if (!set++ && lead) {
+                PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log, "%s",lead);
+            }
+            switch (cs) {
+                case REGEX_UNICODE_CHARSET:
+                    PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log, "UNICODE");
+                    break;
+                case REGEX_LOCALE_CHARSET:
+                    PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log, "LOCALE");
+                    break;
+                case REGEX_ASCII_RESTRICTED_CHARSET:
+                    PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log, "ASCII-RESTRICTED");
+                    break;
+                case REGEX_ASCII_MORE_RESTRICTED_CHARSET:
+                    PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log, "ASCII-MORE_RESTRICTED");
+                    break;
+                default:
+                    PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log, "UNKNOWN CHARACTER SET");
+                    break;
+            }
+    }
+    if (lead)  {
+        if (set) 
+            PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log, "\n");
+        else 
+            PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log, "%s[none-set]\n",lead);
+    }            
+}   
+#endif
+
+void
+Perl_regdump(pTHX_ const regexp *r)
+{
+#ifdef DEBUGGING
+    dVAR;
+    SV * const sv = sv_newmortal();
+    SV *dsv= sv_newmortal();
+    RXi_GET_DECL(r,ri);
+    GET_RE_DEBUG_FLAGS_DECL;
+
+    PERL_ARGS_ASSERT_REGDUMP;
+
+    (void)dumpuntil(r, ri->program, ri->program + 1, NULL, NULL, sv, 0, 0);
+
+    /* Header fields of interest. */
+    if (r->anchored_substr) {
+       RE_PV_QUOTED_DECL(s, 0, dsv, SvPVX_const(r->anchored_substr), 
+           RE_SV_DUMPLEN(r->anchored_substr), 30);
+       PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log,
+                     "anchored %s%s at %"IVdf" ",
+                     s, RE_SV_TAIL(r->anchored_substr),
+                     (IV)r->anchored_offset);
+    } else if (r->anchored_utf8) {
+       RE_PV_QUOTED_DECL(s, 1, dsv, SvPVX_const(r->anchored_utf8), 
+           RE_SV_DUMPLEN(r->anchored_utf8), 30);
+       PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log,
+                     "anchored utf8 %s%s at %"IVdf" ",
+                     s, RE_SV_TAIL(r->anchored_utf8),
+                     (IV)r->anchored_offset);
+    }                
+    if (r->float_substr) {
+       RE_PV_QUOTED_DECL(s, 0, dsv, SvPVX_const(r->float_substr), 
+           RE_SV_DUMPLEN(r->float_substr), 30);
+       PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log,
+                     "floating %s%s at %"IVdf"..%"UVuf" ",
+                     s, RE_SV_TAIL(r->float_substr),
+                     (IV)r->float_min_offset, (UV)r->float_max_offset);
+    } else if (r->float_utf8) {
+       RE_PV_QUOTED_DECL(s, 1, dsv, SvPVX_const(r->float_utf8), 
+           RE_SV_DUMPLEN(r->float_utf8), 30);
+       PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log,
+                     "floating utf8 %s%s at %"IVdf"..%"UVuf" ",
+                     s, RE_SV_TAIL(r->float_utf8),
+                     (IV)r->float_min_offset, (UV)r->float_max_offset);
+    }
+    if (r->check_substr || r->check_utf8)
+       PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log,
+                     (const char *)
+                     (r->check_substr == r->float_substr
+                      && r->check_utf8 == r->float_utf8
+                      ? "(checking floating" : "(checking anchored"));
+    if (r->extflags & RXf_NOSCAN)
+       PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log, " noscan");
+    if (r->extflags & RXf_CHECK_ALL)
+       PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log, " isall");
+    if (r->check_substr || r->check_utf8)
+       PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log, ") ");
+
+    if (ri->regstclass) {
+       regprop(r, sv, ri->regstclass);
+       PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log, "stclass %s ", SvPVX_const(sv));
+    }
+    if (r->extflags & RXf_ANCH) {
+       PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log, "anchored");
+       if (r->extflags & RXf_ANCH_BOL)
+           PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log, "(BOL)");
+       if (r->extflags & RXf_ANCH_MBOL)
+           PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log, "(MBOL)");
+       if (r->extflags & RXf_ANCH_SBOL)
+           PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log, "(SBOL)");
+       if (r->extflags & RXf_ANCH_GPOS)
+           PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log, "(GPOS)");
+       PerlIO_putc(Perl_debug_log, ' ');
+    }
+    if (r->extflags & RXf_GPOS_SEEN)
+       PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log, "GPOS:%"UVuf" ", (UV)r->gofs);
+    if (r->intflags & PREGf_SKIP)
+       PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log, "plus ");
+    if (r->intflags & PREGf_IMPLICIT)
+       PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log, "implicit ");
+    PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log, "minlen %"IVdf" ", (IV)r->minlen);
+    if (r->extflags & RXf_EVAL_SEEN)
+       PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log, "with eval ");
+    PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log, "\n");
+    DEBUG_FLAGS_r(regdump_extflags("r->extflags: ",r->extflags));            
+#else
+    PERL_ARGS_ASSERT_REGDUMP;
+    PERL_UNUSED_CONTEXT;
+    PERL_UNUSED_ARG(r);
+#endif /* DEBUGGING */
+}
+
+/*
+- regprop - printable representation of opcode
+*/
+#define EMIT_ANYOF_TEST_SEPARATOR(do_sep,sv,flags) \
+STMT_START { \
+        if (do_sep) {                           \
+            Perl_sv_catpvf(aTHX_ sv,"%s][%s",PL_colors[1],PL_colors[0]); \
+            if (flags & ANYOF_INVERT)           \
+                /*make sure the invert info is in each */ \
+                sv_catpvs(sv, "^");             \
+            do_sep = 0;                         \
+        }                                       \
+} STMT_END
+
+void
+Perl_regprop(pTHX_ const regexp *prog, SV *sv, const regnode *o)
+{
+#ifdef DEBUGGING
+    dVAR;
+    int k;
+
+    /* Should be synchronized with * ANYOF_ #xdefines in regcomp.h */
+    static const char * const anyofs[] = {
+#if _CC_WORDCHAR != 0 || _CC_DIGIT != 1 || _CC_ALPHA != 2 || _CC_LOWER != 3 \
+    || _CC_UPPER != 4 || _CC_PUNCT != 5 || _CC_PRINT != 6                   \
+    || _CC_ALPHANUMERIC != 7 || _CC_GRAPH != 8 || _CC_CASED != 9            \
+    || _CC_SPACE != 10 || _CC_BLANK != 11 || _CC_XDIGIT != 12               \
+    || _CC_PSXSPC != 13 || _CC_CNTRL != 14 || _CC_ASCII != 15               \
+    || _CC_VERTSPACE != 16
+  #error Need to adjust order of anyofs[]
+#endif
+        "[\\w]",
+        "[\\W]",
+        "[\\d]",
+        "[\\D]",
+        "[:alpha:]",
+        "[:^alpha:]",
+        "[:lower:]",
+        "[:^lower:]",
+        "[:upper:]",
+        "[:^upper:]",
+        "[:punct:]",
+        "[:^punct:]",
+        "[:print:]",
+        "[:^print:]",
+        "[:alnum:]",
+        "[:^alnum:]",
+        "[:graph:]",
+        "[:^graph:]",
+        "[:cased:]",
+        "[:^cased:]",
+        "[\\s]",
+        "[\\S]",
+        "[:blank:]",
+        "[:^blank:]",
+        "[:xdigit:]",
+        "[:^xdigit:]",
+        "[:space:]",
+        "[:^space:]",
+        "[:cntrl:]",
+        "[:^cntrl:]",
+        "[:ascii:]",
+        "[:^ascii:]",
+        "[\\v]",
+        "[\\V]"
+    };
+    RXi_GET_DECL(prog,progi);
+    GET_RE_DEBUG_FLAGS_DECL;
+    
+    PERL_ARGS_ASSERT_REGPROP;
+
+    sv_setpvs(sv, "");
+
+    if (OP(o) > REGNODE_MAX)           /* regnode.type is unsigned */
+       /* It would be nice to FAIL() here, but this may be called from
+          regexec.c, and it would be hard to supply pRExC_state. */
+       Perl_croak(aTHX_ "Corrupted regexp opcode %d > %d", (int)OP(o), (int)REGNODE_MAX);
+    sv_catpv(sv, PL_reg_name[OP(o)]); /* Take off const! */
+
+    k = PL_regkind[OP(o)];
+
+    if (k == EXACT) {
+       sv_catpvs(sv, " ");
+       /* Using is_utf8_string() (via PERL_PV_UNI_DETECT) 
+        * is a crude hack but it may be the best for now since 
+        * we have no flag "this EXACTish node was UTF-8" 
+        * --jhi */
+       pv_pretty(sv, STRING(o), STR_LEN(o), 60, PL_colors[0], PL_colors[1],
+                 PERL_PV_ESCAPE_UNI_DETECT |
+                 PERL_PV_ESCAPE_NONASCII   |
+                 PERL_PV_PRETTY_ELLIPSES   |
+                 PERL_PV_PRETTY_LTGT       |
+                 PERL_PV_PRETTY_NOCLEAR
+                 );
+    } else if (k == TRIE) {
+       /* print the details of the trie in dumpuntil instead, as
+        * progi->data isn't available here */
+        const char op = OP(o);
+        const U32 n = ARG(o);
+        const reg_ac_data * const ac = IS_TRIE_AC(op) ?
+               (reg_ac_data *)progi->data->data[n] :
+               NULL;
+        const reg_trie_data * const trie
+           = (reg_trie_data*)progi->data->data[!IS_TRIE_AC(op) ? n : ac->trie];
+        
+        Perl_sv_catpvf(aTHX_ sv, "-%s",PL_reg_name[o->flags]);
+        DEBUG_TRIE_COMPILE_r(
+            Perl_sv_catpvf(aTHX_ sv,
+                "<S:%"UVuf"/%"IVdf" W:%"UVuf" L:%"UVuf"/%"UVuf" C:%"UVuf"/%"UVuf">",
+                (UV)trie->startstate,
+                (IV)trie->statecount-1, /* -1 because of the unused 0 element */
+                (UV)trie->wordcount,
+                (UV)trie->minlen,
+                (UV)trie->maxlen,
+                (UV)TRIE_CHARCOUNT(trie),
+                (UV)trie->uniquecharcount
+            )
+        );
+        if ( IS_ANYOF_TRIE(op) || trie->bitmap ) {
+            int i;
+            int rangestart = -1;
+            U8* bitmap = IS_ANYOF_TRIE(op) ? (U8*)ANYOF_BITMAP(o) : (U8*)TRIE_BITMAP(trie);
+            sv_catpvs(sv, "[");
+            for (i = 0; i <= 256; i++) {
+                if (i < 256 && BITMAP_TEST(bitmap,i)) {
+                    if (rangestart == -1)
+                        rangestart = i;
+                } else if (rangestart != -1) {
+                    if (i <= rangestart + 3)
+                        for (; rangestart < i; rangestart++)
+                            put_byte(sv, rangestart);
+                    else {
+                        put_byte(sv, rangestart);
+                        sv_catpvs(sv, "-");
+                        put_byte(sv, i - 1);
+                    }
+                    rangestart = -1;
+                }
+            }
+            sv_catpvs(sv, "]");
+        } 
+        
+    } else if (k == CURLY) {
+       if (OP(o) == CURLYM || OP(o) == CURLYN || OP(o) == CURLYX)
+           Perl_sv_catpvf(aTHX_ sv, "[%d]", o->flags); /* Parenth number */
+       Perl_sv_catpvf(aTHX_ sv, " {%d,%d}", ARG1(o), ARG2(o));
+    }
+    else if (k == WHILEM && o->flags)                  /* Ordinal/of */
+       Perl_sv_catpvf(aTHX_ sv, "[%d/%d]", o->flags & 0xf, o->flags>>4);
+    else if (k == REF || k == OPEN || k == CLOSE || k == GROUPP || OP(o)==ACCEPT) {
+       Perl_sv_catpvf(aTHX_ sv, "%d", (int)ARG(o));    /* Parenth number */
+       if ( RXp_PAREN_NAMES(prog) ) {
+            if ( k != REF || (OP(o) < NREF)) {
+               AV *list= MUTABLE_AV(progi->data->data[progi->name_list_idx]);
+               SV **name= av_fetch(list, ARG(o), 0 );
+               if (name)
+                   Perl_sv_catpvf(aTHX_ sv, " '%"SVf"'", SVfARG(*name));
+            }      
+            else {
+                AV *list= MUTABLE_AV(progi->data->data[ progi->name_list_idx ]);
+                SV *sv_dat= MUTABLE_SV(progi->data->data[ ARG( o ) ]);
+                I32 *nums=(I32*)SvPVX(sv_dat);
+                SV **name= av_fetch(list, nums[0], 0 );
+                I32 n;
+                if (name) {
+                    for ( n=0; n<SvIVX(sv_dat); n++ ) {
+                        Perl_sv_catpvf(aTHX_ sv, "%s%"IVdf,
+                                   (n ? "," : ""), (IV)nums[n]);
+                    }
+                    Perl_sv_catpvf(aTHX_ sv, " '%"SVf"'", SVfARG(*name));
+                }
+            }
+        }            
+    } else if (k == GOSUB) 
+       Perl_sv_catpvf(aTHX_ sv, "%d[%+d]", (int)ARG(o),(int)ARG2L(o)); /* Paren and offset */
+    else if (k == VERB) {
+        if (!o->flags) 
+            Perl_sv_catpvf(aTHX_ sv, ":%"SVf, 
+                          SVfARG((MUTABLE_SV(progi->data->data[ ARG( o ) ]))));
+    } else if (k == LOGICAL)
+       Perl_sv_catpvf(aTHX_ sv, "[%d]", o->flags);     /* 2: embedded, otherwise 1 */
+    else if (k == ANYOF) {
+       int i, rangestart = -1;
+       const U8 flags = ANYOF_FLAGS(o);
+       int do_sep = 0;
+
+
+       if (flags & ANYOF_LOCALE)
+           sv_catpvs(sv, "{loc}");
+       if (flags & ANYOF_LOC_FOLD)
+           sv_catpvs(sv, "{i}");
+       Perl_sv_catpvf(aTHX_ sv, "[%s", PL_colors[0]);
+       if (flags & ANYOF_INVERT)
+           sv_catpvs(sv, "^");
+
+       /* output what the standard cp 0-255 bitmap matches */
+       for (i = 0; i <= 256; i++) {
+           if (i < 256 && ANYOF_BITMAP_TEST(o,i)) {
+               if (rangestart == -1)
+                   rangestart = i;
+           } else if (rangestart != -1) {
+               if (i <= rangestart + 3)
+                   for (; rangestart < i; rangestart++)
+                       put_byte(sv, rangestart);
+               else {
+                   put_byte(sv, rangestart);
+                   sv_catpvs(sv, "-");
+                   put_byte(sv, i - 1);
+               }
+               do_sep = 1;
+               rangestart = -1;
+           }
+       }
+        
+        EMIT_ANYOF_TEST_SEPARATOR(do_sep,sv,flags);
+        /* output any special charclass tests (used entirely under use locale) */
+       if (ANYOF_CLASS_TEST_ANY_SET(o))
+           for (i = 0; i < (int)(sizeof(anyofs)/sizeof(char*)); i++)
+               if (ANYOF_CLASS_TEST(o,i)) {
+                   sv_catpv(sv, anyofs[i]);
+                   do_sep = 1;
+               }
+        
+        EMIT_ANYOF_TEST_SEPARATOR(do_sep,sv,flags);
+        
+       if (flags & ANYOF_NON_UTF8_LATIN1_ALL) {
+           sv_catpvs(sv, "{non-utf8-latin1-all}");
+       }
+
+        /* output information about the unicode matching */
+       if (flags & ANYOF_UNICODE_ALL)
+           sv_catpvs(sv, "{unicode_all}");
+       else if (ANYOF_NONBITMAP(o))
+           sv_catpvs(sv, "{unicode}");
+       if (flags & ANYOF_NONBITMAP_NON_UTF8)
+           sv_catpvs(sv, "{outside bitmap}");
+
+       if (ANYOF_NONBITMAP(o)) {
+           SV *lv; /* Set if there is something outside the bit map */
+           SV * const sw = regclass_swash(prog, o, FALSE, &lv, NULL);
+            bool byte_output = FALSE;   /* If something in the bitmap has been
+                                           output */
+
+           if (lv && lv != &PL_sv_undef) {
+               if (sw) {
+                   U8 s[UTF8_MAXBYTES_CASE+1];
+
+                   for (i = 0; i <= 256; i++) { /* Look at chars in bitmap */
+                       uvchr_to_utf8(s, i);
+
+                       if (i < 256
+                            && ! ANYOF_BITMAP_TEST(o, i)    /* Don't duplicate
+                                                               things already
+                                                               output as part
+                                                               of the bitmap */
+                            && swash_fetch(sw, s, TRUE))
+                        {
+                           if (rangestart == -1)
+                               rangestart = i;
+                       } else if (rangestart != -1) {
+                            byte_output = TRUE;
+                           if (i <= rangestart + 3)
+                               for (; rangestart < i; rangestart++) {
+                                   put_byte(sv, rangestart);
+                               }
+                           else {
+                               put_byte(sv, rangestart);
+                               sv_catpvs(sv, "-");
+                               put_byte(sv, i-1);
+                           }
+                           rangestart = -1;
+                       }
+                   }
+               }
+
+               {
+                   char *s = savesvpv(lv);
+                   char * const origs = s;
+
+                   while (*s && *s != '\n')
+                       s++;
+
+                   if (*s == '\n') {
+                       const char * const t = ++s;
+
+                        if (byte_output) {
+                            sv_catpvs(sv, " ");
+                        }
+
+                       while (*s) {
+                           if (*s == '\n') {
+
+                                /* Truncate very long output */
+                               if (s - origs > 256) {
+                                   Perl_sv_catpvf(aTHX_ sv,
+                                                  "%.*s...",
+                                                  (int) (s - origs - 1),
+                                                  t);
+                                   goto out_dump;
+                               }
+                               *s = ' ';
+                           }
+                           else if (*s == '\t') {
+                               *s = '-';
+                           }
+                           s++;
+                       }
+                       if (s[-1] == ' ')
+                           s[-1] = 0;
+
+                       sv_catpv(sv, t);
+                   }
+
+               out_dump:
+
+                   Safefree(origs);
+               }
+               SvREFCNT_dec_NN(lv);
+           }
+       }
+
+       Perl_sv_catpvf(aTHX_ sv, "%s]", PL_colors[1]);
+    }
+    else if (k == POSIXD || k == NPOSIXD) {
+        U8 index = FLAGS(o) * 2;
+        if (index > (sizeof(anyofs) / sizeof(anyofs[0]))) {
+            Perl_sv_catpvf(aTHX_ sv, "[illegal type=%d])", index);
+        }
+        else {
+            sv_catpv(sv, anyofs[index]);
+        }
+    }
+    else if (k == BRANCHJ && (OP(o) == UNLESSM || OP(o) == IFMATCH))
+       Perl_sv_catpvf(aTHX_ sv, "[%d]", -(o->flags));
+#else
+    PERL_UNUSED_CONTEXT;
+    PERL_UNUSED_ARG(sv);
+    PERL_UNUSED_ARG(o);
+    PERL_UNUSED_ARG(prog);
+#endif /* DEBUGGING */
+}
+
+SV *
+Perl_re_intuit_string(pTHX_ REGEXP * const r)
+{                              /* Assume that RE_INTUIT is set */
+    dVAR;
+    struct regexp *const prog = ReANY(r);
+    GET_RE_DEBUG_FLAGS_DECL;
+
+    PERL_ARGS_ASSERT_RE_INTUIT_STRING;
+    PERL_UNUSED_CONTEXT;
+
+    DEBUG_COMPILE_r(
+       {
+           const char * const s = SvPV_nolen_const(prog->check_substr
+                     ? prog->check_substr : prog->check_utf8);
+
+           if (!PL_colorset) reginitcolors();
+           PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log,
+                     "%sUsing REx %ssubstr:%s \"%s%.60s%s%s\"\n",
+                     PL_colors[4],
+                     prog->check_substr ? "" : "utf8 ",
+                     PL_colors[5],PL_colors[0],
+                     s,
+                     PL_colors[1],
+                     (strlen(s) > 60 ? "..." : ""));
+       } );
+
+    return prog->check_substr ? prog->check_substr : prog->check_utf8;
+}
+
+/* 
+   pregfree() 
+   
+   handles refcounting and freeing the perl core regexp structure. When 
+   it is necessary to actually free the structure the first thing it 
+   does is call the 'free' method of the regexp_engine associated to
+   the regexp, allowing the handling of the void *pprivate; member 
+   first. (This routine is not overridable by extensions, which is why 
+   the extensions free is called first.)
+   
+   See regdupe and regdupe_internal if you change anything here. 
+*/
+#ifndef PERL_IN_XSUB_RE
+void
+Perl_pregfree(pTHX_ REGEXP *r)
+{
+    SvREFCNT_dec(r);
+}
+
+void
+Perl_pregfree2(pTHX_ REGEXP *rx)
+{
+    dVAR;
+    struct regexp *const r = ReANY(rx);
+    GET_RE_DEBUG_FLAGS_DECL;
+
+    PERL_ARGS_ASSERT_PREGFREE2;
+
+    if (r->mother_re) {
+        ReREFCNT_dec(r->mother_re);
+    } else {
+        CALLREGFREE_PVT(rx); /* free the private data */
+        SvREFCNT_dec(RXp_PAREN_NAMES(r));
+       Safefree(r->xpv_len_u.xpvlenu_pv);
+    }        
+    if (r->substrs) {
+        SvREFCNT_dec(r->anchored_substr);
+        SvREFCNT_dec(r->anchored_utf8);
+        SvREFCNT_dec(r->float_substr);
+        SvREFCNT_dec(r->float_utf8);
+       Safefree(r->substrs);
+    }
+    RX_MATCH_COPY_FREE(rx);
+#ifdef PERL_ANY_COW
+    SvREFCNT_dec(r->saved_copy);
+#endif
+    Safefree(r->offs);
+    SvREFCNT_dec(r->qr_anoncv);
+    rx->sv_u.svu_rx = 0;
+}
+
+/*  reg_temp_copy()
+    
+    This is a hacky workaround to the structural issue of match results
+    being stored in the regexp structure which is in turn stored in
+    PL_curpm/PL_reg_curpm. The problem is that due to qr// the pattern
+    could be PL_curpm in multiple contexts, and could require multiple
+    result sets being associated with the pattern simultaneously, such
+    as when doing a recursive match with (??{$qr})
+    
+    The solution is to make a lightweight copy of the regexp structure 
+    when a qr// is returned from the code executed by (??{$qr}) this
+    lightweight copy doesn't actually own any of its data except for
+    the starp/end and the actual regexp structure itself. 
+    
+*/    
+    
+    
+REGEXP *
+Perl_reg_temp_copy (pTHX_ REGEXP *ret_x, REGEXP *rx)
+{
+    struct regexp *ret;
+    struct regexp *const r = ReANY(rx);
+    const bool islv = ret_x && SvTYPE(ret_x) == SVt_PVLV;
+
+    PERL_ARGS_ASSERT_REG_TEMP_COPY;
+
+    if (!ret_x)
+       ret_x = (REGEXP*) newSV_type(SVt_REGEXP);
+    else {
+       SvOK_off((SV *)ret_x);
+       if (islv) {
+           /* For PVLVs, SvANY points to the xpvlv body while sv_u points
+              to the regexp.  (For SVt_REGEXPs, sv_upgrade has already
+              made both spots point to the same regexp body.) */
+           REGEXP *temp = (REGEXP *)newSV_type(SVt_REGEXP);
+           assert(!SvPVX(ret_x));
+           ret_x->sv_u.svu_rx = temp->sv_any;
+           temp->sv_any = NULL;
+           SvFLAGS(temp) = (SvFLAGS(temp) & ~SVTYPEMASK) | SVt_NULL;
+           SvREFCNT_dec_NN(temp);
+           /* SvCUR still resides in the xpvlv struct, so the regexp copy-
+              ing below will not set it. */
+           SvCUR_set(ret_x, SvCUR(rx));
+       }
+    }
+    /* This ensures that SvTHINKFIRST(sv) is true, and hence that
+       sv_force_normal(sv) is called.  */
+    SvFAKE_on(ret_x);
+    ret = ReANY(ret_x);
+    
+    SvFLAGS(ret_x) |= SvUTF8(rx);
+    /* We share the same string buffer as the original regexp, on which we
+       hold a reference count, incremented when mother_re is set below.
+       The string pointer is copied here, being part of the regexp struct.
+     */
+    memcpy(&(ret->xpv_cur), &(r->xpv_cur),
+          sizeof(regexp) - STRUCT_OFFSET(regexp, xpv_cur));
+    if (r->offs) {
+        const I32 npar = r->nparens+1;
+        Newx(ret->offs, npar, regexp_paren_pair);
+        Copy(r->offs, ret->offs, npar, regexp_paren_pair);
+    }
+    if (r->substrs) {
+        Newx(ret->substrs, 1, struct reg_substr_data);
+       StructCopy(r->substrs, ret->substrs, struct reg_substr_data);
+
+       SvREFCNT_inc_void(ret->anchored_substr);
+       SvREFCNT_inc_void(ret->anchored_utf8);
+       SvREFCNT_inc_void(ret->float_substr);
+       SvREFCNT_inc_void(ret->float_utf8);
+
+       /* check_substr and check_utf8, if non-NULL, point to either their
+          anchored or float namesakes, and don't hold a second reference.  */
+    }
+    RX_MATCH_COPIED_off(ret_x);
+#ifdef PERL_ANY_COW
+    ret->saved_copy = NULL;
+#endif
+    ret->mother_re = ReREFCNT_inc(r->mother_re ? r->mother_re : rx);
+    SvREFCNT_inc_void(ret->qr_anoncv);
+    
+    return ret_x;
+}
+#endif
+
+/* regfree_internal() 
+
+   Free the private data in a regexp. This is overloadable by 
+   extensions. Perl takes care of the regexp structure in pregfree(), 
+   this covers the *pprivate pointer which technically perl doesn't 
+   know about, however of course we have to handle the 
+   regexp_internal structure when no extension is in use. 
+   
+   Note this is called before freeing anything in the regexp 
+   structure. 
+ */
+void
+Perl_regfree_internal(pTHX_ REGEXP * const rx)
+{
+    dVAR;
+    struct regexp *const r = ReANY(rx);
+    RXi_GET_DECL(r,ri);
+    GET_RE_DEBUG_FLAGS_DECL;
+
+    PERL_ARGS_ASSERT_REGFREE_INTERNAL;
+
+    DEBUG_COMPILE_r({
+       if (!PL_colorset)
+           reginitcolors();
+       {
+           SV *dsv= sv_newmortal();
+            RE_PV_QUOTED_DECL(s, RX_UTF8(rx),
+                dsv, RX_PRECOMP(rx), RX_PRELEN(rx), 60);
+            PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log,"%sFreeing REx:%s %s\n", 
+                PL_colors[4],PL_colors[5],s);
+        }
+    });
+#ifdef RE_TRACK_PATTERN_OFFSETS
+    if (ri->u.offsets)
+        Safefree(ri->u.offsets);             /* 20010421 MJD */
+#endif
+    if (ri->code_blocks) {
+       int n;
+       for (n = 0; n < ri->num_code_blocks; n++)
+           SvREFCNT_dec(ri->code_blocks[n].src_regex);
+       Safefree(ri->code_blocks);
+    }
+
+    if (ri->data) {
+       int n = ri->data->count;
+
+       while (--n >= 0) {
+          /* If you add a ->what type here, update the comment in regcomp.h */
+           switch (ri->data->what[n]) {
+           case 'a':
+           case 'r':
+           case 's':
+           case 'S':
+           case 'u':
+               SvREFCNT_dec(MUTABLE_SV(ri->data->data[n]));
+               break;
+           case 'f':
+               Safefree(ri->data->data[n]);
+               break;
+           case 'l':
+           case 'L':
+               break;
+            case 'T':          
+                { /* Aho Corasick add-on structure for a trie node.
+                     Used in stclass optimization only */
+                    U32 refcount;
+                    reg_ac_data *aho=(reg_ac_data*)ri->data->data[n];
+                    OP_REFCNT_LOCK;
+                    refcount = --aho->refcount;
+                    OP_REFCNT_UNLOCK;
+                    if ( !refcount ) {
+                        PerlMemShared_free(aho->states);
+                        PerlMemShared_free(aho->fail);
+                        /* do this last!!!! */
+                        PerlMemShared_free(ri->data->data[n]);
+                        PerlMemShared_free(ri->regstclass);
+                    }
+                }
+                break;
+           case 't':
+               {
+                   /* trie structure. */
+                   U32 refcount;
+                   reg_trie_data *trie=(reg_trie_data*)ri->data->data[n];
+                    OP_REFCNT_LOCK;
+                    refcount = --trie->refcount;
+                    OP_REFCNT_UNLOCK;
+                    if ( !refcount ) {
+                        PerlMemShared_free(trie->charmap);
+                        PerlMemShared_free(trie->states);
+                        PerlMemShared_free(trie->trans);
+                        if (trie->bitmap)
+                            PerlMemShared_free(trie->bitmap);
+                        if (trie->jump)
+                            PerlMemShared_free(trie->jump);
+                       PerlMemShared_free(trie->wordinfo);
+                        /* do this last!!!! */
+                        PerlMemShared_free(ri->data->data[n]);
+                   }
+               }
+               break;
+           default:
+               Perl_croak(aTHX_ "panic: regfree data code '%c'", ri->data->what[n]);
+           }
+       }
+       Safefree(ri->data->what);
+       Safefree(ri->data);
+    }
+
+    Safefree(ri);
+}
+
+#define av_dup_inc(s,t)        MUTABLE_AV(sv_dup_inc((const SV *)s,t))
+#define hv_dup_inc(s,t)        MUTABLE_HV(sv_dup_inc((const SV *)s,t))
+#define SAVEPVN(p,n)   ((p) ? savepvn(p,n) : NULL)
+
+/* 
+   re_dup - duplicate a regexp. 
+   
+   This routine is expected to clone a given regexp structure. It is only
+   compiled under USE_ITHREADS.
+
+   After all of the core data stored in struct regexp is duplicated
+   the regexp_engine.dupe method is used to copy any private data
+   stored in the *pprivate pointer. This allows extensions to handle
+   any duplication it needs to do.
+
+   See pregfree() and regfree_internal() if you change anything here. 
+*/
+#if defined(USE_ITHREADS)
+#ifndef PERL_IN_XSUB_RE
+void
+Perl_re_dup_guts(pTHX_ const REGEXP *sstr, REGEXP *dstr, CLONE_PARAMS *param)
+{
+    dVAR;
+    I32 npar;
+    const struct regexp *r = ReANY(sstr);
+    struct regexp *ret = ReANY(dstr);
+    
+    PERL_ARGS_ASSERT_RE_DUP_GUTS;
+
+    npar = r->nparens+1;
+    Newx(ret->offs, npar, regexp_paren_pair);
+    Copy(r->offs, ret->offs, npar, regexp_paren_pair);
+
+    if (ret->substrs) {
+       /* Do it this way to avoid reading from *r after the StructCopy().
+          That way, if any of the sv_dup_inc()s dislodge *r from the L1
+          cache, it doesn't matter.  */
+       const bool anchored = r->check_substr
+           ? r->check_substr == r->anchored_substr
+           : r->check_utf8 == r->anchored_utf8;
+        Newx(ret->substrs, 1, struct reg_substr_data);
+       StructCopy(r->substrs, ret->substrs, struct reg_substr_data);
+
+       ret->anchored_substr = sv_dup_inc(ret->anchored_substr, param);
+       ret->anchored_utf8 = sv_dup_inc(ret->anchored_utf8, param);
+       ret->float_substr = sv_dup_inc(ret->float_substr, param);
+       ret->float_utf8 = sv_dup_inc(ret->float_utf8, param);
+
+       /* check_substr and check_utf8, if non-NULL, point to either their
+          anchored or float namesakes, and don't hold a second reference.  */
+
+       if (ret->check_substr) {
+           if (anchored) {
+               assert(r->check_utf8 == r->anchored_utf8);
+               ret->check_substr = ret->anchored_substr;
+               ret->check_utf8 = ret->anchored_utf8;
+           } else {
+               assert(r->check_substr == r->float_substr);
+               assert(r->check_utf8 == r->float_utf8);
+               ret->check_substr = ret->float_substr;
+               ret->check_utf8 = ret->float_utf8;
+           }
+       } else if (ret->check_utf8) {
+           if (anchored) {
+               ret->check_utf8 = ret->anchored_utf8;
+           } else {
+               ret->check_utf8 = ret->float_utf8;
+           }
+       }
+    }
+
+    RXp_PAREN_NAMES(ret) = hv_dup_inc(RXp_PAREN_NAMES(ret), param);
+    ret->qr_anoncv = MUTABLE_CV(sv_dup_inc((const SV *)ret->qr_anoncv, param));
+
+    if (ret->pprivate)
+       RXi_SET(ret,CALLREGDUPE_PVT(dstr,param));
+
+    if (RX_MATCH_COPIED(dstr))
+       ret->subbeg  = SAVEPVN(ret->subbeg, ret->sublen);
+    else
+       ret->subbeg = NULL;
+#ifdef PERL_ANY_COW
+    ret->saved_copy = NULL;
+#endif
+
+    /* Whether mother_re be set or no, we need to copy the string.  We
+       cannot refrain from copying it when the storage points directly to
+       our mother regexp, because that's
+              1: a buffer in a different thread
+              2: something we no longer hold a reference on
+              so we need to copy it locally.  */
+    RX_WRAPPED(dstr) = SAVEPVN(RX_WRAPPED(sstr), SvCUR(sstr)+1);
+    ret->mother_re   = NULL;
+    ret->gofs = 0;
+}
+#endif /* PERL_IN_XSUB_RE */
+
+/*
+   regdupe_internal()
+   
+   This is the internal complement to regdupe() which is used to copy
+   the structure pointed to by the *pprivate pointer in the regexp.
+   This is the core version of the extension overridable cloning hook.
+   The regexp structure being duplicated will be copied by perl prior
+   to this and will be provided as the regexp *r argument, however 
+   with the /old/ structures pprivate pointer value. Thus this routine
+   may override any copying normally done by perl.
+   
+   It returns a pointer to the new regexp_internal structure.
+*/
+
+void *
+Perl_regdupe_internal(pTHX_ REGEXP * const rx, CLONE_PARAMS *param)
+{
+    dVAR;
+    struct regexp *const r = ReANY(rx);
+    regexp_internal *reti;
+    int len;
+    RXi_GET_DECL(r,ri);
+
+    PERL_ARGS_ASSERT_REGDUPE_INTERNAL;
+    
+    len = ProgLen(ri);
+    
+    Newxc(reti, sizeof(regexp_internal) + len*sizeof(regnode), char, regexp_internal);
+    Copy(ri->program, reti->program, len+1, regnode);
+
+    reti->num_code_blocks = ri->num_code_blocks;
+    if (ri->code_blocks) {
+       int n;
+       Newxc(reti->code_blocks, ri->num_code_blocks, struct reg_code_block,
+               struct reg_code_block);
+       Copy(ri->code_blocks, reti->code_blocks, ri->num_code_blocks,
+               struct reg_code_block);
+       for (n = 0; n < ri->num_code_blocks; n++)
+            reti->code_blocks[n].src_regex = (REGEXP*)
+                   sv_dup_inc((SV*)(ri->code_blocks[n].src_regex), param);
+    }
+    else
+       reti->code_blocks = NULL;
+
+    reti->regstclass = NULL;
+
+    if (ri->data) {
+       struct reg_data *d;
+        const int count = ri->data->count;
+       int i;
+
+       Newxc(d, sizeof(struct reg_data) + count*sizeof(void *),
+               char, struct reg_data);
+       Newx(d->what, count, U8);
+
+       d->count = count;
+       for (i = 0; i < count; i++) {
+           d->what[i] = ri->data->what[i];
+           switch (d->what[i]) {
+               /* see also regcomp.h and regfree_internal() */
+           case 'a': /* actually an AV, but the dup function is identical.  */
+           case 'r':
+           case 's':
+           case 'S':
+           case 'u': /* actually an HV, but the dup function is identical.  */
+               d->data[i] = sv_dup_inc((const SV *)ri->data->data[i], param);
+               break;
+           case 'f':
+               /* This is cheating. */
+               Newx(d->data[i], 1, struct regnode_charclass_class);
+               StructCopy(ri->data->data[i], d->data[i],
+                           struct regnode_charclass_class);
+               reti->regstclass = (regnode*)d->data[i];
+               break;
+           case 'T':
+               /* Trie stclasses are readonly and can thus be shared
+                * without duplication. We free the stclass in pregfree
+                * when the corresponding reg_ac_data struct is freed.
+                */
+               reti->regstclass= ri->regstclass;
+               /* Fall through */
+           case 't':
+               OP_REFCNT_LOCK;
+               ((reg_trie_data*)ri->data->data[i])->refcount++;
+               OP_REFCNT_UNLOCK;
+               /* Fall through */
+           case 'l':
+           case 'L':
+               d->data[i] = ri->data->data[i];
+               break;
+            default:
+               Perl_croak(aTHX_ "panic: re_dup unknown data code '%c'", ri->data->what[i]);
+           }
+       }
+
+       reti->data = d;
+    }
+    else
+       reti->data = NULL;
+
+    reti->name_list_idx = ri->name_list_idx;
+
+#ifdef RE_TRACK_PATTERN_OFFSETS
+    if (ri->u.offsets) {
+        Newx(reti->u.offsets, 2*len+1, U32);
+        Copy(ri->u.offsets, reti->u.offsets, 2*len+1, U32);
+    }
+#else
+    SetProgLen(reti,len);
+#endif
+
+    return (void*)reti;
+}
+
+#endif    /* USE_ITHREADS */
+
+#ifndef PERL_IN_XSUB_RE
+
+/*
+ - regnext - dig the "next" pointer out of a node
+ */
+regnode *
+Perl_regnext(pTHX_ regnode *p)
+{
+    dVAR;
+    I32 offset;
+
+    if (!p)
+       return(NULL);
+
+    if (OP(p) > REGNODE_MAX) {         /* regnode.type is unsigned */
+       Perl_croak(aTHX_ "Corrupted regexp opcode %d > %d", (int)OP(p), (int)REGNODE_MAX);
+    }
+
+    offset = (reg_off_by_arg[OP(p)] ? ARG(p) : NEXT_OFF(p));
+    if (offset == 0)
+       return(NULL);
+
+    return(p+offset);
+}
+#endif
+
+STATIC void
+S_re_croak2(pTHX_ const char* pat1,const char* pat2,...)
+{
+    va_list args;
+    STRLEN l1 = strlen(pat1);
+    STRLEN l2 = strlen(pat2);
+    char buf[512];
+    SV *msv;
+    const char *message;
+
+    PERL_ARGS_ASSERT_RE_CROAK2;
+
+    if (l1 > 510)
+       l1 = 510;
+    if (l1 + l2 > 510)
+       l2 = 510 - l1;
+    Copy(pat1, buf, l1 , char);
+    Copy(pat2, buf + l1, l2 , char);
+    buf[l1 + l2] = '\n';
+    buf[l1 + l2 + 1] = '\0';
+#ifdef I_STDARG
+    /* ANSI variant takes additional second argument */
+    va_start(args, pat2);
+#else
+    va_start(args);
+#endif
+    msv = vmess(buf, &args);
+    va_end(args);
+    message = SvPV_const(msv,l1);
+    if (l1 > 512)
+       l1 = 512;
+    Copy(message, buf, l1 , char);
+    buf[l1-1] = '\0';                  /* Overwrite \n */
+    Perl_croak(aTHX_ "%s", buf);
+}
+
+/* XXX Here's a total kludge.  But we need to re-enter for swash routines. */
+
+#ifndef PERL_IN_XSUB_RE
+void
+Perl_save_re_context(pTHX)
+{
+    dVAR;
+
+    /* Save $1..$n (#18107: UTF-8 s/(\w+)/uc($1)/e); AMS 20021106. */
+    if (PL_curpm) {
+       const REGEXP * const rx = PM_GETRE(PL_curpm);
+       if (rx) {
+           U32 i;
+           for (i = 1; i <= RX_NPARENS(rx); i++) {
+               char digits[TYPE_CHARS(long)];
+               const STRLEN len = my_snprintf(digits, sizeof(digits), "%lu", (long)i);
+               GV *const *const gvp
+                   = (GV**)hv_fetch(PL_defstash, digits, len, 0);
+
+               if (gvp) {
+                   GV * const gv = *gvp;
+                   if (SvTYPE(gv) == SVt_PVGV && GvSV(gv))
+                       save_scalar(gv);
+               }
+           }
+       }
+    }
+}
+#endif
+
+#ifdef DEBUGGING
+
+STATIC void
+S_put_byte(pTHX_ SV *sv, int c)
+{
+    PERL_ARGS_ASSERT_PUT_BYTE;
+
+    /* Our definition of isPRINT() ignores locales, so only bytes that are
+       not part of UTF-8 are considered printable. I assume that the same
+       holds for UTF-EBCDIC.
+       Also, code point 255 is not printable in either (it's E0 in EBCDIC,
+       which Wikipedia says:
+
+       EO, or Eight Ones, is an 8-bit EBCDIC character code represented as all
+       ones (binary 1111 1111, hexadecimal FF). It is similar, but not
+       identical, to the ASCII delete (DEL) or rubout control character. ...
+       it is typically mapped to hexadecimal code 9F, in order to provide a
+       unique character mapping in both directions)
+
+       So the old condition can be simplified to !isPRINT(c)  */
+    if (!isPRINT(c)) {
+       if (c < 256) {
+           Perl_sv_catpvf(aTHX_ sv, "\\x%02x", c);
+       }
+       else {
+           Perl_sv_catpvf(aTHX_ sv, "\\x{%x}", c);
+       }
+    }
+    else {
+       const char string = c;
+       if (c == '-' || c == ']' || c == '\\' || c == '^')
+           sv_catpvs(sv, "\\");
+       sv_catpvn(sv, &string, 1);
+    }
+}
+
+
+#define CLEAR_OPTSTART \
+    if (optstart) STMT_START { \
+           DEBUG_OPTIMISE_r(PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log, " (%"IVdf" nodes)\n", (IV)(node - optstart))); \
+           optstart=NULL; \
+    } STMT_END
+
+#define DUMPUNTIL(b,e) CLEAR_OPTSTART; node=dumpuntil(r,start,(b),(e),last,sv,indent+1,depth+1);
+
+STATIC const regnode *
+S_dumpuntil(pTHX_ const regexp *r, const regnode *start, const regnode *node,
+           const regnode *last, const regnode *plast, 
+           SV* sv, I32 indent, U32 depth)
+{
+    dVAR;
+    U8 op = PSEUDO;    /* Arbitrary non-END op. */
+    const regnode *next;
+    const regnode *optstart= NULL;
+    
+    RXi_GET_DECL(r,ri);
+    GET_RE_DEBUG_FLAGS_DECL;
+
+    PERL_ARGS_ASSERT_DUMPUNTIL;
+
+#ifdef DEBUG_DUMPUNTIL
+    PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log, "--- %d : %d - %d - %d\n",indent,node-start,
+        last ? last-start : 0,plast ? plast-start : 0);
+#endif
+            
+    if (plast && plast < last) 
+        last= plast;
+
+    while (PL_regkind[op] != END && (!last || node < last)) {
+       /* While that wasn't END last time... */
+       NODE_ALIGN(node);
+       op = OP(node);
+       if (op == CLOSE || op == WHILEM)
+           indent--;
+       next = regnext((regnode *)node);
+
+       /* Where, what. */
+       if (OP(node) == OPTIMIZED) {
+           if (!optstart && RE_DEBUG_FLAG(RE_DEBUG_COMPILE_OPTIMISE))
+               optstart = node;
+           else
+               goto after_print;
+       } else
+           CLEAR_OPTSTART;
+
+       regprop(r, sv, node);
+       PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log, "%4"IVdf":%*s%s", (IV)(node - start),
+                     (int)(2*indent + 1), "", SvPVX_const(sv));
+        
+        if (OP(node) != OPTIMIZED) {                 
+            if (next == NULL)          /* Next ptr. */
+                PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log, " (0)");
+            else if (PL_regkind[(U8)op] == BRANCH && PL_regkind[OP(next)] != BRANCH )
+                PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log, " (FAIL)");
+            else 
+                PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log, " (%"IVdf")", (IV)(next - start));
+            (void)PerlIO_putc(Perl_debug_log, '\n'); 
+        }
+        
+      after_print:
+       if (PL_regkind[(U8)op] == BRANCHJ) {
+           assert(next);
+           {
+                const regnode *nnode = (OP(next) == LONGJMP
+                                       ? regnext((regnode *)next)
+                                       : next);
+                if (last && nnode > last)
+                    nnode = last;
+                DUMPUNTIL(NEXTOPER(NEXTOPER(node)), nnode);
+           }
+       }
+       else if (PL_regkind[(U8)op] == BRANCH) {
+           assert(next);
+           DUMPUNTIL(NEXTOPER(node), next);
+       }
+       else if ( PL_regkind[(U8)op]  == TRIE ) {
+           const regnode *this_trie = node;
+           const char op = OP(node);
+            const U32 n = ARG(node);
+           const reg_ac_data * const ac = op>=AHOCORASICK ?
+               (reg_ac_data *)ri->data->data[n] :
+               NULL;
+           const reg_trie_data * const trie =
+               (reg_trie_data*)ri->data->data[op<AHOCORASICK ? n : ac->trie];
+#ifdef DEBUGGING
+           AV *const trie_words = MUTABLE_AV(ri->data->data[n + TRIE_WORDS_OFFSET]);
+#endif
+           const regnode *nextbranch= NULL;
+           I32 word_idx;
+            sv_setpvs(sv, "");
+           for (word_idx= 0; word_idx < (I32)trie->wordcount; word_idx++) {
+               SV ** const elem_ptr = av_fetch(trie_words,word_idx,0);
+
+                PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log, "%*s%s ",
+                   (int)(2*(indent+3)), "",
+                    elem_ptr ? pv_pretty(sv, SvPV_nolen_const(*elem_ptr), SvCUR(*elem_ptr), 60,
+                           PL_colors[0], PL_colors[1],
+                           (SvUTF8(*elem_ptr) ? PERL_PV_ESCAPE_UNI : 0) |
+                           PERL_PV_PRETTY_ELLIPSES    |
+                           PERL_PV_PRETTY_LTGT
+                            )
+                            : "???"
+                );
+                if (trie->jump) {
+                    U16 dist= trie->jump[word_idx+1];
+                   PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log, "(%"UVuf")\n",
+                                 (UV)((dist ? this_trie + dist : next) - start));
+                    if (dist) {
+                        if (!nextbranch)
+                            nextbranch= this_trie + trie->jump[0];    
+                       DUMPUNTIL(this_trie + dist, nextbranch);
+                    }
+                    if (nextbranch && PL_regkind[OP(nextbranch)]==BRANCH)
+                        nextbranch= regnext((regnode *)nextbranch);
+                } else {
+                    PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log, "\n");
+               }
+           }
+           if (last && next > last)
+               node= last;
+           else
+               node= next;
+       }
+       else if ( op == CURLY ) {   /* "next" might be very big: optimizer */
+           DUMPUNTIL(NEXTOPER(node) + EXTRA_STEP_2ARGS,
+                    NEXTOPER(node) + EXTRA_STEP_2ARGS + 1);
+       }
+       else if (PL_regkind[(U8)op] == CURLY && op != CURLYX) {
+           assert(next);
+           DUMPUNTIL(NEXTOPER(node) + EXTRA_STEP_2ARGS, next);
+       }
+       else if ( op == PLUS || op == STAR) {
+           DUMPUNTIL(NEXTOPER(node), NEXTOPER(node) + 1);
+       }
+       else if (PL_regkind[(U8)op] == ANYOF) {
+           /* arglen 1 + class block */
+           node += 1 + ((ANYOF_FLAGS(node) & ANYOF_CLASS)
+                   ? ANYOF_CLASS_SKIP : ANYOF_SKIP);
+           node = NEXTOPER(node);
+       }
+       else if (PL_regkind[(U8)op] == EXACT) {
+            /* Literal string, where present. */
+           node += NODE_SZ_STR(node) - 1;
+           node = NEXTOPER(node);
+       }
+       else {
+           node = NEXTOPER(node);
+           node += regarglen[(U8)op];
+       }
+       if (op == CURLYX || op == OPEN)
+           indent++;
+    }
+    CLEAR_OPTSTART;
+#ifdef DEBUG_DUMPUNTIL    
+    PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log, "--- %d\n", (int)indent);
+#endif
+    return node;
+}
+
+#endif /* DEBUGGING */
+
+/*
+ * Local variables:
+ * c-indentation-style: bsd
+ * c-basic-offset: 4
+ * indent-tabs-mode: nil
+ * End:
+ *
+ * ex: set ts=8 sts=4 sw=4 et:
+ */
diff --git a/src/5019001/regexec.c b/src/5019001/regexec.c
new file mode 100644 (file)
index 0000000..2d3e760
--- /dev/null
@@ -0,0 +1,7726 @@
+/*    regexec.c
+ */
+
+/*
+ *     One Ring to rule them all, One Ring to find them
+ &
+ *     [p.v of _The Lord of the Rings_, opening poem]
+ *     [p.50 of _The Lord of the Rings_, I/iii: "The Shadow of the Past"]
+ *     [p.254 of _The Lord of the Rings_, II/ii: "The Council of Elrond"]
+ */
+
+/* This file contains functions for executing a regular expression.  See
+ * also regcomp.c which funnily enough, contains functions for compiling
+ * a regular expression.
+ *
+ * This file is also copied at build time to ext/re/re_exec.c, where
+ * it's built with -DPERL_EXT_RE_BUILD -DPERL_EXT_RE_DEBUG -DPERL_EXT.
+ * This causes the main functions to be compiled under new names and with
+ * debugging support added, which makes "use re 'debug'" work.
+ */
+
+/* NOTE: this is derived from Henry Spencer's regexp code, and should not
+ * confused with the original package (see point 3 below).  Thanks, Henry!
+ */
+
+/* Additional note: this code is very heavily munged from Henry's version
+ * in places.  In some spots I've traded clarity for efficiency, so don't
+ * blame Henry for some of the lack of readability.
+ */
+
+/* The names of the functions have been changed from regcomp and
+ * regexec to  pregcomp and pregexec in order to avoid conflicts
+ * with the POSIX routines of the same names.
+*/
+
+#ifdef PERL_EXT_RE_BUILD
+#include "re_top.h"
+#endif
+
+/* At least one required character in the target string is expressible only in
+ * UTF-8. */
+static const char* const non_utf8_target_but_utf8_required
+                = "Can't match, because target string needs to be in UTF-8\n";
+
+#define NON_UTF8_TARGET_BUT_UTF8_REQUIRED(target) STMT_START { \
+    DEBUG_EXECUTE_r(PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log, "%s", non_utf8_target_but_utf8_required));\
+    goto target; \
+} STMT_END
+
+/*
+ * pregcomp and pregexec -- regsub and regerror are not used in perl
+ *
+ *     Copyright (c) 1986 by University of Toronto.
+ *     Written by Henry Spencer.  Not derived from licensed software.
+ *
+ *     Permission is granted to anyone to use this software for any
+ *     purpose on any computer system, and to redistribute it freely,
+ *     subject to the following restrictions:
+ *
+ *     1. The author is not responsible for the consequences of use of
+ *             this software, no matter how awful, even if they arise
+ *             from defects in it.
+ *
+ *     2. The origin of this software must not be misrepresented, either
+ *             by explicit claim or by omission.
+ *
+ *     3. Altered versions must be plainly marked as such, and must not
+ *             be misrepresented as being the original software.
+ *
+ ****    Alterations to Henry's code are...
+ ****
+ ****    Copyright (C) 1991, 1992, 1993, 1994, 1995, 1996, 1997, 1998, 1999,
+ ****    2000, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2008
+ ****    by Larry Wall and others
+ ****
+ ****    You may distribute under the terms of either the GNU General Public
+ ****    License or the Artistic License, as specified in the README file.
+ *
+ * Beware that some of this code is subtly aware of the way operator
+ * precedence is structured in regular expressions.  Serious changes in
+ * regular-expression syntax might require a total rethink.
+ */
+#include "EXTERN.h"
+#define PERL_IN_REGEXEC_C
+#include "perl.h"
+#include "re_defs.h"
+
+#ifdef PERL_IN_XSUB_RE
+#  include "re_comp.h"
+#else
+#  include "regcomp.h"
+#endif
+
+#include "inline_invlist.c"
+#include "unicode_constants.h"
+
+#define HAS_NONLATIN1_FOLD_CLOSURE(i) _HAS_NONLATIN1_FOLD_CLOSURE_ONLY_FOR_USE_BY_REGCOMP_DOT_C_AND_REGEXEC_DOT_C(i)
+
+#ifndef STATIC
+#define        STATIC  static
+#endif
+
+/* Valid for non-utf8 strings: avoids the reginclass
+ * call if there are no complications: i.e., if everything matchable is
+ * straight forward in the bitmap */
+#define REGINCLASS(prog,p,c)  (ANYOF_FLAGS(p) ? reginclass(prog,p,c,0)   \
+                                             : ANYOF_BITMAP_TEST(p,*(c)))
+
+/*
+ * Forwards.
+ */
+
+#define CHR_SVLEN(sv) (utf8_target ? sv_len_utf8(sv) : SvCUR(sv))
+#define CHR_DIST(a,b) (reginfo->is_utf8_target ? utf8_distance(a,b) : a - b)
+
+#define HOPc(pos,off) \
+       (char *)(reginfo->is_utf8_target \
+           ? reghop3((U8*)pos, off, \
+                    (U8*)(off >= 0 ? reginfo->strend : reginfo->strbeg)) \
+           : (U8*)(pos + off))
+#define HOPBACKc(pos, off) \
+       (char*)(reginfo->is_utf8_target \
+           ? reghopmaybe3((U8*)pos, -off, (U8*)(reginfo->strbeg)) \
+           : (pos - off >= reginfo->strbeg)    \
+               ? (U8*)pos - off                \
+               : NULL)
+
+#define HOP3(pos,off,lim) (reginfo->is_utf8_target  ? reghop3((U8*)(pos), off, (U8*)(lim)) : (U8*)(pos + off))
+#define HOP3c(pos,off,lim) ((char*)HOP3(pos,off,lim))
+
+
+#define NEXTCHR_EOS -10 /* nextchr has fallen off the end */
+#define NEXTCHR_IS_EOS (nextchr < 0)
+
+#define SET_nextchr \
+    nextchr = ((locinput < reginfo->strend) ? UCHARAT(locinput) : NEXTCHR_EOS)
+
+#define SET_locinput(p) \
+    locinput = (p);  \
+    SET_nextchr
+
+
+#define LOAD_UTF8_CHARCLASS(swash_ptr, property_name) STMT_START {            \
+        if (!swash_ptr) {                                                     \
+            U8 flags = _CORE_SWASH_INIT_ACCEPT_INVLIST;                       \
+            swash_ptr = _core_swash_init("utf8", property_name, &PL_sv_undef, \
+                                         1, 0, NULL, &flags);                 \
+            assert(swash_ptr);                                                \
+        }                                                                     \
+    } STMT_END
+
+/* If in debug mode, we test that a known character properly matches */
+#ifdef DEBUGGING
+#   define LOAD_UTF8_CHARCLASS_DEBUG_TEST(swash_ptr,                          \
+                                          property_name,                      \
+                                          utf8_char_in_property)              \
+        LOAD_UTF8_CHARCLASS(swash_ptr, property_name);                        \
+        assert(swash_fetch(swash_ptr, (U8 *) utf8_char_in_property, TRUE));
+#else
+#   define LOAD_UTF8_CHARCLASS_DEBUG_TEST(swash_ptr,                          \
+                                          property_name,                      \
+                                          utf8_char_in_property)              \
+        LOAD_UTF8_CHARCLASS(swash_ptr, property_name)
+#endif
+
+#define LOAD_UTF8_CHARCLASS_ALNUM() LOAD_UTF8_CHARCLASS_DEBUG_TEST(           \
+                                        PL_utf8_swash_ptrs[_CC_WORDCHAR],     \
+                                        swash_property_names[_CC_WORDCHAR],   \
+                                        GREEK_SMALL_LETTER_IOTA_UTF8)
+
+#define LOAD_UTF8_CHARCLASS_GCB()  /* Grapheme cluster boundaries */          \
+    STMT_START {                                                              \
+       LOAD_UTF8_CHARCLASS_DEBUG_TEST(PL_utf8_X_regular_begin,               \
+                                       "_X_regular_begin",                    \
+                                       GREEK_SMALL_LETTER_IOTA_UTF8);         \
+       LOAD_UTF8_CHARCLASS_DEBUG_TEST(PL_utf8_X_extend,                      \
+                                       "_X_extend",                           \
+                                       COMBINING_GRAVE_ACCENT_UTF8);          \
+    } STMT_END
+
+#define PLACEHOLDER    /* Something for the preprocessor to grab onto */
+/* TODO: Combine JUMPABLE and HAS_TEXT to cache OP(rn) */
+
+/* for use after a quantifier and before an EXACT-like node -- japhy */
+/* it would be nice to rework regcomp.sym to generate this stuff. sigh
+ *
+ * NOTE that *nothing* that affects backtracking should be in here, specifically
+ * VERBS must NOT be included. JUMPABLE is used to determine  if we can ignore a
+ * node that is in between two EXACT like nodes when ascertaining what the required
+ * "follow" character is. This should probably be moved to regex compile time
+ * although it may be done at run time beause of the REF possibility - more
+ * investigation required. -- demerphq
+*/
+#define JUMPABLE(rn) (      \
+    OP(rn) == OPEN ||       \
+    (OP(rn) == CLOSE && (!cur_eval || cur_eval->u.eval.close_paren != ARG(rn))) || \
+    OP(rn) == EVAL ||   \
+    OP(rn) == SUSPEND || OP(rn) == IFMATCH || \
+    OP(rn) == PLUS || OP(rn) == MINMOD || \
+    OP(rn) == KEEPS || \
+    (PL_regkind[OP(rn)] == CURLY && ARG1(rn) > 0) \
+)
+#define IS_EXACT(rn) (PL_regkind[OP(rn)] == EXACT)
+
+#define HAS_TEXT(rn) ( IS_EXACT(rn) || PL_regkind[OP(rn)] == REF )
+
+#if 0 
+/* Currently these are only used when PL_regkind[OP(rn)] == EXACT so
+   we don't need this definition. */
+#define IS_TEXT(rn)   ( OP(rn)==EXACT   || OP(rn)==REF   || OP(rn)==NREF   )
+#define IS_TEXTF(rn)  ( OP(rn)==EXACTFU || OP(rn)==EXACTFU_SS || OP(rn)==EXACTFU_TRICKYFOLD || OP(rn)==EXACTFA || OP(rn)==EXACTF || OP(rn)==REFF  || OP(rn)==NREFF )
+#define IS_TEXTFL(rn) ( OP(rn)==EXACTFL || OP(rn)==REFFL || OP(rn)==NREFFL )
+
+#else
+/* ... so we use this as its faster. */
+#define IS_TEXT(rn)   ( OP(rn)==EXACT   )
+#define IS_TEXTFU(rn)  ( OP(rn)==EXACTFU || OP(rn)==EXACTFU_SS || OP(rn)==EXACTFU_TRICKYFOLD || OP(rn) == EXACTFA)
+#define IS_TEXTF(rn)  ( OP(rn)==EXACTF  )
+#define IS_TEXTFL(rn) ( OP(rn)==EXACTFL )
+
+#endif
+
+/*
+  Search for mandatory following text node; for lookahead, the text must
+  follow but for lookbehind (rn->flags != 0) we skip to the next step.
+*/
+#define FIND_NEXT_IMPT(rn) STMT_START { \
+    while (JUMPABLE(rn)) { \
+       const OPCODE type = OP(rn); \
+       if (type == SUSPEND || PL_regkind[type] == CURLY) \
+           rn = NEXTOPER(NEXTOPER(rn)); \
+       else if (type == PLUS) \
+           rn = NEXTOPER(rn); \
+       else if (type == IFMATCH) \
+           rn = (rn->flags == 0) ? NEXTOPER(NEXTOPER(rn)) : rn + ARG(rn); \
+       else rn += NEXT_OFF(rn); \
+    } \
+} STMT_END 
+
+/* These constants are for finding GCB=LV and GCB=LVT in the CLUMP regnode.
+ * These are for the pre-composed Hangul syllables, which are all in a
+ * contiguous block and arranged there in such a way so as to facilitate
+ * alorithmic determination of their characteristics.  As such, they don't need
+ * a swash, but can be determined by simple arithmetic.  Almost all are
+ * GCB=LVT, but every 28th one is a GCB=LV */
+#define SBASE 0xAC00    /* Start of block */
+#define SCount 11172    /* Length of block */
+#define TCount 28
+
+#define SLAB_FIRST(s) (&(s)->states[0])
+#define SLAB_LAST(s)  (&(s)->states[PERL_REGMATCH_SLAB_SLOTS-1])
+
+static void S_setup_eval_state(pTHX_ regmatch_info *const reginfo);
+static void S_cleanup_regmatch_info_aux(pTHX_ void *arg);
+static regmatch_state * S_push_slab(pTHX);
+
+#define REGCP_PAREN_ELEMS 3
+#define REGCP_OTHER_ELEMS 3
+#define REGCP_FRAME_ELEMS 1
+/* REGCP_FRAME_ELEMS are not part of the REGCP_OTHER_ELEMS and
+ * are needed for the regexp context stack bookkeeping. */
+
+STATIC CHECKPOINT
+S_regcppush(pTHX_ const regexp *rex, I32 parenfloor, U32 maxopenparen)
+{
+    dVAR;
+    const int retval = PL_savestack_ix;
+    const int paren_elems_to_push =
+                (maxopenparen - parenfloor) * REGCP_PAREN_ELEMS;
+    const UV total_elems = paren_elems_to_push + REGCP_OTHER_ELEMS;
+    const UV elems_shifted = total_elems << SAVE_TIGHT_SHIFT;
+    I32 p;
+    GET_RE_DEBUG_FLAGS_DECL;
+
+    PERL_ARGS_ASSERT_REGCPPUSH;
+
+    if (paren_elems_to_push < 0)
+       Perl_croak(aTHX_ "panic: paren_elems_to_push, %i < 0",
+                  paren_elems_to_push);
+
+    if ((elems_shifted >> SAVE_TIGHT_SHIFT) != total_elems)
+       Perl_croak(aTHX_ "panic: paren_elems_to_push offset %"UVuf
+                  " out of range (%lu-%ld)",
+                  total_elems,
+                   (unsigned long)maxopenparen,
+                   (long)parenfloor);
+
+    SSGROW(total_elems + REGCP_FRAME_ELEMS);
+    
+    DEBUG_BUFFERS_r(
+       if ((int)maxopenparen > (int)parenfloor)
+           PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log,
+               "rex=0x%"UVxf" offs=0x%"UVxf": saving capture indices:\n",
+               PTR2UV(rex),
+               PTR2UV(rex->offs)
+           );
+    );
+    for (p = parenfloor+1; p <= (I32)maxopenparen;  p++) {
+/* REGCP_PARENS_ELEMS are pushed per pairs of parentheses. */
+       SSPUSHINT(rex->offs[p].end);
+       SSPUSHINT(rex->offs[p].start);
+       SSPUSHINT(rex->offs[p].start_tmp);
+       DEBUG_BUFFERS_r(PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log,
+           "    \\%"UVuf": %"IVdf"(%"IVdf")..%"IVdf"\n",
+           (UV)p,
+           (IV)rex->offs[p].start,
+           (IV)rex->offs[p].start_tmp,
+           (IV)rex->offs[p].end
+       ));
+    }
+/* REGCP_OTHER_ELEMS are pushed in any case, parentheses or no. */
+    SSPUSHINT(maxopenparen);
+    SSPUSHINT(rex->lastparen);
+    SSPUSHINT(rex->lastcloseparen);
+    SSPUSHUV(SAVEt_REGCONTEXT | elems_shifted); /* Magic cookie. */
+
+    return retval;
+}
+
+/* These are needed since we do not localize EVAL nodes: */
+#define REGCP_SET(cp)                                           \
+    DEBUG_STATE_r(                                              \
+            PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log,                      \
+               "  Setting an EVAL scope, savestack=%"IVdf"\n", \
+               (IV)PL_savestack_ix));                          \
+    cp = PL_savestack_ix
+
+#define REGCP_UNWIND(cp)                                        \
+    DEBUG_STATE_r(                                              \
+        if (cp != PL_savestack_ix)                             \
+           PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log,                       \
+               "  Clearing an EVAL scope, savestack=%"IVdf"..%"IVdf"\n", \
+               (IV)(cp), (IV)PL_savestack_ix));                \
+    regcpblow(cp)
+
+#define UNWIND_PAREN(lp, lcp)               \
+    for (n = rex->lastparen; n > lp; n--)   \
+        rex->offs[n].end = -1;              \
+    rex->lastparen = n;                     \
+    rex->lastcloseparen = lcp;
+
+
+STATIC void
+S_regcppop(pTHX_ regexp *rex, U32 *maxopenparen_p)
+{
+    dVAR;
+    UV i;
+    U32 paren;
+    GET_RE_DEBUG_FLAGS_DECL;
+
+    PERL_ARGS_ASSERT_REGCPPOP;
+
+    /* Pop REGCP_OTHER_ELEMS before the parentheses loop starts. */
+    i = SSPOPUV;
+    assert((i & SAVE_MASK) == SAVEt_REGCONTEXT); /* Check that the magic cookie is there. */
+    i >>= SAVE_TIGHT_SHIFT; /* Parentheses elements to pop. */
+    rex->lastcloseparen = SSPOPINT;
+    rex->lastparen = SSPOPINT;
+    *maxopenparen_p = SSPOPINT;
+
+    i -= REGCP_OTHER_ELEMS;
+    /* Now restore the parentheses context. */
+    DEBUG_BUFFERS_r(
+       if (i || rex->lastparen + 1 <= rex->nparens)
+           PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log,
+               "rex=0x%"UVxf" offs=0x%"UVxf": restoring capture indices to:\n",
+               PTR2UV(rex),
+               PTR2UV(rex->offs)
+           );
+    );
+    paren = *maxopenparen_p;
+    for ( ; i > 0; i -= REGCP_PAREN_ELEMS) {
+       I32 tmps;
+       rex->offs[paren].start_tmp = SSPOPINT;
+       rex->offs[paren].start = SSPOPINT;
+       tmps = SSPOPINT;
+       if (paren <= rex->lastparen)
+           rex->offs[paren].end = tmps;
+       DEBUG_BUFFERS_r( PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log,
+           "    \\%"UVuf": %"IVdf"(%"IVdf")..%"IVdf"%s\n",
+           (UV)paren,
+           (IV)rex->offs[paren].start,
+           (IV)rex->offs[paren].start_tmp,
+           (IV)rex->offs[paren].end,
+           (paren > rex->lastparen ? "(skipped)" : ""));
+       );
+       paren--;
+    }
+#if 1
+    /* It would seem that the similar code in regtry()
+     * already takes care of this, and in fact it is in
+     * a better location to since this code can #if 0-ed out
+     * but the code in regtry() is needed or otherwise tests
+     * requiring null fields (pat.t#187 and split.t#{13,14}
+     * (as of patchlevel 7877)  will fail.  Then again,
+     * this code seems to be necessary or otherwise
+     * this erroneously leaves $1 defined: "1" =~ /^(?:(\d)x)?\d$/
+     * --jhi updated by dapm */
+    for (i = rex->lastparen + 1; i <= rex->nparens; i++) {
+       if (i > *maxopenparen_p)
+           rex->offs[i].start = -1;
+       rex->offs[i].end = -1;
+       DEBUG_BUFFERS_r( PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log,
+           "    \\%"UVuf": %s   ..-1 undeffing\n",
+           (UV)i,
+           (i > *maxopenparen_p) ? "-1" : "  "
+       ));
+    }
+#endif
+}
+
+/* restore the parens and associated vars at savestack position ix,
+ * but without popping the stack */
+
+STATIC void
+S_regcp_restore(pTHX_ regexp *rex, I32 ix, U32 *maxopenparen_p)
+{
+    I32 tmpix = PL_savestack_ix;
+    PL_savestack_ix = ix;
+    regcppop(rex, maxopenparen_p);
+    PL_savestack_ix = tmpix;
+}
+
+#define regcpblow(cp) LEAVE_SCOPE(cp)  /* Ignores regcppush()ed data. */
+
+STATIC bool
+S_isFOO_lc(pTHX_ const U8 classnum, const U8 character)
+{
+    /* Returns a boolean as to whether or not 'character' is a member of the
+     * Posix character class given by 'classnum' that should be equivalent to a
+     * value in the typedef '_char_class_number'.
+     *
+     * Ideally this could be replaced by a just an array of function pointers
+     * to the C library functions that implement the macros this calls.
+     * However, to compile, the precise function signatures are required, and
+     * these may vary from platform to to platform.  To avoid having to figure
+     * out what those all are on each platform, I (khw) am using this method,
+     * which adds an extra layer of function call overhead (unless the C
+     * optimizer strips it away).  But we don't particularly care about
+     * performance with locales anyway. */
+
+    switch ((_char_class_number) classnum) {
+        case _CC_ENUM_ALPHANUMERIC: return isALPHANUMERIC_LC(character);
+        case _CC_ENUM_ALPHA:     return isALPHA_LC(character);
+        case _CC_ENUM_ASCII:     return isASCII_LC(character);
+        case _CC_ENUM_BLANK:     return isBLANK_LC(character);
+        case _CC_ENUM_CASED:     return isLOWER_LC(character)
+                                        || isUPPER_LC(character);
+        case _CC_ENUM_CNTRL:     return isCNTRL_LC(character);
+        case _CC_ENUM_DIGIT:     return isDIGIT_LC(character);
+        case _CC_ENUM_GRAPH:     return isGRAPH_LC(character);
+        case _CC_ENUM_LOWER:     return isLOWER_LC(character);
+        case _CC_ENUM_PRINT:     return isPRINT_LC(character);
+        case _CC_ENUM_PSXSPC:    return isPSXSPC_LC(character);
+        case _CC_ENUM_PUNCT:     return isPUNCT_LC(character);
+        case _CC_ENUM_SPACE:     return isSPACE_LC(character);
+        case _CC_ENUM_UPPER:     return isUPPER_LC(character);
+        case _CC_ENUM_WORDCHAR:  return isWORDCHAR_LC(character);
+        case _CC_ENUM_XDIGIT:    return isXDIGIT_LC(character);
+        default:    /* VERTSPACE should never occur in locales */
+            Perl_croak(aTHX_ "panic: isFOO_lc() has an unexpected character class '%d'", classnum);
+    }
+
+    assert(0); /* NOTREACHED */
+    return FALSE;
+}
+
+STATIC bool
+S_isFOO_utf8_lc(pTHX_ const U8 classnum, const U8* character)
+{
+    /* Returns a boolean as to whether or not the (well-formed) UTF-8-encoded
+     * 'character' is a member of the Posix character class given by 'classnum'
+     * that should be equivalent to a value in the typedef
+     * '_char_class_number'.
+     *
+     * This just calls isFOO_lc on the code point for the character if it is in
+     * the range 0-255.  Outside that range, all characters avoid Unicode
+     * rules, ignoring any locale.  So use the Unicode function if this class
+     * requires a swash, and use the Unicode macro otherwise. */
+
+    PERL_ARGS_ASSERT_ISFOO_UTF8_LC;
+
+    if (UTF8_IS_INVARIANT(*character)) {
+        return isFOO_lc(classnum, *character);
+    }
+    else if (UTF8_IS_DOWNGRADEABLE_START(*character)) {
+        return isFOO_lc(classnum,
+                        TWO_BYTE_UTF8_TO_UNI(*character, *(character + 1)));
+    }
+
+    if (classnum < _FIRST_NON_SWASH_CC) {
+
+        /* Initialize the swash unless done already */
+        if (! PL_utf8_swash_ptrs[classnum]) {
+            U8 flags = _CORE_SWASH_INIT_ACCEPT_INVLIST;
+            PL_utf8_swash_ptrs[classnum] = _core_swash_init("utf8",
+                swash_property_names[classnum], &PL_sv_undef, 1, 0, NULL, &flags);
+        }
+
+        return cBOOL(swash_fetch(PL_utf8_swash_ptrs[classnum], (U8 *)
+                                 character,
+                                 TRUE /* is UTF */ ));
+    }
+
+    switch ((_char_class_number) classnum) {
+        case _CC_ENUM_SPACE:
+        case _CC_ENUM_PSXSPC:    return is_XPERLSPACE_high(character);
+
+        case _CC_ENUM_BLANK:     return is_HORIZWS_high(character);
+        case _CC_ENUM_XDIGIT:    return is_XDIGIT_high(character);
+        case _CC_ENUM_VERTSPACE: return is_VERTWS_high(character);
+        default:                 return 0;  /* Things like CNTRL are always
+                                               below 256 */
+    }
+
+    assert(0); /* NOTREACHED */
+    return FALSE;
+}
+
+/*
+ * pregexec and friends
+ */
+
+#ifndef PERL_IN_XSUB_RE
+/*
+ - pregexec - match a regexp against a string
+ */
+I32
+Perl_pregexec(pTHX_ REGEXP * const prog, char* stringarg, char *strend,
+        char *strbeg, I32 minend, SV *screamer, U32 nosave)
+/* stringarg: the point in the string at which to begin matching */
+/* strend:    pointer to null at end of string */
+/* strbeg:    real beginning of string */
+/* minend:    end of match must be >= minend bytes after stringarg. */
+/* screamer:  SV being matched: only used for utf8 flag, pos() etc; string
+ *            itself is accessed via the pointers above */
+/* nosave:    For optimizations. */
+{
+    PERL_ARGS_ASSERT_PREGEXEC;
+
+    return
+       regexec_flags(prog, stringarg, strend, strbeg, minend, screamer, NULL,
+                     nosave ? 0 : REXEC_COPY_STR);
+}
+#endif
+
+/*
+ * Need to implement the following flags for reg_anch:
+ *
+ * USE_INTUIT_NOML             - Useful to call re_intuit_start() first
+ * USE_INTUIT_ML
+ * INTUIT_AUTORITATIVE_NOML    - Can trust a positive answer
+ * INTUIT_AUTORITATIVE_ML
+ * INTUIT_ONCE_NOML            - Intuit can match in one location only.
+ * INTUIT_ONCE_ML
+ *
+ * Another flag for this function: SECOND_TIME (so that float substrs
+ * with giant delta may be not rechecked).
+ */
+
+/* Assumptions: if ANCH_GPOS, then strpos is anchored. XXXX Check GPOS logic */
+
+/* If SCREAM, then SvPVX_const(sv) should be compatible with strpos and strend.
+   Otherwise, only SvCUR(sv) is used to get strbeg. */
+
+/* XXXX We assume that strpos is strbeg unless sv. */
+
+/* XXXX Some places assume that there is a fixed substring.
+       An update may be needed if optimizer marks as "INTUITable"
+       RExen without fixed substrings.  Similarly, it is assumed that
+       lengths of all the strings are no more than minlen, thus they
+       cannot come from lookahead.
+       (Or minlen should take into account lookahead.) 
+  NOTE: Some of this comment is not correct. minlen does now take account
+  of lookahead/behind. Further research is required. -- demerphq
+
+*/
+
+/* A failure to find a constant substring means that there is no need to make
+   an expensive call to REx engine, thus we celebrate a failure.  Similarly,
+   finding a substring too deep into the string means that fewer calls to
+   regtry() should be needed.
+
+   REx compiler's optimizer found 4 possible hints:
+       a) Anchored substring;
+       b) Fixed substring;
+       c) Whether we are anchored (beginning-of-line or \G);
+       d) First node (of those at offset 0) which may distinguish positions;
+   We use a)b)d) and multiline-part of c), and try to find a position in the
+   string which does not contradict any of them.
+ */
+
+/* Most of decisions we do here should have been done at compile time.
+   The nodes of the REx which we used for the search should have been
+   deleted from the finite automaton. */
+
+/* args:
+ * rx:     the regex to match against
+ * sv:     the SV being matched: only used for utf8 flag; the string
+ *         itself is accessed via the pointers below. Note that on
+ *         something like an overloaded SV, SvPOK(sv) may be false
+ *         and the string pointers may point to something unrelated to
+ *         the SV itself.
+ * strbeg: real beginning of string
+ * strpos: the point in the string at which to begin matching
+ * strend: pointer to the byte following the last char of the string
+ * flags   currently unused; set to 0
+ * data:   currently unused; set to NULL
+ */
+
+char *
+Perl_re_intuit_start(pTHX_
+                    REGEXP * const rx,
+                    SV *sv,
+                    const char * const strbeg,
+                    char *strpos,
+                    char *strend,
+                    const U32 flags,
+                    re_scream_pos_data *data)
+{
+    dVAR;
+    struct regexp *const prog = ReANY(rx);
+    I32 start_shift = 0;
+    /* Should be nonnegative! */
+    I32 end_shift   = 0;
+    char *s;
+    SV *check;
+    char *t;
+    const bool utf8_target = (sv && SvUTF8(sv)) ? 1 : 0; /* if no sv we have to assume bytes */
+    I32 ml_anch;
+    char *other_last = NULL;   /* other substr checked before this */
+    char *check_at = NULL;             /* check substr found at this pos */
+    char *checked_upto = NULL;          /* how far into the string we have already checked using find_byclass*/
+    const I32 multiline = prog->extflags & RXf_PMf_MULTILINE;
+    RXi_GET_DECL(prog,progi);
+    regmatch_info reginfo_buf;  /* create some info to pass to find_byclass */
+    regmatch_info *const reginfo = &reginfo_buf;
+#ifdef DEBUGGING
+    const char * const i_strpos = strpos;
+#endif
+    GET_RE_DEBUG_FLAGS_DECL;
+
+    PERL_ARGS_ASSERT_RE_INTUIT_START;
+    PERL_UNUSED_ARG(flags);
+    PERL_UNUSED_ARG(data);
+
+    /* CHR_DIST() would be more correct here but it makes things slow. */
+    if (prog->minlen > strend - strpos) {
+       DEBUG_EXECUTE_r(PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log,
+                             "String too short... [re_intuit_start]\n"));
+       goto fail;
+    }
+
+    reginfo->is_utf8_target = cBOOL(utf8_target);
+    reginfo->info_aux = NULL;
+    reginfo->strbeg = strbeg;
+    reginfo->strend = strend;
+    reginfo->is_utf8_pat = cBOOL(RX_UTF8(rx));
+    reginfo->intuit = 1;
+    /* not actually used within intuit, but zero for safety anyway */
+    reginfo->poscache_maxiter = 0;
+
+    if (utf8_target) {
+       if (!prog->check_utf8 && prog->check_substr)
+           to_utf8_substr(prog);
+       check = prog->check_utf8;
+    } else {
+       if (!prog->check_substr && prog->check_utf8) {
+           if (! to_byte_substr(prog)) {
+                NON_UTF8_TARGET_BUT_UTF8_REQUIRED(fail);
+            }
+        }
+       check = prog->check_substr;
+    }
+    if (prog->extflags & RXf_ANCH) {   /* Match at beg-of-str or after \n */
+       ml_anch = !( (prog->extflags & RXf_ANCH_SINGLE)
+                    || ( (prog->extflags & RXf_ANCH_BOL)
+                         && !multiline ) );    /* Check after \n? */
+
+       if (!ml_anch) {
+         if ( !(prog->extflags & RXf_ANCH_GPOS) /* Checked by the caller */
+               && !(prog->intflags & PREGf_IMPLICIT) /* not a real BOL */
+              && (strpos != strbeg)) {
+             DEBUG_EXECUTE_r(PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log, "Not at start...\n"));
+             goto fail;
+         }
+         if (prog->check_offset_min == prog->check_offset_max
+              && !(prog->extflags & RXf_CANY_SEEN)
+              && ! multiline)   /* /m can cause \n's to match that aren't
+                                   accounted for in the string max length.
+                                   See [perl #115242] */
+          {
+           /* Substring at constant offset from beg-of-str... */
+           I32 slen;
+
+           s = HOP3c(strpos, prog->check_offset_min, strend);
+           
+           if (SvTAIL(check)) {
+               slen = SvCUR(check);    /* >= 1 */
+
+               if ( strend - s > slen || strend - s < slen - 1
+                    || (strend - s == slen && strend[-1] != '\n')) {
+                   DEBUG_EXECUTE_r(PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log, "String too long...\n"));
+                   goto fail_finish;
+               }
+               /* Now should match s[0..slen-2] */
+               slen--;
+               if (slen && (*SvPVX_const(check) != *s
+                            || (slen > 1
+                                && memNE(SvPVX_const(check), s, slen)))) {
+                 report_neq:
+                   DEBUG_EXECUTE_r(PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log, "String not equal...\n"));
+                   goto fail_finish;
+               }
+           }
+           else if (*SvPVX_const(check) != *s
+                    || ((slen = SvCUR(check)) > 1
+                        && memNE(SvPVX_const(check), s, slen)))
+               goto report_neq;
+           check_at = s;
+           goto success_at_start;
+         }
+       }
+       /* Match is anchored, but substr is not anchored wrt beg-of-str. */
+       s = strpos;
+       start_shift = prog->check_offset_min; /* okay to underestimate on CC */
+       end_shift = prog->check_end_shift;
+       
+       if (!ml_anch) {
+           const I32 end = prog->check_offset_max + CHR_SVLEN(check)
+                                        - (SvTAIL(check) != 0);
+           const I32 eshift = CHR_DIST((U8*)strend, (U8*)s) - end;
+
+           if (end_shift < eshift)
+               end_shift = eshift;
+       }
+    }
+    else {                             /* Can match at random position */
+       ml_anch = 0;
+       s = strpos;
+       start_shift = prog->check_offset_min;  /* okay to underestimate on CC */
+       end_shift = prog->check_end_shift;
+       
+       /* end shift should be non negative here */
+    }
+
+#ifdef QDEBUGGING      /* 7/99: reports of failure (with the older version) */
+    if (end_shift < 0)
+       Perl_croak(aTHX_ "panic: end_shift: %"IVdf" pattern:\n%s\n ",
+                  (IV)end_shift, RX_PRECOMP(prog));
+#endif
+
+  restart:
+    /* Find a possible match in the region s..strend by looking for
+       the "check" substring in the region corrected by start/end_shift. */
+    
+    {
+        I32 srch_start_shift = start_shift;
+        I32 srch_end_shift = end_shift;
+        U8* start_point;
+        U8* end_point;
+        if (srch_start_shift < 0 && strbeg - s > srch_start_shift) {
+           srch_end_shift -= ((strbeg - s) - srch_start_shift); 
+           srch_start_shift = strbeg - s;
+       }
+    DEBUG_OPTIMISE_MORE_r({
+        PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log, "Check offset min: %"IVdf" Start shift: %"IVdf" End shift %"IVdf" Real End Shift: %"IVdf"\n",
+            (IV)prog->check_offset_min,
+            (IV)srch_start_shift,
+            (IV)srch_end_shift, 
+            (IV)prog->check_end_shift);
+    });       
+        
+        if (prog->extflags & RXf_CANY_SEEN) {
+            start_point= (U8*)(s + srch_start_shift);
+            end_point= (U8*)(strend - srch_end_shift);
+        } else {
+           start_point= HOP3(s, srch_start_shift, srch_start_shift < 0 ? strbeg : strend);
+            end_point= HOP3(strend, -srch_end_shift, strbeg);
+       }
+       DEBUG_OPTIMISE_MORE_r({
+            PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log, "fbm_instr len=%d str=<%.*s>\n", 
+                (int)(end_point - start_point),
+                (int)(end_point - start_point) > 20 ? 20 : (int)(end_point - start_point), 
+                start_point);
+        });
+
+       s = fbm_instr( start_point, end_point,
+                     check, multiline ? FBMrf_MULTILINE : 0);
+    }
+    /* Update the count-of-usability, remove useless subpatterns,
+       unshift s.  */
+
+    DEBUG_EXECUTE_r({
+        RE_PV_QUOTED_DECL(quoted, utf8_target, PERL_DEBUG_PAD_ZERO(0),
+            SvPVX_const(check), RE_SV_DUMPLEN(check), 30);
+        PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log, "%s %s substr %s%s%s",
+                         (s ? "Found" : "Did not find"),
+           (check == (utf8_target ? prog->anchored_utf8 : prog->anchored_substr)
+               ? "anchored" : "floating"),
+           quoted,
+           RE_SV_TAIL(check),
+           (s ? " at offset " : "...\n") ); 
+    });
+
+    if (!s)
+       goto fail_finish;
+    /* Finish the diagnostic message */
+    DEBUG_EXECUTE_r(PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log, "%ld...\n", (long)(s - i_strpos)) );
+
+    /* XXX dmq: first branch is for positive lookbehind...
+       Our check string is offset from the beginning of the pattern.
+       So we need to do any stclass tests offset forward from that 
+       point. I think. :-(
+     */
+    
+        
+    
+    check_at=s;
+     
+
+    /* Got a candidate.  Check MBOL anchoring, and the *other* substr.
+       Start with the other substr.
+       XXXX no SCREAM optimization yet - and a very coarse implementation
+       XXXX /ttx+/ results in anchored="ttx", floating="x".  floating will
+               *always* match.  Probably should be marked during compile...
+       Probably it is right to do no SCREAM here...
+     */
+
+    if (utf8_target ? (prog->float_utf8 && prog->anchored_utf8)
+                : (prog->float_substr && prog->anchored_substr)) 
+    {
+       /* Take into account the "other" substring. */
+       /* XXXX May be hopelessly wrong for UTF... */
+       if (!other_last)
+           other_last = strpos;
+       if (check == (utf8_target ? prog->float_utf8 : prog->float_substr)) {
+         do_other_anchored:
+           {
+               char * const last = HOP3c(s, -start_shift, strbeg);
+               char *last1, *last2;
+               char * const saved_s = s;
+               SV* must;
+
+               t = s - prog->check_offset_max;
+               if (s - strpos > prog->check_offset_max  /* signed-corrected t > strpos */
+                   && (!utf8_target
+                       || ((t = (char*)reghopmaybe3((U8*)s, -(prog->check_offset_max), (U8*)strpos))
+                           && t > strpos)))
+                   NOOP;
+               else
+                   t = strpos;
+               t = HOP3c(t, prog->anchored_offset, strend);
+               if (t < other_last)     /* These positions already checked */
+                   t = other_last;
+               last2 = last1 = HOP3c(strend, -prog->minlen, strbeg);
+               if (last < last1)
+                   last1 = last;
+                /* XXXX It is not documented what units *_offsets are in.  
+                   We assume bytes, but this is clearly wrong. 
+                   Meaning this code needs to be carefully reviewed for errors.
+                   dmq.
+                  */
+               /* On end-of-str: see comment below. */
+               must = utf8_target ? prog->anchored_utf8 : prog->anchored_substr;
+               if (must == &PL_sv_undef) {
+                   s = (char*)NULL;
+                   DEBUG_r(must = prog->anchored_utf8);        /* for debug */
+               }
+               else
+                   s = fbm_instr(
+                       (unsigned char*)t,
+                       HOP3(HOP3(last1, prog->anchored_offset, strend)
+                               + SvCUR(must), -(SvTAIL(must)!=0), strbeg),
+                       must,
+                       multiline ? FBMrf_MULTILINE : 0
+                   );
+                DEBUG_EXECUTE_r({
+                    RE_PV_QUOTED_DECL(quoted, utf8_target, PERL_DEBUG_PAD_ZERO(0),
+                        SvPVX_const(must), RE_SV_DUMPLEN(must), 30);
+                    PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log, "%s anchored substr %s%s",
+                       (s ? "Found" : "Contradicts"),
+                        quoted, RE_SV_TAIL(must));
+                });                
+               
+                           
+               if (!s) {
+                   if (last1 >= last2) {
+                       DEBUG_EXECUTE_r(PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log,
+                                               ", giving up...\n"));
+                       goto fail_finish;
+                   }
+                   DEBUG_EXECUTE_r(PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log,
+                       ", trying floating at offset %ld...\n",
+                       (long)(HOP3c(saved_s, 1, strend) - i_strpos)));
+                   other_last = HOP3c(last1, prog->anchored_offset+1, strend);
+                   s = HOP3c(last, 1, strend);
+                   goto restart;
+               }
+               else {
+                   DEBUG_EXECUTE_r(PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log, " at offset %ld...\n",
+                         (long)(s - i_strpos)));
+                   t = HOP3c(s, -prog->anchored_offset, strbeg);
+                   other_last = HOP3c(s, 1, strend);
+                   s = saved_s;
+                   if (t == strpos)
+                       goto try_at_start;
+                   goto try_at_offset;
+               }
+           }
+       }
+       else {          /* Take into account the floating substring. */
+           char *last, *last1;
+           char * const saved_s = s;
+           SV* must;
+
+           t = HOP3c(s, -start_shift, strbeg);
+           last1 = last =
+               HOP3c(strend, -prog->minlen + prog->float_min_offset, strbeg);
+           if (CHR_DIST((U8*)last, (U8*)t) > prog->float_max_offset)
+               last = HOP3c(t, prog->float_max_offset, strend);
+           s = HOP3c(t, prog->float_min_offset, strend);
+           if (s < other_last)
+               s = other_last;
+ /* XXXX It is not documented what units *_offsets are in.  Assume bytes.  */
+           must = utf8_target ? prog->float_utf8 : prog->float_substr;
+           /* fbm_instr() takes into account exact value of end-of-str
+              if the check is SvTAIL(ed).  Since false positives are OK,
+              and end-of-str is not later than strend we are OK. */
+           if (must == &PL_sv_undef) {
+               s = (char*)NULL;
+               DEBUG_r(must = prog->float_utf8);       /* for debug message */
+           }
+           else
+               s = fbm_instr((unsigned char*)s,
+                             (unsigned char*)last + SvCUR(must)
+                                 - (SvTAIL(must)!=0),
+                             must, multiline ? FBMrf_MULTILINE : 0);
+           DEBUG_EXECUTE_r({
+               RE_PV_QUOTED_DECL(quoted, utf8_target, PERL_DEBUG_PAD_ZERO(0),
+                   SvPVX_const(must), RE_SV_DUMPLEN(must), 30);
+               PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log, "%s floating substr %s%s",
+                   (s ? "Found" : "Contradicts"),
+                   quoted, RE_SV_TAIL(must));
+            });
+           if (!s) {
+               if (last1 == last) {
+                   DEBUG_EXECUTE_r(PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log,
+                                           ", giving up...\n"));
+                   goto fail_finish;
+               }
+               DEBUG_EXECUTE_r(PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log,
+                   ", trying anchored starting at offset %ld...\n",
+                   (long)(saved_s + 1 - i_strpos)));
+               other_last = last;
+               s = HOP3c(t, 1, strend);
+               goto restart;
+           }
+           else {
+               DEBUG_EXECUTE_r(PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log, " at offset %ld...\n",
+                     (long)(s - i_strpos)));
+               other_last = s; /* Fix this later. --Hugo */
+               s = saved_s;
+               if (t == strpos)
+                   goto try_at_start;
+               goto try_at_offset;
+           }
+       }
+    }
+
+    
+    t= (char*)HOP3( s, -prog->check_offset_max, (prog->check_offset_max<0) ? strend : strpos);
+        
+    DEBUG_OPTIMISE_MORE_r(
+        PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log, 
+            "Check offset min:%"IVdf" max:%"IVdf" S:%"IVdf" t:%"IVdf" D:%"IVdf" end:%"IVdf"\n",
+            (IV)prog->check_offset_min,
+            (IV)prog->check_offset_max,
+            (IV)(s-strpos),
+            (IV)(t-strpos),
+            (IV)(t-s),
+            (IV)(strend-strpos)
+        )
+    );
+
+    if (s - strpos > prog->check_offset_max  /* signed-corrected t > strpos */
+        && (!utf8_target
+           || ((t = (char*)reghopmaybe3((U8*)s, -prog->check_offset_max, (U8*) ((prog->check_offset_max<0) ? strend : strpos)))
+                && t > strpos))) 
+    {
+       /* Fixed substring is found far enough so that the match
+          cannot start at strpos. */
+      try_at_offset:
+       if (ml_anch && t[-1] != '\n') {
+           /* Eventually fbm_*() should handle this, but often
+              anchored_offset is not 0, so this check will not be wasted. */
+           /* XXXX In the code below we prefer to look for "^" even in
+              presence of anchored substrings.  And we search even
+              beyond the found float position.  These pessimizations
+              are historical artefacts only.  */
+         find_anchor:
+           while (t < strend - prog->minlen) {
+               if (*t == '\n') {
+                   if (t < check_at - prog->check_offset_min) {
+                       if (utf8_target ? prog->anchored_utf8 : prog->anchored_substr) {
+                           /* Since we moved from the found position,
+                              we definitely contradict the found anchored
+                              substr.  Due to the above check we do not
+                              contradict "check" substr.
+                              Thus we can arrive here only if check substr
+                              is float.  Redo checking for "other"=="fixed".
+                            */
+                           strpos = t + 1;                     
+                           DEBUG_EXECUTE_r(PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log, "Found /%s^%s/m at offset %ld, rescanning for anchored from offset %ld...\n",
+                               PL_colors[0], PL_colors[1], (long)(strpos - i_strpos), (long)(strpos - i_strpos + prog->anchored_offset)));
+                           goto do_other_anchored;
+                       }
+                       /* We don't contradict the found floating substring. */
+                       /* XXXX Why not check for STCLASS? */
+                       s = t + 1;
+                       DEBUG_EXECUTE_r(PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log, "Found /%s^%s/m at offset %ld...\n",
+                           PL_colors[0], PL_colors[1], (long)(s - i_strpos)));
+                       goto set_useful;
+                   }
+                   /* Position contradicts check-string */
+                   /* XXXX probably better to look for check-string
+                      than for "\n", so one should lower the limit for t? */
+                   DEBUG_EXECUTE_r(PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log, "Found /%s^%s/m, restarting lookup for check-string at offset %ld...\n",
+                       PL_colors[0], PL_colors[1], (long)(t + 1 - i_strpos)));
+                   other_last = strpos = s = t + 1;
+                   goto restart;
+               }
+               t++;
+           }
+           DEBUG_EXECUTE_r(PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log, "Did not find /%s^%s/m...\n",
+                       PL_colors[0], PL_colors[1]));
+           goto fail_finish;
+       }
+       else {
+           DEBUG_EXECUTE_r(PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log, "Starting position does not contradict /%s^%s/m...\n",
+                       PL_colors[0], PL_colors[1]));
+       }
+       s = t;
+      set_useful:
+       ++BmUSEFUL(utf8_target ? prog->check_utf8 : prog->check_substr);        /* hooray/5 */
+    }
+    else {
+       /* The found string does not prohibit matching at strpos,
+          - no optimization of calling REx engine can be performed,
+          unless it was an MBOL and we are not after MBOL,
+          or a future STCLASS check will fail this. */
+      try_at_start:
+       /* Even in this situation we may use MBOL flag if strpos is offset
+          wrt the start of the string. */
+       if (ml_anch && (strpos != strbeg) && strpos[-1] != '\n'
+           /* May be due to an implicit anchor of m{.*foo}  */
+           && !(prog->intflags & PREGf_IMPLICIT))
+       {
+           t = strpos;
+           goto find_anchor;
+       }
+       DEBUG_EXECUTE_r( if (ml_anch)
+           PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log, "Position at offset %ld does not contradict /%s^%s/m...\n",
+                         (long)(strpos - i_strpos), PL_colors[0], PL_colors[1]);
+       );
+      success_at_start:
+       if (!(prog->intflags & PREGf_NAUGHTY)   /* XXXX If strpos moved? */
+           && (utf8_target ? (
+               prog->check_utf8                /* Could be deleted already */
+               && --BmUSEFUL(prog->check_utf8) < 0
+               && (prog->check_utf8 == prog->float_utf8)
+           ) : (
+               prog->check_substr              /* Could be deleted already */
+               && --BmUSEFUL(prog->check_substr) < 0
+               && (prog->check_substr == prog->float_substr)
+           )))
+       {
+           /* If flags & SOMETHING - do not do it many times on the same match */
+           DEBUG_EXECUTE_r(PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log, "... Disabling check substring...\n"));
+           /* XXX Does the destruction order has to change with utf8_target? */
+           SvREFCNT_dec(utf8_target ? prog->check_utf8 : prog->check_substr);
+           SvREFCNT_dec(utf8_target ? prog->check_substr : prog->check_utf8);
+           prog->check_substr = prog->check_utf8 = NULL;       /* disable */
+           prog->float_substr = prog->float_utf8 = NULL;       /* clear */
+           check = NULL;                       /* abort */
+           s = strpos;
+           /* XXXX If the check string was an implicit check MBOL, then we need to unset the relevant flag
+                   see http://bugs.activestate.com/show_bug.cgi?id=87173 */
+           if (prog->intflags & PREGf_IMPLICIT)
+               prog->extflags &= ~RXf_ANCH_MBOL;
+           /* XXXX This is a remnant of the old implementation.  It
+                   looks wasteful, since now INTUIT can use many
+                   other heuristics. */
+           prog->extflags &= ~RXf_USE_INTUIT;
+           /* XXXX What other flags might need to be cleared in this branch? */
+       }
+       else
+           s = strpos;
+    }
+
+    /* Last resort... */
+    /* XXXX BmUSEFUL already changed, maybe multiple change is meaningful... */
+    /* trie stclasses are too expensive to use here, we are better off to
+       leave it to regmatch itself */
+    if (progi->regstclass && PL_regkind[OP(progi->regstclass)]!=TRIE) {
+       /* minlen == 0 is possible if regstclass is \b or \B,
+          and the fixed substr is ''$.
+          Since minlen is already taken into account, s+1 is before strend;
+          accidentally, minlen >= 1 guaranties no false positives at s + 1
+          even for \b or \B.  But (minlen? 1 : 0) below assumes that
+          regstclass does not come from lookahead...  */
+       /* If regstclass takes bytelength more than 1: If charlength==1, OK.
+          This leaves EXACTF-ish only, which are dealt with in find_byclass().  */
+        const U8* const str = (U8*)STRING(progi->regstclass);
+        const int cl_l = (PL_regkind[OP(progi->regstclass)] == EXACT
+                   ? CHR_DIST(str+STR_LEN(progi->regstclass), str)
+                   : 1);
+       char * endpos;
+       if (prog->anchored_substr || prog->anchored_utf8 || ml_anch)
+            endpos= HOP3c(s, (prog->minlen ? cl_l : 0), strend);
+        else if (prog->float_substr || prog->float_utf8)
+           endpos= HOP3c(HOP3c(check_at, -start_shift, strbeg), cl_l, strend);
+        else 
+            endpos= strend;
+                   
+        if (checked_upto < s)
+           checked_upto = s;
+        DEBUG_EXECUTE_r(PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log, "start_shift: %"IVdf" check_at: %"IVdf" s: %"IVdf" endpos: %"IVdf" checked_upto: %"IVdf"\n",
+                                      (IV)start_shift, (IV)(check_at - strbeg), (IV)(s - strbeg), (IV)(endpos - strbeg), (IV)(checked_upto- strbeg)));
+
+       t = s;
+        s = find_byclass(prog, progi->regstclass, checked_upto, endpos,
+                            reginfo);
+       if (s) {
+           checked_upto = s;
+       } else {
+#ifdef DEBUGGING
+           const char *what = NULL;
+#endif
+           if (endpos == strend) {
+               DEBUG_EXECUTE_r( PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log,
+                               "Could not match STCLASS...\n") );
+               goto fail;
+           }
+           DEBUG_EXECUTE_r( PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log,
+                                  "This position contradicts STCLASS...\n") );
+           if ((prog->extflags & RXf_ANCH) && !ml_anch)
+               goto fail;
+           checked_upto = HOPBACKc(endpos, start_shift);
+           DEBUG_EXECUTE_r(PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log, "start_shift: %"IVdf" check_at: %"IVdf" endpos: %"IVdf" checked_upto: %"IVdf"\n",
+                                      (IV)start_shift, (IV)(check_at - strbeg), (IV)(endpos - strbeg), (IV)(checked_upto- strbeg)));
+           /* Contradict one of substrings */
+           if (prog->anchored_substr || prog->anchored_utf8) {
+               if ((utf8_target ? prog->anchored_utf8 : prog->anchored_substr) == check) {
+                   DEBUG_EXECUTE_r( what = "anchored" );
+                 hop_and_restart:
+                   s = HOP3c(t, 1, strend);
+                   if (s + start_shift + end_shift > strend) {
+                       /* XXXX Should be taken into account earlier? */
+                       DEBUG_EXECUTE_r( PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log,
+                                              "Could not match STCLASS...\n") );
+                       goto fail;
+                   }
+                   if (!check)
+                       goto giveup;
+                   DEBUG_EXECUTE_r( PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log,
+                               "Looking for %s substr starting at offset %ld...\n",
+                                what, (long)(s + start_shift - i_strpos)) );
+                   goto restart;
+               }
+               /* Have both, check_string is floating */
+               if (t + start_shift >= check_at) /* Contradicts floating=check */
+                   goto retry_floating_check;
+               /* Recheck anchored substring, but not floating... */
+               s = check_at;
+               if (!check)
+                   goto giveup;
+               DEBUG_EXECUTE_r( PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log,
+                         "Looking for anchored substr starting at offset %ld...\n",
+                         (long)(other_last - i_strpos)) );
+               goto do_other_anchored;
+           }
+           /* Another way we could have checked stclass at the
+               current position only: */
+           if (ml_anch) {
+               s = t = t + 1;
+               if (!check)
+                   goto giveup;
+               DEBUG_EXECUTE_r( PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log,
+                         "Looking for /%s^%s/m starting at offset %ld...\n",
+                         PL_colors[0], PL_colors[1], (long)(t - i_strpos)) );
+               goto try_at_offset;
+           }
+           if (!(utf8_target ? prog->float_utf8 : prog->float_substr)) /* Could have been deleted */
+               goto fail;
+           /* Check is floating substring. */
+         retry_floating_check:
+           t = check_at - start_shift;
+           DEBUG_EXECUTE_r( what = "floating" );
+           goto hop_and_restart;
+       }
+       if (t != s) {
+            DEBUG_EXECUTE_r(PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log,
+                       "By STCLASS: moving %ld --> %ld\n",
+                                  (long)(t - i_strpos), (long)(s - i_strpos))
+                   );
+        }
+        else {
+            DEBUG_EXECUTE_r(PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log,
+                                  "Does not contradict STCLASS...\n"); 
+                   );
+        }
+    }
+  giveup:
+    DEBUG_EXECUTE_r(PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log, "%s%s:%s match at offset %ld\n",
+                         PL_colors[4], (check ? "Guessed" : "Giving up"),
+                         PL_colors[5], (long)(s - i_strpos)) );
+    return s;
+
+  fail_finish:                         /* Substring not found */
+    if (prog->check_substr || prog->check_utf8)                /* could be removed already */
+       BmUSEFUL(utf8_target ? prog->check_utf8 : prog->check_substr) += 5; /* hooray */
+  fail:
+    DEBUG_EXECUTE_r(PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log, "%sMatch rejected by optimizer%s\n",
+                         PL_colors[4], PL_colors[5]));
+    return NULL;
+}
+
+#define DECL_TRIE_TYPE(scan) \
+    const enum { trie_plain, trie_utf8, trie_utf8_fold, trie_latin_utf8_fold } \
+                    trie_type = ((scan->flags == EXACT) \
+                              ? (utf8_target ? trie_utf8 : trie_plain) \
+                              : (utf8_target ? trie_utf8_fold : trie_latin_utf8_fold))
+
+#define REXEC_TRIE_READ_CHAR(trie_type, trie, widecharmap, uc, uscan, len, uvc, charid, foldlen, foldbuf, uniflags) \
+STMT_START {                               \
+    STRLEN skiplen;                                                                 \
+    switch (trie_type) {                                                            \
+    case trie_utf8_fold:                                                            \
+        if ( foldlen>0 ) {                                                          \
+            uvc = utf8n_to_uvuni( (const U8*) uscan, UTF8_MAXLEN, &len, uniflags ); \
+            foldlen -= len;                                                         \
+            uscan += len;                                                           \
+            len=0;                                                                  \
+        } else {                                                                    \
+            uvc = to_utf8_fold( (const U8*) uc, foldbuf, &foldlen );                \
+            len = UTF8SKIP(uc);                                                     \
+            skiplen = UNISKIP( uvc );                                               \
+            foldlen -= skiplen;                                                     \
+            uscan = foldbuf + skiplen;                                              \
+        }                                                                           \
+        break;                                                                      \
+    case trie_latin_utf8_fold:                                                      \
+        if ( foldlen>0 ) {                                                          \
+            uvc = utf8n_to_uvuni( (const U8*) uscan, UTF8_MAXLEN, &len, uniflags ); \
+            foldlen -= len;                                                         \
+            uscan += len;                                                           \
+            len=0;                                                                  \
+        } else {                                                                    \
+            len = 1;                                                                \
+            uvc = _to_fold_latin1( (U8) *uc, foldbuf, &foldlen, FOLD_FLAGS_FULL);   \
+            skiplen = UNISKIP( uvc );                                               \
+            foldlen -= skiplen;                                                     \
+            uscan = foldbuf + skiplen;                                              \
+        }                                                                           \
+        break;                                                                      \
+    case trie_utf8:                                                                 \
+        uvc = utf8n_to_uvuni( (const U8*) uc, UTF8_MAXLEN, &len, uniflags );        \
+        break;                                                                      \
+    case trie_plain:                                                                \
+        uvc = (UV)*uc;                                                              \
+        len = 1;                                                                    \
+    }                                                                               \
+    if (uvc < 256) {                                                                \
+        charid = trie->charmap[ uvc ];                                              \
+    }                                                                               \
+    else {                                                                          \
+        charid = 0;                                                                 \
+        if (widecharmap) {                                                          \
+            SV** const svpp = hv_fetch(widecharmap,                                 \
+                        (char*)&uvc, sizeof(UV), 0);                                \
+            if (svpp)                                                               \
+                charid = (U16)SvIV(*svpp);                                          \
+        }                                                                           \
+    }                                                                               \
+} STMT_END
+
+#define REXEC_FBC_EXACTISH_SCAN(CoNd)                     \
+STMT_START {                                              \
+    while (s <= e) {                                      \
+       if ( (CoNd)                                       \
+            && (ln == 1 || folder(s, pat_string, ln))    \
+            && (reginfo->intuit || regtry(reginfo, &s)) )\
+           goto got_it;                                  \
+       s++;                                              \
+    }                                                     \
+} STMT_END
+
+#define REXEC_FBC_UTF8_SCAN(CoDe)                     \
+STMT_START {                                          \
+    while (s < strend) {                              \
+       CoDe                                          \
+       s += UTF8SKIP(s);                             \
+    }                                                 \
+} STMT_END
+
+#define REXEC_FBC_SCAN(CoDe)                          \
+STMT_START {                                          \
+    while (s < strend) {                              \
+       CoDe                                          \
+       s++;                                          \
+    }                                                 \
+} STMT_END
+
+#define REXEC_FBC_UTF8_CLASS_SCAN(CoNd)               \
+REXEC_FBC_UTF8_SCAN(                                  \
+    if (CoNd) {                                       \
+       if (tmp && (reginfo->intuit || regtry(reginfo, &s))) \
+           goto got_it;                              \
+       else                                          \
+           tmp = doevery;                            \
+    }                                                 \
+    else                                              \
+       tmp = 1;                                      \
+)
+
+#define REXEC_FBC_CLASS_SCAN(CoNd)                    \
+REXEC_FBC_SCAN(                                       \
+    if (CoNd) {                                       \
+       if (tmp && (reginfo->intuit || regtry(reginfo, &s)))  \
+           goto got_it;                              \
+       else                                          \
+           tmp = doevery;                            \
+    }                                                 \
+    else                                              \
+       tmp = 1;                                      \
+)
+
+#define REXEC_FBC_TRYIT               \
+if ((reginfo->intuit || regtry(reginfo, &s))) \
+    goto got_it
+
+#define REXEC_FBC_CSCAN(CoNdUtF8,CoNd)                         \
+    if (utf8_target) {                                             \
+       REXEC_FBC_UTF8_CLASS_SCAN(CoNdUtF8);                   \
+    }                                                          \
+    else {                                                     \
+       REXEC_FBC_CLASS_SCAN(CoNd);                            \
+    }
+    
+#define DUMP_EXEC_POS(li,s,doutf8) \
+    dump_exec_pos(li,s,(reginfo->strend),(reginfo->strbeg), \
+                startpos, doutf8)
+
+
+#define UTF8_NOLOAD(TEST_NON_UTF8, IF_SUCCESS, IF_FAIL) \
+       tmp = (s != reginfo->strbeg) ? UCHARAT(s - 1) : '\n';                  \
+       tmp = TEST_NON_UTF8(tmp);                                              \
+       REXEC_FBC_UTF8_SCAN(                                                   \
+           if (tmp == ! TEST_NON_UTF8((U8) *s)) { \
+               tmp = !tmp;                                                    \
+               IF_SUCCESS;                                                    \
+           }                                                                  \
+           else {                                                             \
+               IF_FAIL;                                                       \
+           }                                                                  \
+       );                                                                     \
+
+#define UTF8_LOAD(TeSt1_UtF8, TeSt2_UtF8, IF_SUCCESS, IF_FAIL) \
+       if (s == reginfo->strbeg) {                                            \
+           tmp = '\n';                                                        \
+       }                                                                      \
+       else {                                                                 \
+           U8 * const r = reghop3((U8*)s, -1, (U8*)reginfo->strbeg);          \
+           tmp = utf8n_to_uvchr(r, UTF8SKIP(r), 0, UTF8_ALLOW_DEFAULT);       \
+       }                                                                      \
+       tmp = TeSt1_UtF8;                                                      \
+       LOAD_UTF8_CHARCLASS_ALNUM();                                                                \
+       REXEC_FBC_UTF8_SCAN(                                                   \
+           if (tmp == ! (TeSt2_UtF8)) { \
+               tmp = !tmp;                                                    \
+               IF_SUCCESS;                                                    \
+           }                                                                  \
+           else {                                                             \
+               IF_FAIL;                                                       \
+           }                                                                  \
+       );                                                                     \
+
+/* The only difference between the BOUND and NBOUND cases is that
+ * REXEC_FBC_TRYIT is called when matched in BOUND, and when non-matched in
+ * NBOUND.  This is accomplished by passing it in either the if or else clause,
+ * with the other one being empty */
+#define FBC_BOUND(TEST_NON_UTF8, TEST1_UTF8, TEST2_UTF8) \
+    FBC_BOUND_COMMON(UTF8_LOAD(TEST1_UTF8, TEST2_UTF8, REXEC_FBC_TRYIT, PLACEHOLDER), TEST_NON_UTF8, REXEC_FBC_TRYIT, PLACEHOLDER)
+
+#define FBC_BOUND_NOLOAD(TEST_NON_UTF8, TEST1_UTF8, TEST2_UTF8) \
+    FBC_BOUND_COMMON(UTF8_NOLOAD(TEST_NON_UTF8, REXEC_FBC_TRYIT, PLACEHOLDER), TEST_NON_UTF8, REXEC_FBC_TRYIT, PLACEHOLDER)
+
+#define FBC_NBOUND(TEST_NON_UTF8, TEST1_UTF8, TEST2_UTF8) \
+    FBC_BOUND_COMMON(UTF8_LOAD(TEST1_UTF8, TEST2_UTF8, PLACEHOLDER, REXEC_FBC_TRYIT), TEST_NON_UTF8, PLACEHOLDER, REXEC_FBC_TRYIT)
+
+#define FBC_NBOUND_NOLOAD(TEST_NON_UTF8, TEST1_UTF8, TEST2_UTF8) \
+    FBC_BOUND_COMMON(UTF8_NOLOAD(TEST_NON_UTF8, PLACEHOLDER, REXEC_FBC_TRYIT), TEST_NON_UTF8, PLACEHOLDER, REXEC_FBC_TRYIT)
+
+
+/* Common to the BOUND and NBOUND cases.  Unfortunately the UTF8 tests need to
+ * be passed in completely with the variable name being tested, which isn't
+ * such a clean interface, but this is easier to read than it was before.  We
+ * are looking for the boundary (or non-boundary between a word and non-word
+ * character.  The utf8 and non-utf8 cases have the same logic, but the details
+ * must be different.  Find the "wordness" of the character just prior to this
+ * one, and compare it with the wordness of this one.  If they differ, we have
+ * a boundary.  At the beginning of the string, pretend that the previous
+ * character was a new-line */
+#define FBC_BOUND_COMMON(UTF8_CODE, TEST_NON_UTF8, IF_SUCCESS, IF_FAIL) \
+    if (utf8_target) {                                                         \
+               UTF8_CODE \
+    }                                                                          \
+    else {  /* Not utf8 */                                                     \
+       tmp = (s != reginfo->strbeg) ? UCHARAT(s - 1) : '\n';                  \
+       tmp = TEST_NON_UTF8(tmp);                                              \
+       REXEC_FBC_SCAN(                                                        \
+           if (tmp == ! TEST_NON_UTF8((U8) *s)) {                             \
+               tmp = !tmp;                                                    \
+               IF_SUCCESS;                                                    \
+           }                                                                  \
+           else {                                                             \
+               IF_FAIL;                                                       \
+           }                                                                  \
+       );                                                                     \
+    }                                                                          \
+    if ((!prog->minlen && tmp) && (reginfo->intuit || regtry(reginfo, &s)))           \
+       goto got_it;
+
+/* We know what class REx starts with.  Try to find this position... */
+/* if reginfo->intuit, its a dryrun */
+/* annoyingly all the vars in this routine have different names from their counterparts
+   in regmatch. /grrr */
+
+STATIC char *
+S_find_byclass(pTHX_ regexp * prog, const regnode *c, char *s, 
+    const char *strend, regmatch_info *reginfo)
+{
+    dVAR;
+    const I32 doevery = (prog->intflags & PREGf_SKIP) == 0;
+    char *pat_string;   /* The pattern's exactish string */
+    char *pat_end;         /* ptr to end char of pat_string */
+    re_fold_t folder;  /* Function for computing non-utf8 folds */
+    const U8 *fold_array;   /* array for folding ords < 256 */
+    STRLEN ln;
+    STRLEN lnc;
+    U8 c1;
+    U8 c2;
+    char *e;
+    I32 tmp = 1;       /* Scratch variable? */
+    const bool utf8_target = reginfo->is_utf8_target;
+    UV utf8_fold_flags = 0;
+    const bool is_utf8_pat = reginfo->is_utf8_pat;
+    bool to_complement = FALSE; /* Invert the result?  Taking the xor of this
+                                   with a result inverts that result, as 0^1 =
+                                   1 and 1^1 = 0 */
+    _char_class_number classnum;
+
+    RXi_GET_DECL(prog,progi);
+
+    PERL_ARGS_ASSERT_FIND_BYCLASS;
+
+    /* We know what class it must start with. */
+    switch (OP(c)) {
+    case ANYOF:
+    case ANYOF_SYNTHETIC:
+    case ANYOF_WARN_SUPER:
+        if (utf8_target) {
+            REXEC_FBC_UTF8_CLASS_SCAN(
+                      reginclass(prog, c, (U8*)s, utf8_target));
+        }
+        else {
+            REXEC_FBC_CLASS_SCAN(REGINCLASS(prog, c, (U8*)s));
+        }
+        break;
+    case CANY:
+        REXEC_FBC_SCAN(
+            if (tmp && (reginfo->intuit || regtry(reginfo, &s)))
+                goto got_it;
+            else
+                tmp = doevery;
+        );
+        break;
+
+    case EXACTFA:
+        if (is_utf8_pat || utf8_target) {
+            utf8_fold_flags = FOLDEQ_UTF8_NOMIX_ASCII;
+            goto do_exactf_utf8;
+        }
+        fold_array = PL_fold_latin1;    /* Latin1 folds are not affected by */
+        folder = foldEQ_latin1;                /* /a, except the sharp s one which */
+        goto do_exactf_non_utf8;       /* isn't dealt with by these */
+
+    case EXACTF:
+        if (utf8_target) {
+
+            /* regcomp.c already folded this if pattern is in UTF-8 */
+            utf8_fold_flags = 0;
+            goto do_exactf_utf8;
+        }
+        fold_array = PL_fold;
+        folder = foldEQ;
+        goto do_exactf_non_utf8;
+
+    case EXACTFL:
+        if (is_utf8_pat || utf8_target) {
+            utf8_fold_flags = FOLDEQ_UTF8_LOCALE;
+            goto do_exactf_utf8;
+        }
+        fold_array = PL_fold_locale;
+        folder = foldEQ_locale;
+        goto do_exactf_non_utf8;
+
+    case EXACTFU_SS:
+        if (is_utf8_pat) {
+            utf8_fold_flags = FOLDEQ_S2_ALREADY_FOLDED;
+        }
+        goto do_exactf_utf8;
+
+    case EXACTFU_TRICKYFOLD:
+    case EXACTFU:
+        if (is_utf8_pat || utf8_target) {
+            utf8_fold_flags = is_utf8_pat ? FOLDEQ_S2_ALREADY_FOLDED : 0;
+            goto do_exactf_utf8;
+        }
+
+        /* Any 'ss' in the pattern should have been replaced by regcomp,
+         * so we don't have to worry here about this single special case
+         * in the Latin1 range */
+        fold_array = PL_fold_latin1;
+        folder = foldEQ_latin1;
+
+        /* FALL THROUGH */
+
+    do_exactf_non_utf8: /* Neither pattern nor string are UTF8, and there
+                           are no glitches with fold-length differences
+                           between the target string and pattern */
+
+        /* The idea in the non-utf8 EXACTF* cases is to first find the
+         * first character of the EXACTF* node and then, if necessary,
+         * case-insensitively compare the full text of the node.  c1 is the
+         * first character.  c2 is its fold.  This logic will not work for
+         * Unicode semantics and the german sharp ss, which hence should
+         * not be compiled into a node that gets here. */
+        pat_string = STRING(c);
+        ln  = STR_LEN(c);      /* length to match in octets/bytes */
+
+        /* We know that we have to match at least 'ln' bytes (which is the
+         * same as characters, since not utf8).  If we have to match 3
+         * characters, and there are only 2 availabe, we know without
+         * trying that it will fail; so don't start a match past the
+         * required minimum number from the far end */
+        e = HOP3c(strend, -((I32)ln), s);
+
+        if (reginfo->intuit && e < s) {
+            e = s;                     /* Due to minlen logic of intuit() */
+        }
+
+        c1 = *pat_string;
+        c2 = fold_array[c1];
+        if (c1 == c2) { /* If char and fold are the same */
+            REXEC_FBC_EXACTISH_SCAN(*(U8*)s == c1);
+        }
+        else {
+            REXEC_FBC_EXACTISH_SCAN(*(U8*)s == c1 || *(U8*)s == c2);
+        }
+        break;
+
+    do_exactf_utf8:
+    {
+        unsigned expansion;
+
+        /* If one of the operands is in utf8, we can't use the simpler folding
+         * above, due to the fact that many different characters can have the
+         * same fold, or portion of a fold, or different- length fold */
+        pat_string = STRING(c);
+        ln  = STR_LEN(c);      /* length to match in octets/bytes */
+        pat_end = pat_string + ln;
+        lnc = is_utf8_pat       /* length to match in characters */
+                ? utf8_length((U8 *) pat_string, (U8 *) pat_end)
+                : ln;
+
+        /* We have 'lnc' characters to match in the pattern, but because of
+         * multi-character folding, each character in the target can match
+         * up to 3 characters (Unicode guarantees it will never exceed
+         * this) if it is utf8-encoded; and up to 2 if not (based on the
+         * fact that the Latin 1 folds are already determined, and the
+         * only multi-char fold in that range is the sharp-s folding to
+         * 'ss'.  Thus, a pattern character can match as little as 1/3 of a
+         * string character.  Adjust lnc accordingly, rounding up, so that
+         * if we need to match at least 4+1/3 chars, that really is 5. */
+        expansion = (utf8_target) ? UTF8_MAX_FOLD_CHAR_EXPAND : 2;
+        lnc = (lnc + expansion - 1) / expansion;
+
+        /* As in the non-UTF8 case, if we have to match 3 characters, and
+         * only 2 are left, it's guaranteed to fail, so don't start a
+         * match that would require us to go beyond the end of the string
+         */
+        e = HOP3c(strend, -((I32)lnc), s);
+
+        if (reginfo->intuit && e < s) {
+            e = s;                     /* Due to minlen logic of intuit() */
+        }
+
+        /* XXX Note that we could recalculate e to stop the loop earlier,
+         * as the worst case expansion above will rarely be met, and as we
+         * go along we would usually find that e moves further to the left.
+         * This would happen only after we reached the point in the loop
+         * where if there were no expansion we should fail.  Unclear if
+         * worth the expense */
+
+        while (s <= e) {
+            char *my_strend= (char *)strend;
+            if (foldEQ_utf8_flags(s, &my_strend, 0,  utf8_target,
+                  pat_string, NULL, ln, is_utf8_pat, utf8_fold_flags)
+                && (reginfo->intuit || regtry(reginfo, &s)) )
+            {
+                goto got_it;
+            }
+            s += (utf8_target) ? UTF8SKIP(s) : 1;
+        }
+        break;
+    }
+    case BOUNDL:
+        RXp_MATCH_TAINTED_on(prog);
+        FBC_BOUND(isWORDCHAR_LC,
+                  isWORDCHAR_LC_uvchr(UNI_TO_NATIVE(tmp)),
+                  isWORDCHAR_LC_utf8((U8*)s));
+        break;
+    case NBOUNDL:
+        RXp_MATCH_TAINTED_on(prog);
+        FBC_NBOUND(isWORDCHAR_LC,
+                   isWORDCHAR_LC_uvchr(UNI_TO_NATIVE(tmp)),
+                   isWORDCHAR_LC_utf8((U8*)s));
+        break;
+    case BOUND:
+        FBC_BOUND(isWORDCHAR,
+                  isWORDCHAR_uni(tmp),
+                  cBOOL(swash_fetch(PL_utf8_swash_ptrs[_CC_WORDCHAR], (U8*)s, utf8_target)));
+        break;
+    case BOUNDA:
+        FBC_BOUND_NOLOAD(isWORDCHAR_A,
+                         isWORDCHAR_A(tmp),
+                         isWORDCHAR_A((U8*)s));
+        break;
+    case NBOUND:
+        FBC_NBOUND(isWORDCHAR,
+                   isWORDCHAR_uni(tmp),
+                   cBOOL(swash_fetch(PL_utf8_swash_ptrs[_CC_WORDCHAR], (U8*)s, utf8_target)));
+        break;
+    case NBOUNDA:
+        FBC_NBOUND_NOLOAD(isWORDCHAR_A,
+                          isWORDCHAR_A(tmp),
+                          isWORDCHAR_A((U8*)s));
+        break;
+    case BOUNDU:
+        FBC_BOUND(isWORDCHAR_L1,
+                  isWORDCHAR_uni(tmp),
+                  cBOOL(swash_fetch(PL_utf8_swash_ptrs[_CC_WORDCHAR], (U8*)s, utf8_target)));
+        break;
+    case NBOUNDU:
+        FBC_NBOUND(isWORDCHAR_L1,
+                   isWORDCHAR_uni(tmp),
+                   cBOOL(swash_fetch(PL_utf8_swash_ptrs[_CC_WORDCHAR], (U8*)s, utf8_target)));
+        break;
+    case LNBREAK:
+        REXEC_FBC_CSCAN(is_LNBREAK_utf8_safe(s, strend),
+                        is_LNBREAK_latin1_safe(s, strend)
+        );
+        break;
+
+    /* The argument to all the POSIX node types is the class number to pass to
+     * _generic_isCC() to build a mask for searching in PL_charclass[] */
+
+    case NPOSIXL:
+        to_complement = 1;
+        /* FALLTHROUGH */
+
+    case POSIXL:
+        RXp_MATCH_TAINTED_on(prog);
+        REXEC_FBC_CSCAN(to_complement ^ cBOOL(isFOO_utf8_lc(FLAGS(c), (U8 *) s)),
+                        to_complement ^ cBOOL(isFOO_lc(FLAGS(c), *s)));
+        break;
+
+    case NPOSIXD:
+        to_complement = 1;
+        /* FALLTHROUGH */
+
+    case POSIXD:
+        if (utf8_target) {
+            goto posix_utf8;
+        }
+        goto posixa;
+
+    case NPOSIXA:
+        if (utf8_target) {
+            /* The complement of something that matches only ASCII matches all
+             * UTF-8 variant code points, plus everything in ASCII that isn't
+             * in the class */
+            REXEC_FBC_UTF8_CLASS_SCAN(! UTF8_IS_INVARIANT(*s)
+                                      || ! _generic_isCC_A(*s, FLAGS(c)));
+            break;
+        }
+
+        to_complement = 1;
+        /* FALLTHROUGH */
+
+    case POSIXA:
+      posixa:
+        /* Don't need to worry about utf8, as it can match only a single
+         * byte invariant character. */
+        REXEC_FBC_CLASS_SCAN(
+                        to_complement ^ cBOOL(_generic_isCC_A(*s, FLAGS(c))));
+        break;
+
+    case NPOSIXU:
+        to_complement = 1;
+        /* FALLTHROUGH */
+
+    case POSIXU:
+        if (! utf8_target) {
+            REXEC_FBC_CLASS_SCAN(to_complement ^ cBOOL(_generic_isCC(*s,
+                                                                    FLAGS(c))));
+        }
+        else {
+
+      posix_utf8:
+            classnum = (_char_class_number) FLAGS(c);
+            if (classnum < _FIRST_NON_SWASH_CC) {
+                while (s < strend) {
+
+                    /* We avoid loading in the swash as long as possible, but
+                     * should we have to, we jump to a separate loop.  This
+                     * extra 'if' statement is what keeps this code from being
+                     * just a call to REXEC_FBC_UTF8_CLASS_SCAN() */
+                    if (UTF8_IS_ABOVE_LATIN1(*s)) {
+                        goto found_above_latin1;
+                    }
+                    if ((UTF8_IS_INVARIANT(*s)
+                         && to_complement ^ cBOOL(_generic_isCC((U8) *s,
+                                                                classnum)))
+                        || (UTF8_IS_DOWNGRADEABLE_START(*s)
+                            && to_complement ^ cBOOL(
+                                _generic_isCC(TWO_BYTE_UTF8_TO_UNI(*s, *(s + 1)),
+                                              classnum))))
+                    {
+                        if (tmp && (reginfo->intuit || regtry(reginfo, &s)))
+                            goto got_it;
+                        else {
+                            tmp = doevery;
+                        }
+                    }
+                    else {
+                        tmp = 1;
+                    }
+                    s += UTF8SKIP(s);
+                }
+            }
+            else switch (classnum) {    /* These classes are implemented as
+                                           macros */
+                case _CC_ENUM_SPACE: /* XXX would require separate code if we
+                                        revert the change of \v matching this */
+                    /* FALL THROUGH */
+
+                case _CC_ENUM_PSXSPC:
+                    REXEC_FBC_UTF8_CLASS_SCAN(
+                                        to_complement ^ cBOOL(isSPACE_utf8(s)));
+                    break;
+
+                case _CC_ENUM_BLANK:
+                    REXEC_FBC_UTF8_CLASS_SCAN(
+                                        to_complement ^ cBOOL(isBLANK_utf8(s)));
+                    break;
+
+                case _CC_ENUM_XDIGIT:
+                    REXEC_FBC_UTF8_CLASS_SCAN(
+                                       to_complement ^ cBOOL(isXDIGIT_utf8(s)));
+                    break;
+
+                case _CC_ENUM_VERTSPACE:
+                    REXEC_FBC_UTF8_CLASS_SCAN(
+                                       to_complement ^ cBOOL(isVERTWS_utf8(s)));
+                    break;
+
+                case _CC_ENUM_CNTRL:
+                    REXEC_FBC_UTF8_CLASS_SCAN(
+                                        to_complement ^ cBOOL(isCNTRL_utf8(s)));
+                    break;
+
+                default:
+                    Perl_croak(aTHX_ "panic: find_byclass() node %d='%s' has an unexpected character class '%d'", OP(c), PL_reg_name[OP(c)], classnum);
+                    assert(0); /* NOTREACHED */
+            }
+        }
+        break;
+
+      found_above_latin1:   /* Here we have to load a swash to get the result
+                               for the current code point */
+        if (! PL_utf8_swash_ptrs[classnum]) {
+            U8 flags = _CORE_SWASH_INIT_ACCEPT_INVLIST;
+            PL_utf8_swash_ptrs[classnum] =
+                    _core_swash_init("utf8", swash_property_names[classnum],
+                                     &PL_sv_undef, 1, 0, NULL, &flags);
+        }
+
+        /* This is a copy of the loop above for swash classes, though using the
+         * FBC macro instead of being expanded out.  Since we've loaded the
+         * swash, we don't have to check for that each time through the loop */
+        REXEC_FBC_UTF8_CLASS_SCAN(
+                to_complement ^ cBOOL(_generic_utf8(
+                                      classnum,
+                                      s,
+                                      swash_fetch(PL_utf8_swash_ptrs[classnum],
+                                                  (U8 *) s, TRUE))));
+        break;
+
+    case AHOCORASICKC:
+    case AHOCORASICK:
+        {
+            DECL_TRIE_TYPE(c);
+            /* what trie are we using right now */
+            reg_ac_data *aho = (reg_ac_data*)progi->data->data[ ARG( c ) ];
+            reg_trie_data *trie = (reg_trie_data*)progi->data->data[ aho->trie ];
+            HV *widecharmap = MUTABLE_HV(progi->data->data[ aho->trie + 1 ]);
+
+            const char *last_start = strend - trie->minlen;
+#ifdef DEBUGGING
+            const char *real_start = s;
+#endif
+            STRLEN maxlen = trie->maxlen;
+            SV *sv_points;
+            U8 **points; /* map of where we were in the input string
+                            when reading a given char. For ASCII this
+                            is unnecessary overhead as the relationship
+                            is always 1:1, but for Unicode, especially
+                            case folded Unicode this is not true. */
+            U8 foldbuf[ UTF8_MAXBYTES_CASE + 1 ];
+            U8 *bitmap=NULL;
+
+
+            GET_RE_DEBUG_FLAGS_DECL;
+
+            /* We can't just allocate points here. We need to wrap it in
+             * an SV so it gets freed properly if there is a croak while
+             * running the match */
+            ENTER;
+            SAVETMPS;
+            sv_points=newSV(maxlen * sizeof(U8 *));
+            SvCUR_set(sv_points,
+                maxlen * sizeof(U8 *));
+            SvPOK_on(sv_points);
+            sv_2mortal(sv_points);
+            points=(U8**)SvPV_nolen(sv_points );
+            if ( trie_type != trie_utf8_fold
+                 && (trie->bitmap || OP(c)==AHOCORASICKC) )
+            {
+                if (trie->bitmap)
+                    bitmap=(U8*)trie->bitmap;
+                else
+                    bitmap=(U8*)ANYOF_BITMAP(c);
+            }
+            /* this is the Aho-Corasick algorithm modified a touch
+               to include special handling for long "unknown char" sequences.
+               The basic idea being that we use AC as long as we are dealing
+               with a possible matching char, when we encounter an unknown char
+               (and we have not encountered an accepting state) we scan forward
+               until we find a legal starting char.
+               AC matching is basically that of trie matching, except that when
+               we encounter a failing transition, we fall back to the current
+               states "fail state", and try the current char again, a process
+               we repeat until we reach the root state, state 1, or a legal
+               transition. If we fail on the root state then we can either
+               terminate if we have reached an accepting state previously, or
+               restart the entire process from the beginning if we have not.
+
+             */
+            while (s <= last_start) {
+                const U32 uniflags = UTF8_ALLOW_DEFAULT;
+                U8 *uc = (U8*)s;
+                U16 charid = 0;
+                U32 base = 1;
+                U32 state = 1;
+                UV uvc = 0;
+                STRLEN len = 0;
+                STRLEN foldlen = 0;
+                U8 *uscan = (U8*)NULL;
+                U8 *leftmost = NULL;
+#ifdef DEBUGGING
+                U32 accepted_word= 0;
+#endif
+                U32 pointpos = 0;
+
+                while ( state && uc <= (U8*)strend ) {
+                    int failed=0;
+                    U32 word = aho->states[ state ].wordnum;
+
+                    if( state==1 ) {
+                        if ( bitmap ) {
+                            DEBUG_TRIE_EXECUTE_r(
+                                if ( uc <= (U8*)last_start && !BITMAP_TEST(bitmap,*uc) ) {
+                                    dump_exec_pos( (char *)uc, c, strend, real_start,
+                                        (char *)uc, utf8_target );
+                                    PerlIO_printf( Perl_debug_log,
+                                        " Scanning for legal start char...\n");
+                                }
+                            );
+                            if (utf8_target) {
+                                while ( uc <= (U8*)last_start && !BITMAP_TEST(bitmap,*uc) ) {
+                                    uc += UTF8SKIP(uc);
+                                }
+                            } else {
+                                while ( uc <= (U8*)last_start  && !BITMAP_TEST(bitmap,*uc) ) {
+                                    uc++;
+                                }
+                            }
+                            s= (char *)uc;
+                        }
+                        if (uc >(U8*)last_start) break;
+                    }
+
+                    if ( word ) {
+                        U8 *lpos= points[ (pointpos - trie->wordinfo[word].len) % maxlen ];
+                        if (!leftmost || lpos < leftmost) {
+                            DEBUG_r(accepted_word=word);
+                            leftmost= lpos;
+                        }
+                        if (base==0) break;
+
+                    }
+                    points[pointpos++ % maxlen]= uc;
+                    if (foldlen || uc < (U8*)strend) {
+                        REXEC_TRIE_READ_CHAR(trie_type, trie,
+                                         widecharmap, uc,
+                                         uscan, len, uvc, charid, foldlen,
+                                         foldbuf, uniflags);
+                        DEBUG_TRIE_EXECUTE_r({
+                            dump_exec_pos( (char *)uc, c, strend,
+                                        real_start, s, utf8_target);
+                            PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log,
+                                " Charid:%3u CP:%4"UVxf" ",
+                                 charid, uvc);
+                        });
+                    }
+                    else {
+                        len = 0;
+                        charid = 0;
+                    }
+
+
+                    do {
+#ifdef DEBUGGING
+                        word = aho->states[ state ].wordnum;
+#endif
+                        base = aho->states[ state ].trans.base;
+
+                        DEBUG_TRIE_EXECUTE_r({
+                            if (failed)
+                                dump_exec_pos( (char *)uc, c, strend, real_start,
+                                    s,   utf8_target );
+                            PerlIO_printf( Perl_debug_log,
+                                "%sState: %4"UVxf", word=%"UVxf,
+                                failed ? " Fail transition to " : "",
+                                (UV)state, (UV)word);
+                        });
+                        if ( base ) {
+                            U32 tmp;
+                            I32 offset;
+                            if (charid &&
+                                 ( ((offset = base + charid
+                                    - 1 - trie->uniquecharcount)) >= 0)
+                                 && ((U32)offset < trie->lasttrans)
+                                 && trie->trans[offset].check == state
+                                 && (tmp=trie->trans[offset].next))
+                            {
+                                DEBUG_TRIE_EXECUTE_r(
+                                    PerlIO_printf( Perl_debug_log," - legal\n"));
+                                state = tmp;
+                                break;
+                            }
+                            else {
+                                DEBUG_TRIE_EXECUTE_r(
+                                    PerlIO_printf( Perl_debug_log," - fail\n"));
+                                failed = 1;
+                                state = aho->fail[state];
+                            }
+                        }
+                        else {
+                            /* we must be accepting here */
+                            DEBUG_TRIE_EXECUTE_r(
+                                    PerlIO_printf( Perl_debug_log," - accepting\n"));
+                            failed = 1;
+                            break;
+                        }
+                    } while(state);
+                    uc += len;
+                    if (failed) {
+                        if (leftmost)
+                            break;
+                        if (!state) state = 1;
+                    }
+                }
+                if ( aho->states[ state ].wordnum ) {
+                    U8 *lpos = points[ (pointpos - trie->wordinfo[aho->states[ state ].wordnum].len) % maxlen ];
+                    if (!leftmost || lpos < leftmost) {
+                        DEBUG_r(accepted_word=aho->states[ state ].wordnum);
+                        leftmost = lpos;
+                    }
+                }
+                if (leftmost) {
+                    s = (char*)leftmost;
+                    DEBUG_TRIE_EXECUTE_r({
+                        PerlIO_printf(
+                            Perl_debug_log,"Matches word #%"UVxf" at position %"IVdf". Trying full pattern...\n",
+                            (UV)accepted_word, (IV)(s - real_start)
+                        );
+                    });
+                    if (reginfo->intuit || regtry(reginfo, &s)) {
+                        FREETMPS;
+                        LEAVE;
+                        goto got_it;
+                    }
+                    s = HOPc(s,1);
+                    DEBUG_TRIE_EXECUTE_r({
+                        PerlIO_printf( Perl_debug_log,"Pattern failed. Looking for new start point...\n");
+                    });
+                } else {
+                    DEBUG_TRIE_EXECUTE_r(
+                        PerlIO_printf( Perl_debug_log,"No match.\n"));
+                    break;
+                }
+            }
+            FREETMPS;
+            LEAVE;
+        }
+        break;
+    default:
+        Perl_croak(aTHX_ "panic: unknown regstclass %d", (int)OP(c));
+        break;
+    }
+    return 0;
+  got_it:
+    return s;
+}
+
+
+/*
+ - regexec_flags - match a regexp against a string
+ */
+I32
+Perl_regexec_flags(pTHX_ REGEXP * const rx, char *stringarg, char *strend,
+             char *strbeg, I32 minend, SV *sv, void *data, U32 flags)
+/* stringarg: the point in the string at which to begin matching */
+/* strend:    pointer to null at end of string */
+/* strbeg:    real beginning of string */
+/* minend:    end of match must be >= minend bytes after stringarg. */
+/* sv:        SV being matched: only used for utf8 flag, pos() etc; string
+ *            itself is accessed via the pointers above */
+/* data:      May be used for some additional optimizations.
+              Currently its only used, with a U32 cast, for transmitting
+              the ganch offset when doing a /g match. This will change */
+/* nosave:    For optimizations. */
+
+{
+    dVAR;
+    struct regexp *const prog = ReANY(rx);
+    char *s;
+    regnode *c;
+    char *startpos = stringarg;
+    I32 minlen;                /* must match at least this many chars */
+    I32 dontbother = 0;        /* how many characters not to try at end */
+    I32 end_shift = 0;                 /* Same for the end. */         /* CC */
+    I32 scream_pos = -1;               /* Internal iterator of scream. */
+    char *scream_olds = NULL;
+    const bool utf8_target = cBOOL(DO_UTF8(sv));
+    I32 multiline;
+    RXi_GET_DECL(prog,progi);
+    regmatch_info reginfo_buf;  /* create some info to pass to regtry etc */
+    regmatch_info *const reginfo = &reginfo_buf;
+    regexp_paren_pair *swap = NULL;
+    I32 oldsave;
+    GET_RE_DEBUG_FLAGS_DECL;
+
+    PERL_ARGS_ASSERT_REGEXEC_FLAGS;
+    PERL_UNUSED_ARG(data);
+
+    /* Be paranoid... */
+    if (prog == NULL || startpos == NULL) {
+       Perl_croak(aTHX_ "NULL regexp parameter");
+       return 0;
+    }
+
+    DEBUG_EXECUTE_r(
+        debug_start_match(rx, utf8_target, startpos, strend,
+        "Matching");
+    );
+
+
+    /* at the end of this function, we'll do a LEAVE_SCOPE(oldsave),
+     * which will call destuctors to reset PL_regmatch_state, free higher
+     * PL_regmatch_slabs, and clean up regmatch_info_aux and
+     * regmatch_info_aux_eval */
+
+    oldsave = PL_savestack_ix;
+
+    multiline = prog->extflags & RXf_PMf_MULTILINE;
+    minlen = prog->minlen;
+    
+    if (strend - startpos < (minlen+(prog->check_offset_min<0?prog->check_offset_min:0))) {
+        DEBUG_EXECUTE_r(PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log,
+                             "String too short [regexec_flags]...\n"));
+       goto phooey;
+    }
+    
+    /* Check validity of program. */
+    if (UCHARAT(progi->program) != REG_MAGIC) {
+       Perl_croak(aTHX_ "corrupted regexp program");
+    }
+
+    RX_MATCH_TAINTED_off(rx);
+
+    reginfo->prog = rx;         /* Yes, sorry that this is confusing.  */
+    reginfo->intuit = 0;
+    reginfo->is_utf8_target = cBOOL(utf8_target);
+    reginfo->is_utf8_pat = cBOOL(RX_UTF8(rx));
+    reginfo->warned = FALSE;
+    reginfo->strbeg  = strbeg;
+    reginfo->sv = sv;
+    reginfo->poscache_maxiter = 0; /* not yet started a countdown */
+    reginfo->strend = strend;
+    /* see how far we have to get to not match where we matched before */
+    reginfo->till = startpos+minend;
+
+    /* reserve next 2 or 3 slots in PL_regmatch_state:
+     * slot N+0: may currently be in use: skip it
+     * slot N+1: use for regmatch_info_aux struct
+     * slot N+2: use for regmatch_info_aux_eval struct if we have (?{})'s
+     * slot N+3: ready for use by regmatch()
+     */
+
+    {
+        regmatch_state *old_regmatch_state;
+        regmatch_slab  *old_regmatch_slab;
+        int i, max = (prog->extflags & RXf_EVAL_SEEN) ? 2 : 1;
+
+        /* on first ever match, allocate first slab */
+        if (!PL_regmatch_slab) {
+            Newx(PL_regmatch_slab, 1, regmatch_slab);
+            PL_regmatch_slab->prev = NULL;
+            PL_regmatch_slab->next = NULL;
+            PL_regmatch_state = SLAB_FIRST(PL_regmatch_slab);
+        }
+
+        old_regmatch_state = PL_regmatch_state;
+        old_regmatch_slab  = PL_regmatch_slab;
+
+        for (i=0; i <= max; i++) {
+            if (i == 1)
+                reginfo->info_aux = &(PL_regmatch_state->u.info_aux);
+            else if (i ==2)
+                reginfo->info_aux_eval =
+                reginfo->info_aux->info_aux_eval =
+                            &(PL_regmatch_state->u.info_aux_eval);
+
+            if (++PL_regmatch_state >  SLAB_LAST(PL_regmatch_slab))
+                PL_regmatch_state = S_push_slab(aTHX);
+        }
+
+        /* note initial PL_regmatch_state position; at end of match we'll
+         * pop back to there and free any higher slabs */
+
+        reginfo->info_aux->old_regmatch_state = old_regmatch_state;
+        reginfo->info_aux->old_regmatch_slab  = old_regmatch_slab;
+        reginfo->info_aux->poscache = NULL;
+
+        SAVEDESTRUCTOR_X(S_cleanup_regmatch_info_aux, reginfo->info_aux);
+
+        if ((prog->extflags & RXf_EVAL_SEEN))
+            S_setup_eval_state(aTHX_ reginfo);
+        else
+            reginfo->info_aux_eval = reginfo->info_aux->info_aux_eval = NULL;
+    }
+
+    /* If there is a "must appear" string, look for it. */
+    s = startpos;
+
+    if (prog->extflags & RXf_GPOS_SEEN) { /* Need to set reginfo->ganch */
+       MAGIC *mg;
+       if (flags & REXEC_IGNOREPOS){   /* Means: check only at start */
+           reginfo->ganch = startpos + prog->gofs;
+           DEBUG_GPOS_r(PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log,
+             "GPOS IGNOREPOS: reginfo->ganch = startpos + %"UVxf"\n",(UV)prog->gofs));
+       } else if (sv && SvTYPE(sv) >= SVt_PVMG
+                 && SvMAGIC(sv)
+                 && (mg = mg_find(sv, PERL_MAGIC_regex_global))
+                 && mg->mg_len >= 0) {
+           reginfo->ganch = strbeg + mg->mg_len;       /* Defined pos() */
+           DEBUG_GPOS_r(PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log,
+               "GPOS MAGIC: reginfo->ganch = strbeg + %"IVdf"\n",(IV)mg->mg_len));
+
+           if (prog->extflags & RXf_ANCH_GPOS) {
+               if (s > reginfo->ganch)
+                   goto phooey;
+               s = reginfo->ganch - prog->gofs;
+               DEBUG_GPOS_r(PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log,
+                    "GPOS ANCH_GPOS: s = ganch - %"UVxf"\n",(UV)prog->gofs));
+               if (s < strbeg)
+                   goto phooey;
+           }
+       }
+       else if (data) {
+           reginfo->ganch = strbeg + PTR2UV(data);
+            DEBUG_GPOS_r(PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log,
+                "GPOS DATA: reginfo->ganch= strbeg + %"UVxf"\n",PTR2UV(data)));
+
+       } else {                                /* pos() not defined */
+           reginfo->ganch = strbeg;
+            DEBUG_GPOS_r(PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log,
+                "GPOS: reginfo->ganch = strbeg\n"));
+       }
+    }
+    if (PL_curpm && (PM_GETRE(PL_curpm) == rx)) {
+        /* We have to be careful. If the previous successful match
+           was from this regex we don't want a subsequent partially
+           successful match to clobber the old results.
+           So when we detect this possibility we add a swap buffer
+           to the re, and switch the buffer each match. If we fail,
+           we switch it back; otherwise we leave it swapped.
+        */
+        swap = prog->offs;
+        /* do we need a save destructor here for eval dies? */
+        Newxz(prog->offs, (prog->nparens + 1), regexp_paren_pair);
+       DEBUG_BUFFERS_r(PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log,
+           "rex=0x%"UVxf" saving  offs: orig=0x%"UVxf" new=0x%"UVxf"\n",
+           PTR2UV(prog),
+           PTR2UV(swap),
+           PTR2UV(prog->offs)
+       ));
+    }
+    if (!(flags & REXEC_CHECKED) && (prog->check_substr != NULL || prog->check_utf8 != NULL)) {
+       re_scream_pos_data d;
+
+       d.scream_olds = &scream_olds;
+       d.scream_pos = &scream_pos;
+       s = re_intuit_start(rx, sv, strbeg, s, strend, flags, &d);
+       if (!s) {
+           DEBUG_EXECUTE_r(PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log, "Not present...\n"));
+           goto phooey;        /* not present */
+       }
+    }
+
+
+
+    /* Simplest case:  anchored match need be tried only once. */
+    /*  [unless only anchor is BOL and multiline is set] */
+    if (prog->extflags & (RXf_ANCH & ~RXf_ANCH_GPOS)) {
+       if (s == startpos && regtry(reginfo, &startpos))
+           goto got_it;
+       else if (multiline || (prog->intflags & PREGf_IMPLICIT)
+                || (prog->extflags & RXf_ANCH_MBOL)) /* XXXX SBOL? */
+       {
+           char *end;
+
+           if (minlen)
+               dontbother = minlen - 1;
+           end = HOP3c(strend, -dontbother, strbeg) - 1;
+           /* for multiline we only have to try after newlines */
+           if (prog->check_substr || prog->check_utf8) {
+                /* because of the goto we can not easily reuse the macros for bifurcating the
+                   unicode/non-unicode match modes here like we do elsewhere - demerphq */
+                if (utf8_target) {
+                    if (s == startpos)
+                        goto after_try_utf8;
+                    while (1) {
+                        if (regtry(reginfo, &s)) {
+                            goto got_it;
+                        }
+                      after_try_utf8:
+                        if (s > end) {
+                            goto phooey;
+                        }
+                        if (prog->extflags & RXf_USE_INTUIT) {
+                            s = re_intuit_start(rx, sv, strbeg,
+                                    s + UTF8SKIP(s), strend, flags, NULL);
+                            if (!s) {
+                                goto phooey;
+                            }
+                        }
+                        else {
+                            s += UTF8SKIP(s);
+                        }
+                    }
+                } /* end search for check string in unicode */
+                else {
+                    if (s == startpos) {
+                        goto after_try_latin;
+                    }
+                    while (1) {
+                        if (regtry(reginfo, &s)) {
+                            goto got_it;
+                        }
+                      after_try_latin:
+                        if (s > end) {
+                            goto phooey;
+                        }
+                        if (prog->extflags & RXf_USE_INTUIT) {
+                            s = re_intuit_start(rx, sv, strbeg,
+                                        s + 1, strend, flags, NULL);
+                            if (!s) {
+                                goto phooey;
+                            }
+                        }
+                        else {
+                            s++;
+                        }
+                    }
+                } /* end search for check string in latin*/
+           } /* end search for check string */
+           else { /* search for newline */
+               if (s > startpos) {
+                    /*XXX: The s-- is almost definitely wrong here under unicode - demeprhq*/
+                   s--;
+               }
+               /* We can use a more efficient search as newlines are the same in unicode as they are in latin */
+               while (s <= end) { /* note it could be possible to match at the end of the string */
+                   if (*s++ == '\n') { /* don't need PL_utf8skip here */
+                       if (regtry(reginfo, &s))
+                           goto got_it;
+                   }
+               }
+           } /* end search for newline */
+       } /* end anchored/multiline check string search */
+       goto phooey;
+    } else if (RXf_GPOS_CHECK == (prog->extflags & RXf_GPOS_CHECK)) 
+    {
+        /* the warning about reginfo->ganch being used without initialization
+           is bogus -- we set it above, when prog->extflags & RXf_GPOS_SEEN 
+           and we only enter this block when the same bit is set. */
+        char *tmp_s = reginfo->ganch - prog->gofs;
+
+       if (tmp_s >= strbeg && regtry(reginfo, &tmp_s))
+           goto got_it;
+       goto phooey;
+    }
+
+    /* Messy cases:  unanchored match. */
+    if ((prog->anchored_substr || prog->anchored_utf8) && prog->intflags & PREGf_SKIP) {
+       /* we have /x+whatever/ */
+       /* it must be a one character string (XXXX Except is_utf8_pat?) */
+       char ch;
+#ifdef DEBUGGING
+       int did_match = 0;
+#endif
+       if (utf8_target) {
+            if (! prog->anchored_utf8) {
+                to_utf8_substr(prog);
+            }
+            ch = SvPVX_const(prog->anchored_utf8)[0];
+           REXEC_FBC_SCAN(
+               if (*s == ch) {
+                   DEBUG_EXECUTE_r( did_match = 1 );
+                   if (regtry(reginfo, &s)) goto got_it;
+                   s += UTF8SKIP(s);
+                   while (s < strend && *s == ch)
+                       s += UTF8SKIP(s);
+               }
+           );
+
+       }
+       else {
+            if (! prog->anchored_substr) {
+                if (! to_byte_substr(prog)) {
+                    NON_UTF8_TARGET_BUT_UTF8_REQUIRED(phooey);
+                }
+            }
+            ch = SvPVX_const(prog->anchored_substr)[0];
+           REXEC_FBC_SCAN(
+               if (*s == ch) {
+                   DEBUG_EXECUTE_r( did_match = 1 );
+                   if (regtry(reginfo, &s)) goto got_it;
+                   s++;
+                   while (s < strend && *s == ch)
+                       s++;
+               }
+           );
+       }
+       DEBUG_EXECUTE_r(if (!did_match)
+               PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log,
+                                  "Did not find anchored character...\n")
+               );
+    }
+    else if (prog->anchored_substr != NULL
+             || prog->anchored_utf8 != NULL
+             || ((prog->float_substr != NULL || prog->float_utf8 != NULL)
+                 && prog->float_max_offset < strend - s)) {
+       SV *must;
+       I32 back_max;
+       I32 back_min;
+       char *last;
+       char *last1;            /* Last position checked before */
+#ifdef DEBUGGING
+       int did_match = 0;
+#endif
+       if (prog->anchored_substr || prog->anchored_utf8) {
+           if (utf8_target) {
+                if (! prog->anchored_utf8) {
+                    to_utf8_substr(prog);
+                }
+                must = prog->anchored_utf8;
+            }
+            else {
+                if (! prog->anchored_substr) {
+                    if (! to_byte_substr(prog)) {
+                        NON_UTF8_TARGET_BUT_UTF8_REQUIRED(phooey);
+                    }
+                }
+                must = prog->anchored_substr;
+            }
+           back_max = back_min = prog->anchored_offset;
+       } else {
+           if (utf8_target) {
+                if (! prog->float_utf8) {
+                    to_utf8_substr(prog);
+                }
+                must = prog->float_utf8;
+            }
+            else {
+                if (! prog->float_substr) {
+                    if (! to_byte_substr(prog)) {
+                        NON_UTF8_TARGET_BUT_UTF8_REQUIRED(phooey);
+                    }
+                }
+                must = prog->float_substr;
+            }
+           back_max = prog->float_max_offset;
+           back_min = prog->float_min_offset;
+       }
+           
+        if (back_min<0) {
+           last = strend;
+       } else {
+            last = HOP3c(strend,       /* Cannot start after this */
+                 -(I32)(CHR_SVLEN(must)
+                        - (SvTAIL(must) != 0) + back_min), strbeg);
+        }
+       if (s > reginfo->strbeg)
+           last1 = HOPc(s, -1);
+       else
+           last1 = s - 1;      /* bogus */
+
+       /* XXXX check_substr already used to find "s", can optimize if
+          check_substr==must. */
+       scream_pos = -1;
+       dontbother = end_shift;
+       strend = HOPc(strend, -dontbother);
+       while ( (s <= last) &&
+               (s = fbm_instr((unsigned char*)HOP3(s, back_min, (back_min<0 ? strbeg : strend)),
+                                 (unsigned char*)strend, must,
+                                 multiline ? FBMrf_MULTILINE : 0)) ) {
+           DEBUG_EXECUTE_r( did_match = 1 );
+           if (HOPc(s, -back_max) > last1) {
+               last1 = HOPc(s, -back_min);
+               s = HOPc(s, -back_max);
+           }
+           else {
+               char * const t = (last1 >= reginfo->strbeg)
+                                    ? HOPc(last1, 1) : last1 + 1;
+
+               last1 = HOPc(s, -back_min);
+               s = t;
+           }
+           if (utf8_target) {
+               while (s <= last1) {
+                   if (regtry(reginfo, &s))
+                       goto got_it;
+                    if (s >= last1) {
+                        s++; /* to break out of outer loop */
+                        break;
+                    }
+                    s += UTF8SKIP(s);
+               }
+           }
+           else {
+               while (s <= last1) {
+                   if (regtry(reginfo, &s))
+                       goto got_it;
+                   s++;
+               }
+           }
+       }
+       DEBUG_EXECUTE_r(if (!did_match) {
+            RE_PV_QUOTED_DECL(quoted, utf8_target, PERL_DEBUG_PAD_ZERO(0),
+                SvPVX_const(must), RE_SV_DUMPLEN(must), 30);
+            PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log, "Did not find %s substr %s%s...\n",
+                             ((must == prog->anchored_substr || must == prog->anchored_utf8)
+                              ? "anchored" : "floating"),
+                quoted, RE_SV_TAIL(must));
+        });                
+       goto phooey;
+    }
+    else if ( (c = progi->regstclass) ) {
+       if (minlen) {
+           const OPCODE op = OP(progi->regstclass);
+           /* don't bother with what can't match */
+           if (PL_regkind[op] != EXACT && op != CANY && PL_regkind[op] != TRIE)
+               strend = HOPc(strend, -(minlen - 1));
+       }
+       DEBUG_EXECUTE_r({
+           SV * const prop = sv_newmortal();
+           regprop(prog, prop, c);
+           {
+               RE_PV_QUOTED_DECL(quoted,utf8_target,PERL_DEBUG_PAD_ZERO(1),
+                   s,strend-s,60);
+               PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log,
+                   "Matching stclass %.*s against %s (%d bytes)\n",
+                   (int)SvCUR(prop), SvPVX_const(prop),
+                    quoted, (int)(strend - s));
+           }
+       });
+        if (find_byclass(prog, c, s, strend, reginfo))
+           goto got_it;
+       DEBUG_EXECUTE_r(PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log, "Contradicts stclass... [regexec_flags]\n"));
+    }
+    else {
+       dontbother = 0;
+       if (prog->float_substr != NULL || prog->float_utf8 != NULL) {
+           /* Trim the end. */
+           char *last= NULL;
+           SV* float_real;
+           STRLEN len;
+           const char *little;
+
+           if (utf8_target) {
+                if (! prog->float_utf8) {
+                    to_utf8_substr(prog);
+                }
+                float_real = prog->float_utf8;
+            }
+            else {
+                if (! prog->float_substr) {
+                    if (! to_byte_substr(prog)) {
+                        NON_UTF8_TARGET_BUT_UTF8_REQUIRED(phooey);
+                    }
+                }
+                float_real = prog->float_substr;
+            }
+
+            little = SvPV_const(float_real, len);
+           if (SvTAIL(float_real)) {
+                    /* This means that float_real contains an artificial \n on
+                     * the end due to the presence of something like this:
+                     * /foo$/ where we can match both "foo" and "foo\n" at the
+                     * end of the string.  So we have to compare the end of the
+                     * string first against the float_real without the \n and
+                     * then against the full float_real with the string.  We
+                     * have to watch out for cases where the string might be
+                     * smaller than the float_real or the float_real without
+                     * the \n. */
+                   char *checkpos= strend - len;
+                   DEBUG_OPTIMISE_r(
+                       PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log,
+                           "%sChecking for float_real.%s\n",
+                           PL_colors[4], PL_colors[5]));
+                   if (checkpos + 1 < strbeg) {
+                        /* can't match, even if we remove the trailing \n
+                         * string is too short to match */
+                       DEBUG_EXECUTE_r(
+                           PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log,
+                               "%sString shorter than required trailing substring, cannot match.%s\n",
+                               PL_colors[4], PL_colors[5]));
+                       goto phooey;
+                   } else if (memEQ(checkpos + 1, little, len - 1)) {
+                        /* can match, the end of the string matches without the
+                         * "\n" */
+                       last = checkpos + 1;
+                   } else if (checkpos < strbeg) {
+                        /* cant match, string is too short when the "\n" is
+                         * included */
+                       DEBUG_EXECUTE_r(
+                           PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log,
+                               "%sString does not contain required trailing substring, cannot match.%s\n",
+                               PL_colors[4], PL_colors[5]));
+                       goto phooey;
+                   } else if (!multiline) {
+                        /* non multiline match, so compare with the "\n" at the
+                         * end of the string */
+                       if (memEQ(checkpos, little, len)) {
+                           last= checkpos;
+                       } else {
+                           DEBUG_EXECUTE_r(
+                               PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log,
+                                   "%sString does not contain required trailing substring, cannot match.%s\n",
+                                   PL_colors[4], PL_colors[5]));
+                           goto phooey;
+                       }
+                   } else {
+                        /* multiline match, so we have to search for a place
+                         * where the full string is located */
+                       goto find_last;
+                   }
+           } else {
+                 find_last:
+                   if (len)
+                       last = rninstr(s, strend, little, little + len);
+                   else
+                       last = strend;  /* matching "$" */
+           }
+           if (!last) {
+                /* at one point this block contained a comment which was
+                 * probably incorrect, which said that this was a "should not
+                 * happen" case.  Even if it was true when it was written I am
+                 * pretty sure it is not anymore, so I have removed the comment
+                 * and replaced it with this one. Yves */
+               DEBUG_EXECUTE_r(
+                   PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log,
+                       "String does not contain required substring, cannot match.\n"
+                   ));
+               goto phooey;
+           }
+           dontbother = strend - last + prog->float_min_offset;
+       }
+       if (minlen && (dontbother < minlen))
+           dontbother = minlen - 1;
+       strend -= dontbother;              /* this one's always in bytes! */
+       /* We don't know much -- general case. */
+       if (utf8_target) {
+           for (;;) {
+               if (regtry(reginfo, &s))
+                   goto got_it;
+               if (s >= strend)
+                   break;
+               s += UTF8SKIP(s);
+           };
+       }
+       else {
+           do {
+               if (regtry(reginfo, &s))
+                   goto got_it;
+           } while (s++ < strend);
+       }
+    }
+
+    /* Failure. */
+    goto phooey;
+
+got_it:
+    DEBUG_BUFFERS_r(
+       if (swap)
+           PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log,
+               "rex=0x%"UVxf" freeing offs: 0x%"UVxf"\n",
+               PTR2UV(prog),
+               PTR2UV(swap)
+           );
+    );
+    Safefree(swap);
+
+    /* clean up; this will trigger destructors that will free all slabs
+     * above the current one, and cleanup the regmatch_info_aux
+     * and regmatch_info_aux_eval sructs */
+
+    LEAVE_SCOPE(oldsave);
+
+    if (RXp_PAREN_NAMES(prog)) 
+        (void)hv_iterinit(RXp_PAREN_NAMES(prog));
+
+    RX_MATCH_UTF8_set(rx, utf8_target);
+
+    /* make sure $`, $&, $', and $digit will work later */
+    if ( !(flags & REXEC_NOT_FIRST) ) {
+       if (flags & REXEC_COPY_STR) {
+#ifdef PERL_ANY_COW
+           if (SvCANCOW(sv)) {
+               if (DEBUG_C_TEST) {
+                   PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log,
+                                 "Copy on write: regexp capture, type %d\n",
+                                 (int) SvTYPE(sv));
+               }
+                RX_MATCH_COPY_FREE(rx);
+               prog->saved_copy = sv_setsv_cow(prog->saved_copy, sv);
+               prog->subbeg = (char *)SvPVX_const(prog->saved_copy);
+               assert (SvPOKp(prog->saved_copy));
+                prog->sublen  = reginfo->strend - strbeg;
+                prog->suboffset = 0;
+                prog->subcoffset = 0;
+           } else
+#endif
+           {
+                I32 min = 0;
+                I32 max = reginfo->strend - strbeg;
+                I32 sublen;
+
+                if (    (flags & REXEC_COPY_SKIP_POST)
+                    && !(RX_EXTFLAGS(rx) & RXf_PMf_KEEPCOPY) /* //p */
+                    && !(PL_sawampersand & SAWAMPERSAND_RIGHT)
+                ) { /* don't copy $' part of string */
+                    U32 n = 0;
+                    max = -1;
+                    /* calculate the right-most part of the string covered
+                     * by a capture. Due to look-ahead, this may be to
+                     * the right of $&, so we have to scan all captures */
+                    while (n <= prog->lastparen) {
+                        if (prog->offs[n].end > max)
+                            max = prog->offs[n].end;
+                        n++;
+                    }
+                    if (max == -1)
+                        max = (PL_sawampersand & SAWAMPERSAND_LEFT)
+                                ? prog->offs[0].start
+                                : 0;
+                    assert(max >= 0 && max <= reginfo->strend - strbeg);
+                }
+
+                if (    (flags & REXEC_COPY_SKIP_PRE)
+                    && !(RX_EXTFLAGS(rx) & RXf_PMf_KEEPCOPY) /* //p */
+                    && !(PL_sawampersand & SAWAMPERSAND_LEFT)
+                ) { /* don't copy $` part of string */
+                    U32 n = 0;
+                    min = max;
+                    /* calculate the left-most part of the string covered
+                     * by a capture. Due to look-behind, this may be to
+                     * the left of $&, so we have to scan all captures */
+                    while (min && n <= prog->lastparen) {
+                        if (   prog->offs[n].start != -1
+                            && prog->offs[n].start < min)
+                        {
+                            min = prog->offs[n].start;
+                        }
+                        n++;
+                    }
+                    if ((PL_sawampersand & SAWAMPERSAND_RIGHT)
+                        && min >  prog->offs[0].end
+                    )
+                        min = prog->offs[0].end;
+
+                }
+
+                assert(min >= 0 && min <= max
+                    && min <= reginfo->strend - strbeg);
+                sublen = max - min;
+
+                if (RX_MATCH_COPIED(rx)) {
+                    if (sublen > prog->sublen)
+                        prog->subbeg =
+                                (char*)saferealloc(prog->subbeg, sublen+1);
+                }
+                else
+                    prog->subbeg = (char*)safemalloc(sublen+1);
+                Copy(strbeg + min, prog->subbeg, sublen, char);
+                prog->subbeg[sublen] = '\0';
+                prog->suboffset = min;
+                prog->sublen = sublen;
+                RX_MATCH_COPIED_on(rx);
+           }
+            prog->subcoffset = prog->suboffset;
+            if (prog->suboffset && utf8_target) {
+                /* Convert byte offset to chars.
+                 * XXX ideally should only compute this if @-/@+
+                 * has been seen, a la PL_sawampersand ??? */
+
+                /* If there's a direct correspondence between the
+                 * string which we're matching and the original SV,
+                 * then we can use the utf8 len cache associated with
+                 * the SV. In particular, it means that under //g,
+                 * sv_pos_b2u() will use the previously cached
+                 * position to speed up working out the new length of
+                 * subcoffset, rather than counting from the start of
+                 * the string each time. This stops
+                 *   $x = "\x{100}" x 1E6; 1 while $x =~ /(.)/g;
+                 * from going quadratic */
+                if (SvPOKp(sv) && SvPVX(sv) == strbeg)
+                    sv_pos_b2u(sv, &(prog->subcoffset));
+                else
+                    prog->subcoffset = utf8_length((U8*)strbeg,
+                                        (U8*)(strbeg+prog->suboffset));
+            }
+       }
+       else {
+            RX_MATCH_COPY_FREE(rx);
+           prog->subbeg = strbeg;
+           prog->suboffset = 0;
+           prog->subcoffset = 0;
+            /* use reginfo->strend, as strend may have been modified */
+           prog->sublen = reginfo->strend - strbeg;
+       }
+    }
+
+    return 1;
+
+phooey:
+    DEBUG_EXECUTE_r(PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log, "%sMatch failed%s\n",
+                         PL_colors[4], PL_colors[5]));
+
+    /* clean up; this will trigger destructors that will free all slabs
+     * above the current one, and cleanup the regmatch_info_aux
+     * and regmatch_info_aux_eval sructs */
+
+    LEAVE_SCOPE(oldsave);
+
+    if (swap) {
+        /* we failed :-( roll it back */
+       DEBUG_BUFFERS_r(PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log,
+           "rex=0x%"UVxf" rolling back offs: freeing=0x%"UVxf" restoring=0x%"UVxf"\n",
+           PTR2UV(prog),
+           PTR2UV(prog->offs),
+           PTR2UV(swap)
+       ));
+        Safefree(prog->offs);
+        prog->offs = swap;
+    }
+    return 0;
+}
+
+
+/* Set which rex is pointed to by PL_reg_curpm, handling ref counting.
+ * Do inc before dec, in case old and new rex are the same */
+#define SET_reg_curpm(Re2) \
+    if (reginfo->info_aux_eval) {                   \
+       (void)ReREFCNT_inc(Re2);                    \
+       ReREFCNT_dec(PM_GETRE(PL_reg_curpm));       \
+       PM_SETRE((PL_reg_curpm), (Re2));            \
+    }
+
+
+/*
+ - regtry - try match at specific point
+ */
+STATIC I32                     /* 0 failure, 1 success */
+S_regtry(pTHX_ regmatch_info *reginfo, char **startposp)
+{
+    dVAR;
+    CHECKPOINT lastcp;
+    REGEXP *const rx = reginfo->prog;
+    regexp *const prog = ReANY(rx);
+    I32 result;
+    RXi_GET_DECL(prog,progi);
+    GET_RE_DEBUG_FLAGS_DECL;
+
+    PERL_ARGS_ASSERT_REGTRY;
+
+    reginfo->cutpoint=NULL;
+
+    prog->offs[0].start = *startposp - reginfo->strbeg;
+    prog->lastparen = 0;
+    prog->lastcloseparen = 0;
+
+    /* XXXX What this code is doing here?!!!  There should be no need
+       to do this again and again, prog->lastparen should take care of
+       this!  --ilya*/
+
+    /* Tests pat.t#187 and split.t#{13,14} seem to depend on this code.
+     * Actually, the code in regcppop() (which Ilya may be meaning by
+     * prog->lastparen), is not needed at all by the test suite
+     * (op/regexp, op/pat, op/split), but that code is needed otherwise
+     * this erroneously leaves $1 defined: "1" =~ /^(?:(\d)x)?\d$/
+     * Meanwhile, this code *is* needed for the
+     * above-mentioned test suite tests to succeed.  The common theme
+     * on those tests seems to be returning null fields from matches.
+     * --jhi updated by dapm */
+#if 1
+    if (prog->nparens) {
+       regexp_paren_pair *pp = prog->offs;
+       I32 i;
+       for (i = prog->nparens; i > (I32)prog->lastparen; i--) {
+           ++pp;
+           pp->start = -1;
+           pp->end = -1;
+       }
+    }
+#endif
+    REGCP_SET(lastcp);
+    result = regmatch(reginfo, *startposp, progi->program + 1);
+    if (result != -1) {
+       prog->offs[0].end = result;
+       return 1;
+    }
+    if (reginfo->cutpoint)
+        *startposp= reginfo->cutpoint;
+    REGCP_UNWIND(lastcp);
+    return 0;
+}
+
+
+#define sayYES goto yes
+#define sayNO goto no
+#define sayNO_SILENT goto no_silent
+
+/* we dont use STMT_START/END here because it leads to 
+   "unreachable code" warnings, which are bogus, but distracting. */
+#define CACHEsayNO \
+    if (ST.cache_mask) \
+       reginfo->info_aux->poscache[ST.cache_offset] |= ST.cache_mask; \
+    sayNO
+
+/* this is used to determine how far from the left messages like
+   'failed...' are printed. It should be set such that messages 
+   are inline with the regop output that created them.
+*/
+#define REPORT_CODE_OFF 32
+
+
+#define CHRTEST_UNINIT -1001 /* c1/c2 haven't been calculated yet */
+#define CHRTEST_VOID   -1000 /* the c1/c2 "next char" test should be skipped */
+#define CHRTEST_NOT_A_CP_1 -999
+#define CHRTEST_NOT_A_CP_2 -998
+
+/* grab a new slab and return the first slot in it */
+
+STATIC regmatch_state *
+S_push_slab(pTHX)
+{
+#if PERL_VERSION < 9 && !defined(PERL_CORE)
+    dMY_CXT;
+#endif
+    regmatch_slab *s = PL_regmatch_slab->next;
+    if (!s) {
+       Newx(s, 1, regmatch_slab);
+       s->prev = PL_regmatch_slab;
+       s->next = NULL;
+       PL_regmatch_slab->next = s;
+    }
+    PL_regmatch_slab = s;
+    return SLAB_FIRST(s);
+}
+
+
+/* push a new state then goto it */
+
+#define PUSH_STATE_GOTO(state, node, input) \
+    pushinput = input; \
+    scan = node; \
+    st->resume_state = state; \
+    goto push_state;
+
+/* push a new state with success backtracking, then goto it */
+
+#define PUSH_YES_STATE_GOTO(state, node, input) \
+    pushinput = input; \
+    scan = node; \
+    st->resume_state = state; \
+    goto push_yes_state;
+
+
+
+
+/*
+
+regmatch() - main matching routine
+
+This is basically one big switch statement in a loop. We execute an op,
+set 'next' to point the next op, and continue. If we come to a point which
+we may need to backtrack to on failure such as (A|B|C), we push a
+backtrack state onto the backtrack stack. On failure, we pop the top
+state, and re-enter the loop at the state indicated. If there are no more
+states to pop, we return failure.
+
+Sometimes we also need to backtrack on success; for example /A+/, where
+after successfully matching one A, we need to go back and try to
+match another one; similarly for lookahead assertions: if the assertion
+completes successfully, we backtrack to the state just before the assertion
+and then carry on.  In these cases, the pushed state is marked as
+'backtrack on success too'. This marking is in fact done by a chain of
+pointers, each pointing to the previous 'yes' state. On success, we pop to
+the nearest yes state, discarding any intermediate failure-only states.
+Sometimes a yes state is pushed just to force some cleanup code to be
+called at the end of a successful match or submatch; e.g. (??{$re}) uses
+it to free the inner regex.
+
+Note that failure backtracking rewinds the cursor position, while
+success backtracking leaves it alone.
+
+A pattern is complete when the END op is executed, while a subpattern
+such as (?=foo) is complete when the SUCCESS op is executed. Both of these
+ops trigger the "pop to last yes state if any, otherwise return true"
+behaviour.
+
+A common convention in this function is to use A and B to refer to the two
+subpatterns (or to the first nodes thereof) in patterns like /A*B/: so A is
+the subpattern to be matched possibly multiple times, while B is the entire
+rest of the pattern. Variable and state names reflect this convention.
+
+The states in the main switch are the union of ops and failure/success of
+substates associated with with that op.  For example, IFMATCH is the op
+that does lookahead assertions /(?=A)B/ and so the IFMATCH state means
+'execute IFMATCH'; while IFMATCH_A is a state saying that we have just
+successfully matched A and IFMATCH_A_fail is a state saying that we have
+just failed to match A. Resume states always come in pairs. The backtrack
+state we push is marked as 'IFMATCH_A', but when that is popped, we resume
+at IFMATCH_A or IFMATCH_A_fail, depending on whether we are backtracking
+on success or failure.
+
+The struct that holds a backtracking state is actually a big union, with
+one variant for each major type of op. The variable st points to the
+top-most backtrack struct. To make the code clearer, within each
+block of code we #define ST to alias the relevant union.
+
+Here's a concrete example of a (vastly oversimplified) IFMATCH
+implementation:
+
+    switch (state) {
+    ....
+
+#define ST st->u.ifmatch
+
+    case IFMATCH: // we are executing the IFMATCH op, (?=A)B
+       ST.foo = ...; // some state we wish to save
+       ...
+       // push a yes backtrack state with a resume value of
+       // IFMATCH_A/IFMATCH_A_fail, then continue execution at the
+       // first node of A:
+       PUSH_YES_STATE_GOTO(IFMATCH_A, A, newinput);
+       // NOTREACHED
+
+    case IFMATCH_A: // we have successfully executed A; now continue with B
+       next = B;
+       bar = ST.foo; // do something with the preserved value
+       break;
+
+    case IFMATCH_A_fail: // A failed, so the assertion failed
+       ...;   // do some housekeeping, then ...
+       sayNO; // propagate the failure
+
+#undef ST
+
+    ...
+    }
+
+For any old-timers reading this who are familiar with the old recursive
+approach, the code above is equivalent to:
+
+    case IFMATCH: // we are executing the IFMATCH op, (?=A)B
+    {
+       int foo = ...
+       ...
+       if (regmatch(A)) {
+           next = B;
+           bar = foo;
+           break;
+       }
+       ...;   // do some housekeeping, then ...
+       sayNO; // propagate the failure
+    }
+
+The topmost backtrack state, pointed to by st, is usually free. If you
+want to claim it, populate any ST.foo fields in it with values you wish to
+save, then do one of
+
+       PUSH_STATE_GOTO(resume_state, node, newinput);
+       PUSH_YES_STATE_GOTO(resume_state, node, newinput);
+
+which sets that backtrack state's resume value to 'resume_state', pushes a
+new free entry to the top of the backtrack stack, then goes to 'node'.
+On backtracking, the free slot is popped, and the saved state becomes the
+new free state. An ST.foo field in this new top state can be temporarily
+accessed to retrieve values, but once the main loop is re-entered, it
+becomes available for reuse.
+
+Note that the depth of the backtrack stack constantly increases during the
+left-to-right execution of the pattern, rather than going up and down with
+the pattern nesting. For example the stack is at its maximum at Z at the
+end of the pattern, rather than at X in the following:
+
+    /(((X)+)+)+....(Y)+....Z/
+
+The only exceptions to this are lookahead/behind assertions and the cut,
+(?>A), which pop all the backtrack states associated with A before
+continuing.
+Backtrack state structs are allocated in slabs of about 4K in size.
+PL_regmatch_state and st always point to the currently active state,
+and PL_regmatch_slab points to the slab currently containing
+PL_regmatch_state.  The first time regmatch() is called, the first slab is
+allocated, and is never freed until interpreter destruction. When the slab
+is full, a new one is allocated and chained to the end. At exit from
+regmatch(), slabs allocated since entry are freed.
+
+*/
+
+#define DEBUG_STATE_pp(pp)                                 \
+    DEBUG_STATE_r({                                        \
+       DUMP_EXEC_POS(locinput, scan, utf8_target);                 \
+       PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log,                       \
+           "    %*s"pp" %s%s%s%s%s\n",                     \
+           depth*2, "",                                    \
+           PL_reg_name[st->resume_state],                     \
+           ((st==yes_state||st==mark_state) ? "[" : ""),   \
+           ((st==yes_state) ? "Y" : ""),                   \
+           ((st==mark_state) ? "M" : ""),                  \
+           ((st==yes_state||st==mark_state) ? "]" : "")    \
+       );                                                  \
+    });
+
+
+#define REG_NODE_NUM(x) ((x) ? (int)((x)-prog) : -1)
+
+#ifdef DEBUGGING
+
+STATIC void
+S_debug_start_match(pTHX_ const REGEXP *prog, const bool utf8_target,
+    const char *start, const char *end, const char *blurb)
+{
+    const bool utf8_pat = RX_UTF8(prog) ? 1 : 0;
+
+    PERL_ARGS_ASSERT_DEBUG_START_MATCH;
+
+    if (!PL_colorset)   
+            reginitcolors();    
+    {
+        RE_PV_QUOTED_DECL(s0, utf8_pat, PERL_DEBUG_PAD_ZERO(0), 
+            RX_PRECOMP_const(prog), RX_PRELEN(prog), 60);   
+        
+        RE_PV_QUOTED_DECL(s1, utf8_target, PERL_DEBUG_PAD_ZERO(1),
+            start, end - start, 60); 
+        
+        PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log, 
+            "%s%s REx%s %s against %s\n", 
+                      PL_colors[4], blurb, PL_colors[5], s0, s1); 
+        
+        if (utf8_target||utf8_pat)
+            PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log, "UTF-8 %s%s%s...\n",
+                utf8_pat ? "pattern" : "",
+                utf8_pat && utf8_target ? " and " : "",
+                utf8_target ? "string" : ""
+            ); 
+    }
+}
+
+STATIC void
+S_dump_exec_pos(pTHX_ const char *locinput, 
+                      const regnode *scan, 
+                      const char *loc_regeol, 
+                      const char *loc_bostr, 
+                      const char *loc_reg_starttry,
+                      const bool utf8_target)
+{
+    const int docolor = *PL_colors[0] || *PL_colors[2] || *PL_colors[4];
+    const int taill = (docolor ? 10 : 7); /* 3 chars for "> <" */
+    int l = (loc_regeol - locinput) > taill ? taill : (loc_regeol - locinput);
+    /* The part of the string before starttry has one color
+       (pref0_len chars), between starttry and current
+       position another one (pref_len - pref0_len chars),
+       after the current position the third one.
+       We assume that pref0_len <= pref_len, otherwise we
+       decrease pref0_len.  */
+    int pref_len = (locinput - loc_bostr) > (5 + taill) - l
+       ? (5 + taill) - l : locinput - loc_bostr;
+    int pref0_len;
+
+    PERL_ARGS_ASSERT_DUMP_EXEC_POS;
+
+    while (utf8_target && UTF8_IS_CONTINUATION(*(U8*)(locinput - pref_len)))
+       pref_len++;
+    pref0_len = pref_len  - (locinput - loc_reg_starttry);
+    if (l + pref_len < (5 + taill) && l < loc_regeol - locinput)
+       l = ( loc_regeol - locinput > (5 + taill) - pref_len
+             ? (5 + taill) - pref_len : loc_regeol - locinput);
+    while (utf8_target && UTF8_IS_CONTINUATION(*(U8*)(locinput + l)))
+       l--;
+    if (pref0_len < 0)
+       pref0_len = 0;
+    if (pref0_len > pref_len)
+       pref0_len = pref_len;
+    {
+       const int is_uni = (utf8_target && OP(scan) != CANY) ? 1 : 0;
+
+       RE_PV_COLOR_DECL(s0,len0,is_uni,PERL_DEBUG_PAD(0),
+           (locinput - pref_len),pref0_len, 60, 4, 5);
+       
+       RE_PV_COLOR_DECL(s1,len1,is_uni,PERL_DEBUG_PAD(1),
+                   (locinput - pref_len + pref0_len),
+                   pref_len - pref0_len, 60, 2, 3);
+       
+       RE_PV_COLOR_DECL(s2,len2,is_uni,PERL_DEBUG_PAD(2),
+                   locinput, loc_regeol - locinput, 10, 0, 1);
+
+       const STRLEN tlen=len0+len1+len2;
+       PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log,
+                   "%4"IVdf" <%.*s%.*s%s%.*s>%*s|",
+                   (IV)(locinput - loc_bostr),
+                   len0, s0,
+                   len1, s1,
+                   (docolor ? "" : "> <"),
+                   len2, s2,
+                   (int)(tlen > 19 ? 0 :  19 - tlen),
+                   "");
+    }
+}
+
+#endif
+
+/* reg_check_named_buff_matched()
+ * Checks to see if a named buffer has matched. The data array of 
+ * buffer numbers corresponding to the buffer is expected to reside
+ * in the regexp->data->data array in the slot stored in the ARG() of
+ * node involved. Note that this routine doesn't actually care about the
+ * name, that information is not preserved from compilation to execution.
+ * Returns the index of the leftmost defined buffer with the given name
+ * or 0 if non of the buffers matched.
+ */
+STATIC I32
+S_reg_check_named_buff_matched(pTHX_ const regexp *rex, const regnode *scan)
+{
+    I32 n;
+    RXi_GET_DECL(rex,rexi);
+    SV *sv_dat= MUTABLE_SV(rexi->data->data[ ARG( scan ) ]);
+    I32 *nums=(I32*)SvPVX(sv_dat);
+
+    PERL_ARGS_ASSERT_REG_CHECK_NAMED_BUFF_MATCHED;
+
+    for ( n=0; n<SvIVX(sv_dat); n++ ) {
+        if ((I32)rex->lastparen >= nums[n] &&
+            rex->offs[nums[n]].end != -1)
+        {
+            return nums[n];
+        }
+    }
+    return 0;
+}
+
+
+static bool
+S_setup_EXACTISH_ST_c1_c2(pTHX_ const regnode * const text_node, int *c1p,
+        U8* c1_utf8, int *c2p, U8* c2_utf8, regmatch_info *reginfo)
+{
+    /* This function determines if there are one or two characters that match
+     * the first character of the passed-in EXACTish node <text_node>, and if
+     * so, returns them in the passed-in pointers.
+     *
+     * If it determines that no possible character in the target string can
+     * match, it returns FALSE; otherwise TRUE.  (The FALSE situation occurs if
+     * the first character in <text_node> requires UTF-8 to represent, and the
+     * target string isn't in UTF-8.)
+     *
+     * If there are more than two characters that could match the beginning of
+     * <text_node>, or if more context is required to determine a match or not,
+     * it sets both *<c1p> and *<c2p> to CHRTEST_VOID.
+     *
+     * The motiviation behind this function is to allow the caller to set up
+     * tight loops for matching.  If <text_node> is of type EXACT, there is
+     * only one possible character that can match its first character, and so
+     * the situation is quite simple.  But things get much more complicated if
+     * folding is involved.  It may be that the first character of an EXACTFish
+     * node doesn't participate in any possible fold, e.g., punctuation, so it
+     * can be matched only by itself.  The vast majority of characters that are
+     * in folds match just two things, their lower and upper-case equivalents.
+     * But not all are like that; some have multiple possible matches, or match
+     * sequences of more than one character.  This function sorts all that out.
+     *
+     * Consider the patterns A*B or A*?B where A and B are arbitrary.  In a
+     * loop of trying to match A*, we know we can't exit where the thing
+     * following it isn't a B.  And something can't be a B unless it is the
+     * beginning of B.  By putting a quick test for that beginning in a tight
+     * loop, we can rule out things that can't possibly be B without having to
+     * break out of the loop, thus avoiding work.  Similarly, if A is a single
+     * character, we can make a tight loop matching A*, using the outputs of
+     * this function.
+     *
+     * If the target string to match isn't in UTF-8, and there aren't
+     * complications which require CHRTEST_VOID, *<c1p> and *<c2p> are set to
+     * the one or two possible octets (which are characters in this situation)
+     * that can match.  In all cases, if there is only one character that can
+     * match, *<c1p> and *<c2p> will be identical.
+     *
+     * If the target string is in UTF-8, the buffers pointed to by <c1_utf8>
+     * and <c2_utf8> will contain the one or two UTF-8 sequences of bytes that
+     * can match the beginning of <text_node>.  They should be declared with at
+     * least length UTF8_MAXBYTES+1.  (If the target string isn't in UTF-8, it is
+     * undefined what these contain.)  If one or both of the buffers are
+     * invariant under UTF-8, *<c1p>, and *<c2p> will also be set to the
+     * corresponding invariant.  If variant, the corresponding *<c1p> and/or
+     * *<c2p> will be set to a negative number(s) that shouldn't match any code
+     * point (unless inappropriately coerced to unsigned).   *<c1p> will equal
+     * *<c2p> if and only if <c1_utf8> and <c2_utf8> are the same. */
+
+    const bool utf8_target = reginfo->is_utf8_target;
+
+    UV c1 = CHRTEST_NOT_A_CP_1;
+    UV c2 = CHRTEST_NOT_A_CP_2;
+    bool use_chrtest_void = FALSE;
+    const bool is_utf8_pat = reginfo->is_utf8_pat;
+
+    /* Used when we have both utf8 input and utf8 output, to avoid converting
+     * to/from code points */
+    bool utf8_has_been_setup = FALSE;
+
+    dVAR;
+
+    U8 *pat = (U8*)STRING(text_node);
+
+    if (OP(text_node) == EXACT) {
+
+        /* In an exact node, only one thing can be matched, that first
+         * character.  If both the pat and the target are UTF-8, we can just
+         * copy the input to the output, avoiding finding the code point of
+         * that character */
+        if (!is_utf8_pat) {
+            c2 = c1 = *pat;
+        }
+        else if (utf8_target) {
+            Copy(pat, c1_utf8, UTF8SKIP(pat), U8);
+            Copy(pat, c2_utf8, UTF8SKIP(pat), U8);
+            utf8_has_been_setup = TRUE;
+        }
+        else {
+            c2 = c1 = valid_utf8_to_uvchr(pat, NULL);
+        }
+    }
+    else /* an EXACTFish node */
+         if ((is_utf8_pat
+                    && is_MULTI_CHAR_FOLD_utf8_safe(pat,
+                                                    pat + STR_LEN(text_node)))
+             || (!is_utf8_pat
+                    && is_MULTI_CHAR_FOLD_latin1_safe(pat,
+                                                    pat + STR_LEN(text_node))))
+    {
+        /* Multi-character folds require more context to sort out.  Also
+         * PL_utf8_foldclosures used below doesn't handle them, so have to be
+         * handled outside this routine */
+        use_chrtest_void = TRUE;
+    }
+    else { /* an EXACTFish node which doesn't begin with a multi-char fold */
+        c1 = is_utf8_pat ? valid_utf8_to_uvchr(pat, NULL) : *pat;
+        if (c1 > 256) {
+            /* Load the folds hash, if not already done */
+            SV** listp;
+            if (! PL_utf8_foldclosures) {
+                if (! PL_utf8_tofold) {
+                    U8 dummy[UTF8_MAXBYTES+1];
+
+                    /* Force loading this by folding an above-Latin1 char */
+                    to_utf8_fold((U8*) HYPHEN_UTF8, dummy, NULL);
+                    assert(PL_utf8_tofold); /* Verify that worked */
+                }
+                PL_utf8_foldclosures = _swash_inversion_hash(PL_utf8_tofold);
+            }
+
+            /* The fold closures data structure is a hash with the keys being
+             * the UTF-8 of every character that is folded to, like 'k', and
+             * the values each an array of all code points that fold to its
+             * key.  e.g. [ 'k', 'K', KELVIN_SIGN ].  Multi-character folds are
+             * not included */
+            if ((! (listp = hv_fetch(PL_utf8_foldclosures,
+                                     (char *) pat,
+                                     UTF8SKIP(pat),
+                                     FALSE))))
+            {
+                /* Not found in the hash, therefore there are no folds
+                 * containing it, so there is only a single character that
+                 * could match */
+                c2 = c1;
+            }
+            else {  /* Does participate in folds */
+                AV* list = (AV*) *listp;
+                if (av_len(list) != 1) {
+
+                    /* If there aren't exactly two folds to this, it is outside
+                     * the scope of this function */
+                    use_chrtest_void = TRUE;
+                }
+                else {  /* There are two.  Get them */
+                    SV** c_p = av_fetch(list, 0, FALSE);
+                    if (c_p == NULL) {
+                        Perl_croak(aTHX_ "panic: invalid PL_utf8_foldclosures structure");
+                    }
+                    c1 = SvUV(*c_p);
+
+                    c_p = av_fetch(list, 1, FALSE);
+                    if (c_p == NULL) {
+                        Perl_croak(aTHX_ "panic: invalid PL_utf8_foldclosures structure");
+                    }
+                    c2 = SvUV(*c_p);
+
+                    /* Folds that cross the 255/256 boundary are forbidden if
+                     * EXACTFL, or EXACTFA and one is ASCIII.  Since the
+                     * pattern character is above 256, and its only other match
+                     * is below 256, the only legal match will be to itself.
+                     * We have thrown away the original, so have to compute
+                     * which is the one above 255 */
+                    if ((c1 < 256) != (c2 < 256)) {
+                        if (OP(text_node) == EXACTFL
+                            || (OP(text_node) == EXACTFA
+                                && (isASCII(c1) || isASCII(c2))))
+                        {
+                            if (c1 < 256) {
+                                c1 = c2;
+                            }
+                            else {
+                                c2 = c1;
+                            }
+                        }
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        else /* Here, c1 is < 255 */
+             if (utf8_target
+                 && HAS_NONLATIN1_FOLD_CLOSURE(c1)
+                 && OP(text_node) != EXACTFL
+                 && (OP(text_node) != EXACTFA || ! isASCII(c1)))
+        {
+            /* Here, there could be something above Latin1 in the target which
+             * folds to this character in the pattern.  All such cases except
+             * LATIN SMALL LETTER Y WITH DIAERESIS have more than two characters
+             * involved in their folds, so are outside the scope of this
+             * function */
+            if (UNLIKELY(c1 == LATIN_SMALL_LETTER_Y_WITH_DIAERESIS)) {
+                c2 = LATIN_CAPITAL_LETTER_Y_WITH_DIAERESIS;
+            }
+            else {
+                use_chrtest_void = TRUE;
+            }
+        }
+        else { /* Here nothing above Latin1 can fold to the pattern character */
+            switch (OP(text_node)) {
+
+                case EXACTFL:   /* /l rules */
+                    c2 = PL_fold_locale[c1];
+                    break;
+
+                case EXACTF:
+                    if (! utf8_target) {    /* /d rules */
+                        c2 = PL_fold[c1];
+                        break;
+                    }
+                    /* FALLTHROUGH */
+                    /* /u rules for all these.  This happens to work for
+                     * EXACTFA as nothing in Latin1 folds to ASCII */
+                case EXACTFA:
+                case EXACTFU_TRICKYFOLD:
+                case EXACTFU_SS:
+                case EXACTFU:
+                    c2 = PL_fold_latin1[c1];
+                    break;
+
+               default:
+                    Perl_croak(aTHX_ "panic: Unexpected op %u", OP(text_node));
+                    assert(0); /* NOTREACHED */
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    /* Here have figured things out.  Set up the returns */
+    if (use_chrtest_void) {
+        *c2p = *c1p = CHRTEST_VOID;
+    }
+    else if (utf8_target) {
+        if (! utf8_has_been_setup) {    /* Don't have the utf8; must get it */
+            uvchr_to_utf8(c1_utf8, c1);
+            uvchr_to_utf8(c2_utf8, c2);
+        }
+
+        /* Invariants are stored in both the utf8 and byte outputs; Use
+         * negative numbers otherwise for the byte ones.  Make sure that the
+         * byte ones are the same iff the utf8 ones are the same */
+        *c1p = (UTF8_IS_INVARIANT(*c1_utf8)) ? *c1_utf8 : CHRTEST_NOT_A_CP_1;
+        *c2p = (UTF8_IS_INVARIANT(*c2_utf8))
+                ? *c2_utf8
+                : (c1 == c2)
+                  ? CHRTEST_NOT_A_CP_1
+                  : CHRTEST_NOT_A_CP_2;
+    }
+    else if (c1 > 255) {
+       if (c2 > 255) {  /* both possibilities are above what a non-utf8 string
+                           can represent */
+           return FALSE;
+       }
+
+       *c1p = *c2p = c2;    /* c2 is the only representable value */
+    }
+    else {  /* c1 is representable; see about c2 */
+       *c1p = c1;
+       *c2p = (c2 < 256) ? c2 : c1;
+    }
+
+    return TRUE;
+}
+
+/* returns -1 on failure, $+[0] on success */
+STATIC I32
+S_regmatch(pTHX_ regmatch_info *reginfo, char *startpos, regnode *prog)
+{
+#if PERL_VERSION < 9 && !defined(PERL_CORE)
+    dMY_CXT;
+#endif
+    dVAR;
+    const bool utf8_target = reginfo->is_utf8_target;
+    const U32 uniflags = UTF8_ALLOW_DEFAULT;
+    REGEXP *rex_sv = reginfo->prog;
+    regexp *rex = ReANY(rex_sv);
+    RXi_GET_DECL(rex,rexi);
+    /* the current state. This is a cached copy of PL_regmatch_state */
+    regmatch_state *st;
+    /* cache heavy used fields of st in registers */
+    regnode *scan;
+    regnode *next;
+    U32 n = 0; /* general value; init to avoid compiler warning */
+    I32 ln = 0; /* len or last;  init to avoid compiler warning */
+    char *locinput = startpos;
+    char *pushinput; /* where to continue after a PUSH */
+    I32 nextchr;   /* is always set to UCHARAT(locinput) */
+
+    bool result = 0;       /* return value of S_regmatch */
+    int depth = 0;         /* depth of backtrack stack */
+    U32 nochange_depth = 0; /* depth of GOSUB recursion with nochange */
+    const U32 max_nochange_depth =
+        (3 * rex->nparens > MAX_RECURSE_EVAL_NOCHANGE_DEPTH) ?
+        3 * rex->nparens : MAX_RECURSE_EVAL_NOCHANGE_DEPTH;
+    regmatch_state *yes_state = NULL; /* state to pop to on success of
+                                                           subpattern */
+    /* mark_state piggy backs on the yes_state logic so that when we unwind 
+       the stack on success we can update the mark_state as we go */
+    regmatch_state *mark_state = NULL; /* last mark state we have seen */
+    regmatch_state *cur_eval = NULL; /* most recent EVAL_AB state */
+    struct regmatch_state  *cur_curlyx = NULL; /* most recent curlyx */
+    U32 state_num;
+    bool no_final = 0;      /* prevent failure from backtracking? */
+    bool do_cutgroup = 0;   /* no_final only until next branch/trie entry */
+    char *startpoint = locinput;
+    SV *popmark = NULL;     /* are we looking for a mark? */
+    SV *sv_commit = NULL;   /* last mark name seen in failure */
+    SV *sv_yes_mark = NULL; /* last mark name we have seen 
+                               during a successful match */
+    U32 lastopen = 0;       /* last open we saw */
+    bool has_cutgroup = RX_HAS_CUTGROUP(rex) ? 1 : 0;   
+    SV* const oreplsv = GvSV(PL_replgv);
+    /* these three flags are set by various ops to signal information to
+     * the very next op. They have a useful lifetime of exactly one loop
+     * iteration, and are not preserved or restored by state pushes/pops
+     */
+    bool sw = 0;           /* the condition value in (?(cond)a|b) */
+    bool minmod = 0;       /* the next "{n,m}" is a "{n,m}?" */
+    int logical = 0;       /* the following EVAL is:
+                               0: (?{...})
+                               1: (?(?{...})X|Y)
+                               2: (??{...})
+                              or the following IFMATCH/UNLESSM is:
+                               false: plain (?=foo)
+                               true:  used as a condition: (?(?=foo))
+                           */
+    PAD* last_pad = NULL;
+    dMULTICALL;
+    I32 gimme = G_SCALAR;
+    CV *caller_cv = NULL;      /* who called us */
+    CV *last_pushed_cv = NULL; /* most recently called (?{}) CV */
+    CHECKPOINT runops_cp;      /* savestack position before executing EVAL */
+    U32 maxopenparen = 0;       /* max '(' index seen so far */
+    int to_complement;  /* Invert the result? */
+    _char_class_number classnum;
+    bool is_utf8_pat = reginfo->is_utf8_pat;
+
+#ifdef DEBUGGING
+    GET_RE_DEBUG_FLAGS_DECL;
+#endif
+
+    /* shut up 'may be used uninitialized' compiler warnings for dMULTICALL */
+    multicall_oldcatch = 0;
+    multicall_cv = NULL;
+    cx = NULL;
+    PERL_UNUSED_VAR(multicall_cop);
+    PERL_UNUSED_VAR(newsp);
+
+
+    PERL_ARGS_ASSERT_REGMATCH;
+
+    DEBUG_OPTIMISE_r( DEBUG_EXECUTE_r({
+           PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log,"regmatch start\n");
+    }));
+
+    st = PL_regmatch_state;
+
+    /* Note that nextchr is a byte even in UTF */
+    SET_nextchr;
+    scan = prog;
+    while (scan != NULL) {
+
+        DEBUG_EXECUTE_r( {
+           SV * const prop = sv_newmortal();
+           regnode *rnext=regnext(scan);
+           DUMP_EXEC_POS( locinput, scan, utf8_target );
+           regprop(rex, prop, scan);
+            
+           PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log,
+                   "%3"IVdf":%*s%s(%"IVdf")\n",
+                   (IV)(scan - rexi->program), depth*2, "",
+                   SvPVX_const(prop),
+                   (PL_regkind[OP(scan)] == END || !rnext) ? 
+                       0 : (IV)(rnext - rexi->program));
+       });
+
+       next = scan + NEXT_OFF(scan);
+       if (next == scan)
+           next = NULL;
+       state_num = OP(scan);
+
+       REH_CALL_EXEC_NODE_HOOK(rex, scan, reginfo, st);
+      reenter_switch:
+        to_complement = 0;
+
+        SET_nextchr;
+        assert(nextchr < 256 && (nextchr >= 0 || nextchr == NEXTCHR_EOS));
+
+       switch (state_num) {
+       case BOL: /*  /^../  */
+           if (locinput == reginfo->strbeg)
+               break;
+           sayNO;
+
+       case MBOL: /*  /^../m  */
+           if (locinput == reginfo->strbeg ||
+               (!NEXTCHR_IS_EOS && locinput[-1] == '\n'))
+           {
+               break;
+           }
+           sayNO;
+
+       case SBOL: /*  /^../s  */
+           if (locinput == reginfo->strbeg)
+               break;
+           sayNO;
+
+       case GPOS: /*  \G  */
+           if (locinput == reginfo->ganch)
+               break;
+           sayNO;
+
+       case KEEPS: /*   \K  */
+           /* update the startpoint */
+           st->u.keeper.val = rex->offs[0].start;
+           rex->offs[0].start = locinput - reginfo->strbeg;
+           PUSH_STATE_GOTO(KEEPS_next, next, locinput);
+           assert(0); /*NOTREACHED*/
+       case KEEPS_next_fail:
+           /* rollback the start point change */
+           rex->offs[0].start = st->u.keeper.val;
+           sayNO_SILENT;
+           assert(0); /*NOTREACHED*/
+
+       case EOL: /* /..$/  */
+               goto seol;
+
+       case MEOL: /* /..$/m  */
+           if (!NEXTCHR_IS_EOS && nextchr != '\n')
+               sayNO;
+           break;
+
+       case SEOL: /* /..$/s  */
+         seol:
+           if (!NEXTCHR_IS_EOS && nextchr != '\n')
+               sayNO;
+           if (reginfo->strend - locinput > 1)
+               sayNO;
+           break;
+
+       case EOS: /*  \z  */
+           if (!NEXTCHR_IS_EOS)
+               sayNO;
+           break;
+
+       case SANY: /*  /./s  */
+           if (NEXTCHR_IS_EOS)
+               sayNO;
+            goto increment_locinput;
+
+       case CANY: /*  \C  */
+           if (NEXTCHR_IS_EOS)
+               sayNO;
+           locinput++;
+           break;
+
+       case REG_ANY: /*  /./  */
+           if ((NEXTCHR_IS_EOS) || nextchr == '\n')
+               sayNO;
+            goto increment_locinput;
+
+
+#undef  ST
+#define ST st->u.trie
+        case TRIEC: /* (ab|cd) with known charclass */
+            /* In this case the charclass data is available inline so
+               we can fail fast without a lot of extra overhead. 
+             */
+            if(!NEXTCHR_IS_EOS && !ANYOF_BITMAP_TEST(scan, nextchr)) {
+                DEBUG_EXECUTE_r(
+                    PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log,
+                              "%*s  %sfailed to match trie start class...%s\n",
+                              REPORT_CODE_OFF+depth*2, "", PL_colors[4], PL_colors[5])
+                );
+                sayNO_SILENT;
+                assert(0); /* NOTREACHED */
+            }
+            /* FALL THROUGH */
+       case TRIE:  /* (ab|cd)  */
+           /* the basic plan of execution of the trie is:
+            * At the beginning, run though all the states, and
+            * find the longest-matching word. Also remember the position
+            * of the shortest matching word. For example, this pattern:
+            *    1  2 3 4    5
+            *    ab|a|x|abcd|abc
+            * when matched against the string "abcde", will generate
+            * accept states for all words except 3, with the longest
+            * matching word being 4, and the shortest being 2 (with
+            * the position being after char 1 of the string).
+            *
+            * Then for each matching word, in word order (i.e. 1,2,4,5),
+            * we run the remainder of the pattern; on each try setting
+            * the current position to the character following the word,
+            * returning to try the next word on failure.
+            *
+            * We avoid having to build a list of words at runtime by
+            * using a compile-time structure, wordinfo[].prev, which
+            * gives, for each word, the previous accepting word (if any).
+            * In the case above it would contain the mappings 1->2, 2->0,
+            * 3->0, 4->5, 5->1.  We can use this table to generate, from
+            * the longest word (4 above), a list of all words, by
+            * following the list of prev pointers; this gives us the
+            * unordered list 4,5,1,2. Then given the current word we have
+            * just tried, we can go through the list and find the
+            * next-biggest word to try (so if we just failed on word 2,
+            * the next in the list is 4).
+            *
+            * Since at runtime we don't record the matching position in
+            * the string for each word, we have to work that out for
+            * each word we're about to process. The wordinfo table holds
+            * the character length of each word; given that we recorded
+            * at the start: the position of the shortest word and its
+            * length in chars, we just need to move the pointer the
+            * difference between the two char lengths. Depending on
+            * Unicode status and folding, that's cheap or expensive.
+            *
+            * This algorithm is optimised for the case where are only a
+            * small number of accept states, i.e. 0,1, or maybe 2.
+            * With lots of accepts states, and having to try all of them,
+            * it becomes quadratic on number of accept states to find all
+            * the next words.
+            */
+
+           {
+                /* what type of TRIE am I? (utf8 makes this contextual) */
+                DECL_TRIE_TYPE(scan);
+
+                /* what trie are we using right now */
+               reg_trie_data * const trie
+                   = (reg_trie_data*)rexi->data->data[ ARG( scan ) ];
+               HV * widecharmap = MUTABLE_HV(rexi->data->data[ ARG( scan ) + 1 ]);
+                U32 state = trie->startstate;
+
+                if (   trie->bitmap
+                    && (NEXTCHR_IS_EOS || !TRIE_BITMAP_TEST(trie, nextchr)))
+                {
+                   if (trie->states[ state ].wordnum) {
+                        DEBUG_EXECUTE_r(
+                            PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log,
+                                         "%*s  %smatched empty string...%s\n",
+                                         REPORT_CODE_OFF+depth*2, "", PL_colors[4], PL_colors[5])
+                        );
+                       if (!trie->jump)
+                           break;
+                   } else {
+                       DEBUG_EXECUTE_r(
+                            PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log,
+                                         "%*s  %sfailed to match trie start class...%s\n",
+                                         REPORT_CODE_OFF+depth*2, "", PL_colors[4], PL_colors[5])
+                        );
+                       sayNO_SILENT;
+                  }
+                }
+
+            { 
+               U8 *uc = ( U8* )locinput;
+
+               STRLEN len = 0;
+               STRLEN foldlen = 0;
+               U8 *uscan = (U8*)NULL;
+               U8 foldbuf[ UTF8_MAXBYTES_CASE + 1 ];
+               U32 charcount = 0; /* how many input chars we have matched */
+               U32 accepted = 0; /* have we seen any accepting states? */
+
+               ST.jump = trie->jump;
+               ST.me = scan;
+               ST.firstpos = NULL;
+               ST.longfold = FALSE; /* char longer if folded => it's harder */
+               ST.nextword = 0;
+
+               /* fully traverse the TRIE; note the position of the
+                  shortest accept state and the wordnum of the longest
+                  accept state */
+
+               while ( state && uc <= (U8*)(reginfo->strend) ) {
+                    U32 base = trie->states[ state ].trans.base;
+                    UV uvc = 0;
+                    U16 charid = 0;
+                   U16 wordnum;
+                    wordnum = trie->states[ state ].wordnum;
+
+                   if (wordnum) { /* it's an accept state */
+                       if (!accepted) {
+                           accepted = 1;
+                           /* record first match position */
+                           if (ST.longfold) {
+                               ST.firstpos = (U8*)locinput;
+                               ST.firstchars = 0;
+                           }
+                           else {
+                               ST.firstpos = uc;
+                               ST.firstchars = charcount;
+                           }
+                       }
+                       if (!ST.nextword || wordnum < ST.nextword)
+                           ST.nextword = wordnum;
+                       ST.topword = wordnum;
+                   }
+
+                   DEBUG_TRIE_EXECUTE_r({
+                               DUMP_EXEC_POS( (char *)uc, scan, utf8_target );
+                               PerlIO_printf( Perl_debug_log,
+                                   "%*s  %sState: %4"UVxf" Accepted: %c ",
+                                   2+depth * 2, "", PL_colors[4],
+                                   (UV)state, (accepted ? 'Y' : 'N'));
+                   });
+
+                   /* read a char and goto next state */
+                   if ( base && (foldlen || uc < (U8*)(reginfo->strend))) {
+                       I32 offset;
+                       REXEC_TRIE_READ_CHAR(trie_type, trie, widecharmap, uc,
+                                            uscan, len, uvc, charid, foldlen,
+                                            foldbuf, uniflags);
+                       charcount++;
+                       if (foldlen>0)
+                           ST.longfold = TRUE;
+                       if (charid &&
+                            ( ((offset =
+                             base + charid - 1 - trie->uniquecharcount)) >= 0)
+
+                            && ((U32)offset < trie->lasttrans)
+                            && trie->trans[offset].check == state)
+                       {
+                           state = trie->trans[offset].next;
+                       }
+                       else {
+                           state = 0;
+                       }
+                       uc += len;
+
+                   }
+                   else {
+                       state = 0;
+                   }
+                   DEBUG_TRIE_EXECUTE_r(
+                       PerlIO_printf( Perl_debug_log,
+                           "Charid:%3x CP:%4"UVxf" After State: %4"UVxf"%s\n",
+                           charid, uvc, (UV)state, PL_colors[5] );
+                   );
+               }
+               if (!accepted)
+                  sayNO;
+
+               /* calculate total number of accept states */
+               {
+                   U16 w = ST.topword;
+                   accepted = 0;
+                   while (w) {
+                       w = trie->wordinfo[w].prev;
+                       accepted++;
+                   }
+                   ST.accepted = accepted;
+               }
+
+               DEBUG_EXECUTE_r(
+                   PerlIO_printf( Perl_debug_log,
+                       "%*s  %sgot %"IVdf" possible matches%s\n",
+                       REPORT_CODE_OFF + depth * 2, "",
+                       PL_colors[4], (IV)ST.accepted, PL_colors[5] );
+               );
+               goto trie_first_try; /* jump into the fail handler */
+           }}
+           assert(0); /* NOTREACHED */
+
+       case TRIE_next_fail: /* we failed - try next alternative */
+        {
+            U8 *uc;
+            if ( ST.jump) {
+                REGCP_UNWIND(ST.cp);
+                UNWIND_PAREN(ST.lastparen, ST.lastcloseparen);
+           }
+           if (!--ST.accepted) {
+               DEBUG_EXECUTE_r({
+                   PerlIO_printf( Perl_debug_log,
+                       "%*s  %sTRIE failed...%s\n",
+                       REPORT_CODE_OFF+depth*2, "", 
+                       PL_colors[4],
+                       PL_colors[5] );
+               });
+               sayNO_SILENT;
+           }
+           {
+               /* Find next-highest word to process.  Note that this code
+                * is O(N^2) per trie run (O(N) per branch), so keep tight */
+               U16 min = 0;
+               U16 word;
+               U16 const nextword = ST.nextword;
+               reg_trie_wordinfo * const wordinfo
+                   = ((reg_trie_data*)rexi->data->data[ARG(ST.me)])->wordinfo;
+               for (word=ST.topword; word; word=wordinfo[word].prev) {
+                   if (word > nextword && (!min || word < min))
+                       min = word;
+               }
+               ST.nextword = min;
+           }
+
+          trie_first_try:
+            if (do_cutgroup) {
+                do_cutgroup = 0;
+                no_final = 0;
+            }
+
+            if ( ST.jump) {
+                ST.lastparen = rex->lastparen;
+                ST.lastcloseparen = rex->lastcloseparen;
+               REGCP_SET(ST.cp);
+            }
+
+           /* find start char of end of current word */
+           {
+               U32 chars; /* how many chars to skip */
+               reg_trie_data * const trie
+                   = (reg_trie_data*)rexi->data->data[ARG(ST.me)];
+
+               assert((trie->wordinfo[ST.nextword].len - trie->prefixlen)
+                           >=  ST.firstchars);
+               chars = (trie->wordinfo[ST.nextword].len - trie->prefixlen)
+                           - ST.firstchars;
+               uc = ST.firstpos;
+
+               if (ST.longfold) {
+                   /* the hard option - fold each char in turn and find
+                    * its folded length (which may be different */
+                   U8 foldbuf[UTF8_MAXBYTES_CASE + 1];
+                   STRLEN foldlen;
+                   STRLEN len;
+                   UV uvc;
+                   U8 *uscan;
+
+                   while (chars) {
+                       if (utf8_target) {
+                           uvc = utf8n_to_uvuni((U8*)uc, UTF8_MAXLEN, &len,
+                                                   uniflags);
+                           uc += len;
+                       }
+                       else {
+                           uvc = *uc;
+                           uc++;
+                       }
+                       uvc = to_uni_fold(uvc, foldbuf, &foldlen);
+                       uscan = foldbuf;
+                       while (foldlen) {
+                           if (!--chars)
+                               break;
+                           uvc = utf8n_to_uvuni(uscan, UTF8_MAXLEN, &len,
+                                           uniflags);
+                           uscan += len;
+                           foldlen -= len;
+                       }
+                   }
+               }
+               else {
+                   if (utf8_target)
+                       while (chars--)
+                           uc += UTF8SKIP(uc);
+                   else
+                       uc += chars;
+               }
+           }
+
+           scan = ST.me + ((ST.jump && ST.jump[ST.nextword])
+                           ? ST.jump[ST.nextword]
+                           : NEXT_OFF(ST.me));
+
+           DEBUG_EXECUTE_r({
+               PerlIO_printf( Perl_debug_log,
+                   "%*s  %sTRIE matched word #%d, continuing%s\n",
+                   REPORT_CODE_OFF+depth*2, "", 
+                   PL_colors[4],
+                   ST.nextword,
+                   PL_colors[5]
+                   );
+           });
+
+           if (ST.accepted > 1 || has_cutgroup) {
+               PUSH_STATE_GOTO(TRIE_next, scan, (char*)uc);
+               assert(0); /* NOTREACHED */
+           }
+           /* only one choice left - just continue */
+           DEBUG_EXECUTE_r({
+               AV *const trie_words
+                   = MUTABLE_AV(rexi->data->data[ARG(ST.me)+TRIE_WORDS_OFFSET]);
+               SV ** const tmp = av_fetch( trie_words,
+                   ST.nextword-1, 0 );
+               SV *sv= tmp ? sv_newmortal() : NULL;
+
+               PerlIO_printf( Perl_debug_log,
+                   "%*s  %sonly one match left, short-circuiting: #%d <%s>%s\n",
+                   REPORT_CODE_OFF+depth*2, "", PL_colors[4],
+                   ST.nextword,
+                   tmp ? pv_pretty(sv, SvPV_nolen_const(*tmp), SvCUR(*tmp), 0,
+                           PL_colors[0], PL_colors[1],
+                           (SvUTF8(*tmp) ? PERL_PV_ESCAPE_UNI : 0)|PERL_PV_ESCAPE_NONASCII
+                       ) 
+                   : "not compiled under -Dr",
+                   PL_colors[5] );
+           });
+
+           locinput = (char*)uc;
+           continue; /* execute rest of RE */
+           assert(0); /* NOTREACHED */
+        }
+#undef  ST
+
+       case EXACT: {            /*  /abc/        */
+           char *s = STRING(scan);
+           ln = STR_LEN(scan);
+           if (utf8_target != is_utf8_pat) {
+               /* The target and the pattern have differing utf8ness. */
+               char *l = locinput;
+               const char * const e = s + ln;
+
+               if (utf8_target) {
+                    /* The target is utf8, the pattern is not utf8.
+                     * Above-Latin1 code points can't match the pattern;
+                     * invariants match exactly, and the other Latin1 ones need
+                     * to be downgraded to a single byte in order to do the
+                     * comparison.  (If we could be confident that the target
+                     * is not malformed, this could be refactored to have fewer
+                     * tests by just assuming that if the first bytes match, it
+                     * is an invariant, but there are tests in the test suite
+                     * dealing with (??{...}) which violate this) */
+                   while (s < e) {
+                       if (l >= reginfo->strend
+                            || UTF8_IS_ABOVE_LATIN1(* (U8*) l))
+                        {
+                            sayNO;
+                        }
+                        if (UTF8_IS_INVARIANT(*(U8*)l)) {
+                           if (*l != *s) {
+                                sayNO;
+                            }
+                            l++;
+                        }
+                        else {
+                            if (TWO_BYTE_UTF8_TO_UNI(*l, *(l+1)) != * (U8*) s) {
+                                sayNO;
+                            }
+                            l += 2;
+                        }
+                       s++;
+                   }
+               }
+               else {
+                   /* The target is not utf8, the pattern is utf8. */
+                   while (s < e) {
+                        if (l >= reginfo->strend
+                            || UTF8_IS_ABOVE_LATIN1(* (U8*) s))
+                        {
+                            sayNO;
+                        }
+                        if (UTF8_IS_INVARIANT(*(U8*)s)) {
+                           if (*s != *l) {
+                                sayNO;
+                            }
+                            s++;
+                        }
+                        else {
+                            if (TWO_BYTE_UTF8_TO_UNI(*s, *(s+1)) != * (U8*) l) {
+                                sayNO;
+                            }
+                            s += 2;
+                        }
+                       l++;
+                   }
+               }
+               locinput = l;
+           }
+            else {
+                /* The target and the pattern have the same utf8ness. */
+                /* Inline the first character, for speed. */
+                if (reginfo->strend - locinput < ln
+                    || UCHARAT(s) != nextchr
+                    || (ln > 1 && memNE(s, locinput, ln)))
+                {
+                    sayNO;
+                }
+                locinput += ln;
+            }
+           break;
+           }
+
+       case EXACTFL: {          /*  /abc/il      */
+           re_fold_t folder;
+           const U8 * fold_array;
+           const char * s;
+           U32 fold_utf8_flags;
+
+            RX_MATCH_TAINTED_on(reginfo->prog);
+            folder = foldEQ_locale;
+            fold_array = PL_fold_locale;
+           fold_utf8_flags = FOLDEQ_UTF8_LOCALE;
+           goto do_exactf;
+
+       case EXACTFU_SS:         /*  /\x{df}/iu   */
+       case EXACTFU_TRICKYFOLD: /*  /\x{390}/iu  */
+       case EXACTFU:            /*  /abc/iu      */
+           folder = foldEQ_latin1;
+           fold_array = PL_fold_latin1;
+           fold_utf8_flags = is_utf8_pat ? FOLDEQ_S1_ALREADY_FOLDED : 0;
+           goto do_exactf;
+
+       case EXACTFA:            /*  /abc/iaa     */
+           folder = foldEQ_latin1;
+           fold_array = PL_fold_latin1;
+           fold_utf8_flags = FOLDEQ_UTF8_NOMIX_ASCII;
+           goto do_exactf;
+
+       case EXACTF:             /*  /abc/i       */
+           folder = foldEQ;
+           fold_array = PL_fold;
+           fold_utf8_flags = 0;
+
+         do_exactf:
+           s = STRING(scan);
+           ln = STR_LEN(scan);
+
+           if (utf8_target || is_utf8_pat || state_num == EXACTFU_SS) {
+             /* Either target or the pattern are utf8, or has the issue where
+              * the fold lengths may differ. */
+               const char * const l = locinput;
+               char *e = reginfo->strend;
+
+               if (! foldEQ_utf8_flags(s, 0,  ln, is_utf8_pat,
+                                       l, &e, 0,  utf8_target, fold_utf8_flags))
+               {
+                   sayNO;
+               }
+               locinput = e;
+               break;
+           }
+
+           /* Neither the target nor the pattern are utf8 */
+           if (UCHARAT(s) != nextchr
+                && !NEXTCHR_IS_EOS
+               && UCHARAT(s) != fold_array[nextchr])
+           {
+               sayNO;
+           }
+           if (reginfo->strend - locinput < ln)
+               sayNO;
+           if (ln > 1 && ! folder(s, locinput, ln))
+               sayNO;
+           locinput += ln;
+           break;
+       }
+
+       /* XXX Could improve efficiency by separating these all out using a
+        * macro or in-line function.  At that point regcomp.c would no longer
+        * have to set the FLAGS fields of these */
+       case BOUNDL:  /*  /\b/l  */
+       case NBOUNDL: /*  /\B/l  */
+            RX_MATCH_TAINTED_on(reginfo->prog);
+           /* FALL THROUGH */
+       case BOUND:   /*  /\b/   */
+       case BOUNDU:  /*  /\b/u  */
+       case BOUNDA:  /*  /\b/a  */
+       case NBOUND:  /*  /\B/   */
+       case NBOUNDU: /*  /\B/u  */
+       case NBOUNDA: /*  /\B/a  */
+           /* was last char in word? */
+           if (utf8_target
+               && FLAGS(scan) != REGEX_ASCII_RESTRICTED_CHARSET
+               && FLAGS(scan) != REGEX_ASCII_MORE_RESTRICTED_CHARSET)
+           {
+               if (locinput == reginfo->strbeg)
+                   ln = '\n';
+               else {
+                   const U8 * const r =
+                            reghop3((U8*)locinput, -1, (U8*)(reginfo->strbeg));
+
+                   ln = utf8n_to_uvchr(r, UTF8SKIP(r), 0, uniflags);
+               }
+               if (FLAGS(scan) != REGEX_LOCALE_CHARSET) {
+                   ln = isWORDCHAR_uni(ln);
+                    if (NEXTCHR_IS_EOS)
+                        n = 0;
+                    else {
+                        LOAD_UTF8_CHARCLASS_ALNUM();
+                        n = swash_fetch(PL_utf8_swash_ptrs[_CC_WORDCHAR], (U8*)locinput,
+                                                                utf8_target);
+                    }
+               }
+               else {
+                   ln = isWORDCHAR_LC_uvchr(UNI_TO_NATIVE(ln));
+                   n = NEXTCHR_IS_EOS ? 0 : isWORDCHAR_LC_utf8((U8*)locinput);
+               }
+           }
+           else {
+
+               /* Here the string isn't utf8, or is utf8 and only ascii
+                * characters are to match \w.  In the latter case looking at
+                * the byte just prior to the current one may be just the final
+                * byte of a multi-byte character.  This is ok.  There are two
+                * cases:
+                * 1) it is a single byte character, and then the test is doing
+                *      just what it's supposed to.
+                * 2) it is a multi-byte character, in which case the final
+                *      byte is never mistakable for ASCII, and so the test
+                *      will say it is not a word character, which is the
+                *      correct answer. */
+               ln = (locinput != reginfo->strbeg) ?
+                   UCHARAT(locinput - 1) : '\n';
+               switch (FLAGS(scan)) {
+                   case REGEX_UNICODE_CHARSET:
+                       ln = isWORDCHAR_L1(ln);
+                       n = NEXTCHR_IS_EOS ? 0 : isWORDCHAR_L1(nextchr);
+                       break;
+                   case REGEX_LOCALE_CHARSET:
+                       ln = isWORDCHAR_LC(ln);
+                       n = NEXTCHR_IS_EOS ? 0 : isWORDCHAR_LC(nextchr);
+                       break;
+                   case REGEX_DEPENDS_CHARSET:
+                       ln = isWORDCHAR(ln);
+                       n = NEXTCHR_IS_EOS ? 0 : isWORDCHAR(nextchr);
+                       break;
+                   case REGEX_ASCII_RESTRICTED_CHARSET:
+                   case REGEX_ASCII_MORE_RESTRICTED_CHARSET:
+                       ln = isWORDCHAR_A(ln);
+                       n = NEXTCHR_IS_EOS ? 0 : isWORDCHAR_A(nextchr);
+                       break;
+                   default:
+                       Perl_croak(aTHX_ "panic: Unexpected FLAGS %u in op %u", FLAGS(scan), OP(scan));
+                       break;
+               }
+           }
+           /* Note requires that all BOUNDs be lower than all NBOUNDs in
+            * regcomp.sym */
+           if (((!ln) == (!n)) == (OP(scan) < NBOUND))
+                   sayNO;
+           break;
+
+       case ANYOF:  /*  /[abc]/       */
+       case ANYOF_WARN_SUPER:
+            if (NEXTCHR_IS_EOS)
+                sayNO;
+           if (utf8_target) {
+               if (!reginclass(rex, scan, (U8*)locinput, utf8_target))
+                   sayNO;
+               locinput += UTF8SKIP(locinput);
+           }
+           else {
+               if (!REGINCLASS(rex, scan, (U8*)locinput))
+                   sayNO;
+               locinput++;
+           }
+           break;
+
+        /* The argument (FLAGS) to all the POSIX node types is the class number
+         * */
+
+        case NPOSIXL:   /* \W or [:^punct:] etc. under /l */
+            to_complement = 1;
+            /* FALLTHROUGH */
+
+        case POSIXL:    /* \w or [:punct:] etc. under /l */
+            if (NEXTCHR_IS_EOS)
+                sayNO;
+
+            /* The locale hasn't influenced the outcome before this, so defer
+             * tainting until now */
+            RX_MATCH_TAINTED_on(reginfo->prog);
+
+            /* Use isFOO_lc() for characters within Latin1.  (Note that
+             * UTF8_IS_INVARIANT works even on non-UTF-8 strings, or else
+             * wouldn't be invariant) */
+            if (UTF8_IS_INVARIANT(nextchr) || ! utf8_target) {
+                if (! (to_complement ^ cBOOL(isFOO_lc(FLAGS(scan), (U8) nextchr)))) {
+                    sayNO;
+                }
+            }
+            else if (UTF8_IS_DOWNGRADEABLE_START(nextchr)) {
+                if (! (to_complement ^ cBOOL(isFOO_lc(FLAGS(scan),
+                                        (U8) TWO_BYTE_UTF8_TO_UNI(nextchr,
+                                                            *(locinput + 1))))))
+                {
+                    sayNO;
+                }
+            }
+            else { /* Here, must be an above Latin-1 code point */
+                goto utf8_posix_not_eos;
+            }
+
+            /* Here, must be utf8 */
+            locinput += UTF8SKIP(locinput);
+            break;
+
+        case NPOSIXD:   /* \W or [:^punct:] etc. under /d */
+            to_complement = 1;
+            /* FALLTHROUGH */
+
+        case POSIXD:    /* \w or [:punct:] etc. under /d */
+            if (utf8_target) {
+                goto utf8_posix;
+            }
+            goto posixa;
+
+        case NPOSIXA:   /* \W or [:^punct:] etc. under /a */
+
+            if (NEXTCHR_IS_EOS) {
+                sayNO;
+            }
+
+            /* All UTF-8 variants match */
+            if (! UTF8_IS_INVARIANT(nextchr)) {
+                goto increment_locinput;
+            }
+
+            to_complement = 1;
+            /* FALLTHROUGH */
+
+        case POSIXA:    /* \w or [:punct:] etc. under /a */
+
+          posixa:
+            /* We get here through POSIXD, NPOSIXD, and NPOSIXA when not in
+             * UTF-8, and also from NPOSIXA even in UTF-8 when the current
+             * character is a single byte */
+
+            if (NEXTCHR_IS_EOS
+                || ! (to_complement ^ cBOOL(_generic_isCC_A(nextchr,
+                                                            FLAGS(scan)))))
+            {
+                sayNO;
+            }
+
+            /* Here we are either not in utf8, or we matched a utf8-invariant,
+             * so the next char is the next byte */
+            locinput++;
+            break;
+
+        case NPOSIXU:   /* \W or [:^punct:] etc. under /u */
+            to_complement = 1;
+            /* FALLTHROUGH */
+
+        case POSIXU:    /* \w or [:punct:] etc. under /u */
+          utf8_posix:
+            if (NEXTCHR_IS_EOS) {
+                sayNO;
+            }
+          utf8_posix_not_eos:
+
+            /* Use _generic_isCC() for characters within Latin1.  (Note that
+             * UTF8_IS_INVARIANT works even on non-UTF-8 strings, or else
+             * wouldn't be invariant) */
+            if (UTF8_IS_INVARIANT(nextchr) || ! utf8_target) {
+                if (! (to_complement ^ cBOOL(_generic_isCC(nextchr,
+                                                           FLAGS(scan)))))
+                {
+                    sayNO;
+                }
+                locinput++;
+            }
+            else if (UTF8_IS_DOWNGRADEABLE_START(nextchr)) {
+                if (! (to_complement
+                       ^ cBOOL(_generic_isCC(TWO_BYTE_UTF8_TO_UNI(nextchr,
+                                                               *(locinput + 1)),
+                                              FLAGS(scan)))))
+                {
+                    sayNO;
+                }
+                locinput += 2;
+            }
+            else {  /* Handle above Latin-1 code points */
+                classnum = (_char_class_number) FLAGS(scan);
+                if (classnum < _FIRST_NON_SWASH_CC) {
+
+                    /* Here, uses a swash to find such code points.  Load if if
+                     * not done already */
+                    if (! PL_utf8_swash_ptrs[classnum]) {
+                        U8 flags = _CORE_SWASH_INIT_ACCEPT_INVLIST;
+                        PL_utf8_swash_ptrs[classnum]
+                                = _core_swash_init("utf8",
+                                        swash_property_names[classnum],
+                                        &PL_sv_undef, 1, 0, NULL, &flags);
+                    }
+                    if (! (to_complement
+                           ^ cBOOL(swash_fetch(PL_utf8_swash_ptrs[classnum],
+                                               (U8 *) locinput, TRUE))))
+                    {
+                        sayNO;
+                    }
+                }
+                else {  /* Here, uses macros to find above Latin-1 code points */
+                    switch (classnum) {
+                        case _CC_ENUM_SPACE:    /* XXX would require separate
+                                                   code if we revert the change
+                                                   of \v matching this */
+                        case _CC_ENUM_PSXSPC:
+                            if (! (to_complement
+                                        ^ cBOOL(is_XPERLSPACE_high(locinput))))
+                            {
+                                sayNO;
+                            }
+                            break;
+                        case _CC_ENUM_BLANK:
+                            if (! (to_complement
+                                            ^ cBOOL(is_HORIZWS_high(locinput))))
+                            {
+                                sayNO;
+                            }
+                            break;
+                        case _CC_ENUM_XDIGIT:
+                            if (! (to_complement
+                                            ^ cBOOL(is_XDIGIT_high(locinput))))
+                            {
+                                sayNO;
+                            }
+                            break;
+                        case _CC_ENUM_VERTSPACE:
+                            if (! (to_complement
+                                            ^ cBOOL(is_VERTWS_high(locinput))))
+                            {
+                                sayNO;
+                            }
+                            break;
+                        default:    /* The rest, e.g. [:cntrl:], can't match
+                                       above Latin1 */
+                            if (! to_complement) {
+                                sayNO;
+                            }
+                            break;
+                    }
+                }
+                locinput += UTF8SKIP(locinput);
+            }
+            break;
+
+       case CLUMP: /* Match \X: logical Unicode character.  This is defined as
+                      a Unicode extended Grapheme Cluster */
+           /* From http://www.unicode.org/reports/tr29 (5.2 version).  An
+             extended Grapheme Cluster is:
+
+            CR LF
+            | Prepend* Begin Extend*
+            | .
+
+            Begin is:           ( Special_Begin | ! Control )
+            Special_Begin is:   ( Regional-Indicator+ | Hangul-syllable )
+            Extend is:          ( Grapheme_Extend | Spacing_Mark )
+            Control is:         [ GCB_Control | CR | LF ]
+            Hangul-syllable is: ( T+ | ( L* ( L | ( LVT | ( V | LV ) V* ) T* ) ))
+
+               If we create a 'Regular_Begin' = Begin - Special_Begin, then
+               we can rewrite
+
+                   Begin is ( Regular_Begin + Special Begin )
+
+               It turns out that 98.4% of all Unicode code points match
+               Regular_Begin.  Doing it this way eliminates a table match in
+               the previous implementation for almost all Unicode code points.
+
+              There is a subtlety with Prepend* which showed up in testing.
+              Note that the Begin, and only the Begin is required in:
+               | Prepend* Begin Extend*
+              Also, Begin contains '! Control'.  A Prepend must be a
+              '!  Control', which means it must also be a Begin.  What it
+              comes down to is that if we match Prepend* and then find no
+              suitable Begin afterwards, that if we backtrack the last
+              Prepend, that one will be a suitable Begin.
+           */
+
+           if (NEXTCHR_IS_EOS)
+               sayNO;
+           if  (! utf8_target) {
+
+               /* Match either CR LF  or '.', as all the other possibilities
+                * require utf8 */
+               locinput++;         /* Match the . or CR */
+               if (nextchr == '\r' /* And if it was CR, and the next is LF,
+                                      match the LF */
+                   && locinput < reginfo->strend
+                   && UCHARAT(locinput) == '\n')
+                {
+                    locinput++;
+                }
+           }
+           else {
+
+               /* Utf8: See if is ( CR LF ); already know that locinput <
+                * reginfo->strend, so locinput+1 is in bounds */
+               if ( nextchr == '\r' && locinput+1 < reginfo->strend
+                     && UCHARAT(locinput + 1) == '\n')
+                {
+                   locinput += 2;
+               }
+               else {
+                    STRLEN len;
+
+                   /* In case have to backtrack to beginning, then match '.' */
+                   char *starting = locinput;
+
+                   /* In case have to backtrack the last prepend */
+                   char *previous_prepend = NULL;
+
+                   LOAD_UTF8_CHARCLASS_GCB();
+
+                    /* Match (prepend)*   */
+                    while (locinput < reginfo->strend
+                           && (len = is_GCB_Prepend_utf8(locinput)))
+                    {
+                        previous_prepend = locinput;
+                        locinput += len;
+                    }
+
+                   /* As noted above, if we matched a prepend character, but
+                    * the next thing won't match, back off the last prepend we
+                    * matched, as it is guaranteed to match the begin */
+                   if (previous_prepend
+                       && (locinput >=  reginfo->strend
+                           || (! swash_fetch(PL_utf8_X_regular_begin,
+                                            (U8*)locinput, utf8_target)
+                                && ! is_GCB_SPECIAL_BEGIN_START_utf8(locinput)))
+                        )
+                   {
+                       locinput = previous_prepend;
+                   }
+
+                   /* Note that here we know reginfo->strend > locinput, as we
+                    * tested that upon input to this switch case, and if we
+                    * moved locinput forward, we tested the result just above
+                    * and it either passed, or we backed off so that it will
+                    * now pass */
+                   if (swash_fetch(PL_utf8_X_regular_begin,
+                                    (U8*)locinput, utf8_target)) {
+                        locinput += UTF8SKIP(locinput);
+                    }
+                    else if (! is_GCB_SPECIAL_BEGIN_START_utf8(locinput)) {
+
+                       /* Here did not match the required 'Begin' in the
+                        * second term.  So just match the very first
+                        * character, the '.' of the final term of the regex */
+                       locinput = starting + UTF8SKIP(starting);
+                        goto exit_utf8;
+                   } else {
+
+                        /* Here is a special begin.  It can be composed of
+                         * several individual characters.  One possibility is
+                         * RI+ */
+                        if ((len = is_GCB_RI_utf8(locinput))) {
+                            locinput += len;
+                            while (locinput < reginfo->strend
+                                   && (len = is_GCB_RI_utf8(locinput)))
+                            {
+                                locinput += len;
+                            }
+                        } else if ((len = is_GCB_T_utf8(locinput))) {
+                            /* Another possibility is T+ */
+                            locinput += len;
+                            while (locinput < reginfo->strend
+                                && (len = is_GCB_T_utf8(locinput)))
+                            {
+                                locinput += len;
+                            }
+                        } else {
+
+                            /* Here, neither RI+ nor T+; must be some other
+                             * Hangul.  That means it is one of the others: L,
+                             * LV, LVT or V, and matches:
+                             * L* (L | LVT T* | V * V* T* | LV  V* T*) */
+
+                            /* Match L*           */
+                            while (locinput < reginfo->strend
+                                   && (len = is_GCB_L_utf8(locinput)))
+                            {
+                                locinput += len;
+                            }
+
+                            /* Here, have exhausted L*.  If the next character
+                             * is not an LV, LVT nor V, it means we had to have
+                             * at least one L, so matches L+ in the original
+                             * equation, we have a complete hangul syllable.
+                             * Are done. */
+
+                            if (locinput < reginfo->strend
+                                && is_GCB_LV_LVT_V_utf8(locinput))
+                            {
+                                /* Otherwise keep going.  Must be LV, LVT or V.
+                                 * See if LVT, by first ruling out V, then LV */
+                                if (! is_GCB_V_utf8(locinput)
+                                        /* All but every TCount one is LV */
+                                    && (valid_utf8_to_uvchr((U8 *) locinput,
+                                                                         NULL)
+                                                                        - SBASE)
+                                        % TCount != 0)
+                                {
+                                    locinput += UTF8SKIP(locinput);
+                                } else {
+
+                                    /* Must be  V or LV.  Take it, then match
+                                     * V*     */
+                                    locinput += UTF8SKIP(locinput);
+                                    while (locinput < reginfo->strend
+                                           && (len = is_GCB_V_utf8(locinput)))
+                                    {
+                                        locinput += len;
+                                    }
+                                }
+
+                                /* And any of LV, LVT, or V can be followed
+                                 * by T*            */
+                                while (locinput < reginfo->strend
+                                       && (len = is_GCB_T_utf8(locinput)))
+                                {
+                                    locinput += len;
+                                }
+                            }
+                        }
+                    }
+
+                    /* Match any extender */
+                    while (locinput < reginfo->strend
+                            && swash_fetch(PL_utf8_X_extend,
+                                            (U8*)locinput, utf8_target))
+                    {
+                        locinput += UTF8SKIP(locinput);
+                    }
+               }
+            exit_utf8:
+               if (locinput > reginfo->strend) sayNO;
+           }
+           break;
+            
+       case NREFFL:  /*  /\g{name}/il  */
+       {   /* The capture buffer cases.  The ones beginning with N for the
+              named buffers just convert to the equivalent numbered and
+              pretend they were called as the corresponding numbered buffer
+              op.  */
+           /* don't initialize these in the declaration, it makes C++
+              unhappy */
+           const char *s;
+           char type;
+           re_fold_t folder;
+           const U8 *fold_array;
+           UV utf8_fold_flags;
+
+            RX_MATCH_TAINTED_on(reginfo->prog);
+           folder = foldEQ_locale;
+           fold_array = PL_fold_locale;
+           type = REFFL;
+           utf8_fold_flags = FOLDEQ_UTF8_LOCALE;
+           goto do_nref;
+
+       case NREFFA:  /*  /\g{name}/iaa  */
+           folder = foldEQ_latin1;
+           fold_array = PL_fold_latin1;
+           type = REFFA;
+           utf8_fold_flags = FOLDEQ_UTF8_NOMIX_ASCII;
+           goto do_nref;
+
+       case NREFFU:  /*  /\g{name}/iu  */
+           folder = foldEQ_latin1;
+           fold_array = PL_fold_latin1;
+           type = REFFU;
+           utf8_fold_flags = 0;
+           goto do_nref;
+
+       case NREFF:  /*  /\g{name}/i  */
+           folder = foldEQ;
+           fold_array = PL_fold;
+           type = REFF;
+           utf8_fold_flags = 0;
+           goto do_nref;
+
+       case NREF:  /*  /\g{name}/   */
+           type = REF;
+           folder = NULL;
+           fold_array = NULL;
+           utf8_fold_flags = 0;
+         do_nref:
+
+           /* For the named back references, find the corresponding buffer
+            * number */
+           n = reg_check_named_buff_matched(rex,scan);
+
+            if ( ! n ) {
+                sayNO;
+           }
+           goto do_nref_ref_common;
+
+       case REFFL:  /*  /\1/il  */
+            RX_MATCH_TAINTED_on(reginfo->prog);
+           folder = foldEQ_locale;
+           fold_array = PL_fold_locale;
+           utf8_fold_flags = FOLDEQ_UTF8_LOCALE;
+           goto do_ref;
+
+       case REFFA:  /*  /\1/iaa  */
+           folder = foldEQ_latin1;
+           fold_array = PL_fold_latin1;
+           utf8_fold_flags = FOLDEQ_UTF8_NOMIX_ASCII;
+           goto do_ref;
+
+       case REFFU:  /*  /\1/iu  */
+           folder = foldEQ_latin1;
+           fold_array = PL_fold_latin1;
+           utf8_fold_flags = 0;
+           goto do_ref;
+
+       case REFF:  /*  /\1/i  */
+           folder = foldEQ;
+           fold_array = PL_fold;
+           utf8_fold_flags = 0;
+           goto do_ref;
+
+        case REF:  /*  /\1/    */
+           folder = NULL;
+           fold_array = NULL;
+           utf8_fold_flags = 0;
+
+         do_ref:
+           type = OP(scan);
+           n = ARG(scan);  /* which paren pair */
+
+         do_nref_ref_common:
+           ln = rex->offs[n].start;
+           reginfo->poscache_iter = reginfo->poscache_maxiter; /* Void cache */
+           if (rex->lastparen < n || ln == -1)
+               sayNO;                  /* Do not match unless seen CLOSEn. */
+           if (ln == rex->offs[n].end)
+               break;
+
+           s = reginfo->strbeg + ln;
+           if (type != REF     /* REF can do byte comparison */
+               && (utf8_target || type == REFFU))
+           { /* XXX handle REFFL better */
+               char * limit = reginfo->strend;
+
+               /* This call case insensitively compares the entire buffer
+                   * at s, with the current input starting at locinput, but
+                    * not going off the end given by reginfo->strend, and
+                    * returns in <limit> upon success, how much of the
+                    * current input was matched */
+               if (! foldEQ_utf8_flags(s, NULL, rex->offs[n].end - ln, utf8_target,
+                                   locinput, &limit, 0, utf8_target, utf8_fold_flags))
+               {
+                   sayNO;
+               }
+               locinput = limit;
+               break;
+           }
+
+           /* Not utf8:  Inline the first character, for speed. */
+           if (!NEXTCHR_IS_EOS &&
+                UCHARAT(s) != nextchr &&
+               (type == REF ||
+                UCHARAT(s) != fold_array[nextchr]))
+               sayNO;
+           ln = rex->offs[n].end - ln;
+           if (locinput + ln > reginfo->strend)
+               sayNO;
+           if (ln > 1 && (type == REF
+                          ? memNE(s, locinput, ln)
+                          : ! folder(s, locinput, ln)))
+               sayNO;
+           locinput += ln;
+           break;
+       }
+
+       case NOTHING: /* null op; e.g. the 'nothing' following
+                       * the '*' in m{(a+|b)*}' */
+           break;
+       case TAIL: /* placeholder while compiling (A|B|C) */
+           break;
+
+       case BACK: /* ??? doesn't appear to be used ??? */
+           break;
+
+#undef  ST
+#define ST st->u.eval
+       {
+           SV *ret;
+           REGEXP *re_sv;
+            regexp *re;
+            regexp_internal *rei;
+            regnode *startpoint;
+
+       case GOSTART: /*  (?R)  */
+       case GOSUB: /*    /(...(?1))/   /(...(?&foo))/   */
+           if (cur_eval && cur_eval->locinput==locinput) {
+                if (cur_eval->u.eval.close_paren == (U32)ARG(scan)) 
+                    Perl_croak(aTHX_ "Infinite recursion in regex");
+                if ( ++nochange_depth > max_nochange_depth )
+                    Perl_croak(aTHX_ 
+                        "Pattern subroutine nesting without pos change"
+                        " exceeded limit in regex");
+            } else {
+                nochange_depth = 0;
+            }
+           re_sv = rex_sv;
+            re = rex;
+            rei = rexi;
+            if (OP(scan)==GOSUB) {
+                startpoint = scan + ARG2L(scan);
+                ST.close_paren = ARG(scan);
+            } else {
+                startpoint = rei->program+1;
+                ST.close_paren = 0;
+            }
+            goto eval_recurse_doit;
+            assert(0); /* NOTREACHED */
+
+        case EVAL:  /*   /(?{A})B/   /(??{A})B/  and /(?(?{A})X|Y)B/   */        
+            if (cur_eval && cur_eval->locinput==locinput) {
+               if ( ++nochange_depth > max_nochange_depth )
+                    Perl_croak(aTHX_ "EVAL without pos change exceeded limit in regex");
+            } else {
+                nochange_depth = 0;
+            }    
+           {
+               /* execute the code in the {...} */
+
+               dSP;
+               IV before;
+               OP * const oop = PL_op;
+               COP * const ocurcop = PL_curcop;
+               OP *nop;
+               CV *newcv;
+
+               /* save *all* paren positions */
+               regcppush(rex, 0, maxopenparen);
+               REGCP_SET(runops_cp);
+
+               if (!caller_cv)
+                   caller_cv = find_runcv(NULL);
+
+               n = ARG(scan);
+
+               if (rexi->data->what[n] == 'r') { /* code from an external qr */
+                   newcv = (ReANY(
+                                               (REGEXP*)(rexi->data->data[n])
+                                           ))->qr_anoncv
+                                       ;
+                   nop = (OP*)rexi->data->data[n+1];
+               }
+               else if (rexi->data->what[n] == 'l') { /* literal code */
+                   newcv = caller_cv;
+                   nop = (OP*)rexi->data->data[n];
+                   assert(CvDEPTH(newcv));
+               }
+               else {
+                   /* literal with own CV */
+                   assert(rexi->data->what[n] == 'L');
+                   newcv = rex->qr_anoncv;
+                   nop = (OP*)rexi->data->data[n];
+               }
+
+               /* normally if we're about to execute code from the same
+                * CV that we used previously, we just use the existing
+                * CX stack entry. However, its possible that in the
+                * meantime we may have backtracked, popped from the save
+                * stack, and undone the SAVECOMPPAD(s) associated with
+                * PUSH_MULTICALL; in which case PL_comppad no longer
+                * points to newcv's pad. */
+               if (newcv != last_pushed_cv || PL_comppad != last_pad)
+               {
+                    U8 flags = (CXp_SUB_RE |
+                                ((newcv == caller_cv) ? CXp_SUB_RE_FAKE : 0));
+                   if (last_pushed_cv) {
+                       CHANGE_MULTICALL_FLAGS(newcv, flags);
+                   }
+                   else {
+                       PUSH_MULTICALL_FLAGS(newcv, flags);
+                   }
+                   last_pushed_cv = newcv;
+               }
+               else {
+                    /* these assignments are just to silence compiler
+                     * warnings */
+                   multicall_cop = NULL;
+                   newsp = NULL;
+               }
+               last_pad = PL_comppad;
+
+               /* the initial nextstate you would normally execute
+                * at the start of an eval (which would cause error
+                * messages to come from the eval), may be optimised
+                * away from the execution path in the regex code blocks;
+                * so manually set PL_curcop to it initially */
+               {
+                   OP *o = cUNOPx(nop)->op_first;
+                   assert(o->op_type == OP_NULL);
+                   if (o->op_targ == OP_SCOPE) {
+                       o = cUNOPo->op_first;
+                   }
+                   else {
+                       assert(o->op_targ == OP_LEAVE);
+                       o = cUNOPo->op_first;
+                       assert(o->op_type == OP_ENTER);
+                       o = o->op_sibling;
+                   }
+
+                   if (o->op_type != OP_STUB) {
+                       assert(    o->op_type == OP_NEXTSTATE
+                               || o->op_type == OP_DBSTATE
+                               || (o->op_type == OP_NULL
+                                   &&  (  o->op_targ == OP_NEXTSTATE
+                                       || o->op_targ == OP_DBSTATE
+                                       )
+                                   )
+                       );
+                       PL_curcop = (COP*)o;
+                   }
+               }
+               nop = nop->op_next;
+
+               DEBUG_STATE_r( PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log, 
+                   "  re EVAL PL_op=0x%"UVxf"\n", PTR2UV(nop)) );
+
+               rex->offs[0].end = locinput - reginfo->strbeg;
+                if (reginfo->info_aux_eval->pos_magic)
+                        reginfo->info_aux_eval->pos_magic->mg_len
+                                        = locinput - reginfo->strbeg;
+
+                if (sv_yes_mark) {
+                    SV *sv_mrk = get_sv("REGMARK", 1);
+                    sv_setsv(sv_mrk, sv_yes_mark);
+                }
+
+               /* we don't use MULTICALL here as we want to call the
+                * first op of the block of interest, rather than the
+                * first op of the sub */
+               before = (IV)(SP-PL_stack_base);
+               PL_op = nop;
+               CALLRUNOPS(aTHX);                       /* Scalar context. */
+               SPAGAIN;
+               if ((IV)(SP-PL_stack_base) == before)
+                   ret = &PL_sv_undef;   /* protect against empty (?{}) blocks. */
+               else {
+                   ret = POPs;
+                   PUTBACK;
+               }
+
+               /* before restoring everything, evaluate the returned
+                * value, so that 'uninit' warnings don't use the wrong
+                * PL_op or pad. Also need to process any magic vars
+                * (e.g. $1) *before* parentheses are restored */
+
+               PL_op = NULL;
+
+                re_sv = NULL;
+               if (logical == 0)        /*   (?{})/   */
+                   sv_setsv(save_scalar(PL_replgv), ret); /* $^R */
+               else if (logical == 1) { /*   /(?(?{...})X|Y)/    */
+                   sw = cBOOL(SvTRUE(ret));
+                   logical = 0;
+               }
+               else {                   /*  /(??{})  */
+                   /*  if its overloaded, let the regex compiler handle
+                    *  it; otherwise extract regex, or stringify  */
+                   if (!SvAMAGIC(ret)) {
+                       SV *sv = ret;
+                       if (SvROK(sv))
+                           sv = SvRV(sv);
+                       if (SvTYPE(sv) == SVt_REGEXP)
+                           re_sv = (REGEXP*) sv;
+                       else if (SvSMAGICAL(sv)) {
+                           MAGIC *mg = mg_find(sv, PERL_MAGIC_qr);
+                           if (mg)
+                               re_sv = (REGEXP *) mg->mg_obj;
+                       }
+
+                       /* force any magic, undef warnings here */
+                       if (!re_sv) {
+                           ret = sv_mortalcopy(ret);
+                           (void) SvPV_force_nolen(ret);
+                       }
+                   }
+
+               }
+
+               /* *** Note that at this point we don't restore
+                * PL_comppad, (or pop the CxSUB) on the assumption it may
+                * be used again soon. This is safe as long as nothing
+                * in the regexp code uses the pad ! */
+               PL_op = oop;
+               PL_curcop = ocurcop;
+               S_regcp_restore(aTHX_ rex, runops_cp, &maxopenparen);
+
+               if (logical != 2)
+                   break;
+           }
+
+               /* only /(??{})/  from now on */
+               logical = 0;
+               {
+                   /* extract RE object from returned value; compiling if
+                    * necessary */
+
+                   if (re_sv) {
+                       re_sv = reg_temp_copy(NULL, re_sv);
+                   }
+                   else {
+                       U32 pm_flags = 0;
+
+                       if (SvUTF8(ret) && IN_BYTES) {
+                           /* In use 'bytes': make a copy of the octet
+                            * sequence, but without the flag on */
+                           STRLEN len;
+                           const char *const p = SvPV(ret, len);
+                           ret = newSVpvn_flags(p, len, SVs_TEMP);
+                       }
+                       if (rex->intflags & PREGf_USE_RE_EVAL)
+                           pm_flags |= PMf_USE_RE_EVAL;
+
+                       /* if we got here, it should be an engine which
+                        * supports compiling code blocks and stuff */
+                       assert(rex->engine && rex->engine->op_comp);
+                        assert(!(scan->flags & ~RXf_PMf_COMPILETIME));
+                       re_sv = rex->engine->op_comp(aTHX_ &ret, 1, NULL,
+                                   rex->engine, NULL, NULL,
+                                    /* copy /msix etc to inner pattern */
+                                    scan->flags,
+                                    pm_flags);
+
+                       if (!(SvFLAGS(ret)
+                             & (SVs_TEMP | SVs_PADTMP | SVf_READONLY
+                                | SVs_GMG))) {
+                           /* This isn't a first class regexp. Instead, it's
+                              caching a regexp onto an existing, Perl visible
+                              scalar.  */
+                           sv_magic(ret, MUTABLE_SV(re_sv), PERL_MAGIC_qr, 0, 0);
+                       }
+                       /* safe to do now that any $1 etc has been
+                        * interpolated into the new pattern string and
+                        * compiled */
+                       S_regcp_restore(aTHX_ rex, runops_cp, &maxopenparen);
+                   }
+                   SAVEFREESV(re_sv);
+                   re = ReANY(re_sv);
+               }
+                RXp_MATCH_COPIED_off(re);
+                re->subbeg = rex->subbeg;
+                re->sublen = rex->sublen;
+                re->suboffset = rex->suboffset;
+                re->subcoffset = rex->subcoffset;
+               rei = RXi_GET(re);
+                DEBUG_EXECUTE_r(
+                    debug_start_match(re_sv, utf8_target, locinput,
+                                    reginfo->strend, "Matching embedded");
+               );              
+               startpoint = rei->program + 1;
+                       ST.close_paren = 0; /* only used for GOSUB */
+
+        eval_recurse_doit: /* Share code with GOSUB below this line */                         
+               /* run the pattern returned from (??{...}) */
+
+                /* Save *all* the positions. */
+               ST.cp = regcppush(rex, 0, maxopenparen);
+               REGCP_SET(ST.lastcp);
+               
+               re->lastparen = 0;
+               re->lastcloseparen = 0;
+
+               maxopenparen = 0;
+
+                /* invalidate the S-L poscache. We're now executing a
+                 * different set of WHILEM ops (and their associated
+                 * indexes) against the same string, so the bits in the
+                 * cache are meaningless. Setting maxiter to zero forces
+                 * the cache to be invalidated and zeroed before reuse.
+                * XXX This is too dramatic a measure. Ideally we should
+                 * save the old cache and restore when running the outer
+                 * pattern again */
+               reginfo->poscache_maxiter = 0;
+
+                is_utf8_pat = reginfo->is_utf8_pat = cBOOL(RX_UTF8(re_sv));
+
+               ST.prev_rex = rex_sv;
+               ST.prev_curlyx = cur_curlyx;
+               rex_sv = re_sv;
+               SET_reg_curpm(rex_sv);
+               rex = re;
+               rexi = rei;
+               cur_curlyx = NULL;
+               ST.B = next;
+               ST.prev_eval = cur_eval;
+               cur_eval = st;
+               /* now continue from first node in postoned RE */
+               PUSH_YES_STATE_GOTO(EVAL_AB, startpoint, locinput);
+               assert(0); /* NOTREACHED */
+       }
+
+       case EVAL_AB: /* cleanup after a successful (??{A})B */
+           /* note: this is called twice; first after popping B, then A */
+           rex_sv = ST.prev_rex;
+            is_utf8_pat = reginfo->is_utf8_pat = cBOOL(RX_UTF8(rex_sv));
+           SET_reg_curpm(rex_sv);
+           rex = ReANY(rex_sv);
+           rexi = RXi_GET(rex);
+           regcpblow(ST.cp);
+           cur_eval = ST.prev_eval;
+           cur_curlyx = ST.prev_curlyx;
+
+           /* Invalidate cache. See "invalidate" comment above. */
+           reginfo->poscache_maxiter = 0;
+            if ( nochange_depth )
+               nochange_depth--;
+           sayYES;
+
+
+       case EVAL_AB_fail: /* unsuccessfully ran A or B in (??{A})B */
+           /* note: this is called twice; first after popping B, then A */
+           rex_sv = ST.prev_rex;
+            is_utf8_pat = reginfo->is_utf8_pat = cBOOL(RX_UTF8(rex_sv));
+           SET_reg_curpm(rex_sv);
+           rex = ReANY(rex_sv);
+           rexi = RXi_GET(rex); 
+
+           REGCP_UNWIND(ST.lastcp);
+           regcppop(rex, &maxopenparen);
+           cur_eval = ST.prev_eval;
+           cur_curlyx = ST.prev_curlyx;
+           /* Invalidate cache. See "invalidate" comment above. */
+           reginfo->poscache_maxiter = 0;
+           if ( nochange_depth )
+               nochange_depth--;
+           sayNO_SILENT;
+#undef ST
+
+       case OPEN: /*  (  */
+           n = ARG(scan);  /* which paren pair */
+           rex->offs[n].start_tmp = locinput - reginfo->strbeg;
+           if (n > maxopenparen)
+               maxopenparen = n;
+           DEBUG_BUFFERS_r(PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log,
+               "rex=0x%"UVxf" offs=0x%"UVxf": \\%"UVuf": set %"IVdf" tmp; maxopenparen=%"UVuf"\n",
+               PTR2UV(rex),
+               PTR2UV(rex->offs),
+               (UV)n,
+               (IV)rex->offs[n].start_tmp,
+               (UV)maxopenparen
+           ));
+            lastopen = n;
+           break;
+
+/* XXX really need to log other places start/end are set too */
+#define CLOSE_CAPTURE \
+    rex->offs[n].start = rex->offs[n].start_tmp; \
+    rex->offs[n].end = locinput - reginfo->strbeg; \
+    DEBUG_BUFFERS_r(PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log, \
+       "rex=0x%"UVxf" offs=0x%"UVxf": \\%"UVuf": set %"IVdf"..%"IVdf"\n", \
+       PTR2UV(rex), \
+       PTR2UV(rex->offs), \
+       (UV)n, \
+       (IV)rex->offs[n].start, \
+       (IV)rex->offs[n].end \
+    ))
+
+       case CLOSE:  /*  )  */
+           n = ARG(scan);  /* which paren pair */
+           CLOSE_CAPTURE;
+           if (n > rex->lastparen)
+               rex->lastparen = n;
+           rex->lastcloseparen = n;
+            if (cur_eval && cur_eval->u.eval.close_paren == n) {
+               goto fake_end;
+           }    
+           break;
+
+        case ACCEPT:  /*  (*ACCEPT)  */
+            if (ARG(scan)){
+                regnode *cursor;
+                for (cursor=scan;
+                     cursor && OP(cursor)!=END; 
+                     cursor=regnext(cursor)) 
+                {
+                    if ( OP(cursor)==CLOSE ){
+                        n = ARG(cursor);
+                        if ( n <= lastopen ) {
+                           CLOSE_CAPTURE;
+                            if (n > rex->lastparen)
+                                rex->lastparen = n;
+                            rex->lastcloseparen = n;
+                            if ( n == ARG(scan) || (cur_eval &&
+                                cur_eval->u.eval.close_paren == n))
+                                break;
+                        }
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+           goto fake_end;
+           /*NOTREACHED*/          
+
+       case GROUPP:  /*  (?(1))  */
+           n = ARG(scan);  /* which paren pair */
+           sw = cBOOL(rex->lastparen >= n && rex->offs[n].end != -1);
+           break;
+
+       case NGROUPP:  /*  (?(<name>))  */
+           /* reg_check_named_buff_matched returns 0 for no match */
+           sw = cBOOL(0 < reg_check_named_buff_matched(rex,scan));
+           break;
+
+        case INSUBP:   /*  (?(R))  */
+            n = ARG(scan);
+            sw = (cur_eval && (!n || cur_eval->u.eval.close_paren == n));
+            break;
+
+        case DEFINEP:  /*  (?(DEFINE))  */
+            sw = 0;
+            break;
+
+       case IFTHEN:   /*  (?(cond)A|B)  */
+           reginfo->poscache_iter = reginfo->poscache_maxiter; /* Void cache */
+           if (sw)
+               next = NEXTOPER(NEXTOPER(scan));
+           else {
+               next = scan + ARG(scan);
+               if (OP(next) == IFTHEN) /* Fake one. */
+                   next = NEXTOPER(NEXTOPER(next));
+           }
+           break;
+
+       case LOGICAL:  /* modifier for EVAL and IFMATCH */
+           logical = scan->flags;
+           break;
+
+/*******************************************************************
+
+The CURLYX/WHILEM pair of ops handle the most generic case of the /A*B/
+pattern, where A and B are subpatterns. (For simple A, CURLYM or
+STAR/PLUS/CURLY/CURLYN are used instead.)
+
+A*B is compiled as <CURLYX><A><WHILEM><B>
+
+On entry to the subpattern, CURLYX is called. This pushes a CURLYX
+state, which contains the current count, initialised to -1. It also sets
+cur_curlyx to point to this state, with any previous value saved in the
+state block.
+
+CURLYX then jumps straight to the WHILEM op, rather than executing A,
+since the pattern may possibly match zero times (i.e. it's a while {} loop
+rather than a do {} while loop).
+
+Each entry to WHILEM represents a successful match of A. The count in the
+CURLYX block is incremented, another WHILEM state is pushed, and execution
+passes to A or B depending on greediness and the current count.
+
+For example, if matching against the string a1a2a3b (where the aN are
+substrings that match /A/), then the match progresses as follows: (the
+pushed states are interspersed with the bits of strings matched so far):
+
+    <CURLYX cnt=-1>
+    <CURLYX cnt=0><WHILEM>
+    <CURLYX cnt=1><WHILEM> a1 <WHILEM>
+    <CURLYX cnt=2><WHILEM> a1 <WHILEM> a2 <WHILEM>
+    <CURLYX cnt=3><WHILEM> a1 <WHILEM> a2 <WHILEM> a3 <WHILEM>
+    <CURLYX cnt=3><WHILEM> a1 <WHILEM> a2 <WHILEM> a3 <WHILEM> b
+
+(Contrast this with something like CURLYM, which maintains only a single
+backtrack state:
+
+    <CURLYM cnt=0> a1
+    a1 <CURLYM cnt=1> a2
+    a1 a2 <CURLYM cnt=2> a3
+    a1 a2 a3 <CURLYM cnt=3> b
+)
+
+Each WHILEM state block marks a point to backtrack to upon partial failure
+of A or B, and also contains some minor state data related to that
+iteration.  The CURLYX block, pointed to by cur_curlyx, contains the
+overall state, such as the count, and pointers to the A and B ops.
+
+This is complicated slightly by nested CURLYX/WHILEM's. Since cur_curlyx
+must always point to the *current* CURLYX block, the rules are:
+
+When executing CURLYX, save the old cur_curlyx in the CURLYX state block,
+and set cur_curlyx to point the new block.
+
+When popping the CURLYX block after a successful or unsuccessful match,
+restore the previous cur_curlyx.
+
+When WHILEM is about to execute B, save the current cur_curlyx, and set it
+to the outer one saved in the CURLYX block.
+
+When popping the WHILEM block after a successful or unsuccessful B match,
+restore the previous cur_curlyx.
+
+Here's an example for the pattern (AI* BI)*BO
+I and O refer to inner and outer, C and W refer to CURLYX and WHILEM:
+
+cur_
+curlyx backtrack stack
+------ ---------------
+NULL   
+CO     <CO prev=NULL> <WO>
+CI     <CO prev=NULL> <WO> <CI prev=CO> <WI> ai 
+CO     <CO prev=NULL> <WO> <CI prev=CO> <WI> ai <WI prev=CI> bi 
+NULL   <CO prev=NULL> <WO> <CI prev=CO> <WI> ai <WI prev=CI> bi <WO prev=CO> bo
+
+At this point the pattern succeeds, and we work back down the stack to
+clean up, restoring as we go:
+
+CO     <CO prev=NULL> <WO> <CI prev=CO> <WI> ai <WI prev=CI> bi 
+CI     <CO prev=NULL> <WO> <CI prev=CO> <WI> ai 
+CO     <CO prev=NULL> <WO>
+NULL   
+
+*******************************************************************/
+
+#define ST st->u.curlyx
+
+       case CURLYX:    /* start of /A*B/  (for complex A) */
+       {
+           /* No need to save/restore up to this paren */
+           I32 parenfloor = scan->flags;
+           
+           assert(next); /* keep Coverity happy */
+           if (OP(PREVOPER(next)) == NOTHING) /* LONGJMP */
+               next += ARG(next);
+
+           /* XXXX Probably it is better to teach regpush to support
+              parenfloor > maxopenparen ... */
+           if (parenfloor > (I32)rex->lastparen)
+               parenfloor = rex->lastparen; /* Pessimization... */
+
+           ST.prev_curlyx= cur_curlyx;
+           cur_curlyx = st;
+           ST.cp = PL_savestack_ix;
+
+           /* these fields contain the state of the current curly.
+            * they are accessed by subsequent WHILEMs */
+           ST.parenfloor = parenfloor;
+           ST.me = scan;
+           ST.B = next;
+           ST.minmod = minmod;
+           minmod = 0;
+           ST.count = -1;      /* this will be updated by WHILEM */
+           ST.lastloc = NULL;  /* this will be updated by WHILEM */
+
+           PUSH_YES_STATE_GOTO(CURLYX_end, PREVOPER(next), locinput);
+           assert(0); /* NOTREACHED */
+       }
+
+       case CURLYX_end: /* just finished matching all of A*B */
+           cur_curlyx = ST.prev_curlyx;
+           sayYES;
+           assert(0); /* NOTREACHED */
+
+       case CURLYX_end_fail: /* just failed to match all of A*B */
+           regcpblow(ST.cp);
+           cur_curlyx = ST.prev_curlyx;
+           sayNO;
+           assert(0); /* NOTREACHED */
+
+
+#undef ST
+#define ST st->u.whilem
+
+       case WHILEM:     /* just matched an A in /A*B/  (for complex A) */
+       {
+           /* see the discussion above about CURLYX/WHILEM */
+           I32 n;
+           int min = ARG1(cur_curlyx->u.curlyx.me);
+           int max = ARG2(cur_curlyx->u.curlyx.me);
+           regnode *A = NEXTOPER(cur_curlyx->u.curlyx.me) + EXTRA_STEP_2ARGS;
+
+           assert(cur_curlyx); /* keep Coverity happy */
+           n = ++cur_curlyx->u.curlyx.count; /* how many A's matched */
+           ST.save_lastloc = cur_curlyx->u.curlyx.lastloc;
+           ST.cache_offset = 0;
+           ST.cache_mask = 0;
+           
+
+           DEBUG_EXECUTE_r( PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log,
+                 "%*s  whilem: matched %ld out of %d..%d\n",
+                 REPORT_CODE_OFF+depth*2, "", (long)n, min, max)
+           );
+
+           /* First just match a string of min A's. */
+
+           if (n < min) {
+               ST.cp = regcppush(rex, cur_curlyx->u.curlyx.parenfloor,
+                                    maxopenparen);
+               cur_curlyx->u.curlyx.lastloc = locinput;
+               REGCP_SET(ST.lastcp);
+
+               PUSH_STATE_GOTO(WHILEM_A_pre, A, locinput);
+               assert(0); /* NOTREACHED */
+           }
+
+           /* If degenerate A matches "", assume A done. */
+
+           if (locinput == cur_curlyx->u.curlyx.lastloc) {
+               DEBUG_EXECUTE_r( PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log,
+                  "%*s  whilem: empty match detected, trying continuation...\n",
+                  REPORT_CODE_OFF+depth*2, "")
+               );
+               goto do_whilem_B_max;
+           }
+
+           /* super-linear cache processing.
+             *
+             * The idea here is that for certain types of CURLYX/WHILEM -
+             * principally those whose upper bound is infinity (and
+             * excluding regexes that have things like \1 and other very
+             * non-regular expresssiony things), then if a pattern like
+             * /....A*.../ fails and we backtrack to the WHILEM, then we
+             * make a note that this particular WHILEM op was at string
+             * position 47 (say) when the rest of pattern failed. Then, if
+             * we ever find ourselves back at that WHILEM, and at string
+             * position 47 again, we can just fail immediately rather than
+             * running the rest of the pattern again.
+             *
+             * This is very handy when patterns start to go
+             * 'super-linear', like in (a+)*(a+)*(a+)*, where you end up
+             * with a combinatorial explosion of backtracking.
+             *
+             * The cache is implemented as a bit array, with one bit per
+             * string byte position per WHILEM op (up to 16) - so its
+             * between 0.25 and 2x the string size.
+             *
+             * To avoid allocating a poscache buffer every time, we do an
+             * initially countdown; only after we have  executed a WHILEM
+             * op (string-length x #WHILEMs) times do we allocate the
+             * cache.
+             *
+             * The top 4 bits of scan->flags byte say how many different
+             * relevant CURLLYX/WHILEM op pairs there are, while the
+             * bottom 4-bits is the identifying index number of this
+             * WHILEM.
+             */
+
+           if (scan->flags) {
+
+               if (!reginfo->poscache_maxiter) {
+                   /* start the countdown: Postpone detection until we
+                    * know the match is not *that* much linear. */
+                   reginfo->poscache_maxiter
+                        =    (reginfo->strend - reginfo->strbeg + 1)
+                           * (scan->flags>>4);
+                   /* possible overflow for long strings and many CURLYX's */
+                   if (reginfo->poscache_maxiter < 0)
+                       reginfo->poscache_maxiter = I32_MAX;
+                   reginfo->poscache_iter = reginfo->poscache_maxiter;
+               }
+
+               if (reginfo->poscache_iter-- == 0) {
+                   /* initialise cache */
+                   const I32 size = (reginfo->poscache_maxiter + 7)/8;
+                    regmatch_info_aux *const aux = reginfo->info_aux;
+                   if (aux->poscache) {
+                       if ((I32)reginfo->poscache_size < size) {
+                           Renew(aux->poscache, size, char);
+                           reginfo->poscache_size = size;
+                       }
+                       Zero(aux->poscache, size, char);
+                   }
+                   else {
+                       reginfo->poscache_size = size;
+                       Newxz(aux->poscache, size, char);
+                   }
+                   DEBUG_EXECUTE_r( PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log,
+      "%swhilem: Detected a super-linear match, switching on caching%s...\n",
+                             PL_colors[4], PL_colors[5])
+                   );
+               }
+
+               if (reginfo->poscache_iter < 0) {
+                   /* have we already failed at this position? */
+                   I32 offset, mask;
+
+                    reginfo->poscache_iter = -1; /* stop eventual underflow */
+                   offset  = (scan->flags & 0xf) - 1
+                                +   (locinput - reginfo->strbeg)
+                                  * (scan->flags>>4);
+                   mask    = 1 << (offset % 8);
+                   offset /= 8;
+                   if (reginfo->info_aux->poscache[offset] & mask) {
+                       DEBUG_EXECUTE_r( PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log,
+                           "%*s  whilem: (cache) already tried at this position...\n",
+                           REPORT_CODE_OFF+depth*2, "")
+                       );
+                       sayNO; /* cache records failure */
+                   }
+                   ST.cache_offset = offset;
+                   ST.cache_mask   = mask;
+               }
+           }
+
+           /* Prefer B over A for minimal matching. */
+
+           if (cur_curlyx->u.curlyx.minmod) {
+               ST.save_curlyx = cur_curlyx;
+               cur_curlyx = cur_curlyx->u.curlyx.prev_curlyx;
+               ST.cp = regcppush(rex, ST.save_curlyx->u.curlyx.parenfloor,
+                            maxopenparen);
+               REGCP_SET(ST.lastcp);
+               PUSH_YES_STATE_GOTO(WHILEM_B_min, ST.save_curlyx->u.curlyx.B,
+                                    locinput);
+               assert(0); /* NOTREACHED */
+           }
+
+           /* Prefer A over B for maximal matching. */
+
+           if (n < max) { /* More greed allowed? */
+               ST.cp = regcppush(rex, cur_curlyx->u.curlyx.parenfloor,
+                            maxopenparen);
+               cur_curlyx->u.curlyx.lastloc = locinput;
+               REGCP_SET(ST.lastcp);
+               PUSH_STATE_GOTO(WHILEM_A_max, A, locinput);
+               assert(0); /* NOTREACHED */
+           }
+           goto do_whilem_B_max;
+       }
+       assert(0); /* NOTREACHED */
+
+       case WHILEM_B_min: /* just matched B in a minimal match */
+       case WHILEM_B_max: /* just matched B in a maximal match */
+           cur_curlyx = ST.save_curlyx;
+           sayYES;
+           assert(0); /* NOTREACHED */
+
+       case WHILEM_B_max_fail: /* just failed to match B in a maximal match */
+           cur_curlyx = ST.save_curlyx;
+           cur_curlyx->u.curlyx.lastloc = ST.save_lastloc;
+           cur_curlyx->u.curlyx.count--;
+           CACHEsayNO;
+           assert(0); /* NOTREACHED */
+
+       case WHILEM_A_min_fail: /* just failed to match A in a minimal match */
+           /* FALL THROUGH */
+       case WHILEM_A_pre_fail: /* just failed to match even minimal A */
+           REGCP_UNWIND(ST.lastcp);
+           regcppop(rex, &maxopenparen);
+           cur_curlyx->u.curlyx.lastloc = ST.save_lastloc;
+           cur_curlyx->u.curlyx.count--;
+           CACHEsayNO;
+           assert(0); /* NOTREACHED */
+
+       case WHILEM_A_max_fail: /* just failed to match A in a maximal match */
+           REGCP_UNWIND(ST.lastcp);
+           regcppop(rex, &maxopenparen); /* Restore some previous $<digit>s? */
+           DEBUG_EXECUTE_r(PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log,
+               "%*s  whilem: failed, trying continuation...\n",
+               REPORT_CODE_OFF+depth*2, "")
+           );
+         do_whilem_B_max:
+           if (cur_curlyx->u.curlyx.count >= REG_INFTY
+               && ckWARN(WARN_REGEXP)
+               && !reginfo->warned)
+           {
+                reginfo->warned        = TRUE;
+               Perl_warner(aTHX_ packWARN(WARN_REGEXP),
+                    "Complex regular subexpression recursion limit (%d) "
+                    "exceeded",
+                    REG_INFTY - 1);
+           }
+
+           /* now try B */
+           ST.save_curlyx = cur_curlyx;
+           cur_curlyx = cur_curlyx->u.curlyx.prev_curlyx;
+           PUSH_YES_STATE_GOTO(WHILEM_B_max, ST.save_curlyx->u.curlyx.B,
+                                locinput);
+           assert(0); /* NOTREACHED */
+
+       case WHILEM_B_min_fail: /* just failed to match B in a minimal match */
+           cur_curlyx = ST.save_curlyx;
+           REGCP_UNWIND(ST.lastcp);
+           regcppop(rex, &maxopenparen);
+
+           if (cur_curlyx->u.curlyx.count >= /*max*/ARG2(cur_curlyx->u.curlyx.me)) {
+               /* Maximum greed exceeded */
+               if (cur_curlyx->u.curlyx.count >= REG_INFTY
+                   && ckWARN(WARN_REGEXP)
+                    && !reginfo->warned)
+               {
+                    reginfo->warned    = TRUE;
+                   Perl_warner(aTHX_ packWARN(WARN_REGEXP),
+                       "Complex regular subexpression recursion "
+                       "limit (%d) exceeded",
+                       REG_INFTY - 1);
+               }
+               cur_curlyx->u.curlyx.count--;
+               CACHEsayNO;
+           }
+
+           DEBUG_EXECUTE_r(PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log,
+               "%*s  trying longer...\n", REPORT_CODE_OFF+depth*2, "")
+           );
+           /* Try grabbing another A and see if it helps. */
+           cur_curlyx->u.curlyx.lastloc = locinput;
+           ST.cp = regcppush(rex, cur_curlyx->u.curlyx.parenfloor,
+                            maxopenparen);
+           REGCP_SET(ST.lastcp);
+           PUSH_STATE_GOTO(WHILEM_A_min,
+               /*A*/ NEXTOPER(ST.save_curlyx->u.curlyx.me) + EXTRA_STEP_2ARGS,
+                locinput);
+           assert(0); /* NOTREACHED */
+
+#undef  ST
+#define ST st->u.branch
+
+       case BRANCHJ:       /*  /(...|A|...)/ with long next pointer */
+           next = scan + ARG(scan);
+           if (next == scan)
+               next = NULL;
+           scan = NEXTOPER(scan);
+           /* FALL THROUGH */
+
+       case BRANCH:        /*  /(...|A|...)/ */
+           scan = NEXTOPER(scan); /* scan now points to inner node */
+           ST.lastparen = rex->lastparen;
+           ST.lastcloseparen = rex->lastcloseparen;
+           ST.next_branch = next;
+           REGCP_SET(ST.cp);
+
+           /* Now go into the branch */
+           if (has_cutgroup) {
+               PUSH_YES_STATE_GOTO(BRANCH_next, scan, locinput);
+           } else {
+               PUSH_STATE_GOTO(BRANCH_next, scan, locinput);
+           }
+           assert(0); /* NOTREACHED */
+
+        case CUTGROUP:  /*  /(*THEN)/  */
+            sv_yes_mark = st->u.mark.mark_name = scan->flags ? NULL :
+                MUTABLE_SV(rexi->data->data[ ARG( scan ) ]);
+            PUSH_STATE_GOTO(CUTGROUP_next, next, locinput);
+            assert(0); /* NOTREACHED */
+
+        case CUTGROUP_next_fail:
+            do_cutgroup = 1;
+            no_final = 1;
+            if (st->u.mark.mark_name)
+                sv_commit = st->u.mark.mark_name;
+            sayNO;         
+            assert(0); /* NOTREACHED */
+
+        case BRANCH_next:
+            sayYES;
+            assert(0); /* NOTREACHED */
+
+       case BRANCH_next_fail: /* that branch failed; try the next, if any */
+           if (do_cutgroup) {
+               do_cutgroup = 0;
+               no_final = 0;
+           }
+           REGCP_UNWIND(ST.cp);
+            UNWIND_PAREN(ST.lastparen, ST.lastcloseparen);
+           scan = ST.next_branch;
+           /* no more branches? */
+           if (!scan || (OP(scan) != BRANCH && OP(scan) != BRANCHJ)) {
+               DEBUG_EXECUTE_r({
+                   PerlIO_printf( Perl_debug_log,
+                       "%*s  %sBRANCH failed...%s\n",
+                       REPORT_CODE_OFF+depth*2, "", 
+                       PL_colors[4],
+                       PL_colors[5] );
+               });
+               sayNO_SILENT;
+            }
+           continue; /* execute next BRANCH[J] op */
+           assert(0); /* NOTREACHED */
+    
+       case MINMOD: /* next op will be non-greedy, e.g. A*?  */
+           minmod = 1;
+           break;
+
+#undef  ST
+#define ST st->u.curlym
+
+       case CURLYM:    /* /A{m,n}B/ where A is fixed-length */
+
+           /* This is an optimisation of CURLYX that enables us to push
+            * only a single backtracking state, no matter how many matches
+            * there are in {m,n}. It relies on the pattern being constant
+            * length, with no parens to influence future backrefs
+            */
+
+           ST.me = scan;
+           scan = NEXTOPER(scan) + NODE_STEP_REGNODE;
+
+           ST.lastparen      = rex->lastparen;
+           ST.lastcloseparen = rex->lastcloseparen;
+
+           /* if paren positive, emulate an OPEN/CLOSE around A */
+           if (ST.me->flags) {
+               U32 paren = ST.me->flags;
+               if (paren > maxopenparen)
+                   maxopenparen = paren;
+               scan += NEXT_OFF(scan); /* Skip former OPEN. */
+           }
+           ST.A = scan;
+           ST.B = next;
+           ST.alen = 0;
+           ST.count = 0;
+           ST.minmod = minmod;
+           minmod = 0;
+           ST.c1 = CHRTEST_UNINIT;
+           REGCP_SET(ST.cp);
+
+           if (!(ST.minmod ? ARG1(ST.me) : ARG2(ST.me))) /* min/max */
+               goto curlym_do_B;
+
+         curlym_do_A: /* execute the A in /A{m,n}B/  */
+           PUSH_YES_STATE_GOTO(CURLYM_A, ST.A, locinput); /* match A */
+           assert(0); /* NOTREACHED */
+
+       case CURLYM_A: /* we've just matched an A */
+           ST.count++;
+           /* after first match, determine A's length: u.curlym.alen */
+           if (ST.count == 1) {
+               if (reginfo->is_utf8_target) {
+                   char *s = st->locinput;
+                   while (s < locinput) {
+                       ST.alen++;
+                       s += UTF8SKIP(s);
+                   }
+               }
+               else {
+                   ST.alen = locinput - st->locinput;
+               }
+               if (ST.alen == 0)
+                   ST.count = ST.minmod ? ARG1(ST.me) : ARG2(ST.me);
+           }
+           DEBUG_EXECUTE_r(
+               PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log,
+                         "%*s  CURLYM now matched %"IVdf" times, len=%"IVdf"...\n",
+                         (int)(REPORT_CODE_OFF+(depth*2)), "",
+                         (IV) ST.count, (IV)ST.alen)
+           );
+
+           if (cur_eval && cur_eval->u.eval.close_paren && 
+               cur_eval->u.eval.close_paren == (U32)ST.me->flags) 
+               goto fake_end;
+               
+           {
+               I32 max = (ST.minmod ? ARG1(ST.me) : ARG2(ST.me));
+               if ( max == REG_INFTY || ST.count < max )
+                   goto curlym_do_A; /* try to match another A */
+           }
+           goto curlym_do_B; /* try to match B */
+
+       case CURLYM_A_fail: /* just failed to match an A */
+           REGCP_UNWIND(ST.cp);
+
+           if (ST.minmod || ST.count < ARG1(ST.me) /* min*/ 
+               || (cur_eval && cur_eval->u.eval.close_paren &&
+                   cur_eval->u.eval.close_paren == (U32)ST.me->flags))
+               sayNO;
+
+         curlym_do_B: /* execute the B in /A{m,n}B/  */
+           if (ST.c1 == CHRTEST_UNINIT) {
+               /* calculate c1 and c2 for possible match of 1st char
+                * following curly */
+               ST.c1 = ST.c2 = CHRTEST_VOID;
+               if (HAS_TEXT(ST.B) || JUMPABLE(ST.B)) {
+                   regnode *text_node = ST.B;
+                   if (! HAS_TEXT(text_node))
+                       FIND_NEXT_IMPT(text_node);
+                   /* this used to be 
+                       
+                       (HAS_TEXT(text_node) && PL_regkind[OP(text_node)] == EXACT)
+                       
+                       But the former is redundant in light of the latter.
+                       
+                       if this changes back then the macro for 
+                       IS_TEXT and friends need to change.
+                    */
+                   if (PL_regkind[OP(text_node)] == EXACT) {
+                        if (! S_setup_EXACTISH_ST_c1_c2(aTHX_
+                           text_node, &ST.c1, ST.c1_utf8, &ST.c2, ST.c2_utf8,
+                           reginfo))
+                        {
+                            sayNO;
+                        }
+                   }
+               }
+           }
+
+           DEBUG_EXECUTE_r(
+               PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log,
+                   "%*s  CURLYM trying tail with matches=%"IVdf"...\n",
+                   (int)(REPORT_CODE_OFF+(depth*2)),
+                   "", (IV)ST.count)
+               );
+           if (! NEXTCHR_IS_EOS && ST.c1 != CHRTEST_VOID) {
+                if (! UTF8_IS_INVARIANT(nextchr) && utf8_target) {
+                    if (memNE(locinput, ST.c1_utf8, UTF8SKIP(locinput))
+                        && memNE(locinput, ST.c2_utf8, UTF8SKIP(locinput)))
+                    {
+                        /* simulate B failing */
+                        DEBUG_OPTIMISE_r(
+                            PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log,
+                                "%*s  CURLYM Fast bail next target=U+%"UVXf" c1=U+%"UVXf" c2=U+%"UVXf"\n",
+                                (int)(REPORT_CODE_OFF+(depth*2)),"",
+                                valid_utf8_to_uvchr((U8 *) locinput, NULL),
+                                valid_utf8_to_uvchr(ST.c1_utf8, NULL),
+                                valid_utf8_to_uvchr(ST.c2_utf8, NULL))
+                        );
+                        state_num = CURLYM_B_fail;
+                        goto reenter_switch;
+                    }
+                }
+                else if (nextchr != ST.c1 && nextchr != ST.c2) {
+                    /* simulate B failing */
+                    DEBUG_OPTIMISE_r(
+                        PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log,
+                            "%*s  CURLYM Fast bail next target=U+%X c1=U+%X c2=U+%X\n",
+                            (int)(REPORT_CODE_OFF+(depth*2)),"",
+                            (int) nextchr, ST.c1, ST.c2)
+                    );
+                    state_num = CURLYM_B_fail;
+                    goto reenter_switch;
+                }
+            }
+
+           if (ST.me->flags) {
+               /* emulate CLOSE: mark current A as captured */
+               I32 paren = ST.me->flags;
+               if (ST.count) {
+                   rex->offs[paren].start
+                       = HOPc(locinput, -ST.alen) - reginfo->strbeg;
+                   rex->offs[paren].end = locinput - reginfo->strbeg;
+                   if ((U32)paren > rex->lastparen)
+                       rex->lastparen = paren;
+                   rex->lastcloseparen = paren;
+               }
+               else
+                   rex->offs[paren].end = -1;
+               if (cur_eval && cur_eval->u.eval.close_paren &&
+                   cur_eval->u.eval.close_paren == (U32)ST.me->flags) 
+               {
+                   if (ST.count) 
+                       goto fake_end;
+                   else
+                       sayNO;
+               }
+           }
+           
+           PUSH_STATE_GOTO(CURLYM_B, ST.B, locinput); /* match B */
+           assert(0); /* NOTREACHED */
+
+       case CURLYM_B_fail: /* just failed to match a B */
+           REGCP_UNWIND(ST.cp);
+            UNWIND_PAREN(ST.lastparen, ST.lastcloseparen);
+           if (ST.minmod) {
+               I32 max = ARG2(ST.me);
+               if (max != REG_INFTY && ST.count == max)
+                   sayNO;
+               goto curlym_do_A; /* try to match a further A */
+           }
+           /* backtrack one A */
+           if (ST.count == ARG1(ST.me) /* min */)
+               sayNO;
+           ST.count--;
+           SET_locinput(HOPc(locinput, -ST.alen));
+           goto curlym_do_B; /* try to match B */
+
+#undef ST
+#define ST st->u.curly
+
+#define CURLY_SETPAREN(paren, success) \
+    if (paren) { \
+       if (success) { \
+           rex->offs[paren].start = HOPc(locinput, -1) - reginfo->strbeg; \
+           rex->offs[paren].end = locinput - reginfo->strbeg; \
+           if (paren > rex->lastparen) \
+               rex->lastparen = paren; \
+           rex->lastcloseparen = paren; \
+       } \
+       else { \
+           rex->offs[paren].end = -1; \
+           rex->lastparen      = ST.lastparen; \
+           rex->lastcloseparen = ST.lastcloseparen; \
+       } \
+    }
+
+        case STAR:             /*  /A*B/ where A is width 1 char */
+           ST.paren = 0;
+           ST.min = 0;
+           ST.max = REG_INFTY;
+           scan = NEXTOPER(scan);
+           goto repeat;
+
+        case PLUS:             /*  /A+B/ where A is width 1 char */
+           ST.paren = 0;
+           ST.min = 1;
+           ST.max = REG_INFTY;
+           scan = NEXTOPER(scan);
+           goto repeat;
+
+       case CURLYN:            /*  /(A){m,n}B/ where A is width 1 char */
+            ST.paren = scan->flags;    /* Which paren to set */
+            ST.lastparen      = rex->lastparen;
+           ST.lastcloseparen = rex->lastcloseparen;
+           if (ST.paren > maxopenparen)
+               maxopenparen = ST.paren;
+           ST.min = ARG1(scan);  /* min to match */
+           ST.max = ARG2(scan);  /* max to match */
+           if (cur_eval && cur_eval->u.eval.close_paren &&
+               cur_eval->u.eval.close_paren == (U32)ST.paren) {
+               ST.min=1;
+               ST.max=1;
+           }
+            scan = regnext(NEXTOPER(scan) + NODE_STEP_REGNODE);
+           goto repeat;
+
+       case CURLY:             /*  /A{m,n}B/ where A is width 1 char */
+           ST.paren = 0;
+           ST.min = ARG1(scan);  /* min to match */
+           ST.max = ARG2(scan);  /* max to match */
+           scan = NEXTOPER(scan) + NODE_STEP_REGNODE;
+         repeat:
+           /*
+           * Lookahead to avoid useless match attempts
+           * when we know what character comes next.
+           *
+           * Used to only do .*x and .*?x, but now it allows
+           * for )'s, ('s and (?{ ... })'s to be in the way
+           * of the quantifier and the EXACT-like node.  -- japhy
+           */
+
+           assert(ST.min <= ST.max);
+            if (! HAS_TEXT(next) && ! JUMPABLE(next)) {
+                ST.c1 = ST.c2 = CHRTEST_VOID;
+            }
+            else {
+               regnode *text_node = next;
+
+               if (! HAS_TEXT(text_node)) 
+                   FIND_NEXT_IMPT(text_node);
+
+               if (! HAS_TEXT(text_node))
+                   ST.c1 = ST.c2 = CHRTEST_VOID;
+               else {
+                   if ( PL_regkind[OP(text_node)] != EXACT ) {
+                       ST.c1 = ST.c2 = CHRTEST_VOID;
+                   }
+                   else {
+                    
+                    /*  Currently we only get here when 
+                        
+                        PL_rekind[OP(text_node)] == EXACT
+                    
+                        if this changes back then the macro for IS_TEXT and 
+                        friends need to change. */
+                        if (! S_setup_EXACTISH_ST_c1_c2(aTHX_
+                           text_node, &ST.c1, ST.c1_utf8, &ST.c2, ST.c2_utf8,
+                           reginfo))
+                        {
+                            sayNO;
+                        }
+                    }
+               }
+           }
+
+           ST.A = scan;
+           ST.B = next;
+           if (minmod) {
+                char *li = locinput;
+               minmod = 0;
+               if (ST.min &&
+                        regrepeat(rex, &li, ST.A, reginfo, ST.min, depth)
+                            < ST.min)
+                   sayNO;
+                SET_locinput(li);
+               ST.count = ST.min;
+               REGCP_SET(ST.cp);
+               if (ST.c1 == CHRTEST_VOID)
+                   goto curly_try_B_min;
+
+               ST.oldloc = locinput;
+
+               /* set ST.maxpos to the furthest point along the
+                * string that could possibly match */
+               if  (ST.max == REG_INFTY) {
+                   ST.maxpos = reginfo->strend - 1;
+                   if (utf8_target)
+                       while (UTF8_IS_CONTINUATION(*(U8*)ST.maxpos))
+                           ST.maxpos--;
+               }
+               else if (utf8_target) {
+                   int m = ST.max - ST.min;
+                   for (ST.maxpos = locinput;
+                        m >0 && ST.maxpos < reginfo->strend; m--)
+                       ST.maxpos += UTF8SKIP(ST.maxpos);
+               }
+               else {
+                   ST.maxpos = locinput + ST.max - ST.min;
+                   if (ST.maxpos >= reginfo->strend)
+                       ST.maxpos = reginfo->strend - 1;
+               }
+               goto curly_try_B_min_known;
+
+           }
+           else {
+                /* avoid taking address of locinput, so it can remain
+                 * a register var */
+                char *li = locinput;
+               ST.count = regrepeat(rex, &li, ST.A, reginfo, ST.max, depth);
+               if (ST.count < ST.min)
+                   sayNO;
+                SET_locinput(li);
+               if ((ST.count > ST.min)
+                   && (PL_regkind[OP(ST.B)] == EOL) && (OP(ST.B) != MEOL))
+               {
+                   /* A{m,n} must come at the end of the string, there's
+                    * no point in backing off ... */
+                   ST.min = ST.count;
+                   /* ...except that $ and \Z can match before *and* after
+                      newline at the end.  Consider "\n\n" =~ /\n+\Z\n/.
+                      We may back off by one in this case. */
+                   if (UCHARAT(locinput - 1) == '\n' && OP(ST.B) != EOS)
+                       ST.min--;
+               }
+               REGCP_SET(ST.cp);
+               goto curly_try_B_max;
+           }
+           assert(0); /* NOTREACHED */
+
+
+       case CURLY_B_min_known_fail:
+           /* failed to find B in a non-greedy match where c1,c2 valid */
+
+           REGCP_UNWIND(ST.cp);
+            if (ST.paren) {
+                UNWIND_PAREN(ST.lastparen, ST.lastcloseparen);
+            }
+           /* Couldn't or didn't -- move forward. */
+           ST.oldloc = locinput;
+           if (utf8_target)
+               locinput += UTF8SKIP(locinput);
+           else
+               locinput++;
+           ST.count++;
+         curly_try_B_min_known:
+            /* find the next place where 'B' could work, then call B */
+           {
+               int n;
+               if (utf8_target) {
+                   n = (ST.oldloc == locinput) ? 0 : 1;
+                   if (ST.c1 == ST.c2) {
+                       /* set n to utf8_distance(oldloc, locinput) */
+                       while (locinput <= ST.maxpos
+                              && memNE(locinput, ST.c1_utf8, UTF8SKIP(locinput)))
+                        {
+                           locinput += UTF8SKIP(locinput);
+                           n++;
+                       }
+                   }
+                   else {
+                       /* set n to utf8_distance(oldloc, locinput) */
+                       while (locinput <= ST.maxpos
+                              && memNE(locinput, ST.c1_utf8, UTF8SKIP(locinput))
+                              && memNE(locinput, ST.c2_utf8, UTF8SKIP(locinput)))
+                        {
+                           locinput += UTF8SKIP(locinput);
+                           n++;
+                       }
+                   }
+               }
+               else {  /* Not utf8_target */
+                   if (ST.c1 == ST.c2) {
+                       while (locinput <= ST.maxpos &&
+                              UCHARAT(locinput) != ST.c1)
+                           locinput++;
+                   }
+                   else {
+                       while (locinput <= ST.maxpos
+                              && UCHARAT(locinput) != ST.c1
+                              && UCHARAT(locinput) != ST.c2)
+                           locinput++;
+                   }
+                   n = locinput - ST.oldloc;
+               }
+               if (locinput > ST.maxpos)
+                   sayNO;
+               if (n) {
+                    /* In /a{m,n}b/, ST.oldloc is at "a" x m, locinput is
+                     * at b; check that everything between oldloc and
+                     * locinput matches */
+                    char *li = ST.oldloc;
+                   ST.count += n;
+                   if (regrepeat(rex, &li, ST.A, reginfo, n, depth) < n)
+                       sayNO;
+                    assert(n == REG_INFTY || locinput == li);
+               }
+               CURLY_SETPAREN(ST.paren, ST.count);
+               if (cur_eval && cur_eval->u.eval.close_paren && 
+                   cur_eval->u.eval.close_paren == (U32)ST.paren) {
+                   goto fake_end;
+               }
+               PUSH_STATE_GOTO(CURLY_B_min_known, ST.B, locinput);
+           }
+           assert(0); /* NOTREACHED */
+
+
+       case CURLY_B_min_fail:
+           /* failed to find B in a non-greedy match where c1,c2 invalid */
+
+           REGCP_UNWIND(ST.cp);
+            if (ST.paren) {
+                UNWIND_PAREN(ST.lastparen, ST.lastcloseparen);
+            }
+           /* failed -- move forward one */
+            {
+                char *li = locinput;
+                if (!regrepeat(rex, &li, ST.A, reginfo, 1, depth)) {
+                    sayNO;
+                }
+                locinput = li;
+            }
+            {
+               ST.count++;
+               if (ST.count <= ST.max || (ST.max == REG_INFTY &&
+                       ST.count > 0)) /* count overflow ? */
+               {
+                 curly_try_B_min:
+                   CURLY_SETPAREN(ST.paren, ST.count);
+                   if (cur_eval && cur_eval->u.eval.close_paren &&
+                       cur_eval->u.eval.close_paren == (U32)ST.paren) {
+                        goto fake_end;
+                    }
+                   PUSH_STATE_GOTO(CURLY_B_min, ST.B, locinput);
+               }
+           }
+            sayNO;
+           assert(0); /* NOTREACHED */
+
+
+       curly_try_B_max:
+           /* a successful greedy match: now try to match B */
+            if (cur_eval && cur_eval->u.eval.close_paren &&
+                cur_eval->u.eval.close_paren == (U32)ST.paren) {
+                goto fake_end;
+            }
+           {
+               bool could_match = locinput < reginfo->strend;
+
+               /* If it could work, try it. */
+                if (ST.c1 != CHRTEST_VOID && could_match) {
+                    if (! UTF8_IS_INVARIANT(UCHARAT(locinput)) && utf8_target)
+                    {
+                        could_match = memEQ(locinput,
+                                            ST.c1_utf8,
+                                            UTF8SKIP(locinput))
+                                    || memEQ(locinput,
+                                             ST.c2_utf8,
+                                             UTF8SKIP(locinput));
+                    }
+                    else {
+                        could_match = UCHARAT(locinput) == ST.c1
+                                      || UCHARAT(locinput) == ST.c2;
+                    }
+                }
+                if (ST.c1 == CHRTEST_VOID || could_match) {
+                   CURLY_SETPAREN(ST.paren, ST.count);
+                   PUSH_STATE_GOTO(CURLY_B_max, ST.B, locinput);
+                   assert(0); /* NOTREACHED */
+               }
+           }
+           /* FALL THROUGH */
+
+       case CURLY_B_max_fail:
+           /* failed to find B in a greedy match */
+
+           REGCP_UNWIND(ST.cp);
+            if (ST.paren) {
+                UNWIND_PAREN(ST.lastparen, ST.lastcloseparen);
+            }
+           /*  back up. */
+           if (--ST.count < ST.min)
+               sayNO;
+           locinput = HOPc(locinput, -1);
+           goto curly_try_B_max;
+
+#undef ST
+
+       case END: /*  last op of main pattern  */
+           fake_end:
+           if (cur_eval) {
+               /* we've just finished A in /(??{A})B/; now continue with B */
+
+               st->u.eval.prev_rex = rex_sv;           /* inner */
+
+                /* Save *all* the positions. */
+               st->u.eval.cp = regcppush(rex, 0, maxopenparen);
+               rex_sv = cur_eval->u.eval.prev_rex;
+               is_utf8_pat = reginfo->is_utf8_pat = cBOOL(RX_UTF8(rex_sv));
+               SET_reg_curpm(rex_sv);
+               rex = ReANY(rex_sv);
+               rexi = RXi_GET(rex);
+               cur_curlyx = cur_eval->u.eval.prev_curlyx;
+
+               REGCP_SET(st->u.eval.lastcp);
+
+               /* Restore parens of the outer rex without popping the
+                * savestack */
+               S_regcp_restore(aTHX_ rex, cur_eval->u.eval.lastcp,
+                                        &maxopenparen);
+
+               st->u.eval.prev_eval = cur_eval;
+               cur_eval = cur_eval->u.eval.prev_eval;
+               DEBUG_EXECUTE_r(
+                   PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log, "%*s  EVAL trying tail ... %"UVxf"\n",
+                                     REPORT_CODE_OFF+depth*2, "",PTR2UV(cur_eval)););
+                if ( nochange_depth )
+                   nochange_depth--;
+
+                PUSH_YES_STATE_GOTO(EVAL_AB, st->u.eval.prev_eval->u.eval.B,
+                                    locinput); /* match B */
+           }
+
+           if (locinput < reginfo->till) {
+               DEBUG_EXECUTE_r(PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log,
+                                     "%sMatch possible, but length=%ld is smaller than requested=%ld, failing!%s\n",
+                                     PL_colors[4],
+                                     (long)(locinput - startpos),
+                                     (long)(reginfo->till - startpos),
+                                     PL_colors[5]));
+                                                     
+               sayNO_SILENT;           /* Cannot match: too short. */
+           }
+           sayYES;                     /* Success! */
+
+       case SUCCEED: /* successful SUSPEND/UNLESSM/IFMATCH/CURLYM */
+           DEBUG_EXECUTE_r(
+           PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log,
+               "%*s  %ssubpattern success...%s\n",
+               REPORT_CODE_OFF+depth*2, "", PL_colors[4], PL_colors[5]));
+           sayYES;                     /* Success! */
+
+#undef  ST
+#define ST st->u.ifmatch
+
+        {
+            char *newstart;
+
+       case SUSPEND:   /* (?>A) */
+           ST.wanted = 1;
+           newstart = locinput;
+           goto do_ifmatch;    
+
+       case UNLESSM:   /* -ve lookaround: (?!A), or with flags, (?<!A) */
+           ST.wanted = 0;
+           goto ifmatch_trivial_fail_test;
+
+       case IFMATCH:   /* +ve lookaround: (?=A), or with flags, (?<=A) */
+           ST.wanted = 1;
+         ifmatch_trivial_fail_test:
+           if (scan->flags) {
+               char * const s = HOPBACKc(locinput, scan->flags);
+               if (!s) {
+                   /* trivial fail */
+                   if (logical) {
+                       logical = 0;
+                       sw = 1 - cBOOL(ST.wanted);
+                   }
+                   else if (ST.wanted)
+                       sayNO;
+                   next = scan + ARG(scan);
+                   if (next == scan)
+                       next = NULL;
+                   break;
+               }
+               newstart = s;
+           }
+           else
+               newstart = locinput;
+
+         do_ifmatch:
+           ST.me = scan;
+           ST.logical = logical;
+           logical = 0; /* XXX: reset state of logical once it has been saved into ST */
+           
+           /* execute body of (?...A) */
+           PUSH_YES_STATE_GOTO(IFMATCH_A, NEXTOPER(NEXTOPER(scan)), newstart);
+           assert(0); /* NOTREACHED */
+        }
+
+       case IFMATCH_A_fail: /* body of (?...A) failed */
+           ST.wanted = !ST.wanted;
+           /* FALL THROUGH */
+
+       case IFMATCH_A: /* body of (?...A) succeeded */
+           if (ST.logical) {
+               sw = cBOOL(ST.wanted);
+           }
+           else if (!ST.wanted)
+               sayNO;
+
+           if (OP(ST.me) != SUSPEND) {
+                /* restore old position except for (?>...) */
+               locinput = st->locinput;
+           }
+           scan = ST.me + ARG(ST.me);
+           if (scan == ST.me)
+               scan = NULL;
+           continue; /* execute B */
+
+#undef ST
+
+       case LONGJMP: /*  alternative with many branches compiles to
+                       * (BRANCHJ; EXACT ...; LONGJMP ) x N */
+           next = scan + ARG(scan);
+           if (next == scan)
+               next = NULL;
+           break;
+
+       case COMMIT:  /*  (*COMMIT)  */
+           reginfo->cutpoint = reginfo->strend;
+           /* FALLTHROUGH */
+
+       case PRUNE:   /*  (*PRUNE)   */
+           if (!scan->flags)
+               sv_yes_mark = sv_commit = MUTABLE_SV(rexi->data->data[ ARG( scan ) ]);
+           PUSH_STATE_GOTO(COMMIT_next, next, locinput);
+           assert(0); /* NOTREACHED */
+
+       case COMMIT_next_fail:
+           no_final = 1;    
+           /* FALLTHROUGH */       
+
+       case OPFAIL:   /* (*FAIL)  */
+           sayNO;
+           assert(0); /* NOTREACHED */
+
+#define ST st->u.mark
+        case MARKPOINT: /*  (*MARK:foo)  */
+            ST.prev_mark = mark_state;
+            ST.mark_name = sv_commit = sv_yes_mark 
+                = MUTABLE_SV(rexi->data->data[ ARG( scan ) ]);
+            mark_state = st;
+            ST.mark_loc = locinput;
+            PUSH_YES_STATE_GOTO(MARKPOINT_next, next, locinput);
+            assert(0); /* NOTREACHED */
+
+        case MARKPOINT_next:
+            mark_state = ST.prev_mark;
+            sayYES;
+            assert(0); /* NOTREACHED */
+
+        case MARKPOINT_next_fail:
+            if (popmark && sv_eq(ST.mark_name,popmark)) 
+            {
+                if (ST.mark_loc > startpoint)
+                   reginfo->cutpoint = HOPBACKc(ST.mark_loc, 1);
+                popmark = NULL; /* we found our mark */
+                sv_commit = ST.mark_name;
+
+                DEBUG_EXECUTE_r({
+                        PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log,
+                           "%*s  %ssetting cutpoint to mark:%"SVf"...%s\n",
+                           REPORT_CODE_OFF+depth*2, "", 
+                           PL_colors[4], SVfARG(sv_commit), PL_colors[5]);
+               });
+            }
+            mark_state = ST.prev_mark;
+            sv_yes_mark = mark_state ? 
+                mark_state->u.mark.mark_name : NULL;
+            sayNO;
+            assert(0); /* NOTREACHED */
+
+        case SKIP:  /*  (*SKIP)  */
+            if (scan->flags) {
+                /* (*SKIP) : if we fail we cut here*/
+                ST.mark_name = NULL;
+                ST.mark_loc = locinput;
+                PUSH_STATE_GOTO(SKIP_next,next, locinput);
+            } else {
+                /* (*SKIP:NAME) : if there is a (*MARK:NAME) fail where it was, 
+                   otherwise do nothing.  Meaning we need to scan 
+                 */
+                regmatch_state *cur = mark_state;
+                SV *find = MUTABLE_SV(rexi->data->data[ ARG( scan ) ]);
+                
+                while (cur) {
+                    if ( sv_eq( cur->u.mark.mark_name, 
+                                find ) ) 
+                    {
+                        ST.mark_name = find;
+                        PUSH_STATE_GOTO( SKIP_next, next, locinput);
+                    }
+                    cur = cur->u.mark.prev_mark;
+                }
+            }    
+            /* Didn't find our (*MARK:NAME) so ignore this (*SKIP:NAME) */
+            break;    
+
+       case SKIP_next_fail:
+           if (ST.mark_name) {
+               /* (*CUT:NAME) - Set up to search for the name as we 
+                  collapse the stack*/
+               popmark = ST.mark_name;    
+           } else {
+               /* (*CUT) - No name, we cut here.*/
+               if (ST.mark_loc > startpoint)
+                   reginfo->cutpoint = HOPBACKc(ST.mark_loc, 1);
+               /* but we set sv_commit to latest mark_name if there
+                  is one so they can test to see how things lead to this
+                  cut */    
+                if (mark_state) 
+                    sv_commit=mark_state->u.mark.mark_name;                
+            } 
+            no_final = 1; 
+            sayNO;
+            assert(0); /* NOTREACHED */
+#undef ST
+
+        case LNBREAK: /* \R */
+            if ((n=is_LNBREAK_safe(locinput, reginfo->strend, utf8_target))) {
+                locinput += n;
+            } else
+                sayNO;
+            break;
+
+       default:
+           PerlIO_printf(Perl_error_log, "%"UVxf" %d\n",
+                         PTR2UV(scan), OP(scan));
+           Perl_croak(aTHX_ "regexp memory corruption");
+
+        /* this is a point to jump to in order to increment
+         * locinput by one character */
+        increment_locinput:
+            assert(!NEXTCHR_IS_EOS);
+            if (utf8_target) {
+                locinput += PL_utf8skip[nextchr];
+                /* locinput is allowed to go 1 char off the end, but not 2+ */
+                if (locinput > reginfo->strend)
+                    sayNO;
+            }
+            else
+                locinput++;
+            break;
+           
+       } /* end switch */ 
+
+        /* switch break jumps here */
+       scan = next; /* prepare to execute the next op and ... */
+       continue;    /* ... jump back to the top, reusing st */
+       assert(0); /* NOTREACHED */
+
+      push_yes_state:
+       /* push a state that backtracks on success */
+       st->u.yes.prev_yes_state = yes_state;
+       yes_state = st;
+       /* FALL THROUGH */
+      push_state:
+       /* push a new regex state, then continue at scan  */
+       {
+           regmatch_state *newst;
+
+           DEBUG_STACK_r({
+               regmatch_state *cur = st;
+               regmatch_state *curyes = yes_state;
+               int curd = depth;
+               regmatch_slab *slab = PL_regmatch_slab;
+                for (;curd > -1;cur--,curd--) {
+                    if (cur < SLAB_FIRST(slab)) {
+                       slab = slab->prev;
+                       cur = SLAB_LAST(slab);
+                    }
+                    PerlIO_printf(Perl_error_log, "%*s#%-3d %-10s %s\n",
+                        REPORT_CODE_OFF + 2 + depth * 2,"",
+                        curd, PL_reg_name[cur->resume_state],
+                        (curyes == cur) ? "yes" : ""
+                    );
+                    if (curyes == cur)
+                       curyes = cur->u.yes.prev_yes_state;
+                }
+            } else 
+                DEBUG_STATE_pp("push")
+            );
+           depth++;
+           st->locinput = locinput;
+           newst = st+1; 
+           if (newst >  SLAB_LAST(PL_regmatch_slab))
+               newst = S_push_slab(aTHX);
+           PL_regmatch_state = newst;
+
+           locinput = pushinput;
+           st = newst;
+           continue;
+           assert(0); /* NOTREACHED */
+       }
+    }
+
+    /*
+    * We get here only if there's trouble -- normally "case END" is
+    * the terminating point.
+    */
+    Perl_croak(aTHX_ "corrupted regexp pointers");
+    /*NOTREACHED*/
+    sayNO;
+
+yes:
+    if (yes_state) {
+       /* we have successfully completed a subexpression, but we must now
+        * pop to the state marked by yes_state and continue from there */
+       assert(st != yes_state);
+#ifdef DEBUGGING
+       while (st != yes_state) {
+           st--;
+           if (st < SLAB_FIRST(PL_regmatch_slab)) {
+               PL_regmatch_slab = PL_regmatch_slab->prev;
+               st = SLAB_LAST(PL_regmatch_slab);
+           }
+           DEBUG_STATE_r({
+               if (no_final) {
+                   DEBUG_STATE_pp("pop (no final)");        
+               } else {
+                   DEBUG_STATE_pp("pop (yes)");
+               }
+           });
+           depth--;
+       }
+#else
+       while (yes_state < SLAB_FIRST(PL_regmatch_slab)
+           || yes_state > SLAB_LAST(PL_regmatch_slab))
+       {
+           /* not in this slab, pop slab */
+           depth -= (st - SLAB_FIRST(PL_regmatch_slab) + 1);
+           PL_regmatch_slab = PL_regmatch_slab->prev;
+           st = SLAB_LAST(PL_regmatch_slab);
+       }
+       depth -= (st - yes_state);
+#endif
+       st = yes_state;
+       yes_state = st->u.yes.prev_yes_state;
+       PL_regmatch_state = st;
+        
+        if (no_final)
+            locinput= st->locinput;
+       state_num = st->resume_state + no_final;
+       goto reenter_switch;
+    }
+
+    DEBUG_EXECUTE_r(PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log, "%sMatch successful!%s\n",
+                         PL_colors[4], PL_colors[5]));
+
+    if (reginfo->info_aux_eval) {
+       /* each successfully executed (?{...}) block does the equivalent of
+        *   local $^R = do {...}
+        * When popping the save stack, all these locals would be undone;
+        * bypass this by setting the outermost saved $^R to the latest
+        * value */
+       if (oreplsv != GvSV(PL_replgv))
+           sv_setsv(oreplsv, GvSV(PL_replgv));
+    }
+    result = 1;
+    goto final_exit;
+
+no:
+    DEBUG_EXECUTE_r(
+       PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log,
+            "%*s  %sfailed...%s\n",
+            REPORT_CODE_OFF+depth*2, "", 
+            PL_colors[4], PL_colors[5])
+       );
+
+no_silent:
+    if (no_final) {
+        if (yes_state) {
+            goto yes;
+        } else {
+            goto final_exit;
+        }
+    }    
+    if (depth) {
+       /* there's a previous state to backtrack to */
+       st--;
+       if (st < SLAB_FIRST(PL_regmatch_slab)) {
+           PL_regmatch_slab = PL_regmatch_slab->prev;
+           st = SLAB_LAST(PL_regmatch_slab);
+       }
+       PL_regmatch_state = st;
+       locinput= st->locinput;
+
+       DEBUG_STATE_pp("pop");
+       depth--;
+       if (yes_state == st)
+           yes_state = st->u.yes.prev_yes_state;
+
+       state_num = st->resume_state + 1; /* failure = success + 1 */
+       goto reenter_switch;
+    }
+    result = 0;
+
+  final_exit:
+    if (rex->intflags & PREGf_VERBARG_SEEN) {
+        SV *sv_err = get_sv("REGERROR", 1);
+        SV *sv_mrk = get_sv("REGMARK", 1);
+        if (result) {
+            sv_commit = &PL_sv_no;
+            if (!sv_yes_mark) 
+                sv_yes_mark = &PL_sv_yes;
+        } else {
+            if (!sv_commit) 
+                sv_commit = &PL_sv_yes;
+            sv_yes_mark = &PL_sv_no;
+        }
+        sv_setsv(sv_err, sv_commit);
+        sv_setsv(sv_mrk, sv_yes_mark);
+    }
+
+
+    if (last_pushed_cv) {
+       dSP;
+       POP_MULTICALL;
+        PERL_UNUSED_VAR(SP);
+    }
+
+    assert(!result ||  locinput - reginfo->strbeg >= 0);
+    return result ?  locinput - reginfo->strbeg : -1;
+}
+
+/*
+ - regrepeat - repeatedly match something simple, report how many
+ *
+ * What 'simple' means is a node which can be the operand of a quantifier like
+ * '+', or {1,3}
+ *
+ * startposp - pointer a pointer to the start position.  This is updated
+ *             to point to the byte following the highest successful
+ *             match.
+ * p         - the regnode to be repeatedly matched against.
+ * reginfo   - struct holding match state, such as strend
+ * max       - maximum number of things to match.
+ * depth     - (for debugging) backtracking depth.
+ */
+STATIC I32
+S_regrepeat(pTHX_ regexp *prog, char **startposp, const regnode *p,
+            regmatch_info *const reginfo, I32 max, int depth)
+{
+    dVAR;
+    char *scan;     /* Pointer to current position in target string */
+    I32 c;
+    char *loceol = reginfo->strend;   /* local version */
+    I32 hardcount = 0;  /* How many matches so far */
+    bool utf8_target = reginfo->is_utf8_target;
+    int to_complement = 0;  /* Invert the result? */
+    UV utf8_flags;
+    _char_class_number classnum;
+#ifndef DEBUGGING
+    PERL_UNUSED_ARG(depth);
+#endif
+
+    PERL_ARGS_ASSERT_REGREPEAT;
+
+    scan = *startposp;
+    if (max == REG_INFTY)
+       max = I32_MAX;
+    else if (! utf8_target && loceol - scan > max)
+       loceol = scan + max;
+
+    /* Here, for the case of a non-UTF-8 target we have adjusted <loceol> down
+     * to the maximum of how far we should go in it (leaving it set to the real
+     * end, if the maximum permissible would take us beyond that).  This allows
+     * us to make the loop exit condition that we haven't gone past <loceol> to
+     * also mean that we haven't exceeded the max permissible count, saving a
+     * test each time through the loop.  But it assumes that the OP matches a
+     * single byte, which is true for most of the OPs below when applied to a
+     * non-UTF-8 target.  Those relatively few OPs that don't have this
+     * characteristic will have to compensate.
+     *
+     * There is no adjustment for UTF-8 targets, as the number of bytes per
+     * character varies.  OPs will have to test both that the count is less
+     * than the max permissible (using <hardcount> to keep track), and that we
+     * are still within the bounds of the string (using <loceol>.  A few OPs
+     * match a single byte no matter what the encoding.  They can omit the max
+     * test if, for the UTF-8 case, they do the adjustment that was skipped
+     * above.
+     *
+     * Thus, the code above sets things up for the common case; and exceptional
+     * cases need extra work; the common case is to make sure <scan> doesn't
+     * go past <loceol>, and for UTF-8 to also use <hardcount> to make sure the
+     * count doesn't exceed the maximum permissible */
+
+    switch (OP(p)) {
+    case REG_ANY:
+       if (utf8_target) {
+           while (scan < loceol && hardcount < max && *scan != '\n') {
+               scan += UTF8SKIP(scan);
+               hardcount++;
+           }
+       } else {
+           while (scan < loceol && *scan != '\n')
+               scan++;
+       }
+       break;
+    case SANY:
+        if (utf8_target) {
+           while (scan < loceol && hardcount < max) {
+               scan += UTF8SKIP(scan);
+               hardcount++;
+           }
+       }
+       else
+           scan = loceol;
+       break;
+    case CANY:  /* Move <scan> forward <max> bytes, unless goes off end */
+        if (utf8_target && loceol - scan > max) {
+
+            /* <loceol> hadn't been adjusted in the UTF-8 case */
+            scan +=  max;
+        }
+        else {
+            scan = loceol;
+        }
+       break;
+    case EXACT:
+        assert(STR_LEN(p) == reginfo->is_utf8_pat ? UTF8SKIP(STRING(p)) : 1);
+
+       c = (U8)*STRING(p);
+
+        /* Can use a simple loop if the pattern char to match on is invariant
+         * under UTF-8, or both target and pattern aren't UTF-8.  Note that we
+         * can use UTF8_IS_INVARIANT() even if the pattern isn't UTF-8, as it's
+         * true iff it doesn't matter if the argument is in UTF-8 or not */
+        if (UTF8_IS_INVARIANT(c) || (! utf8_target && ! reginfo->is_utf8_pat)) {
+            if (utf8_target && loceol - scan > max) {
+                /* We didn't adjust <loceol> because is UTF-8, but ok to do so,
+                 * since here, to match at all, 1 char == 1 byte */
+                loceol = scan + max;
+            }
+           while (scan < loceol && UCHARAT(scan) == c) {
+               scan++;
+           }
+       }
+       else if (reginfo->is_utf8_pat) {
+            if (utf8_target) {
+                STRLEN scan_char_len;
+
+                /* When both target and pattern are UTF-8, we have to do
+                 * string EQ */
+                while (hardcount < max
+                       && scan < loceol
+                       && (scan_char_len = UTF8SKIP(scan)) <= STR_LEN(p)
+                       && memEQ(scan, STRING(p), scan_char_len))
+                {
+                    scan += scan_char_len;
+                    hardcount++;
+                }
+            }
+            else if (! UTF8_IS_ABOVE_LATIN1(c)) {
+
+                /* Target isn't utf8; convert the character in the UTF-8
+                 * pattern to non-UTF8, and do a simple loop */
+                c = TWO_BYTE_UTF8_TO_UNI(c, *(STRING(p) + 1));
+                while (scan < loceol && UCHARAT(scan) == c) {
+                    scan++;
+                }
+            } /* else pattern char is above Latin1, can't possibly match the
+                 non-UTF-8 target */
+        }
+        else {
+
+            /* Here, the string must be utf8; pattern isn't, and <c> is
+             * different in utf8 than not, so can't compare them directly.
+             * Outside the loop, find the two utf8 bytes that represent c, and
+             * then look for those in sequence in the utf8 string */
+           U8 high = UTF8_TWO_BYTE_HI(c);
+           U8 low = UTF8_TWO_BYTE_LO(c);
+
+           while (hardcount < max
+                   && scan + 1 < loceol
+                   && UCHARAT(scan) == high
+                   && UCHARAT(scan + 1) == low)
+           {
+               scan += 2;
+               hardcount++;
+           }
+       }
+       break;
+
+    case EXACTFA:
+       utf8_flags = FOLDEQ_UTF8_NOMIX_ASCII;
+       goto do_exactf;
+
+    case EXACTFL:
+        RXp_MATCH_TAINTED_on(prog);
+       utf8_flags = FOLDEQ_UTF8_LOCALE;
+       goto do_exactf;
+
+    case EXACTF:
+           utf8_flags = 0;
+           goto do_exactf;
+
+    case EXACTFU_SS:
+    case EXACTFU_TRICKYFOLD:
+    case EXACTFU:
+       utf8_flags = reginfo->is_utf8_pat ? FOLDEQ_S2_ALREADY_FOLDED : 0;
+
+    do_exactf: {
+        int c1, c2;
+        U8 c1_utf8[UTF8_MAXBYTES+1], c2_utf8[UTF8_MAXBYTES+1];
+
+        assert(STR_LEN(p) == reginfo->is_utf8_pat ? UTF8SKIP(STRING(p)) : 1);
+
+        if (S_setup_EXACTISH_ST_c1_c2(aTHX_ p, &c1, c1_utf8, &c2, c2_utf8,
+                                        reginfo))
+        {
+            if (c1 == CHRTEST_VOID) {
+                /* Use full Unicode fold matching */
+                char *tmpeol = reginfo->strend;
+                STRLEN pat_len = reginfo->is_utf8_pat ? UTF8SKIP(STRING(p)) : 1;
+                while (hardcount < max
+                        && foldEQ_utf8_flags(scan, &tmpeol, 0, utf8_target,
+                                             STRING(p), NULL, pat_len,
+                                             reginfo->is_utf8_pat, utf8_flags))
+                {
+                    scan = tmpeol;
+                    tmpeol = reginfo->strend;
+                    hardcount++;
+                }
+            }
+            else if (utf8_target) {
+                if (c1 == c2) {
+                    while (scan < loceol
+                           && hardcount < max
+                           && memEQ(scan, c1_utf8, UTF8SKIP(scan)))
+                    {
+                        scan += UTF8SKIP(scan);
+                        hardcount++;
+                    }
+                }
+                else {
+                    while (scan < loceol
+                           && hardcount < max
+                           && (memEQ(scan, c1_utf8, UTF8SKIP(scan))
+                               || memEQ(scan, c2_utf8, UTF8SKIP(scan))))
+                    {
+                        scan += UTF8SKIP(scan);
+                        hardcount++;
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+            else if (c1 == c2) {
+                while (scan < loceol && UCHARAT(scan) == c1) {
+                    scan++;
+                }
+            }
+            else {
+                while (scan < loceol &&
+                    (UCHARAT(scan) == c1 || UCHARAT(scan) == c2))
+                {
+                    scan++;
+                }
+            }
+       }
+       break;
+    }
+    case ANYOF:
+    case ANYOF_WARN_SUPER:
+       if (utf8_target) {
+           while (hardcount < max
+                   && scan < loceol
+                  && reginclass(prog, p, (U8*)scan, utf8_target))
+           {
+               scan += UTF8SKIP(scan);
+               hardcount++;
+           }
+       } else {
+           while (scan < loceol && REGINCLASS(prog, p, (U8*)scan))
+               scan++;
+       }
+       break;
+
+    /* The argument (FLAGS) to all the POSIX node types is the class number */
+
+    case NPOSIXL:
+        to_complement = 1;
+        /* FALLTHROUGH */
+
+    case POSIXL:
+        RXp_MATCH_TAINTED_on(prog);
+       if (! utf8_target) {
+           while (scan < loceol && to_complement ^ cBOOL(isFOO_lc(FLAGS(p),
+                                                                   *scan)))
+            {
+               scan++;
+            }
+       } else {
+           while (hardcount < max && scan < loceol
+                   && to_complement ^ cBOOL(isFOO_utf8_lc(FLAGS(p),
+                                                                  (U8 *) scan)))
+            {
+                scan += UTF8SKIP(scan);
+               hardcount++;
+           }
+       }
+       break;
+
+    case POSIXD:
+        if (utf8_target) {
+            goto utf8_posix;
+        }
+        /* FALLTHROUGH */
+
+    case POSIXA:
+        if (utf8_target && loceol - scan > max) {
+
+            /* We didn't adjust <loceol> at the beginning of this routine
+             * because is UTF-8, but it is actually ok to do so, since here, to
+             * match, 1 char == 1 byte. */
+            loceol = scan + max;
+        }
+        while (scan < loceol && _generic_isCC_A((U8) *scan, FLAGS(p))) {
+           scan++;
+       }
+       break;
+
+    case NPOSIXD:
+        if (utf8_target) {
+            to_complement = 1;
+            goto utf8_posix;
+        }
+        /* FALL THROUGH */
+
+    case NPOSIXA:
+        if (! utf8_target) {
+            while (scan < loceol && ! _generic_isCC_A((U8) *scan, FLAGS(p))) {
+                scan++;
+            }
+        }
+        else {
+
+            /* The complement of something that matches only ASCII matches all
+             * UTF-8 variant code points, plus everything in ASCII that isn't
+             * in the class. */
+           while (hardcount < max && scan < loceol
+                   && (! UTF8_IS_INVARIANT(*scan)
+                       || ! _generic_isCC_A((U8) *scan, FLAGS(p))))
+            {
+                scan += UTF8SKIP(scan);
+               hardcount++;
+           }
+        }
+        break;
+
+    case NPOSIXU:
+        to_complement = 1;
+        /* FALLTHROUGH */
+
+    case POSIXU:
+       if (! utf8_target) {
+            while (scan < loceol && to_complement
+                                ^ cBOOL(_generic_isCC((U8) *scan, FLAGS(p))))
+            {
+                scan++;
+            }
+       }
+       else {
+      utf8_posix:
+            classnum = (_char_class_number) FLAGS(p);
+            if (classnum < _FIRST_NON_SWASH_CC) {
+
+                /* Here, a swash is needed for above-Latin1 code points.
+                 * Process as many Latin1 code points using the built-in rules.
+                 * Go to another loop to finish processing upon encountering
+                 * the first Latin1 code point.  We could do that in this loop
+                 * as well, but the other way saves having to test if the swash
+                 * has been loaded every time through the loop: extra space to
+                 * save a test. */
+                while (hardcount < max && scan < loceol) {
+                    if (UTF8_IS_INVARIANT(*scan)) {
+                        if (! (to_complement ^ cBOOL(_generic_isCC((U8) *scan,
+                                                                   classnum))))
+                        {
+                            break;
+                        }
+                        scan++;
+                    }
+                    else if (UTF8_IS_DOWNGRADEABLE_START(*scan)) {
+                        if (! (to_complement
+                              ^ cBOOL(_generic_isCC(TWO_BYTE_UTF8_TO_UNI(*scan,
+                                                                   *(scan + 1)),
+                                                    classnum))))
+                        {
+                            break;
+                        }
+                        scan += 2;
+                    }
+                    else {
+                        goto found_above_latin1;
+                    }
+
+                    hardcount++;
+                }
+            }
+            else {
+                /* For these character classes, the knowledge of how to handle
+                 * every code point is compiled in to Perl via a macro.  This
+                 * code is written for making the loops as tight as possible.
+                 * It could be refactored to save space instead */
+                switch (classnum) {
+                    case _CC_ENUM_SPACE:    /* XXX would require separate code
+                                               if we revert the change of \v
+                                               matching this */
+                        /* FALL THROUGH */
+                    case _CC_ENUM_PSXSPC:
+                        while (hardcount < max
+                               && scan < loceol
+                               && (to_complement ^ cBOOL(isSPACE_utf8(scan))))
+                        {
+                            scan += UTF8SKIP(scan);
+                            hardcount++;
+                        }
+                        break;
+                    case _CC_ENUM_BLANK:
+                        while (hardcount < max
+                               && scan < loceol
+                               && (to_complement ^ cBOOL(isBLANK_utf8(scan))))
+                        {
+                            scan += UTF8SKIP(scan);
+                            hardcount++;
+                        }
+                        break;
+                    case _CC_ENUM_XDIGIT:
+                        while (hardcount < max
+                               && scan < loceol
+                               && (to_complement ^ cBOOL(isXDIGIT_utf8(scan))))
+                        {
+                            scan += UTF8SKIP(scan);
+                            hardcount++;
+                        }
+                        break;
+                    case _CC_ENUM_VERTSPACE:
+                        while (hardcount < max
+                               && scan < loceol
+                               && (to_complement ^ cBOOL(isVERTWS_utf8(scan))))
+                        {
+                            scan += UTF8SKIP(scan);
+                            hardcount++;
+                        }
+                        break;
+                    case _CC_ENUM_CNTRL:
+                        while (hardcount < max
+                               && scan < loceol
+                               && (to_complement ^ cBOOL(isCNTRL_utf8(scan))))
+                        {
+                            scan += UTF8SKIP(scan);
+                            hardcount++;
+                        }
+                        break;
+                    default:
+                        Perl_croak(aTHX_ "panic: regrepeat() node %d='%s' has an unexpected character class '%d'", OP(p), PL_reg_name[OP(p)], classnum);
+                }
+            }
+       }
+        break;
+
+      found_above_latin1:   /* Continuation of POSIXU and NPOSIXU */
+
+        /* Load the swash if not already present */
+        if (! PL_utf8_swash_ptrs[classnum]) {
+            U8 flags = _CORE_SWASH_INIT_ACCEPT_INVLIST;
+            PL_utf8_swash_ptrs[classnum] = _core_swash_init(
+                                        "utf8", swash_property_names[classnum],
+                                        &PL_sv_undef, 1, 0, NULL, &flags);
+        }
+
+        while (hardcount < max && scan < loceol
+               && to_complement ^ cBOOL(_generic_utf8(
+                                       classnum,
+                                       scan,
+                                       swash_fetch(PL_utf8_swash_ptrs[classnum],
+                                                   (U8 *) scan,
+                                                   TRUE))))
+        {
+            scan += UTF8SKIP(scan);
+            hardcount++;
+        }
+        break;
+
+    case LNBREAK:
+        if (utf8_target) {
+           while (hardcount < max && scan < loceol &&
+                    (c=is_LNBREAK_utf8_safe(scan, loceol))) {
+               scan += c;
+               hardcount++;
+           }
+       } else {
+            /* LNBREAK can match one or two latin chars, which is ok, but we
+             * have to use hardcount in this situation, and throw away the
+             * adjustment to <loceol> done before the switch statement */
+            loceol = reginfo->strend;
+           while (scan < loceol && (c=is_LNBREAK_latin1_safe(scan, loceol))) {
+               scan+=c;
+               hardcount++;
+           }
+       }
+       break;
+
+    case BOUND:
+    case BOUNDA:
+    case BOUNDL:
+    case BOUNDU:
+    case EOS:
+    case GPOS:
+    case KEEPS:
+    case NBOUND:
+    case NBOUNDA:
+    case NBOUNDL:
+    case NBOUNDU:
+    case OPFAIL:
+    case SBOL:
+    case SEOL:
+        /* These are all 0 width, so match right here or not at all. */
+        break;
+
+    default:
+        Perl_croak(aTHX_ "panic: regrepeat() called with unrecognized node type %d='%s'", OP(p), PL_reg_name[OP(p)]);
+        assert(0); /* NOTREACHED */
+
+    }
+
+    if (hardcount)
+       c = hardcount;
+    else
+       c = scan - *startposp;
+    *startposp = scan;
+
+    DEBUG_r({
+       GET_RE_DEBUG_FLAGS_DECL;
+       DEBUG_EXECUTE_r({
+           SV * const prop = sv_newmortal();
+           regprop(prog, prop, p);
+           PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log,
+                       "%*s  %s can match %"IVdf" times out of %"IVdf"...\n",
+                       REPORT_CODE_OFF + depth*2, "", SvPVX_const(prop),(IV)c,(IV)max);
+       });
+    });
+
+    return(c);
+}
+
+
+#if !defined(PERL_IN_XSUB_RE) || defined(PLUGGABLE_RE_EXTENSION)
+/*
+- regclass_swash - prepare the utf8 swash.  Wraps the shared core version to
+create a copy so that changes the caller makes won't change the shared one.
+If <altsvp> is non-null, will return NULL in it, for back-compat.
+ */
+SV *
+Perl_regclass_swash(pTHX_ const regexp *prog, const regnode* node, bool doinit, SV** listsvp, SV **altsvp)
+{
+    PERL_ARGS_ASSERT_REGCLASS_SWASH;
+
+    if (altsvp) {
+        *altsvp = NULL;
+    }
+
+    return newSVsv(core_regclass_swash(prog, node, doinit, listsvp));
+}
+#endif
+
+STATIC SV *
+S_core_regclass_swash(pTHX_ const regexp *prog, const regnode* node, bool doinit, SV** listsvp)
+{
+    /* Returns the swash for the input 'node' in the regex 'prog'.
+     * If <doinit> is true, will attempt to create the swash if not already
+     *   done.
+     * If <listsvp> is non-null, will return the swash initialization string in
+     *   it.
+     * Tied intimately to how regcomp.c sets up the data structure */
+
+    dVAR;
+    SV *sw  = NULL;
+    SV *si  = NULL;
+    SV*  invlist = NULL;
+
+    RXi_GET_DECL(prog,progi);
+    const struct reg_data * const data = prog ? progi->data : NULL;
+
+    PERL_ARGS_ASSERT_CORE_REGCLASS_SWASH;
+
+    assert(ANYOF_NONBITMAP(node));
+
+    if (data && data->count) {
+       const U32 n = ARG(node);
+
+       if (data->what[n] == 's') {
+           SV * const rv = MUTABLE_SV(data->data[n]);
+           AV * const av = MUTABLE_AV(SvRV(rv));
+           SV **const ary = AvARRAY(av);
+           U8 swash_init_flags = _CORE_SWASH_INIT_ACCEPT_INVLIST;
+       
+           si = *ary;  /* ary[0] = the string to initialize the swash with */
+
+           /* Elements 2 and 3 are either both present or both absent. [2] is
+            * any inversion list generated at compile time; [3] indicates if
+            * that inversion list has any user-defined properties in it. */
+           if (av_len(av) >= 2) {
+               invlist = ary[2];
+               if (SvUV(ary[3])) {
+                    swash_init_flags |= _CORE_SWASH_INIT_USER_DEFINED_PROPERTY;
+                }
+           }
+           else {
+               invlist = NULL;
+           }
+
+           /* Element [1] is reserved for the set-up swash.  If already there,
+            * return it; if not, create it and store it there */
+           if (SvROK(ary[1])) {
+               sw = ary[1];
+           }
+           else if (si && doinit) {
+
+               sw = _core_swash_init("utf8", /* the utf8 package */
+                                     "", /* nameless */
+                                     si,
+                                     1, /* binary */
+                                     0, /* not from tr/// */
+                                     invlist,
+                                     &swash_init_flags);
+               (void)av_store(av, 1, sw);
+           }
+       }
+    }
+       
+    if (listsvp) {
+       SV* matches_string = newSVpvn("", 0);
+
+       /* Use the swash, if any, which has to have incorporated into it all
+        * possibilities */
+       if ((! sw || (invlist = _get_swash_invlist(sw)) == NULL)
+            && (si && si != &PL_sv_undef))
+        {
+
+           /* If no swash, use the input initialization string, if available */
+           sv_catsv(matches_string, si);
+       }
+
+       /* Add the inversion list to whatever we have.  This may have come from
+        * the swash, or from an input parameter */
+       if (invlist) {
+           sv_catsv(matches_string, _invlist_contents(invlist));
+       }
+       *listsvp = matches_string;
+    }
+
+    return sw;
+}
+
+/*
+ - reginclass - determine if a character falls into a character class
+  n is the ANYOF regnode
+  p is the target string
+  utf8_target tells whether p is in UTF-8.
+
+  Returns true if matched; false otherwise.
+
+  Note that this can be a synthetic start class, a combination of various
+  nodes, so things you think might be mutually exclusive, such as locale,
+  aren't.  It can match both locale and non-locale
+
+ */
+
+STATIC bool
+S_reginclass(pTHX_ regexp * const prog, const regnode * const n, const U8* const p, const bool utf8_target)
+{
+    dVAR;
+    const char flags = ANYOF_FLAGS(n);
+    bool match = FALSE;
+    UV c = *p;
+
+    PERL_ARGS_ASSERT_REGINCLASS;
+
+    /* If c is not already the code point, get it.  Note that
+     * UTF8_IS_INVARIANT() works even if not in UTF-8 */
+    if (! UTF8_IS_INVARIANT(c) && utf8_target) {
+        STRLEN c_len = 0;
+       c = utf8n_to_uvchr(p, UTF8_MAXBYTES, &c_len,
+               (UTF8_ALLOW_DEFAULT & UTF8_ALLOW_ANYUV)
+               | UTF8_ALLOW_FFFF | UTF8_CHECK_ONLY);
+               /* see [perl #37836] for UTF8_ALLOW_ANYUV; [perl #38293] for
+                * UTF8_ALLOW_FFFF */
+       if (c_len == (STRLEN)-1)
+           Perl_croak(aTHX_ "Malformed UTF-8 character (fatal)");
+    }
+
+    /* If this character is potentially in the bitmap, check it */
+    if (c < 256) {
+       if (ANYOF_BITMAP_TEST(n, c))
+           match = TRUE;
+       else if (flags & ANYOF_NON_UTF8_LATIN1_ALL
+               && ! utf8_target
+               && ! isASCII(c))
+       {
+           match = TRUE;
+       }
+       else if (flags & ANYOF_LOCALE) {
+           RXp_MATCH_TAINTED_on(prog);
+
+           if ((flags & ANYOF_LOC_FOLD)
+                && ANYOF_BITMAP_TEST(n, PL_fold_locale[c]))
+           {
+               match = TRUE;
+           }
+           else if (ANYOF_CLASS_TEST_ANY_SET(n)) {
+
+                /* The data structure is arranged so bits 0, 2, 4, ... are set
+                 * if the class includes the Posix character class given by
+                 * bit/2; and 1, 3, 5, ... are set if the class includes the
+                 * complemented Posix class given by int(bit/2).  So we loop
+                 * through the bits, each time changing whether we complement
+                 * the result or not.  Suppose for the sake of illustration
+                 * that bits 0-3 mean respectively, \w, \W, \s, \S.  If bit 0
+                 * is set, it means there is a match for this ANYOF node if the
+                 * character is in the class given by the expression (0 / 2 = 0
+                 * = \w).  If it is in that class, isFOO_lc() will return 1,
+                 * and since 'to_complement' is 0, the result will stay TRUE,
+                 * and we exit the loop.  Suppose instead that bit 0 is 0, but
+                 * bit 1 is 1.  That means there is a match if the character
+                 * matches \W.  We won't bother to call isFOO_lc() on bit 0,
+                 * but will on bit 1.  On the second iteration 'to_complement'
+                 * will be 1, so the exclusive or will reverse things, so we
+                 * are testing for \W.  On the third iteration, 'to_complement'
+                 * will be 0, and we would be testing for \s; the fourth
+                 * iteration would test for \S, etc.
+                 *
+                 * Note that this code assumes that all the classes are closed
+                 * under folding.  For example, if a character matches \w, then
+                 * its fold does too; and vice versa.  This should be true for
+                 * any well-behaved locale for all the currently defined Posix
+                 * classes, except for :lower: and :upper:, which are handled
+                 * by the pseudo-class :cased: which matches if either of the
+                 * other two does.  To get rid of this assumption, an outer
+                 * loop could be used below to iterate over both the source
+                 * character, and its fold (if different) */
+
+                int count = 0;
+                int to_complement = 0;
+                while (count < ANYOF_MAX) {
+                    if (ANYOF_CLASS_TEST(n, count)
+                        && to_complement ^ cBOOL(isFOO_lc(count/2, (U8) c)))
+                    {
+                        match = TRUE;
+                        break;
+                    }
+                    count++;
+                    to_complement ^= 1;
+                }
+           }
+       }
+    }
+
+    /* If the bitmap didn't (or couldn't) match, and something outside the
+     * bitmap could match, try that.  Locale nodes specify completely the
+     * behavior of code points in the bit map (otherwise, a utf8 target would
+     * cause them to be treated as Unicode and not locale), except in
+     * the very unlikely event when this node is a synthetic start class, which
+     * could be a combination of locale and non-locale nodes.  So allow locale
+     * to match for the synthetic start class, which will give a false
+     * positive that will be resolved when the match is done again as not part
+     * of the synthetic start class */
+    if (!match) {
+       if (utf8_target && (flags & ANYOF_UNICODE_ALL) && c >= 256) {
+           match = TRUE;       /* Everything above 255 matches */
+       }
+       else if (ANYOF_NONBITMAP(n)
+                && ((flags & ANYOF_NONBITMAP_NON_UTF8)
+                    || (utf8_target
+                        && (c >=256
+                            || (! (flags & ANYOF_LOCALE))
+                            || OP(n) == ANYOF_SYNTHETIC))))
+       {
+           SV * const sw = core_regclass_swash(prog, n, TRUE, 0);
+           if (sw) {
+               U8 * utf8_p;
+               if (utf8_target) {
+                   utf8_p = (U8 *) p;
+               } else { /* Convert to utf8 */
+                   STRLEN len = 1;
+                   utf8_p = bytes_to_utf8(p, &len);
+               }
+
+               if (swash_fetch(sw, utf8_p, TRUE)) {
+                   match = TRUE;
+                }
+
+               /* If we allocated a string above, free it */
+               if (! utf8_target) Safefree(utf8_p);
+           }
+       }
+
+        if (UNICODE_IS_SUPER(c)
+            && OP(n) == ANYOF_WARN_SUPER
+            && ckWARN_d(WARN_NON_UNICODE))
+        {
+            Perl_warner(aTHX_ packWARN(WARN_NON_UNICODE),
+                "Code point 0x%04"UVXf" is not Unicode, all \\p{} matches fail; all \\P{} matches succeed", c);
+        }
+    }
+
+    /* The xor complements the return if to invert: 1^1 = 0, 1^0 = 1 */
+    return cBOOL(flags & ANYOF_INVERT) ^ match;
+}
+
+STATIC U8 *
+S_reghop3(U8 *s, I32 off, const U8* lim)
+{
+    /* return the position 'off' UTF-8 characters away from 's', forward if
+     * 'off' >= 0, backwards if negative.  But don't go outside of position
+     * 'lim', which better be < s  if off < 0 */
+
+    dVAR;
+
+    PERL_ARGS_ASSERT_REGHOP3;
+
+    if (off >= 0) {
+       while (off-- && s < lim) {
+           /* XXX could check well-formedness here */
+           s += UTF8SKIP(s);
+       }
+    }
+    else {
+        while (off++ && s > lim) {
+            s--;
+            if (UTF8_IS_CONTINUED(*s)) {
+                while (s > lim && UTF8_IS_CONTINUATION(*s))
+                    s--;
+           }
+            /* XXX could check well-formedness here */
+       }
+    }
+    return s;
+}
+
+#ifdef XXX_dmq
+/* there are a bunch of places where we use two reghop3's that should
+   be replaced with this routine. but since thats not done yet 
+   we ifdef it out - dmq
+*/
+STATIC U8 *
+S_reghop4(U8 *s, I32 off, const U8* llim, const U8* rlim)
+{
+    dVAR;
+
+    PERL_ARGS_ASSERT_REGHOP4;
+
+    if (off >= 0) {
+        while (off-- && s < rlim) {
+            /* XXX could check well-formedness here */
+            s += UTF8SKIP(s);
+        }
+    }
+    else {
+        while (off++ && s > llim) {
+            s--;
+            if (UTF8_IS_CONTINUED(*s)) {
+                while (s > llim && UTF8_IS_CONTINUATION(*s))
+                    s--;
+            }
+            /* XXX could check well-formedness here */
+        }
+    }
+    return s;
+}
+#endif
+
+STATIC U8 *
+S_reghopmaybe3(U8* s, I32 off, const U8* lim)
+{
+    dVAR;
+
+    PERL_ARGS_ASSERT_REGHOPMAYBE3;
+
+    if (off >= 0) {
+       while (off-- && s < lim) {
+           /* XXX could check well-formedness here */
+           s += UTF8SKIP(s);
+       }
+       if (off >= 0)
+           return NULL;
+    }
+    else {
+        while (off++ && s > lim) {
+            s--;
+            if (UTF8_IS_CONTINUED(*s)) {
+                while (s > lim && UTF8_IS_CONTINUATION(*s))
+                    s--;
+           }
+            /* XXX could check well-formedness here */
+       }
+       if (off <= 0)
+           return NULL;
+    }
+    return s;
+}
+
+
+/* when executing a regex that may have (?{}), extra stuff needs setting
+   up that will be visible to the called code, even before the current
+   match has finished. In particular:
+
+   * $_ is localised to the SV currently being matched;
+   * pos($_) is created if necessary, ready to be updated on each call-out
+     to code;
+   * a fake PMOP is created that can be set to PL_curpm (normally PL_curpm
+     isn't set until the current pattern is successfully finished), so that
+     $1 etc of the match-so-far can be seen;
+   * save the old values of subbeg etc of the current regex, and  set then
+     to the current string (again, this is normally only done at the end
+     of execution)
+*/
+
+static void
+S_setup_eval_state(pTHX_ regmatch_info *const reginfo)
+{
+    MAGIC *mg;
+    regexp *const rex = ReANY(reginfo->prog);
+    regmatch_info_aux_eval *eval_state = reginfo->info_aux_eval;
+
+    eval_state->rex = rex;
+
+    if (reginfo->sv) {
+        /* Make $_ available to executed code. */
+        if (reginfo->sv != DEFSV) {
+            SAVE_DEFSV;
+            DEFSV_set(reginfo->sv);
+        }
+
+        if (!(SvTYPE(reginfo->sv) >= SVt_PVMG && SvMAGIC(reginfo->sv)
+              && (mg = mg_find(reginfo->sv, PERL_MAGIC_regex_global)))) {
+            /* prepare for quick setting of pos */
+#ifdef PERL_OLD_COPY_ON_WRITE
+            if (SvIsCOW(reginfo->sv))
+                sv_force_normal_flags(reginfo->sv, 0);
+#endif
+            mg = sv_magicext(reginfo->sv, NULL, PERL_MAGIC_regex_global,
+                             &PL_vtbl_mglob, NULL, 0);
+            mg->mg_len = -1;
+        }
+        eval_state->pos_magic = mg;
+        eval_state->pos       = mg->mg_len;
+    }
+    else
+        eval_state->pos_magic = NULL;
+
+    if (!PL_reg_curpm) {
+        /* PL_reg_curpm is a fake PMOP that we can attach the current
+         * regex to and point PL_curpm at, so that $1 et al are visible
+         * within a /(?{})/. It's just allocated once per interpreter the
+         * first time its needed */
+        Newxz(PL_reg_curpm, 1, PMOP);
+#ifdef USE_ITHREADS
+        {
+            SV* const repointer = &PL_sv_undef;
+            /* this regexp is also owned by the new PL_reg_curpm, which
+               will try to free it.  */
+            av_push(PL_regex_padav, repointer);
+            PL_reg_curpm->op_pmoffset = av_len(PL_regex_padav);
+            PL_regex_pad = AvARRAY(PL_regex_padav);
+        }
+#endif
+    }
+    SET_reg_curpm(reginfo->prog);
+    eval_state->curpm = PL_curpm;
+    PL_curpm = PL_reg_curpm;
+    if (RXp_MATCH_COPIED(rex)) {
+        /*  Here is a serious problem: we cannot rewrite subbeg,
+            since it may be needed if this match fails.  Thus
+            $` inside (?{}) could fail... */
+        eval_state->subbeg     = rex->subbeg;
+        eval_state->sublen     = rex->sublen;
+        eval_state->suboffset  = rex->suboffset;
+        eval_state->subcoffset = rex->subcoffset;
+#ifdef PERL_ANY_COW
+        eval_state->saved_copy = rex->saved_copy;
+#endif
+        RXp_MATCH_COPIED_off(rex);
+    }
+    else
+        eval_state->subbeg = NULL;
+    rex->subbeg = (char *)reginfo->strbeg;
+    rex->suboffset = 0;
+    rex->subcoffset = 0;
+    rex->sublen = reginfo->strend - reginfo->strbeg;
+}
+
+
+/* destructor to clear up regmatch_info_aux and regmatch_info_aux_eval */
+
+static void
+S_cleanup_regmatch_info_aux(pTHX_ void *arg)
+{
+    dVAR;
+    regmatch_info_aux *aux = (regmatch_info_aux *) arg;
+    regmatch_info_aux_eval *eval_state =  aux->info_aux_eval;
+    regmatch_slab *s;
+
+    Safefree(aux->poscache);
+
+    if (eval_state) {
+
+        /* undo the effects of S_setup_eval_state() */
+
+        if (eval_state->subbeg) {
+            regexp * const rex = eval_state->rex;
+            rex->subbeg     = eval_state->subbeg;
+            rex->sublen     = eval_state->sublen;
+            rex->suboffset  = eval_state->suboffset;
+            rex->subcoffset = eval_state->subcoffset;
+#ifdef PERL_ANY_COW
+            rex->saved_copy = eval_state->saved_copy;
+#endif
+            RXp_MATCH_COPIED_on(rex);
+        }
+        if (eval_state->pos_magic)
+            eval_state->pos_magic->mg_len = eval_state->pos;
+
+        PL_curpm = eval_state->curpm;
+    }
+
+    PL_regmatch_state = aux->old_regmatch_state;
+    PL_regmatch_slab  = aux->old_regmatch_slab;
+
+    /* free all slabs above current one - this must be the last action
+     * of this function, as aux and eval_state are allocated within
+     * slabs and may be freed here */
+
+    s = PL_regmatch_slab->next;
+    if (s) {
+        PL_regmatch_slab->next = NULL;
+        while (s) {
+            regmatch_slab * const osl = s;
+            s = s->next;
+            Safefree(osl);
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+
+STATIC void
+S_to_utf8_substr(pTHX_ regexp *prog)
+{
+    /* Converts substr fields in prog from bytes to UTF-8, calling fbm_compile
+     * on the converted value */
+
+    int i = 1;
+
+    PERL_ARGS_ASSERT_TO_UTF8_SUBSTR;
+
+    do {
+       if (prog->substrs->data[i].substr
+           && !prog->substrs->data[i].utf8_substr) {
+           SV* const sv = newSVsv(prog->substrs->data[i].substr);
+           prog->substrs->data[i].utf8_substr = sv;
+           sv_utf8_upgrade(sv);
+           if (SvVALID(prog->substrs->data[i].substr)) {
+               if (SvTAIL(prog->substrs->data[i].substr)) {
+                   /* Trim the trailing \n that fbm_compile added last
+                      time.  */
+                   SvCUR_set(sv, SvCUR(sv) - 1);
+                   /* Whilst this makes the SV technically "invalid" (as its
+                      buffer is no longer followed by "\0") when fbm_compile()
+                      adds the "\n" back, a "\0" is restored.  */
+                   fbm_compile(sv, FBMcf_TAIL);
+               } else
+                   fbm_compile(sv, 0);
+           }
+           if (prog->substrs->data[i].substr == prog->check_substr)
+               prog->check_utf8 = sv;
+       }
+    } while (i--);
+}
+
+STATIC bool
+S_to_byte_substr(pTHX_ regexp *prog)
+{
+    /* Converts substr fields in prog from UTF-8 to bytes, calling fbm_compile
+     * on the converted value; returns FALSE if can't be converted. */
+
+    dVAR;
+    int i = 1;
+
+    PERL_ARGS_ASSERT_TO_BYTE_SUBSTR;
+
+    do {
+       if (prog->substrs->data[i].utf8_substr
+           && !prog->substrs->data[i].substr) {
+           SV* sv = newSVsv(prog->substrs->data[i].utf8_substr);
+           if (! sv_utf8_downgrade(sv, TRUE)) {
+                return FALSE;
+            }
+            if (SvVALID(prog->substrs->data[i].utf8_substr)) {
+                if (SvTAIL(prog->substrs->data[i].utf8_substr)) {
+                    /* Trim the trailing \n that fbm_compile added last
+                        time.  */
+                    SvCUR_set(sv, SvCUR(sv) - 1);
+                    fbm_compile(sv, FBMcf_TAIL);
+                } else
+                    fbm_compile(sv, 0);
+            }
+           prog->substrs->data[i].substr = sv;
+           if (prog->substrs->data[i].utf8_substr == prog->check_utf8)
+               prog->check_substr = sv;
+       }
+    } while (i--);
+
+    return TRUE;
+}
+
+/*
+ * Local variables:
+ * c-indentation-style: bsd
+ * c-basic-offset: 4
+ * indent-tabs-mode: nil
+ * End:
+ *
+ * ex: set ts=8 sts=4 sw=4 et:
+ */
diff --git a/src/5019002/dquote_static.c b/src/5019002/dquote_static.c
new file mode 100644 (file)
index 0000000..da1b5b9
--- /dev/null
@@ -0,0 +1,342 @@
+/*    dquote_static.c
+ *
+ * This file contains static functions that are related to
+ * parsing double-quotish expressions, but are used in more than
+ * one file.
+ *
+ * It is currently #included by regcomp.c and toke.c.
+*/
+
+#define PERL_IN_DQUOTE_STATIC_C
+#include "embed.h"
+
+/*
+ - regcurly - a little FSA that accepts {\d+,?\d*}
+    Pulled from regcomp.c.
+ */
+PERL_STATIC_INLINE I32
+S_regcurly(pTHX_ const char *s,
+           const bool rbrace_must_be_escaped /* Should the terminating '} be
+                                                preceded by a backslash?  This
+                                                is an abnormal case */
+    )
+{
+    PERL_ARGS_ASSERT_REGCURLY;
+
+    if (*s++ != '{')
+       return FALSE;
+    if (!isDIGIT(*s))
+       return FALSE;
+    while (isDIGIT(*s))
+       s++;
+    if (*s == ',') {
+       s++;
+       while (isDIGIT(*s))
+           s++;
+    }
+
+    return (rbrace_must_be_escaped)
+           ? *s == '\\' && *(s+1) == '}'
+           : *s == '}';
+}
+
+/* XXX Add documentation after final interface and behavior is decided */
+/* May want to show context for error, so would pass Perl_bslash_c(pTHX_ const char* current, const char* start, const bool output_warning)
+    U8 source = *current;
+*/
+
+STATIC char
+S_grok_bslash_c(pTHX_ const char source, const bool utf8, const bool output_warning)
+{
+
+    U8 result;
+
+    if (utf8) {
+       /* Trying to deprecate non-ASCII usages.  This construct has never
+        * worked for a utf8 variant.  So, even though are accepting non-ASCII
+        * Latin1 in 5.14, no need to make them work under utf8 */
+       if (! isASCII(source)) {
+           Perl_croak(aTHX_ "Character following \"\\c\" must be ASCII");
+       }
+    }
+
+    result = toCTRL(source);
+    if (! isASCII(source)) {
+           Perl_ck_warner_d(aTHX_ packWARN2(WARN_DEPRECATED, WARN_SYNTAX),
+                           "Character following \"\\c\" must be ASCII");
+    }
+    else if (! isCNTRL(result) && output_warning) {
+       if (source == '{') {
+           Perl_ck_warner_d(aTHX_ packWARN2(WARN_DEPRECATED, WARN_SYNTAX),
+                           "\"\\c{\" is deprecated and is more clearly written as \";\"");
+       }
+       else {
+           U8 clearer[3];
+           U8 i = 0;
+           if (! isWORDCHAR(result)) {
+               clearer[i++] = '\\';
+           }
+           clearer[i++] = result;
+           clearer[i++] = '\0';
+
+           Perl_ck_warner(aTHX_ packWARN(WARN_SYNTAX),
+                           "\"\\c%c\" is more clearly written simply as \"%s\"",
+                           source,
+                           clearer);
+       }
+    }
+
+    return result;
+}
+
+STATIC bool
+S_grok_bslash_o(pTHX_ char **s, UV *uv, const char** error_msg,
+                      const bool output_warning, const bool strict,
+                      const bool silence_non_portable,
+                      const bool UTF)
+{
+
+/*  Documentation to be supplied when interface nailed down finally
+ *  This returns FALSE if there is an error which the caller need not recover
+ *  from; , otherwise TRUE.  In either case the caller should look at *len
+ *  On input:
+ *     s   is the address of a pointer to a NULL terminated string that begins
+ *         with 'o', and the previous character was a backslash.  At exit, *s
+ *         will be advanced to the byte just after those absorbed by this
+ *         function.  Hence the caller can continue parsing from there.  In
+ *         the case of an error, this routine has generally positioned *s to
+ *         point just to the right of the first bad spot, so that a message
+ *         that has a "<--" to mark the spot will be correctly positioned.
+ *     uv  points to a UV that will hold the output value, valid only if the
+ *         return from the function is TRUE
+ *      error_msg is a pointer that will be set to an internal buffer giving an
+ *         error message upon failure (the return is FALSE).  Untouched if
+ *         function succeeds
+ *     output_warning says whether to output any warning messages, or suppress
+ *         them
+ *     strict is true if this should fail instead of warn if there are
+ *         non-octal digits within the braces
+ *      silence_non_portable is true if to suppress warnings about the code
+ *          point returned being too large to fit on all platforms.
+ *     UTF is true iff the string *s is encoded in UTF-8.
+ */
+    char* e;
+    STRLEN numbers_len;
+    I32 flags = PERL_SCAN_ALLOW_UNDERSCORES
+               | PERL_SCAN_DISALLOW_PREFIX
+               /* XXX Until the message is improved in grok_oct, handle errors
+                * ourselves */
+               | PERL_SCAN_SILENT_ILLDIGIT;
+
+    PERL_ARGS_ASSERT_GROK_BSLASH_O;
+
+
+    assert(**s == 'o');
+    (*s)++;
+
+    if (**s != '{') {
+       *error_msg = "Missing braces on \\o{}";
+       return FALSE;
+    }
+
+    e = strchr(*s, '}');
+    if (!e) {
+        (*s)++;  /* Move past the '{' */
+        while (isOCTAL(**s)) { /* Position beyond the legal digits */
+            (*s)++;
+        }
+        *error_msg = "Missing right brace on \\o{";
+       return FALSE;
+    }
+
+    (*s)++;    /* Point to expected first digit (could be first byte of utf8
+                  sequence if not a digit) */
+    numbers_len = e - *s;
+    if (numbers_len == 0) {
+        (*s)++;    /* Move past the } */
+       *error_msg = "Number with no digits";
+       return FALSE;
+    }
+
+    if (silence_non_portable) {
+        flags |= PERL_SCAN_SILENT_NON_PORTABLE;
+    }
+
+    *uv = grok_oct(*s, &numbers_len, &flags, NULL);
+    /* Note that if has non-octal, will ignore everything starting with that up
+     * to the '}' */
+
+    if (numbers_len != (STRLEN) (e - *s)) {
+        if (strict) {
+            *s += numbers_len;
+            *s += (UTF) ? UTF8SKIP(*s) : (STRLEN) 1;
+            *error_msg = "Non-octal character";
+            return FALSE;
+        }
+        else if (output_warning) {
+            Perl_ck_warner(aTHX_ packWARN(WARN_DIGIT),
+            /* diag_listed_as: Non-octal character '%c'.  Resolved as "%s" */
+                        "Non-octal character '%c'.  Resolved as \"\\o{%.*s}\"",
+                        *(*s + numbers_len),
+                        (int) numbers_len,
+                        *s);
+        }
+    }
+
+    /* Return past the '}' */
+    *s = e + 1;
+
+    return TRUE;
+}
+
+PERL_STATIC_INLINE bool
+S_grok_bslash_x(pTHX_ char **s, UV *uv, const char** error_msg,
+                      const bool output_warning, const bool strict,
+                      const bool silence_non_portable,
+                      const bool UTF)
+{
+
+/*  Documentation to be supplied when interface nailed down finally
+ *  This returns FALSE if there is an error which the caller need not recover
+ *  from; , otherwise TRUE.  In either case the caller should look at *len
+ *  On input:
+ *     s   is the address of a pointer to a NULL terminated string that begins
+ *         with 'x', and the previous character was a backslash.  At exit, *s
+ *         will be advanced to the byte just after those absorbed by this
+ *         function.  Hence the caller can continue parsing from there.  In
+ *         the case of an error, this routine has generally positioned *s to
+ *         point just to the right of the first bad spot, so that a message
+ *         that has a "<--" to mark the spot will be correctly positioned.
+ *     uv  points to a UV that will hold the output value, valid only if the
+ *         return from the function is TRUE
+ *      error_msg is a pointer that will be set to an internal buffer giving an
+ *         error message upon failure (the return is FALSE).  Untouched if
+ *         function succeeds
+ *     output_warning says whether to output any warning messages, or suppress
+ *         them
+ *     strict is true if anything out of the ordinary should cause this to
+ *         fail instead of warn or be silent.  For example, it requires
+ *         exactly 2 digits following the \x (when there are no braces).
+ *         3 digits could be a mistake, so is forbidden in this mode.
+ *      silence_non_portable is true if to suppress warnings about the code
+ *          point returned being too large to fit on all platforms.
+ *     UTF is true iff the string *s is encoded in UTF-8.
+ */
+    char* e;
+    STRLEN numbers_len;
+    I32 flags = PERL_SCAN_DISALLOW_PREFIX;
+
+    PERL_ARGS_ASSERT_GROK_BSLASH_X;
+
+    PERL_UNUSED_ARG(output_warning);
+
+    assert(**s == 'x');
+    (*s)++;
+
+    if (strict) {
+        flags |= PERL_SCAN_SILENT_ILLDIGIT;
+    }
+
+    if (**s != '{') {
+        STRLEN len = (strict) ? 3 : 2;
+
+       *uv = grok_hex(*s, &len, &flags, NULL);
+       *s += len;
+        if (strict && len != 2) {
+            if (len < 2) {
+                *s += (UTF) ? UTF8SKIP(*s) : 1;
+                *error_msg = "Non-hex character";
+            }
+            else {
+                *error_msg = "Use \\x{...} for more than two hex characters";
+            }
+            return FALSE;
+        }
+       return TRUE;
+    }
+
+    e = strchr(*s, '}');
+    if (!e) {
+        (*s)++;  /* Move past the '{' */
+        while (isXDIGIT(**s)) { /* Position beyond the legal digits */
+            (*s)++;
+        }
+        /* XXX The corresponding message above for \o is just '\\o{'; other
+         * messages for other constructs include the '}', so are inconsistent.
+         */
+       *error_msg = "Missing right brace on \\x{}";
+       return FALSE;
+    }
+
+    (*s)++;    /* Point to expected first digit (could be first byte of utf8
+                  sequence if not a digit) */
+    numbers_len = e - *s;
+    if (numbers_len == 0) {
+        if (strict) {
+            (*s)++;    /* Move past the } */
+            *error_msg = "Number with no digits";
+            return FALSE;
+        }
+        return TRUE;
+    }
+
+    flags |= PERL_SCAN_ALLOW_UNDERSCORES;
+    if (silence_non_portable) {
+        flags |= PERL_SCAN_SILENT_NON_PORTABLE;
+    }
+
+    *uv = grok_hex(*s, &numbers_len, &flags, NULL);
+    /* Note that if has non-hex, will ignore everything starting with that up
+     * to the '}' */
+
+    if (strict && numbers_len != (STRLEN) (e - *s)) {
+        *s += numbers_len;
+        *s += (UTF) ? UTF8SKIP(*s) : 1;
+        *error_msg = "Non-hex character";
+        return FALSE;
+    }
+
+    /* Return past the '}' */
+    *s = e + 1;
+
+    return TRUE;
+}
+
+STATIC char*
+S_form_short_octal_warning(pTHX_
+                           const char * const s, /* Points to first non-octal */
+                           const STRLEN len      /* Length of octals string, so
+                                                    (s-len) points to first
+                                                    octal */
+) {
+    /* Return a character string consisting of a warning message for when a
+     * string constant in octal is weird, like "\078".  */
+
+    const char * sans_leading_zeros = s - len;
+
+    PERL_ARGS_ASSERT_FORM_SHORT_OCTAL_WARNING;
+
+    assert(*s == '8' || *s == '9');
+
+    /* Remove the leading zeros, retaining one zero so won't be zero length */
+    while (*sans_leading_zeros == '0') sans_leading_zeros++;
+    if (sans_leading_zeros == s) {
+        sans_leading_zeros--;
+    }
+
+    return Perl_form(aTHX_
+                     "'%.*s' resolved to '\\o{%.*s}%c'",
+                     (int) (len + 2), s - len - 1,
+                     (int) (s - sans_leading_zeros), sans_leading_zeros,
+                     *s);
+}
+
+/*
+ * Local variables:
+ * c-indentation-style: bsd
+ * c-basic-offset: 4
+ * indent-tabs-mode: nil
+ * End:
+ *
+ * ex: set ts=8 sts=4 sw=4 et:
+ */
diff --git a/src/5019002/inline_invlist.c b/src/5019002/inline_invlist.c
new file mode 100644 (file)
index 0000000..470659b
--- /dev/null
@@ -0,0 +1,63 @@
+/*    inline_invlist.c
+ *
+ *    Copyright (C) 2012 by Larry Wall and others
+ *
+ *    You may distribute under the terms of either the GNU General Public
+ *    License or the Artistic License, as specified in the README file.
+ */
+
+#if defined(PERL_IN_UTF8_C) || defined(PERL_IN_REGCOMP_C) || defined(PERL_IN_REGEXEC_C)
+
+/* An element is in an inversion list iff its index is even numbered: 0, 2, 4,
+ * etc */
+#define ELEMENT_RANGE_MATCHES_INVLIST(i) (! ((i) & 1))
+#define PREV_RANGE_MATCHES_INVLIST(i) (! ELEMENT_RANGE_MATCHES_INVLIST(i))
+
+/* This converts to/from our UVs to what the SV code is expecting: bytes. */
+#define TO_INTERNAL_SIZE(x) ((x) * sizeof(UV))
+#define FROM_INTERNAL_SIZE(x) ((x)/ sizeof(UV))
+
+PERL_STATIC_INLINE bool*
+S_get_invlist_offset_addr(pTHX_ SV* invlist)
+{
+    /* Return the address of the field that says whether the inversion list is
+     * offset (it contains 1) or not (contains 0) */
+
+    PERL_ARGS_ASSERT_GET_INVLIST_OFFSET_ADDR;
+
+    return &(((XINVLIST*) SvANY(invlist))->is_offset);
+}
+
+PERL_STATIC_INLINE UV
+S__invlist_len(pTHX_ SV* const invlist)
+{
+    /* Returns the current number of elements stored in the inversion list's
+     * array */
+
+    PERL_ARGS_ASSERT__INVLIST_LEN;
+
+    return (SvCUR(invlist) == 0)
+           ? 0
+           : FROM_INTERNAL_SIZE(SvCUR(invlist)) - *get_invlist_offset_addr(invlist);
+}
+
+PERL_STATIC_INLINE bool
+S__invlist_contains_cp(pTHX_ SV* const invlist, const UV cp)
+{
+    /* Does <invlist> contain code point <cp> as part of the set? */
+
+    IV index = _invlist_search(invlist, cp);
+
+    PERL_ARGS_ASSERT__INVLIST_CONTAINS_CP;
+
+    return index >= 0 && ELEMENT_RANGE_MATCHES_INVLIST(index);
+}
+
+#   if defined(PERL_IN_UTF8_C) || defined(PERL_IN_REGEXEC_C)
+
+/* These symbols are only needed later in regcomp.c */
+#       undef TO_INTERNAL_SIZE
+#       undef FROM_INTERNAL_SIZE
+#   endif
+
+#endif
diff --git a/src/5019002/orig/dquote_static.c b/src/5019002/orig/dquote_static.c
new file mode 100644 (file)
index 0000000..da1b5b9
--- /dev/null
@@ -0,0 +1,342 @@
+/*    dquote_static.c
+ *
+ * This file contains static functions that are related to
+ * parsing double-quotish expressions, but are used in more than
+ * one file.
+ *
+ * It is currently #included by regcomp.c and toke.c.
+*/
+
+#define PERL_IN_DQUOTE_STATIC_C
+#include "embed.h"
+
+/*
+ - regcurly - a little FSA that accepts {\d+,?\d*}
+    Pulled from regcomp.c.
+ */
+PERL_STATIC_INLINE I32
+S_regcurly(pTHX_ const char *s,
+           const bool rbrace_must_be_escaped /* Should the terminating '} be
+                                                preceded by a backslash?  This
+                                                is an abnormal case */
+    )
+{
+    PERL_ARGS_ASSERT_REGCURLY;
+
+    if (*s++ != '{')
+       return FALSE;
+    if (!isDIGIT(*s))
+       return FALSE;
+    while (isDIGIT(*s))
+       s++;
+    if (*s == ',') {
+       s++;
+       while (isDIGIT(*s))
+           s++;
+    }
+
+    return (rbrace_must_be_escaped)
+           ? *s == '\\' && *(s+1) == '}'
+           : *s == '}';
+}
+
+/* XXX Add documentation after final interface and behavior is decided */
+/* May want to show context for error, so would pass Perl_bslash_c(pTHX_ const char* current, const char* start, const bool output_warning)
+    U8 source = *current;
+*/
+
+STATIC char
+S_grok_bslash_c(pTHX_ const char source, const bool utf8, const bool output_warning)
+{
+
+    U8 result;
+
+    if (utf8) {
+       /* Trying to deprecate non-ASCII usages.  This construct has never
+        * worked for a utf8 variant.  So, even though are accepting non-ASCII
+        * Latin1 in 5.14, no need to make them work under utf8 */
+       if (! isASCII(source)) {
+           Perl_croak(aTHX_ "Character following \"\\c\" must be ASCII");
+       }
+    }
+
+    result = toCTRL(source);
+    if (! isASCII(source)) {
+           Perl_ck_warner_d(aTHX_ packWARN2(WARN_DEPRECATED, WARN_SYNTAX),
+                           "Character following \"\\c\" must be ASCII");
+    }
+    else if (! isCNTRL(result) && output_warning) {
+       if (source == '{') {
+           Perl_ck_warner_d(aTHX_ packWARN2(WARN_DEPRECATED, WARN_SYNTAX),
+                           "\"\\c{\" is deprecated and is more clearly written as \";\"");
+       }
+       else {
+           U8 clearer[3];
+           U8 i = 0;
+           if (! isWORDCHAR(result)) {
+               clearer[i++] = '\\';
+           }
+           clearer[i++] = result;
+           clearer[i++] = '\0';
+
+           Perl_ck_warner(aTHX_ packWARN(WARN_SYNTAX),
+                           "\"\\c%c\" is more clearly written simply as \"%s\"",
+                           source,
+                           clearer);
+       }
+    }
+
+    return result;
+}
+
+STATIC bool
+S_grok_bslash_o(pTHX_ char **s, UV *uv, const char** error_msg,
+                      const bool output_warning, const bool strict,
+                      const bool silence_non_portable,
+                      const bool UTF)
+{
+
+/*  Documentation to be supplied when interface nailed down finally
+ *  This returns FALSE if there is an error which the caller need not recover
+ *  from; , otherwise TRUE.  In either case the caller should look at *len
+ *  On input:
+ *     s   is the address of a pointer to a NULL terminated string that begins
+ *         with 'o', and the previous character was a backslash.  At exit, *s
+ *         will be advanced to the byte just after those absorbed by this
+ *         function.  Hence the caller can continue parsing from there.  In
+ *         the case of an error, this routine has generally positioned *s to
+ *         point just to the right of the first bad spot, so that a message
+ *         that has a "<--" to mark the spot will be correctly positioned.
+ *     uv  points to a UV that will hold the output value, valid only if the
+ *         return from the function is TRUE
+ *      error_msg is a pointer that will be set to an internal buffer giving an
+ *         error message upon failure (the return is FALSE).  Untouched if
+ *         function succeeds
+ *     output_warning says whether to output any warning messages, or suppress
+ *         them
+ *     strict is true if this should fail instead of warn if there are
+ *         non-octal digits within the braces
+ *      silence_non_portable is true if to suppress warnings about the code
+ *          point returned being too large to fit on all platforms.
+ *     UTF is true iff the string *s is encoded in UTF-8.
+ */
+    char* e;
+    STRLEN numbers_len;
+    I32 flags = PERL_SCAN_ALLOW_UNDERSCORES
+               | PERL_SCAN_DISALLOW_PREFIX
+               /* XXX Until the message is improved in grok_oct, handle errors
+                * ourselves */
+               | PERL_SCAN_SILENT_ILLDIGIT;
+
+    PERL_ARGS_ASSERT_GROK_BSLASH_O;
+
+
+    assert(**s == 'o');
+    (*s)++;
+
+    if (**s != '{') {
+       *error_msg = "Missing braces on \\o{}";
+       return FALSE;
+    }
+
+    e = strchr(*s, '}');
+    if (!e) {
+        (*s)++;  /* Move past the '{' */
+        while (isOCTAL(**s)) { /* Position beyond the legal digits */
+            (*s)++;
+        }
+        *error_msg = "Missing right brace on \\o{";
+       return FALSE;
+    }
+
+    (*s)++;    /* Point to expected first digit (could be first byte of utf8
+                  sequence if not a digit) */
+    numbers_len = e - *s;
+    if (numbers_len == 0) {
+        (*s)++;    /* Move past the } */
+       *error_msg = "Number with no digits";
+       return FALSE;
+    }
+
+    if (silence_non_portable) {
+        flags |= PERL_SCAN_SILENT_NON_PORTABLE;
+    }
+
+    *uv = grok_oct(*s, &numbers_len, &flags, NULL);
+    /* Note that if has non-octal, will ignore everything starting with that up
+     * to the '}' */
+
+    if (numbers_len != (STRLEN) (e - *s)) {
+        if (strict) {
+            *s += numbers_len;
+            *s += (UTF) ? UTF8SKIP(*s) : (STRLEN) 1;
+            *error_msg = "Non-octal character";
+            return FALSE;
+        }
+        else if (output_warning) {
+            Perl_ck_warner(aTHX_ packWARN(WARN_DIGIT),
+            /* diag_listed_as: Non-octal character '%c'.  Resolved as "%s" */
+                        "Non-octal character '%c'.  Resolved as \"\\o{%.*s}\"",
+                        *(*s + numbers_len),
+                        (int) numbers_len,
+                        *s);
+        }
+    }
+
+    /* Return past the '}' */
+    *s = e + 1;
+
+    return TRUE;
+}
+
+PERL_STATIC_INLINE bool
+S_grok_bslash_x(pTHX_ char **s, UV *uv, const char** error_msg,
+                      const bool output_warning, const bool strict,
+                      const bool silence_non_portable,
+                      const bool UTF)
+{
+
+/*  Documentation to be supplied when interface nailed down finally
+ *  This returns FALSE if there is an error which the caller need not recover
+ *  from; , otherwise TRUE.  In either case the caller should look at *len
+ *  On input:
+ *     s   is the address of a pointer to a NULL terminated string that begins
+ *         with 'x', and the previous character was a backslash.  At exit, *s
+ *         will be advanced to the byte just after those absorbed by this
+ *         function.  Hence the caller can continue parsing from there.  In
+ *         the case of an error, this routine has generally positioned *s to
+ *         point just to the right of the first bad spot, so that a message
+ *         that has a "<--" to mark the spot will be correctly positioned.
+ *     uv  points to a UV that will hold the output value, valid only if the
+ *         return from the function is TRUE
+ *      error_msg is a pointer that will be set to an internal buffer giving an
+ *         error message upon failure (the return is FALSE).  Untouched if
+ *         function succeeds
+ *     output_warning says whether to output any warning messages, or suppress
+ *         them
+ *     strict is true if anything out of the ordinary should cause this to
+ *         fail instead of warn or be silent.  For example, it requires
+ *         exactly 2 digits following the \x (when there are no braces).
+ *         3 digits could be a mistake, so is forbidden in this mode.
+ *      silence_non_portable is true if to suppress warnings about the code
+ *          point returned being too large to fit on all platforms.
+ *     UTF is true iff the string *s is encoded in UTF-8.
+ */
+    char* e;
+    STRLEN numbers_len;
+    I32 flags = PERL_SCAN_DISALLOW_PREFIX;
+
+    PERL_ARGS_ASSERT_GROK_BSLASH_X;
+
+    PERL_UNUSED_ARG(output_warning);
+
+    assert(**s == 'x');
+    (*s)++;
+
+    if (strict) {
+        flags |= PERL_SCAN_SILENT_ILLDIGIT;
+    }
+
+    if (**s != '{') {
+        STRLEN len = (strict) ? 3 : 2;
+
+       *uv = grok_hex(*s, &len, &flags, NULL);
+       *s += len;
+        if (strict && len != 2) {
+            if (len < 2) {
+                *s += (UTF) ? UTF8SKIP(*s) : 1;
+                *error_msg = "Non-hex character";
+            }
+            else {
+                *error_msg = "Use \\x{...} for more than two hex characters";
+            }
+            return FALSE;
+        }
+       return TRUE;
+    }
+
+    e = strchr(*s, '}');
+    if (!e) {
+        (*s)++;  /* Move past the '{' */
+        while (isXDIGIT(**s)) { /* Position beyond the legal digits */
+            (*s)++;
+        }
+        /* XXX The corresponding message above for \o is just '\\o{'; other
+         * messages for other constructs include the '}', so are inconsistent.
+         */
+       *error_msg = "Missing right brace on \\x{}";
+       return FALSE;
+    }
+
+    (*s)++;    /* Point to expected first digit (could be first byte of utf8
+                  sequence if not a digit) */
+    numbers_len = e - *s;
+    if (numbers_len == 0) {
+        if (strict) {
+            (*s)++;    /* Move past the } */
+            *error_msg = "Number with no digits";
+            return FALSE;
+        }
+        return TRUE;
+    }
+
+    flags |= PERL_SCAN_ALLOW_UNDERSCORES;
+    if (silence_non_portable) {
+        flags |= PERL_SCAN_SILENT_NON_PORTABLE;
+    }
+
+    *uv = grok_hex(*s, &numbers_len, &flags, NULL);
+    /* Note that if has non-hex, will ignore everything starting with that up
+     * to the '}' */
+
+    if (strict && numbers_len != (STRLEN) (e - *s)) {
+        *s += numbers_len;
+        *s += (UTF) ? UTF8SKIP(*s) : 1;
+        *error_msg = "Non-hex character";
+        return FALSE;
+    }
+
+    /* Return past the '}' */
+    *s = e + 1;
+
+    return TRUE;
+}
+
+STATIC char*
+S_form_short_octal_warning(pTHX_
+                           const char * const s, /* Points to first non-octal */
+                           const STRLEN len      /* Length of octals string, so
+                                                    (s-len) points to first
+                                                    octal */
+) {
+    /* Return a character string consisting of a warning message for when a
+     * string constant in octal is weird, like "\078".  */
+
+    const char * sans_leading_zeros = s - len;
+
+    PERL_ARGS_ASSERT_FORM_SHORT_OCTAL_WARNING;
+
+    assert(*s == '8' || *s == '9');
+
+    /* Remove the leading zeros, retaining one zero so won't be zero length */
+    while (*sans_leading_zeros == '0') sans_leading_zeros++;
+    if (sans_leading_zeros == s) {
+        sans_leading_zeros--;
+    }
+
+    return Perl_form(aTHX_
+                     "'%.*s' resolved to '\\o{%.*s}%c'",
+                     (int) (len + 2), s - len - 1,
+                     (int) (s - sans_leading_zeros), sans_leading_zeros,
+                     *s);
+}
+
+/*
+ * Local variables:
+ * c-indentation-style: bsd
+ * c-basic-offset: 4
+ * indent-tabs-mode: nil
+ * End:
+ *
+ * ex: set ts=8 sts=4 sw=4 et:
+ */
diff --git a/src/5019002/orig/inline_invlist.c b/src/5019002/orig/inline_invlist.c
new file mode 100644 (file)
index 0000000..470659b
--- /dev/null
@@ -0,0 +1,63 @@
+/*    inline_invlist.c
+ *
+ *    Copyright (C) 2012 by Larry Wall and others
+ *
+ *    You may distribute under the terms of either the GNU General Public
+ *    License or the Artistic License, as specified in the README file.
+ */
+
+#if defined(PERL_IN_UTF8_C) || defined(PERL_IN_REGCOMP_C) || defined(PERL_IN_REGEXEC_C)
+
+/* An element is in an inversion list iff its index is even numbered: 0, 2, 4,
+ * etc */
+#define ELEMENT_RANGE_MATCHES_INVLIST(i) (! ((i) & 1))
+#define PREV_RANGE_MATCHES_INVLIST(i) (! ELEMENT_RANGE_MATCHES_INVLIST(i))
+
+/* This converts to/from our UVs to what the SV code is expecting: bytes. */
+#define TO_INTERNAL_SIZE(x) ((x) * sizeof(UV))
+#define FROM_INTERNAL_SIZE(x) ((x)/ sizeof(UV))
+
+PERL_STATIC_INLINE bool*
+S_get_invlist_offset_addr(pTHX_ SV* invlist)
+{
+    /* Return the address of the field that says whether the inversion list is
+     * offset (it contains 1) or not (contains 0) */
+
+    PERL_ARGS_ASSERT_GET_INVLIST_OFFSET_ADDR;
+
+    return &(((XINVLIST*) SvANY(invlist))->is_offset);
+}
+
+PERL_STATIC_INLINE UV
+S__invlist_len(pTHX_ SV* const invlist)
+{
+    /* Returns the current number of elements stored in the inversion list's
+     * array */
+
+    PERL_ARGS_ASSERT__INVLIST_LEN;
+
+    return (SvCUR(invlist) == 0)
+           ? 0
+           : FROM_INTERNAL_SIZE(SvCUR(invlist)) - *get_invlist_offset_addr(invlist);
+}
+
+PERL_STATIC_INLINE bool
+S__invlist_contains_cp(pTHX_ SV* const invlist, const UV cp)
+{
+    /* Does <invlist> contain code point <cp> as part of the set? */
+
+    IV index = _invlist_search(invlist, cp);
+
+    PERL_ARGS_ASSERT__INVLIST_CONTAINS_CP;
+
+    return index >= 0 && ELEMENT_RANGE_MATCHES_INVLIST(index);
+}
+
+#   if defined(PERL_IN_UTF8_C) || defined(PERL_IN_REGEXEC_C)
+
+/* These symbols are only needed later in regcomp.c */
+#       undef TO_INTERNAL_SIZE
+#       undef FROM_INTERNAL_SIZE
+#   endif
+
+#endif
diff --git a/src/5019002/orig/regcomp.c b/src/5019002/orig/regcomp.c
new file mode 100644 (file)
index 0000000..b40425f
--- /dev/null
@@ -0,0 +1,15696 @@
+/*    regcomp.c
+ */
+
+/*
+ * 'A fair jaw-cracker dwarf-language must be.'            --Samwise Gamgee
+ *
+ *     [p.285 of _The Lord of the Rings_, II/iii: "The Ring Goes South"]
+ */
+
+/* This file contains functions for compiling a regular expression.  See
+ * also regexec.c which funnily enough, contains functions for executing
+ * a regular expression.
+ *
+ * This file is also copied at build time to ext/re/re_comp.c, where
+ * it's built with -DPERL_EXT_RE_BUILD -DPERL_EXT_RE_DEBUG -DPERL_EXT.
+ * This causes the main functions to be compiled under new names and with
+ * debugging support added, which makes "use re 'debug'" work.
+ */
+
+/* NOTE: this is derived from Henry Spencer's regexp code, and should not
+ * confused with the original package (see point 3 below).  Thanks, Henry!
+ */
+
+/* Additional note: this code is very heavily munged from Henry's version
+ * in places.  In some spots I've traded clarity for efficiency, so don't
+ * blame Henry for some of the lack of readability.
+ */
+
+/* The names of the functions have been changed from regcomp and
+ * regexec to pregcomp and pregexec in order to avoid conflicts
+ * with the POSIX routines of the same names.
+*/
+
+#ifdef PERL_EXT_RE_BUILD
+#include "re_top.h"
+#endif
+
+/*
+ * pregcomp and pregexec -- regsub and regerror are not used in perl
+ *
+ *     Copyright (c) 1986 by University of Toronto.
+ *     Written by Henry Spencer.  Not derived from licensed software.
+ *
+ *     Permission is granted to anyone to use this software for any
+ *     purpose on any computer system, and to redistribute it freely,
+ *     subject to the following restrictions:
+ *
+ *     1. The author is not responsible for the consequences of use of
+ *             this software, no matter how awful, even if they arise
+ *             from defects in it.
+ *
+ *     2. The origin of this software must not be misrepresented, either
+ *             by explicit claim or by omission.
+ *
+ *     3. Altered versions must be plainly marked as such, and must not
+ *             be misrepresented as being the original software.
+ *
+ *
+ ****    Alterations to Henry's code are...
+ ****
+ ****    Copyright (C) 1991, 1992, 1993, 1994, 1995, 1996, 1997, 1998, 1999,
+ ****    2000, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2008
+ ****    by Larry Wall and others
+ ****
+ ****    You may distribute under the terms of either the GNU General Public
+ ****    License or the Artistic License, as specified in the README file.
+
+ *
+ * Beware that some of this code is subtly aware of the way operator
+ * precedence is structured in regular expressions.  Serious changes in
+ * regular-expression syntax might require a total rethink.
+ */
+#include "EXTERN.h"
+#define PERL_IN_REGCOMP_C
+#include "perl.h"
+
+#ifndef PERL_IN_XSUB_RE
+#  include "INTERN.h"
+#endif
+
+#define REG_COMP_C
+#ifdef PERL_IN_XSUB_RE
+#  include "re_comp.h"
+extern const struct regexp_engine my_reg_engine;
+#else
+#  include "regcomp.h"
+#endif
+
+#include "dquote_static.c"
+#include "charclass_invlists.h"
+#include "inline_invlist.c"
+#include "unicode_constants.h"
+
+#define HAS_NONLATIN1_FOLD_CLOSURE(i) _HAS_NONLATIN1_FOLD_CLOSURE_ONLY_FOR_USE_BY_REGCOMP_DOT_C_AND_REGEXEC_DOT_C(i)
+#define IS_NON_FINAL_FOLD(c) _IS_NON_FINAL_FOLD_ONLY_FOR_USE_BY_REGCOMP_DOT_C(c)
+#define IS_IN_SOME_FOLD_L1(c) _IS_IN_SOME_FOLD_ONLY_FOR_USE_BY_REGCOMP_DOT_C(c)
+
+#ifdef op
+#undef op
+#endif /* op */
+
+#ifdef MSDOS
+#  if defined(BUGGY_MSC6)
+ /* MSC 6.00A breaks on op/regexp.t test 85 unless we turn this off */
+#    pragma optimize("a",off)
+ /* But MSC 6.00A is happy with 'w', for aliases only across function calls*/
+#    pragma optimize("w",on )
+#  endif /* BUGGY_MSC6 */
+#endif /* MSDOS */
+
+#ifndef STATIC
+#define        STATIC  static
+#endif
+
+
+typedef struct RExC_state_t {
+    U32                flags;                  /* RXf_* are we folding, multilining? */
+    U32                pm_flags;               /* PMf_* stuff from the calling PMOP */
+    char       *precomp;               /* uncompiled string. */
+    REGEXP     *rx_sv;                 /* The SV that is the regexp. */
+    regexp     *rx;                    /* perl core regexp structure */
+    regexp_internal    *rxi;           /* internal data for regexp object pprivate field */        
+    char       *start;                 /* Start of input for compile */
+    char       *end;                   /* End of input for compile */
+    char       *parse;                 /* Input-scan pointer. */
+    I32                whilem_seen;            /* number of WHILEM in this expr */
+    regnode    *emit_start;            /* Start of emitted-code area */
+    regnode    *emit_bound;            /* First regnode outside of the allocated space */
+    regnode    *emit;                  /* Code-emit pointer; if = &emit_dummy,
+                                           implies compiling, so don't emit */
+    regnode    emit_dummy;             /* placeholder for emit to point to */
+    I32                naughty;                /* How bad is this pattern? */
+    I32                sawback;                /* Did we see \1, ...? */
+    U32                seen;
+    I32                size;                   /* Code size. */
+    I32                npar;                   /* Capture buffer count, (OPEN). */
+    I32                cpar;                   /* Capture buffer count, (CLOSE). */
+    I32                nestroot;               /* root parens we are in - used by accept */
+    I32                extralen;
+    I32                seen_zerolen;
+    regnode    **open_parens;          /* pointers to open parens */
+    regnode    **close_parens;         /* pointers to close parens */
+    regnode    *opend;                 /* END node in program */
+    I32                utf8;           /* whether the pattern is utf8 or not */
+    I32                orig_utf8;      /* whether the pattern was originally in utf8 */
+                               /* XXX use this for future optimisation of case
+                                * where pattern must be upgraded to utf8. */
+    I32                uni_semantics;  /* If a d charset modifier should use unicode
+                                  rules, even if the pattern is not in
+                                  utf8 */
+    HV         *paren_names;           /* Paren names */
+    
+    regnode    **recurse;              /* Recurse regops */
+    I32                recurse_count;          /* Number of recurse regops */
+    I32                in_lookbehind;
+    I32                contains_locale;
+    I32                override_recoding;
+    I32                in_multi_char_class;
+    struct reg_code_block *code_blocks;        /* positions of literal (?{})
+                                           within pattern */
+    int                num_code_blocks;        /* size of code_blocks[] */
+    int                code_index;             /* next code_blocks[] slot */
+#if ADD_TO_REGEXEC
+    char       *starttry;              /* -Dr: where regtry was called. */
+#define RExC_starttry  (pRExC_state->starttry)
+#endif
+    SV         *runtime_code_qr;       /* qr with the runtime code blocks */
+#ifdef DEBUGGING
+    const char  *lastparse;
+    I32         lastnum;
+    AV          *paren_name_list;       /* idx -> name */
+#define RExC_lastparse (pRExC_state->lastparse)
+#define RExC_lastnum   (pRExC_state->lastnum)
+#define RExC_paren_name_list    (pRExC_state->paren_name_list)
+#endif
+} RExC_state_t;
+
+#define RExC_flags     (pRExC_state->flags)
+#define RExC_pm_flags  (pRExC_state->pm_flags)
+#define RExC_precomp   (pRExC_state->precomp)
+#define RExC_rx_sv     (pRExC_state->rx_sv)
+#define RExC_rx                (pRExC_state->rx)
+#define RExC_rxi       (pRExC_state->rxi)
+#define RExC_start     (pRExC_state->start)
+#define RExC_end       (pRExC_state->end)
+#define RExC_parse     (pRExC_state->parse)
+#define RExC_whilem_seen       (pRExC_state->whilem_seen)
+#ifdef RE_TRACK_PATTERN_OFFSETS
+#define RExC_offsets   (pRExC_state->rxi->u.offsets) /* I am not like the others */
+#endif
+#define RExC_emit      (pRExC_state->emit)
+#define RExC_emit_dummy        (pRExC_state->emit_dummy)
+#define RExC_emit_start        (pRExC_state->emit_start)
+#define RExC_emit_bound        (pRExC_state->emit_bound)
+#define RExC_naughty   (pRExC_state->naughty)
+#define RExC_sawback   (pRExC_state->sawback)
+#define RExC_seen      (pRExC_state->seen)
+#define RExC_size      (pRExC_state->size)
+#define RExC_npar      (pRExC_state->npar)
+#define RExC_nestroot   (pRExC_state->nestroot)
+#define RExC_extralen  (pRExC_state->extralen)
+#define RExC_seen_zerolen      (pRExC_state->seen_zerolen)
+#define RExC_utf8      (pRExC_state->utf8)
+#define RExC_uni_semantics     (pRExC_state->uni_semantics)
+#define RExC_orig_utf8 (pRExC_state->orig_utf8)
+#define RExC_open_parens       (pRExC_state->open_parens)
+#define RExC_close_parens      (pRExC_state->close_parens)
+#define RExC_opend     (pRExC_state->opend)
+#define RExC_paren_names       (pRExC_state->paren_names)
+#define RExC_recurse   (pRExC_state->recurse)
+#define RExC_recurse_count     (pRExC_state->recurse_count)
+#define RExC_in_lookbehind     (pRExC_state->in_lookbehind)
+#define RExC_contains_locale   (pRExC_state->contains_locale)
+#define RExC_override_recoding (pRExC_state->override_recoding)
+#define RExC_in_multi_char_class (pRExC_state->in_multi_char_class)
+
+
+#define        ISMULT1(c)      ((c) == '*' || (c) == '+' || (c) == '?')
+#define        ISMULT2(s)      ((*s) == '*' || (*s) == '+' || (*s) == '?' || \
+       ((*s) == '{' && regcurly(s, FALSE)))
+
+#ifdef SPSTART
+#undef SPSTART         /* dratted cpp namespace... */
+#endif
+/*
+ * Flags to be passed up and down.
+ */
+#define        WORST           0       /* Worst case. */
+#define        HASWIDTH        0x01    /* Known to match non-null strings. */
+
+/* Simple enough to be STAR/PLUS operand; in an EXACTish node must be a single
+ * character.  (There needs to be a case: in the switch statement in regexec.c
+ * for any node marked SIMPLE.)  Note that this is not the same thing as
+ * REGNODE_SIMPLE */
+#define        SIMPLE          0x02
+#define        SPSTART         0x04    /* Starts with * or + */
+#define POSTPONED      0x08    /* (?1),(?&name), (??{...}) or similar */
+#define TRYAGAIN       0x10    /* Weeded out a declaration. */
+#define RESTART_UTF8    0x20    /* Restart, need to calcuate sizes as UTF-8 */
+
+#define REG_NODE_NUM(x) ((x) ? (int)((x)-RExC_emit_start) : -1)
+
+/* whether trie related optimizations are enabled */
+#if PERL_ENABLE_EXTENDED_TRIE_OPTIMISATION
+#define TRIE_STUDY_OPT
+#define FULL_TRIE_STUDY
+#define TRIE_STCLASS
+#endif
+
+
+
+#define PBYTE(u8str,paren) ((U8*)(u8str))[(paren) >> 3]
+#define PBITVAL(paren) (1 << ((paren) & 7))
+#define PAREN_TEST(u8str,paren) ( PBYTE(u8str,paren) & PBITVAL(paren))
+#define PAREN_SET(u8str,paren) PBYTE(u8str,paren) |= PBITVAL(paren)
+#define PAREN_UNSET(u8str,paren) PBYTE(u8str,paren) &= (~PBITVAL(paren))
+
+#define REQUIRE_UTF8   STMT_START {                                       \
+                                     if (!UTF) {                           \
+                                         *flagp = RESTART_UTF8;            \
+                                         return NULL;                      \
+                                     }                                     \
+                        } STMT_END
+
+/* This converts the named class defined in regcomp.h to its equivalent class
+ * number defined in handy.h. */
+#define namedclass_to_classnum(class)  ((int) ((class) / 2))
+#define classnum_to_namedclass(classnum)  ((classnum) * 2)
+
+/* About scan_data_t.
+
+  During optimisation we recurse through the regexp program performing
+  various inplace (keyhole style) optimisations. In addition study_chunk
+  and scan_commit populate this data structure with information about
+  what strings MUST appear in the pattern. We look for the longest 
+  string that must appear at a fixed location, and we look for the
+  longest string that may appear at a floating location. So for instance
+  in the pattern:
+  
+    /FOO[xX]A.*B[xX]BAR/
+    
+  Both 'FOO' and 'A' are fixed strings. Both 'B' and 'BAR' are floating
+  strings (because they follow a .* construct). study_chunk will identify
+  both FOO and BAR as being the longest fixed and floating strings respectively.
+  
+  The strings can be composites, for instance
+  
+     /(f)(o)(o)/
+     
+  will result in a composite fixed substring 'foo'.
+  
+  For each string some basic information is maintained:
+  
+  - offset or min_offset
+    This is the position the string must appear at, or not before.
+    It also implicitly (when combined with minlenp) tells us how many
+    characters must match before the string we are searching for.
+    Likewise when combined with minlenp and the length of the string it
+    tells us how many characters must appear after the string we have 
+    found.
+  
+  - max_offset
+    Only used for floating strings. This is the rightmost point that
+    the string can appear at. If set to I32 max it indicates that the
+    string can occur infinitely far to the right.
+  
+  - minlenp
+    A pointer to the minimum number of characters of the pattern that the
+    string was found inside. This is important as in the case of positive
+    lookahead or positive lookbehind we can have multiple patterns 
+    involved. Consider
+    
+    /(?=FOO).*F/
+    
+    The minimum length of the pattern overall is 3, the minimum length
+    of the lookahead part is 3, but the minimum length of the part that
+    will actually match is 1. So 'FOO's minimum length is 3, but the 
+    minimum length for the F is 1. This is important as the minimum length
+    is used to determine offsets in front of and behind the string being 
+    looked for.  Since strings can be composites this is the length of the
+    pattern at the time it was committed with a scan_commit. Note that
+    the length is calculated by study_chunk, so that the minimum lengths
+    are not known until the full pattern has been compiled, thus the 
+    pointer to the value.
+  
+  - lookbehind
+  
+    In the case of lookbehind the string being searched for can be
+    offset past the start point of the final matching string. 
+    If this value was just blithely removed from the min_offset it would
+    invalidate some of the calculations for how many chars must match
+    before or after (as they are derived from min_offset and minlen and
+    the length of the string being searched for). 
+    When the final pattern is compiled and the data is moved from the
+    scan_data_t structure into the regexp structure the information
+    about lookbehind is factored in, with the information that would 
+    have been lost precalculated in the end_shift field for the 
+    associated string.
+
+  The fields pos_min and pos_delta are used to store the minimum offset
+  and the delta to the maximum offset at the current point in the pattern.    
+
+*/
+
+typedef struct scan_data_t {
+    /*I32 len_min;      unused */
+    /*I32 len_delta;    unused */
+    I32 pos_min;
+    I32 pos_delta;
+    SV *last_found;
+    I32 last_end;          /* min value, <0 unless valid. */
+    I32 last_start_min;
+    I32 last_start_max;
+    SV **longest;          /* Either &l_fixed, or &l_float. */
+    SV *longest_fixed;      /* longest fixed string found in pattern */
+    I32 offset_fixed;       /* offset where it starts */
+    I32 *minlen_fixed;      /* pointer to the minlen relevant to the string */
+    I32 lookbehind_fixed;   /* is the position of the string modfied by LB */
+    SV *longest_float;      /* longest floating string found in pattern */
+    I32 offset_float_min;   /* earliest point in string it can appear */
+    I32 offset_float_max;   /* latest point in string it can appear */
+    I32 *minlen_float;      /* pointer to the minlen relevant to the string */
+    I32 lookbehind_float;   /* is the position of the string modified by LB */
+    I32 flags;
+    I32 whilem_c;
+    I32 *last_closep;
+    struct regnode_charclass_class *start_class;
+} scan_data_t;
+
+/*
+ * Forward declarations for pregcomp()'s friends.
+ */
+
+static const scan_data_t zero_scan_data =
+  { 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 ,0};
+
+#define SF_BEFORE_EOL          (SF_BEFORE_SEOL|SF_BEFORE_MEOL)
+#define SF_BEFORE_SEOL         0x0001
+#define SF_BEFORE_MEOL         0x0002
+#define SF_FIX_BEFORE_EOL      (SF_FIX_BEFORE_SEOL|SF_FIX_BEFORE_MEOL)
+#define SF_FL_BEFORE_EOL       (SF_FL_BEFORE_SEOL|SF_FL_BEFORE_MEOL)
+
+#ifdef NO_UNARY_PLUS
+#  define SF_FIX_SHIFT_EOL     (0+2)
+#  define SF_FL_SHIFT_EOL              (0+4)
+#else
+#  define SF_FIX_SHIFT_EOL     (+2)
+#  define SF_FL_SHIFT_EOL              (+4)
+#endif
+
+#define SF_FIX_BEFORE_SEOL     (SF_BEFORE_SEOL << SF_FIX_SHIFT_EOL)
+#define SF_FIX_BEFORE_MEOL     (SF_BEFORE_MEOL << SF_FIX_SHIFT_EOL)
+
+#define SF_FL_BEFORE_SEOL      (SF_BEFORE_SEOL << SF_FL_SHIFT_EOL)
+#define SF_FL_BEFORE_MEOL      (SF_BEFORE_MEOL << SF_FL_SHIFT_EOL) /* 0x20 */
+#define SF_IS_INF              0x0040
+#define SF_HAS_PAR             0x0080
+#define SF_IN_PAR              0x0100
+#define SF_HAS_EVAL            0x0200
+#define SCF_DO_SUBSTR          0x0400
+#define SCF_DO_STCLASS_AND     0x0800
+#define SCF_DO_STCLASS_OR      0x1000
+#define SCF_DO_STCLASS         (SCF_DO_STCLASS_AND|SCF_DO_STCLASS_OR)
+#define SCF_WHILEM_VISITED_POS 0x2000
+
+#define SCF_TRIE_RESTUDY        0x4000 /* Do restudy? */
+#define SCF_SEEN_ACCEPT         0x8000 
+#define SCF_TRIE_DOING_RESTUDY 0x10000
+
+#define UTF cBOOL(RExC_utf8)
+
+/* The enums for all these are ordered so things work out correctly */
+#define LOC (get_regex_charset(RExC_flags) == REGEX_LOCALE_CHARSET)
+#define DEPENDS_SEMANTICS (get_regex_charset(RExC_flags) == REGEX_DEPENDS_CHARSET)
+#define UNI_SEMANTICS (get_regex_charset(RExC_flags) == REGEX_UNICODE_CHARSET)
+#define AT_LEAST_UNI_SEMANTICS (get_regex_charset(RExC_flags) >= REGEX_UNICODE_CHARSET)
+#define ASCII_RESTRICTED (get_regex_charset(RExC_flags) == REGEX_ASCII_RESTRICTED_CHARSET)
+#define AT_LEAST_ASCII_RESTRICTED (get_regex_charset(RExC_flags) >= REGEX_ASCII_RESTRICTED_CHARSET)
+#define ASCII_FOLD_RESTRICTED (get_regex_charset(RExC_flags) == REGEX_ASCII_MORE_RESTRICTED_CHARSET)
+
+#define FOLD cBOOL(RExC_flags & RXf_PMf_FOLD)
+
+#define OOB_NAMEDCLASS         -1
+
+/* There is no code point that is out-of-bounds, so this is problematic.  But
+ * its only current use is to initialize a variable that is always set before
+ * looked at. */
+#define OOB_UNICODE            0xDEADBEEF
+
+#define CHR_SVLEN(sv) (UTF ? sv_len_utf8(sv) : SvCUR(sv))
+#define CHR_DIST(a,b) (UTF ? utf8_distance(a,b) : a - b)
+
+
+/* length of regex to show in messages that don't mark a position within */
+#define RegexLengthToShowInErrorMessages 127
+
+/*
+ * If MARKER[12] are adjusted, be sure to adjust the constants at the top
+ * of t/op/regmesg.t, the tests in t/op/re_tests, and those in
+ * op/pragma/warn/regcomp.
+ */
+#define MARKER1 "<-- HERE"    /* marker as it appears in the description */
+#define MARKER2 " <-- HERE "  /* marker as it appears within the regex */
+
+#define REPORT_LOCATION " in regex; marked by " MARKER1 " in m/%.*s" MARKER2 "%s/"
+
+/*
+ * Calls SAVEDESTRUCTOR_X if needed, then calls Perl_croak with the given
+ * arg. Show regex, up to a maximum length. If it's too long, chop and add
+ * "...".
+ */
+#define _FAIL(code) STMT_START {                                       \
+    const char *ellipses = "";                                         \
+    IV len = RExC_end - RExC_precomp;                                  \
+                                                                       \
+    if (!SIZE_ONLY)                                                    \
+       SAVEFREESV(RExC_rx_sv);                                         \
+    if (len > RegexLengthToShowInErrorMessages) {                      \
+       /* chop 10 shorter than the max, to ensure meaning of "..." */  \
+       len = RegexLengthToShowInErrorMessages - 10;                    \
+       ellipses = "...";                                               \
+    }                                                                  \
+    code;                                                               \
+} STMT_END
+
+#define        FAIL(msg) _FAIL(                            \
+    Perl_croak(aTHX_ "%s in regex m/%.*s%s/",      \
+           msg, (int)len, RExC_precomp, ellipses))
+
+#define        FAIL2(msg,arg) _FAIL(                       \
+    Perl_croak(aTHX_ msg " in regex m/%.*s%s/",            \
+           arg, (int)len, RExC_precomp, ellipses))
+
+/*
+ * Simple_vFAIL -- like FAIL, but marks the current location in the scan
+ */
+#define        Simple_vFAIL(m) STMT_START {                                    \
+    const IV offset = RExC_parse - RExC_precomp;                       \
+    Perl_croak(aTHX_ "%s" REPORT_LOCATION,                             \
+           m, (int)offset, RExC_precomp, RExC_precomp + offset);       \
+} STMT_END
+
+/*
+ * Calls SAVEDESTRUCTOR_X if needed, then Simple_vFAIL()
+ */
+#define        vFAIL(m) STMT_START {                           \
+    if (!SIZE_ONLY)                                    \
+       SAVEFREESV(RExC_rx_sv);                         \
+    Simple_vFAIL(m);                                   \
+} STMT_END
+
+/*
+ * Like Simple_vFAIL(), but accepts two arguments.
+ */
+#define        Simple_vFAIL2(m,a1) STMT_START {                        \
+    const IV offset = RExC_parse - RExC_precomp;                       \
+    S_re_croak2(aTHX_ m, REPORT_LOCATION, a1,                  \
+           (int)offset, RExC_precomp, RExC_precomp + offset);  \
+} STMT_END
+
+/*
+ * Calls SAVEDESTRUCTOR_X if needed, then Simple_vFAIL2().
+ */
+#define        vFAIL2(m,a1) STMT_START {                       \
+    if (!SIZE_ONLY)                                    \
+       SAVEFREESV(RExC_rx_sv);                         \
+    Simple_vFAIL2(m, a1);                              \
+} STMT_END
+
+
+/*
+ * Like Simple_vFAIL(), but accepts three arguments.
+ */
+#define        Simple_vFAIL3(m, a1, a2) STMT_START {                   \
+    const IV offset = RExC_parse - RExC_precomp;               \
+    S_re_croak2(aTHX_ m, REPORT_LOCATION, a1, a2,              \
+           (int)offset, RExC_precomp, RExC_precomp + offset);  \
+} STMT_END
+
+/*
+ * Calls SAVEDESTRUCTOR_X if needed, then Simple_vFAIL3().
+ */
+#define        vFAIL3(m,a1,a2) STMT_START {                    \
+    if (!SIZE_ONLY)                                    \
+       SAVEFREESV(RExC_rx_sv);                         \
+    Simple_vFAIL3(m, a1, a2);                          \
+} STMT_END
+
+/*
+ * Like Simple_vFAIL(), but accepts four arguments.
+ */
+#define        Simple_vFAIL4(m, a1, a2, a3) STMT_START {               \
+    const IV offset = RExC_parse - RExC_precomp;               \
+    S_re_croak2(aTHX_ m, REPORT_LOCATION, a1, a2, a3,          \
+           (int)offset, RExC_precomp, RExC_precomp + offset);  \
+} STMT_END
+
+#define        vFAIL4(m,a1,a2,a3) STMT_START {                 \
+    if (!SIZE_ONLY)                                    \
+       SAVEFREESV(RExC_rx_sv);                         \
+    Simple_vFAIL4(m, a1, a2, a3);                      \
+} STMT_END
+
+/* m is not necessarily a "literal string", in this macro */
+#define reg_warn_non_literal_string(loc, m) STMT_START {                \
+    const IV offset = loc - RExC_precomp;                               \
+    Perl_warner(aTHX_ packWARN(WARN_REGEXP), "%s" REPORT_LOCATION,      \
+            m, (int)offset, RExC_precomp, RExC_precomp + offset);       \
+} STMT_END
+
+#define        ckWARNreg(loc,m) STMT_START {                                   \
+    const IV offset = loc - RExC_precomp;                              \
+    Perl_ck_warner(aTHX_ packWARN(WARN_REGEXP), m REPORT_LOCATION,     \
+           (int)offset, RExC_precomp, RExC_precomp + offset);          \
+} STMT_END
+
+#define        vWARN_dep(loc, m) STMT_START {                                  \
+    const IV offset = loc - RExC_precomp;                              \
+    Perl_warner(aTHX_ packWARN(WARN_DEPRECATED), m REPORT_LOCATION,    \
+           (int)offset, RExC_precomp, RExC_precomp + offset);          \
+} STMT_END
+
+#define        ckWARNdep(loc,m) STMT_START {                                   \
+    const IV offset = loc - RExC_precomp;                              \
+    Perl_ck_warner_d(aTHX_ packWARN(WARN_DEPRECATED),                  \
+           m REPORT_LOCATION,                                          \
+           (int)offset, RExC_precomp, RExC_precomp + offset);          \
+} STMT_END
+
+#define        ckWARNregdep(loc,m) STMT_START {                                \
+    const IV offset = loc - RExC_precomp;                              \
+    Perl_ck_warner_d(aTHX_ packWARN2(WARN_DEPRECATED, WARN_REGEXP),    \
+           m REPORT_LOCATION,                                          \
+           (int)offset, RExC_precomp, RExC_precomp + offset);          \
+} STMT_END
+
+#define        ckWARN2reg_d(loc,m, a1) STMT_START {                            \
+    const IV offset = loc - RExC_precomp;                              \
+    Perl_ck_warner_d(aTHX_ packWARN(WARN_REGEXP),                      \
+           m REPORT_LOCATION,                                          \
+           a1, (int)offset, RExC_precomp, RExC_precomp + offset);      \
+} STMT_END
+
+#define        ckWARN2reg(loc, m, a1) STMT_START {                             \
+    const IV offset = loc - RExC_precomp;                              \
+    Perl_ck_warner(aTHX_ packWARN(WARN_REGEXP), m REPORT_LOCATION,     \
+           a1, (int)offset, RExC_precomp, RExC_precomp + offset);      \
+} STMT_END
+
+#define        vWARN3(loc, m, a1, a2) STMT_START {                             \
+    const IV offset = loc - RExC_precomp;                              \
+    Perl_warner(aTHX_ packWARN(WARN_REGEXP), m REPORT_LOCATION,                \
+           a1, a2, (int)offset, RExC_precomp, RExC_precomp + offset);  \
+} STMT_END
+
+#define        ckWARN3reg(loc, m, a1, a2) STMT_START {                         \
+    const IV offset = loc - RExC_precomp;                              \
+    Perl_ck_warner(aTHX_ packWARN(WARN_REGEXP), m REPORT_LOCATION,     \
+           a1, a2, (int)offset, RExC_precomp, RExC_precomp + offset);  \
+} STMT_END
+
+#define        vWARN4(loc, m, a1, a2, a3) STMT_START {                         \
+    const IV offset = loc - RExC_precomp;                              \
+    Perl_warner(aTHX_ packWARN(WARN_REGEXP), m REPORT_LOCATION,                \
+           a1, a2, a3, (int)offset, RExC_precomp, RExC_precomp + offset); \
+} STMT_END
+
+#define        ckWARN4reg(loc, m, a1, a2, a3) STMT_START {                     \
+    const IV offset = loc - RExC_precomp;                              \
+    Perl_ck_warner(aTHX_ packWARN(WARN_REGEXP), m REPORT_LOCATION,     \
+           a1, a2, a3, (int)offset, RExC_precomp, RExC_precomp + offset); \
+} STMT_END
+
+#define        vWARN5(loc, m, a1, a2, a3, a4) STMT_START {                     \
+    const IV offset = loc - RExC_precomp;                              \
+    Perl_warner(aTHX_ packWARN(WARN_REGEXP), m REPORT_LOCATION,                \
+           a1, a2, a3, a4, (int)offset, RExC_precomp, RExC_precomp + offset); \
+} STMT_END
+
+
+/* Allow for side effects in s */
+#define REGC(c,s) STMT_START {                 \
+    if (!SIZE_ONLY) *(s) = (c); else (void)(s);        \
+} STMT_END
+
+/* Macros for recording node offsets.   20001227 mjd@plover.com 
+ * Nodes are numbered 1, 2, 3, 4.  Node #n's position is recorded in
+ * element 2*n-1 of the array.  Element #2n holds the byte length node #n.
+ * Element 0 holds the number n.
+ * Position is 1 indexed.
+ */
+#ifndef RE_TRACK_PATTERN_OFFSETS
+#define Set_Node_Offset_To_R(node,byte)
+#define Set_Node_Offset(node,byte)
+#define Set_Cur_Node_Offset
+#define Set_Node_Length_To_R(node,len)
+#define Set_Node_Length(node,len)
+#define Set_Node_Cur_Length(node,start)
+#define Node_Offset(n) 
+#define Node_Length(n) 
+#define Set_Node_Offset_Length(node,offset,len)
+#define ProgLen(ri) ri->u.proglen
+#define SetProgLen(ri,x) ri->u.proglen = x
+#else
+#define ProgLen(ri) ri->u.offsets[0]
+#define SetProgLen(ri,x) ri->u.offsets[0] = x
+#define Set_Node_Offset_To_R(node,byte) STMT_START {                   \
+    if (! SIZE_ONLY) {                                                 \
+       MJD_OFFSET_DEBUG(("** (%d) offset of node %d is %d.\n",         \
+                   __LINE__, (int)(node), (int)(byte)));               \
+       if((node) < 0) {                                                \
+           Perl_croak(aTHX_ "value of node is %d in Offset macro", (int)(node)); \
+       } else {                                                        \
+           RExC_offsets[2*(node)-1] = (byte);                          \
+       }                                                               \
+    }                                                                  \
+} STMT_END
+
+#define Set_Node_Offset(node,byte) \
+    Set_Node_Offset_To_R((node)-RExC_emit_start, (byte)-RExC_start)
+#define Set_Cur_Node_Offset Set_Node_Offset(RExC_emit, RExC_parse)
+
+#define Set_Node_Length_To_R(node,len) STMT_START {                    \
+    if (! SIZE_ONLY) {                                                 \
+       MJD_OFFSET_DEBUG(("** (%d) size of node %d is %d.\n",           \
+               __LINE__, (int)(node), (int)(len)));                    \
+       if((node) < 0) {                                                \
+           Perl_croak(aTHX_ "value of node is %d in Length macro", (int)(node)); \
+       } else {                                                        \
+           RExC_offsets[2*(node)] = (len);                             \
+       }                                                               \
+    }                                                                  \
+} STMT_END
+
+#define Set_Node_Length(node,len) \
+    Set_Node_Length_To_R((node)-RExC_emit_start, len)
+#define Set_Node_Cur_Length(node, start)                \
+    Set_Node_Length(node, RExC_parse - start)
+
+/* Get offsets and lengths */
+#define Node_Offset(n) (RExC_offsets[2*((n)-RExC_emit_start)-1])
+#define Node_Length(n) (RExC_offsets[2*((n)-RExC_emit_start)])
+
+#define Set_Node_Offset_Length(node,offset,len) STMT_START {   \
+    Set_Node_Offset_To_R((node)-RExC_emit_start, (offset));    \
+    Set_Node_Length_To_R((node)-RExC_emit_start, (len));       \
+} STMT_END
+#endif
+
+#if PERL_ENABLE_EXPERIMENTAL_REGEX_OPTIMISATIONS
+#define EXPERIMENTAL_INPLACESCAN
+#endif /*PERL_ENABLE_EXPERIMENTAL_REGEX_OPTIMISATIONS*/
+
+#define DEBUG_STUDYDATA(str,data,depth)                              \
+DEBUG_OPTIMISE_MORE_r(if(data){                                      \
+    PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log,                                    \
+        "%*s" str "Pos:%"IVdf"/%"IVdf                                \
+        " Flags: 0x%"UVXf" Whilem_c: %"IVdf" Lcp: %"IVdf" %s",       \
+        (int)(depth)*2, "",                                          \
+        (IV)((data)->pos_min),                                       \
+        (IV)((data)->pos_delta),                                     \
+        (UV)((data)->flags),                                         \
+        (IV)((data)->whilem_c),                                      \
+        (IV)((data)->last_closep ? *((data)->last_closep) : -1),     \
+        is_inf ? "INF " : ""                                         \
+    );                                                               \
+    if ((data)->last_found)                                          \
+        PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log,                                \
+            "Last:'%s' %"IVdf":%"IVdf"/%"IVdf" %sFixed:'%s' @ %"IVdf \
+            " %sFloat: '%s' @ %"IVdf"/%"IVdf"",                      \
+            SvPVX_const((data)->last_found),                         \
+            (IV)((data)->last_end),                                  \
+            (IV)((data)->last_start_min),                            \
+            (IV)((data)->last_start_max),                            \
+            ((data)->longest &&                                      \
+             (data)->longest==&((data)->longest_fixed)) ? "*" : "",  \
+            SvPVX_const((data)->longest_fixed),                      \
+            (IV)((data)->offset_fixed),                              \
+            ((data)->longest &&                                      \
+             (data)->longest==&((data)->longest_float)) ? "*" : "",  \
+            SvPVX_const((data)->longest_float),                      \
+            (IV)((data)->offset_float_min),                          \
+            (IV)((data)->offset_float_max)                           \
+        );                                                           \
+    PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log,"\n");                              \
+});
+
+/* Mark that we cannot extend a found fixed substring at this point.
+   Update the longest found anchored substring and the longest found
+   floating substrings if needed. */
+
+STATIC void
+S_scan_commit(pTHX_ const RExC_state_t *pRExC_state, scan_data_t *data, I32 *minlenp, int is_inf)
+{
+    const STRLEN l = CHR_SVLEN(data->last_found);
+    const STRLEN old_l = CHR_SVLEN(*data->longest);
+    GET_RE_DEBUG_FLAGS_DECL;
+
+    PERL_ARGS_ASSERT_SCAN_COMMIT;
+
+    if ((l >= old_l) && ((l > old_l) || (data->flags & SF_BEFORE_EOL))) {
+       SvSetMagicSV(*data->longest, data->last_found);
+       if (*data->longest == data->longest_fixed) {
+           data->offset_fixed = l ? data->last_start_min : data->pos_min;
+           if (data->flags & SF_BEFORE_EOL)
+               data->flags
+                   |= ((data->flags & SF_BEFORE_EOL) << SF_FIX_SHIFT_EOL);
+           else
+               data->flags &= ~SF_FIX_BEFORE_EOL;
+           data->minlen_fixed=minlenp;
+           data->lookbehind_fixed=0;
+       }
+       else { /* *data->longest == data->longest_float */
+           data->offset_float_min = l ? data->last_start_min : data->pos_min;
+           data->offset_float_max = (l
+                                     ? data->last_start_max
+                                     : (data->pos_delta == I32_MAX ? I32_MAX : data->pos_min + data->pos_delta));
+           if (is_inf || (U32)data->offset_float_max > (U32)I32_MAX)
+               data->offset_float_max = I32_MAX;
+           if (data->flags & SF_BEFORE_EOL)
+               data->flags
+                   |= ((data->flags & SF_BEFORE_EOL) << SF_FL_SHIFT_EOL);
+           else
+               data->flags &= ~SF_FL_BEFORE_EOL;
+            data->minlen_float=minlenp;
+            data->lookbehind_float=0;
+       }
+    }
+    SvCUR_set(data->last_found, 0);
+    {
+       SV * const sv = data->last_found;
+       if (SvUTF8(sv) && SvMAGICAL(sv)) {
+           MAGIC * const mg = mg_find(sv, PERL_MAGIC_utf8);
+           if (mg)
+               mg->mg_len = 0;
+       }
+    }
+    data->last_end = -1;
+    data->flags &= ~SF_BEFORE_EOL;
+    DEBUG_STUDYDATA("commit: ",data,0);
+}
+
+/* These macros set, clear and test whether the synthetic start class ('ssc',
+ * given by the parameter) matches an empty string (EOS).  This uses the
+ * 'next_off' field in the node, to save a bit in the flags field.  The ssc
+ * stands alone, so there is never a next_off, so this field is otherwise
+ * unused.  The EOS information is used only for compilation, but theoretically
+ * it could be passed on to the execution code.  This could be used to store
+ * more than one bit of information, but only this one is currently used. */
+#define SET_SSC_EOS(node)   STMT_START { (node)->next_off = TRUE; } STMT_END
+#define CLEAR_SSC_EOS(node) STMT_START { (node)->next_off = FALSE; } STMT_END
+#define TEST_SSC_EOS(node)  cBOOL((node)->next_off)
+
+/* Can match anything (initialization) */
+STATIC void
+S_cl_anything(const RExC_state_t *pRExC_state, struct regnode_charclass_class *cl)
+{
+    PERL_ARGS_ASSERT_CL_ANYTHING;
+
+    ANYOF_BITMAP_SETALL(cl);
+    cl->flags = ANYOF_UNICODE_ALL;
+    SET_SSC_EOS(cl);
+
+    /* If any portion of the regex is to operate under locale rules,
+     * initialization includes it.  The reason this isn't done for all regexes
+     * is that the optimizer was written under the assumption that locale was
+     * all-or-nothing.  Given the complexity and lack of documentation in the
+     * optimizer, and that there are inadequate test cases for locale, so many
+     * parts of it may not work properly, it is safest to avoid locale unless
+     * necessary. */
+    if (RExC_contains_locale) {
+       ANYOF_CLASS_SETALL(cl);     /* /l uses class */
+       cl->flags |= ANYOF_LOCALE|ANYOF_CLASS|ANYOF_LOC_FOLD;
+    }
+    else {
+       ANYOF_CLASS_ZERO(cl);       /* Only /l uses class now */
+    }
+}
+
+/* Can match anything (initialization) */
+STATIC int
+S_cl_is_anything(const struct regnode_charclass_class *cl)
+{
+    int value;
+
+    PERL_ARGS_ASSERT_CL_IS_ANYTHING;
+
+    for (value = 0; value < ANYOF_MAX; value += 2)
+       if (ANYOF_CLASS_TEST(cl, value) && ANYOF_CLASS_TEST(cl, value + 1))
+           return 1;
+    if (!(cl->flags & ANYOF_UNICODE_ALL))
+       return 0;
+    if (!ANYOF_BITMAP_TESTALLSET((const void*)cl))
+       return 0;
+    return 1;
+}
+
+/* Can match anything (initialization) */
+STATIC void
+S_cl_init(const RExC_state_t *pRExC_state, struct regnode_charclass_class *cl)
+{
+    PERL_ARGS_ASSERT_CL_INIT;
+
+    Zero(cl, 1, struct regnode_charclass_class);
+    cl->type = ANYOF;
+    cl_anything(pRExC_state, cl);
+    ARG_SET(cl, ANYOF_NONBITMAP_EMPTY);
+}
+
+/* These two functions currently do the exact same thing */
+#define cl_init_zero           S_cl_init
+
+/* 'AND' a given class with another one.  Can create false positives.  'cl'
+ * should not be inverted.  'and_with->flags & ANYOF_CLASS' should be 0 if
+ * 'and_with' is a regnode_charclass instead of a regnode_charclass_class. */
+STATIC void
+S_cl_and(struct regnode_charclass_class *cl,
+       const struct regnode_charclass_class *and_with)
+{
+    PERL_ARGS_ASSERT_CL_AND;
+
+    assert(PL_regkind[and_with->type] == ANYOF);
+
+    /* I (khw) am not sure all these restrictions are necessary XXX */
+    if (!(ANYOF_CLASS_TEST_ANY_SET(and_with))
+       && !(ANYOF_CLASS_TEST_ANY_SET(cl))
+       && (and_with->flags & ANYOF_LOCALE) == (cl->flags & ANYOF_LOCALE)
+       && !(and_with->flags & ANYOF_LOC_FOLD)
+       && !(cl->flags & ANYOF_LOC_FOLD)) {
+       int i;
+
+       if (and_with->flags & ANYOF_INVERT)
+           for (i = 0; i < ANYOF_BITMAP_SIZE; i++)
+               cl->bitmap[i] &= ~and_with->bitmap[i];
+       else
+           for (i = 0; i < ANYOF_BITMAP_SIZE; i++)
+               cl->bitmap[i] &= and_with->bitmap[i];
+    } /* XXXX: logic is complicated otherwise, leave it along for a moment. */
+
+    if (and_with->flags & ANYOF_INVERT) {
+
+        /* Here, the and'ed node is inverted.  Get the AND of the flags that
+         * aren't affected by the inversion.  Those that are affected are
+         * handled individually below */
+       U8 affected_flags = cl->flags & ~INVERSION_UNAFFECTED_FLAGS;
+       cl->flags &= (and_with->flags & INVERSION_UNAFFECTED_FLAGS);
+       cl->flags |= affected_flags;
+
+        /* We currently don't know how to deal with things that aren't in the
+         * bitmap, but we know that the intersection is no greater than what
+         * is already in cl, so let there be false positives that get sorted
+         * out after the synthetic start class succeeds, and the node is
+         * matched for real. */
+
+        /* The inversion of these two flags indicate that the resulting
+         * intersection doesn't have them */
+       if (and_with->flags & ANYOF_UNICODE_ALL) {
+           cl->flags &= ~ANYOF_UNICODE_ALL;
+       }
+       if (and_with->flags & ANYOF_NON_UTF8_LATIN1_ALL) {
+           cl->flags &= ~ANYOF_NON_UTF8_LATIN1_ALL;
+       }
+    }
+    else {   /* and'd node is not inverted */
+       U8 outside_bitmap_but_not_utf8; /* Temp variable */
+
+       if (! ANYOF_NONBITMAP(and_with)) {
+
+            /* Here 'and_with' doesn't match anything outside the bitmap
+             * (except possibly ANYOF_UNICODE_ALL), which means the
+             * intersection can't either, except for ANYOF_UNICODE_ALL, in
+             * which case we don't know what the intersection is, but it's no
+             * greater than what cl already has, so can just leave it alone,
+             * with possible false positives */
+            if (! (and_with->flags & ANYOF_UNICODE_ALL)) {
+                ARG_SET(cl, ANYOF_NONBITMAP_EMPTY);
+               cl->flags &= ~ANYOF_NONBITMAP_NON_UTF8;
+            }
+       }
+       else if (! ANYOF_NONBITMAP(cl)) {
+
+           /* Here, 'and_with' does match something outside the bitmap, and cl
+            * doesn't have a list of things to match outside the bitmap.  If
+             * cl can match all code points above 255, the intersection will
+             * be those above-255 code points that 'and_with' matches.  If cl
+             * can't match all Unicode code points, it means that it can't
+             * match anything outside the bitmap (since the 'if' that got us
+             * into this block tested for that), so we leave the bitmap empty.
+             */
+           if (cl->flags & ANYOF_UNICODE_ALL) {
+               ARG_SET(cl, ARG(and_with));
+
+                /* and_with's ARG may match things that don't require UTF8.
+                 * And now cl's will too, in spite of this being an 'and'.  See
+                 * the comments below about the kludge */
+               cl->flags |= and_with->flags & ANYOF_NONBITMAP_NON_UTF8;
+           }
+       }
+       else {
+            /* Here, both 'and_with' and cl match something outside the
+             * bitmap.  Currently we do not do the intersection, so just match
+             * whatever cl had at the beginning.  */
+       }
+
+
+        /* Take the intersection of the two sets of flags.  However, the
+         * ANYOF_NONBITMAP_NON_UTF8 flag is treated as an 'or'.  This is a
+         * kludge around the fact that this flag is not treated like the others
+         * which are initialized in cl_anything().  The way the optimizer works
+         * is that the synthetic start class (SSC) is initialized to match
+         * anything, and then the first time a real node is encountered, its
+         * values are AND'd with the SSC's with the result being the values of
+         * the real node.  However, there are paths through the optimizer where
+         * the AND never gets called, so those initialized bits are set
+         * inappropriately, which is not usually a big deal, as they just cause
+         * false positives in the SSC, which will just mean a probably
+         * imperceptible slow down in execution.  However this bit has a
+         * higher false positive consequence in that it can cause utf8.pm,
+         * utf8_heavy.pl ... to be loaded when not necessary, which is a much
+         * bigger slowdown and also causes significant extra memory to be used.
+         * In order to prevent this, the code now takes a different tack.  The
+         * bit isn't set unless some part of the regular expression needs it,
+         * but once set it won't get cleared.  This means that these extra
+         * modules won't get loaded unless there was some path through the
+         * pattern that would have required them anyway, and  so any false
+         * positives that occur by not ANDing them out when they could be
+         * aren't as severe as they would be if we treated this bit like all
+         * the others */
+        outside_bitmap_but_not_utf8 = (cl->flags | and_with->flags)
+                                      & ANYOF_NONBITMAP_NON_UTF8;
+       cl->flags &= and_with->flags;
+       cl->flags |= outside_bitmap_but_not_utf8;
+    }
+}
+
+/* 'OR' a given class with another one.  Can create false positives.  'cl'
+ * should not be inverted.  'or_with->flags & ANYOF_CLASS' should be 0 if
+ * 'or_with' is a regnode_charclass instead of a regnode_charclass_class. */
+STATIC void
+S_cl_or(const RExC_state_t *pRExC_state, struct regnode_charclass_class *cl, const struct regnode_charclass_class *or_with)
+{
+    PERL_ARGS_ASSERT_CL_OR;
+
+    if (or_with->flags & ANYOF_INVERT) {
+
+        /* Here, the or'd node is to be inverted.  This means we take the
+         * complement of everything not in the bitmap, but currently we don't
+         * know what that is, so give up and match anything */
+       if (ANYOF_NONBITMAP(or_with)) {
+           cl_anything(pRExC_state, cl);
+       }
+       /* We do not use
+        * (B1 | CL1) | (!B2 & !CL2) = (B1 | !B2 & !CL2) | (CL1 | (!B2 & !CL2))
+        *   <= (B1 | !B2) | (CL1 | !CL2)
+        * which is wasteful if CL2 is small, but we ignore CL2:
+        *   (B1 | CL1) | (!B2 & !CL2) <= (B1 | CL1) | !B2 = (B1 | !B2) | CL1
+        * XXXX Can we handle case-fold?  Unclear:
+        *   (OK1(i) | OK1(i')) | !(OK1(i) | OK1(i')) =
+        *   (OK1(i) | OK1(i')) | (!OK1(i) & !OK1(i'))
+        */
+       else if ( (or_with->flags & ANYOF_LOCALE) == (cl->flags & ANYOF_LOCALE)
+            && !(or_with->flags & ANYOF_LOC_FOLD)
+            && !(cl->flags & ANYOF_LOC_FOLD) ) {
+           int i;
+
+           for (i = 0; i < ANYOF_BITMAP_SIZE; i++)
+               cl->bitmap[i] |= ~or_with->bitmap[i];
+       } /* XXXX: logic is complicated otherwise */
+       else {
+           cl_anything(pRExC_state, cl);
+       }
+
+        /* And, we can just take the union of the flags that aren't affected
+         * by the inversion */
+       cl->flags |= or_with->flags & INVERSION_UNAFFECTED_FLAGS;
+
+        /* For the remaining flags:
+            ANYOF_UNICODE_ALL and inverted means to not match anything above
+                    255, which means that the union with cl should just be
+                    what cl has in it, so can ignore this flag
+            ANYOF_NON_UTF8_LATIN1_ALL and inverted means if not utf8 and ord
+                    is 127-255 to match them, but then invert that, so the
+                    union with cl should just be what cl has in it, so can
+                    ignore this flag
+         */
+    } else {    /* 'or_with' is not inverted */
+       /* (B1 | CL1) | (B2 | CL2) = (B1 | B2) | (CL1 | CL2)) */
+       if ( (or_with->flags & ANYOF_LOCALE) == (cl->flags & ANYOF_LOCALE)
+            && (!(or_with->flags & ANYOF_LOC_FOLD)
+                || (cl->flags & ANYOF_LOC_FOLD)) ) {
+           int i;
+
+           /* OR char bitmap and class bitmap separately */
+           for (i = 0; i < ANYOF_BITMAP_SIZE; i++)
+               cl->bitmap[i] |= or_with->bitmap[i];
+            if (or_with->flags & ANYOF_CLASS) {
+                ANYOF_CLASS_OR(or_with, cl);
+            }
+       }
+       else { /* XXXX: logic is complicated, leave it along for a moment. */
+           cl_anything(pRExC_state, cl);
+       }
+
+       if (ANYOF_NONBITMAP(or_with)) {
+
+           /* Use the added node's outside-the-bit-map match if there isn't a
+            * conflict.  If there is a conflict (both nodes match something
+            * outside the bitmap, but what they match outside is not the same
+            * pointer, and hence not easily compared until XXX we extend
+            * inversion lists this far), give up and allow the start class to
+            * match everything outside the bitmap.  If that stuff is all above
+            * 255, can just set UNICODE_ALL, otherwise caould be anything. */
+           if (! ANYOF_NONBITMAP(cl)) {
+               ARG_SET(cl, ARG(or_with));
+           }
+           else if (ARG(cl) != ARG(or_with)) {
+
+               if ((or_with->flags & ANYOF_NONBITMAP_NON_UTF8)) {
+                   cl_anything(pRExC_state, cl);
+               }
+               else {
+                   cl->flags |= ANYOF_UNICODE_ALL;
+               }
+           }
+       }
+
+        /* Take the union */
+       cl->flags |= or_with->flags;
+    }
+}
+
+#define TRIE_LIST_ITEM(state,idx) (trie->states[state].trans.list)[ idx ]
+#define TRIE_LIST_CUR(state)  ( TRIE_LIST_ITEM( state, 0 ).forid )
+#define TRIE_LIST_LEN(state) ( TRIE_LIST_ITEM( state, 0 ).newstate )
+#define TRIE_LIST_USED(idx)  ( trie->states[state].trans.list ? (TRIE_LIST_CUR( idx ) - 1) : 0 )
+
+
+#ifdef DEBUGGING
+/*
+   dump_trie(trie,widecharmap,revcharmap)
+   dump_trie_interim_list(trie,widecharmap,revcharmap,next_alloc)
+   dump_trie_interim_table(trie,widecharmap,revcharmap,next_alloc)
+
+   These routines dump out a trie in a somewhat readable format.
+   The _interim_ variants are used for debugging the interim
+   tables that are used to generate the final compressed
+   representation which is what dump_trie expects.
+
+   Part of the reason for their existence is to provide a form
+   of documentation as to how the different representations function.
+
+*/
+
+/*
+  Dumps the final compressed table form of the trie to Perl_debug_log.
+  Used for debugging make_trie().
+*/
+
+STATIC void
+S_dump_trie(pTHX_ const struct _reg_trie_data *trie, HV *widecharmap,
+           AV *revcharmap, U32 depth)
+{
+    U32 state;
+    SV *sv=sv_newmortal();
+    int colwidth= widecharmap ? 6 : 4;
+    U16 word;
+    GET_RE_DEBUG_FLAGS_DECL;
+
+    PERL_ARGS_ASSERT_DUMP_TRIE;
+
+    PerlIO_printf( Perl_debug_log, "%*sChar : %-6s%-6s%-4s ",
+        (int)depth * 2 + 2,"",
+        "Match","Base","Ofs" );
+
+    for( state = 0 ; state < trie->uniquecharcount ; state++ ) {
+       SV ** const tmp = av_fetch( revcharmap, state, 0);
+        if ( tmp ) {
+            PerlIO_printf( Perl_debug_log, "%*s", 
+                colwidth,
+                pv_pretty(sv, SvPV_nolen_const(*tmp), SvCUR(*tmp), colwidth, 
+                           PL_colors[0], PL_colors[1],
+                           (SvUTF8(*tmp) ? PERL_PV_ESCAPE_UNI : 0) |
+                           PERL_PV_ESCAPE_FIRSTCHAR 
+                ) 
+            );
+        }
+    }
+    PerlIO_printf( Perl_debug_log, "\n%*sState|-----------------------",
+        (int)depth * 2 + 2,"");
+
+    for( state = 0 ; state < trie->uniquecharcount ; state++ )
+        PerlIO_printf( Perl_debug_log, "%.*s", colwidth, "--------");
+    PerlIO_printf( Perl_debug_log, "\n");
+
+    for( state = 1 ; state < trie->statecount ; state++ ) {
+       const U32 base = trie->states[ state ].trans.base;
+
+        PerlIO_printf( Perl_debug_log, "%*s#%4"UVXf"|", (int)depth * 2 + 2,"", (UV)state);
+
+        if ( trie->states[ state ].wordnum ) {
+            PerlIO_printf( Perl_debug_log, " W%4X", trie->states[ state ].wordnum );
+        } else {
+            PerlIO_printf( Perl_debug_log, "%6s", "" );
+        }
+
+        PerlIO_printf( Perl_debug_log, " @%4"UVXf" ", (UV)base );
+
+        if ( base ) {
+            U32 ofs = 0;
+
+            while( ( base + ofs  < trie->uniquecharcount ) ||
+                   ( base + ofs - trie->uniquecharcount < trie->lasttrans
+                     && trie->trans[ base + ofs - trie->uniquecharcount ].check != state))
+                    ofs++;
+
+            PerlIO_printf( Perl_debug_log, "+%2"UVXf"[ ", (UV)ofs);
+
+            for ( ofs = 0 ; ofs < trie->uniquecharcount ; ofs++ ) {
+                if ( ( base + ofs >= trie->uniquecharcount ) &&
+                     ( base + ofs - trie->uniquecharcount < trie->lasttrans ) &&
+                     trie->trans[ base + ofs - trie->uniquecharcount ].check == state )
+                {
+                   PerlIO_printf( Perl_debug_log, "%*"UVXf,
+                    colwidth,
+                    (UV)trie->trans[ base + ofs - trie->uniquecharcount ].next );
+                } else {
+                    PerlIO_printf( Perl_debug_log, "%*s",colwidth,"   ." );
+                }
+            }
+
+            PerlIO_printf( Perl_debug_log, "]");
+
+        }
+        PerlIO_printf( Perl_debug_log, "\n" );
+    }
+    PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log, "%*sword_info N:(prev,len)=", (int)depth*2, "");
+    for (word=1; word <= trie->wordcount; word++) {
+       PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log, " %d:(%d,%d)",
+           (int)word, (int)(trie->wordinfo[word].prev),
+           (int)(trie->wordinfo[word].len));
+    }
+    PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log, "\n" );
+}    
+/*
+  Dumps a fully constructed but uncompressed trie in list form.
+  List tries normally only are used for construction when the number of 
+  possible chars (trie->uniquecharcount) is very high.
+  Used for debugging make_trie().
+*/
+STATIC void
+S_dump_trie_interim_list(pTHX_ const struct _reg_trie_data *trie,
+                        HV *widecharmap, AV *revcharmap, U32 next_alloc,
+                        U32 depth)
+{
+    U32 state;
+    SV *sv=sv_newmortal();
+    int colwidth= widecharmap ? 6 : 4;
+    GET_RE_DEBUG_FLAGS_DECL;
+
+    PERL_ARGS_ASSERT_DUMP_TRIE_INTERIM_LIST;
+
+    /* print out the table precompression.  */
+    PerlIO_printf( Perl_debug_log, "%*sState :Word | Transition Data\n%*s%s",
+        (int)depth * 2 + 2,"", (int)depth * 2 + 2,"",
+        "------:-----+-----------------\n" );
+    
+    for( state=1 ; state < next_alloc ; state ++ ) {
+        U16 charid;
+    
+        PerlIO_printf( Perl_debug_log, "%*s %4"UVXf" :",
+            (int)depth * 2 + 2,"", (UV)state  );
+        if ( ! trie->states[ state ].wordnum ) {
+            PerlIO_printf( Perl_debug_log, "%5s| ","");
+        } else {
+            PerlIO_printf( Perl_debug_log, "W%4x| ",
+                trie->states[ state ].wordnum
+            );
+        }
+        for( charid = 1 ; charid <= TRIE_LIST_USED( state ) ; charid++ ) {
+           SV ** const tmp = av_fetch( revcharmap, TRIE_LIST_ITEM(state,charid).forid, 0);
+           if ( tmp ) {
+                PerlIO_printf( Perl_debug_log, "%*s:%3X=%4"UVXf" | ",
+                    colwidth,
+                    pv_pretty(sv, SvPV_nolen_const(*tmp), SvCUR(*tmp), colwidth, 
+                           PL_colors[0], PL_colors[1],
+                           (SvUTF8(*tmp) ? PERL_PV_ESCAPE_UNI : 0) |
+                           PERL_PV_ESCAPE_FIRSTCHAR 
+                    ) ,
+                    TRIE_LIST_ITEM(state,charid).forid,
+                    (UV)TRIE_LIST_ITEM(state,charid).newstate
+                );
+                if (!(charid % 10)) 
+                    PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log, "\n%*s| ",
+                        (int)((depth * 2) + 14), "");
+            }
+        }
+        PerlIO_printf( Perl_debug_log, "\n");
+    }
+}    
+
+/*
+  Dumps a fully constructed but uncompressed trie in table form.
+  This is the normal DFA style state transition table, with a few 
+  twists to facilitate compression later. 
+  Used for debugging make_trie().
+*/
+STATIC void
+S_dump_trie_interim_table(pTHX_ const struct _reg_trie_data *trie,
+                         HV *widecharmap, AV *revcharmap, U32 next_alloc,
+                         U32 depth)
+{
+    U32 state;
+    U16 charid;
+    SV *sv=sv_newmortal();
+    int colwidth= widecharmap ? 6 : 4;
+    GET_RE_DEBUG_FLAGS_DECL;
+
+    PERL_ARGS_ASSERT_DUMP_TRIE_INTERIM_TABLE;
+    
+    /*
+       print out the table precompression so that we can do a visual check
+       that they are identical.
+     */
+    
+    PerlIO_printf( Perl_debug_log, "%*sChar : ",(int)depth * 2 + 2,"" );
+
+    for( charid = 0 ; charid < trie->uniquecharcount ; charid++ ) {
+       SV ** const tmp = av_fetch( revcharmap, charid, 0);
+        if ( tmp ) {
+            PerlIO_printf( Perl_debug_log, "%*s", 
+                colwidth,
+                pv_pretty(sv, SvPV_nolen_const(*tmp), SvCUR(*tmp), colwidth, 
+                           PL_colors[0], PL_colors[1],
+                           (SvUTF8(*tmp) ? PERL_PV_ESCAPE_UNI : 0) |
+                           PERL_PV_ESCAPE_FIRSTCHAR 
+                ) 
+            );
+        }
+    }
+
+    PerlIO_printf( Perl_debug_log, "\n%*sState+-",(int)depth * 2 + 2,"" );
+
+    for( charid=0 ; charid < trie->uniquecharcount ; charid++ ) {
+        PerlIO_printf( Perl_debug_log, "%.*s", colwidth,"--------");
+    }
+
+    PerlIO_printf( Perl_debug_log, "\n" );
+
+    for( state=1 ; state < next_alloc ; state += trie->uniquecharcount ) {
+
+        PerlIO_printf( Perl_debug_log, "%*s%4"UVXf" : ", 
+            (int)depth * 2 + 2,"",
+            (UV)TRIE_NODENUM( state ) );
+
+        for( charid = 0 ; charid < trie->uniquecharcount ; charid++ ) {
+            UV v=(UV)SAFE_TRIE_NODENUM( trie->trans[ state + charid ].next );
+            if (v)
+                PerlIO_printf( Perl_debug_log, "%*"UVXf, colwidth, v );
+            else
+                PerlIO_printf( Perl_debug_log, "%*s", colwidth, "." );
+        }
+        if ( ! trie->states[ TRIE_NODENUM( state ) ].wordnum ) {
+            PerlIO_printf( Perl_debug_log, " (%4"UVXf")\n", (UV)trie->trans[ state ].check );
+        } else {
+            PerlIO_printf( Perl_debug_log, " (%4"UVXf") W%4X\n", (UV)trie->trans[ state ].check,
+            trie->states[ TRIE_NODENUM( state ) ].wordnum );
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+#endif
+
+
+/* make_trie(startbranch,first,last,tail,word_count,flags,depth)
+  startbranch: the first branch in the whole branch sequence
+  first      : start branch of sequence of branch-exact nodes.
+              May be the same as startbranch
+  last       : Thing following the last branch.
+              May be the same as tail.
+  tail       : item following the branch sequence
+  count      : words in the sequence
+  flags      : currently the OP() type we will be building one of /EXACT(|F|Fl)/
+  depth      : indent depth
+
+Inplace optimizes a sequence of 2 or more Branch-Exact nodes into a TRIE node.
+
+A trie is an N'ary tree where the branches are determined by digital
+decomposition of the key. IE, at the root node you look up the 1st character and
+follow that branch repeat until you find the end of the branches. Nodes can be
+marked as "accepting" meaning they represent a complete word. Eg:
+
+  /he|she|his|hers/
+
+would convert into the following structure. Numbers represent states, letters
+following numbers represent valid transitions on the letter from that state, if
+the number is in square brackets it represents an accepting state, otherwise it
+will be in parenthesis.
+
+      +-h->+-e->[3]-+-r->(8)-+-s->[9]
+      |    |
+      |   (2)
+      |    |
+     (1)   +-i->(6)-+-s->[7]
+      |
+      +-s->(3)-+-h->(4)-+-e->[5]
+
+      Accept Word Mapping: 3=>1 (he),5=>2 (she), 7=>3 (his), 9=>4 (hers)
+
+This shows that when matching against the string 'hers' we will begin at state 1
+read 'h' and move to state 2, read 'e' and move to state 3 which is accepting,
+then read 'r' and go to state 8 followed by 's' which takes us to state 9 which
+is also accepting. Thus we know that we can match both 'he' and 'hers' with a
+single traverse. We store a mapping from accepting to state to which word was
+matched, and then when we have multiple possibilities we try to complete the
+rest of the regex in the order in which they occured in the alternation.
+
+The only prior NFA like behaviour that would be changed by the TRIE support is
+the silent ignoring of duplicate alternations which are of the form:
+
+ / (DUPE|DUPE) X? (?{ ... }) Y /x
+
+Thus EVAL blocks following a trie may be called a different number of times with
+and without the optimisation. With the optimisations dupes will be silently
+ignored. This inconsistent behaviour of EVAL type nodes is well established as
+the following demonstrates:
+
+ 'words'=~/(word|word|word)(?{ print $1 })[xyz]/
+
+which prints out 'word' three times, but
+
+ 'words'=~/(word|word|word)(?{ print $1 })S/
+
+which doesnt print it out at all. This is due to other optimisations kicking in.
+
+Example of what happens on a structural level:
+
+The regexp /(ac|ad|ab)+/ will produce the following debug output:
+
+   1: CURLYM[1] {1,32767}(18)
+   5:   BRANCH(8)
+   6:     EXACT <ac>(16)
+   8:   BRANCH(11)
+   9:     EXACT <ad>(16)
+  11:   BRANCH(14)
+  12:     EXACT <ab>(16)
+  16:   SUCCEED(0)
+  17:   NOTHING(18)
+  18: END(0)
+
+This would be optimizable with startbranch=5, first=5, last=16, tail=16
+and should turn into:
+
+   1: CURLYM[1] {1,32767}(18)
+   5:   TRIE(16)
+       [Words:3 Chars Stored:6 Unique Chars:4 States:5 NCP:1]
+         <ac>
+         <ad>
+         <ab>
+  16:   SUCCEED(0)
+  17:   NOTHING(18)
+  18: END(0)
+
+Cases where tail != last would be like /(?foo|bar)baz/:
+
+   1: BRANCH(4)
+   2:   EXACT <foo>(8)
+   4: BRANCH(7)
+   5:   EXACT <bar>(8)
+   7: TAIL(8)
+   8: EXACT <baz>(10)
+  10: END(0)
+
+which would be optimizable with startbranch=1, first=1, last=7, tail=8
+and would end up looking like:
+
+    1: TRIE(8)
+      [Words:2 Chars Stored:6 Unique Chars:5 States:7 NCP:1]
+       <foo>
+       <bar>
+   7: TAIL(8)
+   8: EXACT <baz>(10)
+  10: END(0)
+
+    d = uvuni_to_utf8_flags(d, uv, 0);
+
+is the recommended Unicode-aware way of saying
+
+    *(d++) = uv;
+*/
+
+#define TRIE_STORE_REVCHAR(val)                                            \
+    STMT_START {                                                           \
+       if (UTF) {                                                         \
+            SV *zlopp = newSV(7); /* XXX: optimize me */                   \
+           unsigned char *flrbbbbb = (unsigned char *) SvPVX(zlopp);      \
+            unsigned const char *const kapow = uvuni_to_utf8(flrbbbbb, val); \
+           SvCUR_set(zlopp, kapow - flrbbbbb);                            \
+           SvPOK_on(zlopp);                                               \
+           SvUTF8_on(zlopp);                                              \
+           av_push(revcharmap, zlopp);                                    \
+       } else {                                                           \
+            char ooooff = (char)val;                                           \
+           av_push(revcharmap, newSVpvn(&ooooff, 1));                     \
+       }                                                                  \
+        } STMT_END
+
+#define TRIE_READ_CHAR STMT_START {                                                     \
+    wordlen++;                                                                          \
+    if ( UTF ) {                                                                        \
+        /* if it is UTF then it is either already folded, or does not need folding */   \
+        uvc = utf8n_to_uvuni( (const U8*) uc, UTF8_MAXLEN, &len, uniflags);             \
+    }                                                                                   \
+    else if (folder == PL_fold_latin1) {                                                \
+        /* if we use this folder we have to obey unicode rules on latin-1 data */       \
+        if ( foldlen > 0 ) {                                                            \
+           uvc = utf8n_to_uvuni( (const U8*) scan, UTF8_MAXLEN, &len, uniflags );       \
+           foldlen -= len;                                                              \
+           scan += len;                                                                 \
+           len = 0;                                                                     \
+        } else {                                                                        \
+            len = 1;                                                                    \
+            uvc = _to_fold_latin1( (U8) *uc, foldbuf, &foldlen, FOLD_FLAGS_FULL);       \
+            skiplen = UNISKIP(uvc);                                                     \
+            foldlen -= skiplen;                                                         \
+            scan = foldbuf + skiplen;                                                   \
+        }                                                                               \
+    } else {                                                                            \
+        /* raw data, will be folded later if needed */                                  \
+        uvc = (U32)*uc;                                                                 \
+        len = 1;                                                                        \
+    }                                                                                   \
+} STMT_END
+
+
+
+#define TRIE_LIST_PUSH(state,fid,ns) STMT_START {               \
+    if ( TRIE_LIST_CUR( state ) >=TRIE_LIST_LEN( state ) ) {    \
+       U32 ging = TRIE_LIST_LEN( state ) *= 2;                 \
+       Renew( trie->states[ state ].trans.list, ging, reg_trie_trans_le ); \
+    }                                                           \
+    TRIE_LIST_ITEM( state, TRIE_LIST_CUR( state ) ).forid = fid;     \
+    TRIE_LIST_ITEM( state, TRIE_LIST_CUR( state ) ).newstate = ns;   \
+    TRIE_LIST_CUR( state )++;                                   \
+} STMT_END
+
+#define TRIE_LIST_NEW(state) STMT_START {                       \
+    Newxz( trie->states[ state ].trans.list,               \
+       4, reg_trie_trans_le );                                 \
+     TRIE_LIST_CUR( state ) = 1;                                \
+     TRIE_LIST_LEN( state ) = 4;                                \
+} STMT_END
+
+#define TRIE_HANDLE_WORD(state) STMT_START {                    \
+    U16 dupe= trie->states[ state ].wordnum;                    \
+    regnode * const noper_next = regnext( noper );              \
+                                                                \
+    DEBUG_r({                                                   \
+        /* store the word for dumping */                        \
+        SV* tmp;                                                \
+        if (OP(noper) != NOTHING)                               \
+            tmp = newSVpvn_utf8(STRING(noper), STR_LEN(noper), UTF);   \
+        else                                                    \
+            tmp = newSVpvn_utf8( "", 0, UTF );                 \
+        av_push( trie_words, tmp );                             \
+    });                                                         \
+                                                                \
+    curword++;                                                  \
+    trie->wordinfo[curword].prev   = 0;                         \
+    trie->wordinfo[curword].len    = wordlen;                   \
+    trie->wordinfo[curword].accept = state;                     \
+                                                                \
+    if ( noper_next < tail ) {                                  \
+        if (!trie->jump)                                        \
+            trie->jump = (U16 *) PerlMemShared_calloc( word_count + 1, sizeof(U16) ); \
+        trie->jump[curword] = (U16)(noper_next - convert);      \
+        if (!jumper)                                            \
+            jumper = noper_next;                                \
+        if (!nextbranch)                                        \
+            nextbranch= regnext(cur);                           \
+    }                                                           \
+                                                                \
+    if ( dupe ) {                                               \
+        /* It's a dupe. Pre-insert into the wordinfo[].prev   */\
+        /* chain, so that when the bits of chain are later    */\
+        /* linked together, the dups appear in the chain      */\
+       trie->wordinfo[curword].prev = trie->wordinfo[dupe].prev; \
+       trie->wordinfo[dupe].prev = curword;                    \
+    } else {                                                    \
+        /* we haven't inserted this word yet.                */ \
+        trie->states[ state ].wordnum = curword;                \
+    }                                                           \
+} STMT_END
+
+
+#define TRIE_TRANS_STATE(state,base,ucharcount,charid,special)         \
+     ( ( base + charid >=  ucharcount                                  \
+         && base + charid < ubound                                     \
+         && state == trie->trans[ base - ucharcount + charid ].check   \
+         && trie->trans[ base - ucharcount + charid ].next )           \
+           ? trie->trans[ base - ucharcount + charid ].next            \
+           : ( state==1 ? special : 0 )                                        \
+      )
+
+#define MADE_TRIE       1
+#define MADE_JUMP_TRIE  2
+#define MADE_EXACT_TRIE 4
+
+STATIC I32
+S_make_trie(pTHX_ RExC_state_t *pRExC_state, regnode *startbranch, regnode *first, regnode *last, regnode *tail, U32 word_count, U32 flags, U32 depth)
+{
+    dVAR;
+    /* first pass, loop through and scan words */
+    reg_trie_data *trie;
+    HV *widecharmap = NULL;
+    AV *revcharmap = newAV();
+    regnode *cur;
+    const U32 uniflags = UTF8_ALLOW_DEFAULT;
+    STRLEN len = 0;
+    UV uvc = 0;
+    U16 curword = 0;
+    U32 next_alloc = 0;
+    regnode *jumper = NULL;
+    regnode *nextbranch = NULL;
+    regnode *convert = NULL;
+    U32 *prev_states; /* temp array mapping each state to previous one */
+    /* we just use folder as a flag in utf8 */
+    const U8 * folder = NULL;
+
+#ifdef DEBUGGING
+    const U32 data_slot = add_data( pRExC_state, 4, "tuuu" );
+    AV *trie_words = NULL;
+    /* along with revcharmap, this only used during construction but both are
+     * useful during debugging so we store them in the struct when debugging.
+     */
+#else
+    const U32 data_slot = add_data( pRExC_state, 2, "tu" );
+    STRLEN trie_charcount=0;
+#endif
+    SV *re_trie_maxbuff;
+    GET_RE_DEBUG_FLAGS_DECL;
+
+    PERL_ARGS_ASSERT_MAKE_TRIE;
+#ifndef DEBUGGING
+    PERL_UNUSED_ARG(depth);
+#endif
+
+    switch (flags) {
+        case EXACT: break;
+       case EXACTFA:
+        case EXACTFU_SS:
+        case EXACTFU_TRICKYFOLD:
+       case EXACTFU: folder = PL_fold_latin1; break;
+       case EXACTF:  folder = PL_fold; break;
+       case EXACTFL: folder = PL_fold_locale; break;
+        default: Perl_croak( aTHX_ "panic! In trie construction, unknown node type %u %s", (unsigned) flags, PL_reg_name[flags] );
+    }
+
+    trie = (reg_trie_data *) PerlMemShared_calloc( 1, sizeof(reg_trie_data) );
+    trie->refcount = 1;
+    trie->startstate = 1;
+    trie->wordcount = word_count;
+    RExC_rxi->data->data[ data_slot ] = (void*)trie;
+    trie->charmap = (U16 *) PerlMemShared_calloc( 256, sizeof(U16) );
+    if (flags == EXACT)
+       trie->bitmap = (char *) PerlMemShared_calloc( ANYOF_BITMAP_SIZE, 1 );
+    trie->wordinfo = (reg_trie_wordinfo *) PerlMemShared_calloc(
+                       trie->wordcount+1, sizeof(reg_trie_wordinfo));
+
+    DEBUG_r({
+        trie_words = newAV();
+    });
+
+    re_trie_maxbuff = get_sv(RE_TRIE_MAXBUF_NAME, 1);
+    if (!SvIOK(re_trie_maxbuff)) {
+        sv_setiv(re_trie_maxbuff, RE_TRIE_MAXBUF_INIT);
+    }
+    DEBUG_TRIE_COMPILE_r({
+                PerlIO_printf( Perl_debug_log,
+                  "%*smake_trie start==%d, first==%d, last==%d, tail==%d depth=%d\n",
+                  (int)depth * 2 + 2, "", 
+                  REG_NODE_NUM(startbranch),REG_NODE_NUM(first), 
+                  REG_NODE_NUM(last), REG_NODE_NUM(tail),
+                  (int)depth);
+    });
+   
+   /* Find the node we are going to overwrite */
+    if ( first == startbranch && OP( last ) != BRANCH ) {
+        /* whole branch chain */
+        convert = first;
+    } else {
+        /* branch sub-chain */
+        convert = NEXTOPER( first );
+    }
+        
+    /*  -- First loop and Setup --
+
+       We first traverse the branches and scan each word to determine if it
+       contains widechars, and how many unique chars there are, this is
+       important as we have to build a table with at least as many columns as we
+       have unique chars.
+
+       We use an array of integers to represent the character codes 0..255
+       (trie->charmap) and we use a an HV* to store Unicode characters. We use the
+       native representation of the character value as the key and IV's for the
+       coded index.
+
+       *TODO* If we keep track of how many times each character is used we can
+       remap the columns so that the table compression later on is more
+       efficient in terms of memory by ensuring the most common value is in the
+       middle and the least common are on the outside.  IMO this would be better
+       than a most to least common mapping as theres a decent chance the most
+       common letter will share a node with the least common, meaning the node
+       will not be compressible. With a middle is most common approach the worst
+       case is when we have the least common nodes twice.
+
+     */
+
+    for ( cur = first ; cur < last ; cur = regnext( cur ) ) {
+        regnode *noper = NEXTOPER( cur );
+        const U8 *uc = (U8*)STRING( noper );
+        const U8 *e  = uc + STR_LEN( noper );
+        STRLEN foldlen = 0;
+        U8 foldbuf[ UTF8_MAXBYTES_CASE + 1 ];
+        STRLEN skiplen = 0;
+        const U8 *scan = (U8*)NULL;
+        U32 wordlen      = 0;         /* required init */
+        STRLEN chars = 0;
+        bool set_bit = trie->bitmap ? 1 : 0; /*store the first char in the bitmap?*/
+
+        if (OP(noper) == NOTHING) {
+            regnode *noper_next= regnext(noper);
+            if (noper_next != tail && OP(noper_next) == flags) {
+                noper = noper_next;
+                uc= (U8*)STRING(noper);
+                e= uc + STR_LEN(noper);
+               trie->minlen= STR_LEN(noper);
+            } else {
+               trie->minlen= 0;
+               continue;
+           }
+        }
+
+        if ( set_bit ) { /* bitmap only alloced when !(UTF&&Folding) */
+            TRIE_BITMAP_SET(trie,*uc); /* store the raw first byte
+                                          regardless of encoding */
+            if (OP( noper ) == EXACTFU_SS) {
+                /* false positives are ok, so just set this */
+                TRIE_BITMAP_SET(trie,0xDF);
+            }
+        }
+        for ( ; uc < e ; uc += len ) {
+            TRIE_CHARCOUNT(trie)++;
+            TRIE_READ_CHAR;
+            chars++;
+            if ( uvc < 256 ) {
+                if ( folder ) {
+                    U8 folded= folder[ (U8) uvc ];
+                    if ( !trie->charmap[ folded ] ) {
+                        trie->charmap[ folded ]=( ++trie->uniquecharcount );
+                        TRIE_STORE_REVCHAR( folded );
+                    }
+                }
+                if ( !trie->charmap[ uvc ] ) {
+                    trie->charmap[ uvc ]=( ++trie->uniquecharcount );
+                    TRIE_STORE_REVCHAR( uvc );
+                }
+                if ( set_bit ) {
+                   /* store the codepoint in the bitmap, and its folded
+                    * equivalent. */
+                    TRIE_BITMAP_SET(trie, uvc);
+
+                   /* store the folded codepoint */
+                    if ( folder ) TRIE_BITMAP_SET(trie, folder[(U8) uvc ]);
+
+                   if ( !UTF ) {
+                       /* store first byte of utf8 representation of
+                          variant codepoints */
+                       if (! UNI_IS_INVARIANT(uvc)) {
+                           TRIE_BITMAP_SET(trie, UTF8_TWO_BYTE_HI(uvc));
+                       }
+                   }
+                    set_bit = 0; /* We've done our bit :-) */
+                }
+            } else {
+                SV** svpp;
+                if ( !widecharmap )
+                    widecharmap = newHV();
+
+                svpp = hv_fetch( widecharmap, (char*)&uvc, sizeof( UV ), 1 );
+
+                if ( !svpp )
+                    Perl_croak( aTHX_ "error creating/fetching widecharmap entry for 0x%"UVXf, uvc );
+
+                if ( !SvTRUE( *svpp ) ) {
+                    sv_setiv( *svpp, ++trie->uniquecharcount );
+                    TRIE_STORE_REVCHAR(uvc);
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        if( cur == first ) {
+            trie->minlen = chars;
+            trie->maxlen = chars;
+        } else if (chars < trie->minlen) {
+            trie->minlen = chars;
+        } else if (chars > trie->maxlen) {
+            trie->maxlen = chars;
+        }
+        if (OP( noper ) == EXACTFU_SS) {
+            /* XXX: workaround - 'ss' could match "\x{DF}" so minlen could be 1 and not 2*/
+           if (trie->minlen > 1)
+                trie->minlen= 1;
+        }
+       if (OP( noper ) == EXACTFU_TRICKYFOLD) {
+           /* XXX: workround - things like "\x{1FBE}\x{0308}\x{0301}" can match "\x{0390}" 
+            *                - We assume that any such sequence might match a 2 byte string */
+            if (trie->minlen > 2 )
+                trie->minlen= 2;
+        }
+
+    } /* end first pass */
+    DEBUG_TRIE_COMPILE_r(
+        PerlIO_printf( Perl_debug_log, "%*sTRIE(%s): W:%d C:%d Uq:%d Min:%d Max:%d\n",
+                (int)depth * 2 + 2,"",
+                ( widecharmap ? "UTF8" : "NATIVE" ), (int)word_count,
+               (int)TRIE_CHARCOUNT(trie), trie->uniquecharcount,
+               (int)trie->minlen, (int)trie->maxlen )
+    );
+
+    /*
+        We now know what we are dealing with in terms of unique chars and
+        string sizes so we can calculate how much memory a naive
+        representation using a flat table  will take. If it's over a reasonable
+        limit (as specified by ${^RE_TRIE_MAXBUF}) we use a more memory
+        conservative but potentially much slower representation using an array
+        of lists.
+
+        At the end we convert both representations into the same compressed
+        form that will be used in regexec.c for matching with. The latter
+        is a form that cannot be used to construct with but has memory
+        properties similar to the list form and access properties similar
+        to the table form making it both suitable for fast searches and
+        small enough that its feasable to store for the duration of a program.
+
+        See the comment in the code where the compressed table is produced
+        inplace from the flat tabe representation for an explanation of how
+        the compression works.
+
+    */
+
+
+    Newx(prev_states, TRIE_CHARCOUNT(trie) + 2, U32);
+    prev_states[1] = 0;
+
+    if ( (IV)( ( TRIE_CHARCOUNT(trie) + 1 ) * trie->uniquecharcount + 1) > SvIV(re_trie_maxbuff) ) {
+        /*
+            Second Pass -- Array Of Lists Representation
+
+            Each state will be represented by a list of charid:state records
+            (reg_trie_trans_le) the first such element holds the CUR and LEN
+            points of the allocated array. (See defines above).
+
+            We build the initial structure using the lists, and then convert
+            it into the compressed table form which allows faster lookups
+            (but cant be modified once converted).
+        */
+
+        STRLEN transcount = 1;
+
+        DEBUG_TRIE_COMPILE_MORE_r( PerlIO_printf( Perl_debug_log, 
+            "%*sCompiling trie using list compiler\n",
+            (int)depth * 2 + 2, ""));
+
+       trie->states = (reg_trie_state *)
+           PerlMemShared_calloc( TRIE_CHARCOUNT(trie) + 2,
+                                 sizeof(reg_trie_state) );
+        TRIE_LIST_NEW(1);
+        next_alloc = 2;
+
+        for ( cur = first ; cur < last ; cur = regnext( cur ) ) {
+
+            regnode *noper   = NEXTOPER( cur );
+           U8 *uc           = (U8*)STRING( noper );
+            const U8 *e      = uc + STR_LEN( noper );
+           U32 state        = 1;         /* required init */
+           U16 charid       = 0;         /* sanity init */
+           U8 *scan         = (U8*)NULL; /* sanity init */
+           STRLEN foldlen   = 0;         /* required init */
+            U32 wordlen      = 0;         /* required init */
+           U8 foldbuf[ UTF8_MAXBYTES_CASE + 1 ];
+            STRLEN skiplen   = 0;
+
+            if (OP(noper) == NOTHING) {
+                regnode *noper_next= regnext(noper);
+                if (noper_next != tail && OP(noper_next) == flags) {
+                    noper = noper_next;
+                    uc= (U8*)STRING(noper);
+                    e= uc + STR_LEN(noper);
+                }
+            }
+
+            if (OP(noper) != NOTHING) {
+                for ( ; uc < e ; uc += len ) {
+
+                    TRIE_READ_CHAR;
+
+                    if ( uvc < 256 ) {
+                        charid = trie->charmap[ uvc ];
+                   } else {
+                        SV** const svpp = hv_fetch( widecharmap, (char*)&uvc, sizeof( UV ), 0);
+                        if ( !svpp ) {
+                            charid = 0;
+                        } else {
+                            charid=(U16)SvIV( *svpp );
+                        }
+                   }
+                    /* charid is now 0 if we dont know the char read, or nonzero if we do */
+                    if ( charid ) {
+
+                        U16 check;
+                        U32 newstate = 0;
+
+                        charid--;
+                        if ( !trie->states[ state ].trans.list ) {
+                            TRIE_LIST_NEW( state );
+                       }
+                        for ( check = 1; check <= TRIE_LIST_USED( state ); check++ ) {
+                            if ( TRIE_LIST_ITEM( state, check ).forid == charid ) {
+                                newstate = TRIE_LIST_ITEM( state, check ).newstate;
+                                break;
+                            }
+                        }
+                        if ( ! newstate ) {
+                            newstate = next_alloc++;
+                           prev_states[newstate] = state;
+                            TRIE_LIST_PUSH( state, charid, newstate );
+                            transcount++;
+                        }
+                        state = newstate;
+                    } else {
+                        Perl_croak( aTHX_ "panic! In trie construction, no char mapping for %"IVdf, uvc );
+                   }
+               }
+           }
+            TRIE_HANDLE_WORD(state);
+
+        } /* end second pass */
+
+        /* next alloc is the NEXT state to be allocated */
+        trie->statecount = next_alloc; 
+        trie->states = (reg_trie_state *)
+           PerlMemShared_realloc( trie->states,
+                                  next_alloc
+                                  * sizeof(reg_trie_state) );
+
+        /* and now dump it out before we compress it */
+        DEBUG_TRIE_COMPILE_MORE_r(dump_trie_interim_list(trie, widecharmap,
+                                                        revcharmap, next_alloc,
+                                                        depth+1)
+        );
+
+        trie->trans = (reg_trie_trans *)
+           PerlMemShared_calloc( transcount, sizeof(reg_trie_trans) );
+        {
+            U32 state;
+            U32 tp = 0;
+            U32 zp = 0;
+
+
+            for( state=1 ; state < next_alloc ; state ++ ) {
+                U32 base=0;
+
+                /*
+                DEBUG_TRIE_COMPILE_MORE_r(
+                    PerlIO_printf( Perl_debug_log, "tp: %d zp: %d ",tp,zp)
+                );
+                */
+
+                if (trie->states[state].trans.list) {
+                    U16 minid=TRIE_LIST_ITEM( state, 1).forid;
+                    U16 maxid=minid;
+                   U16 idx;
+
+                    for( idx = 2 ; idx <= TRIE_LIST_USED( state ) ; idx++ ) {
+                       const U16 forid = TRIE_LIST_ITEM( state, idx).forid;
+                       if ( forid < minid ) {
+                           minid=forid;
+                       } else if ( forid > maxid ) {
+                           maxid=forid;
+                       }
+                    }
+                    if ( transcount < tp + maxid - minid + 1) {
+                        transcount *= 2;
+                       trie->trans = (reg_trie_trans *)
+                           PerlMemShared_realloc( trie->trans,
+                                                    transcount
+                                                    * sizeof(reg_trie_trans) );
+                        Zero( trie->trans + (transcount / 2), transcount / 2 , reg_trie_trans );
+                    }
+                    base = trie->uniquecharcount + tp - minid;
+                    if ( maxid == minid ) {
+                        U32 set = 0;
+                        for ( ; zp < tp ; zp++ ) {
+                            if ( ! trie->trans[ zp ].next ) {
+                                base = trie->uniquecharcount + zp - minid;
+                                trie->trans[ zp ].next = TRIE_LIST_ITEM( state, 1).newstate;
+                                trie->trans[ zp ].check = state;
+                                set = 1;
+                                break;
+                            }
+                        }
+                        if ( !set ) {
+                            trie->trans[ tp ].next = TRIE_LIST_ITEM( state, 1).newstate;
+                            trie->trans[ tp ].check = state;
+                            tp++;
+                            zp = tp;
+                        }
+                    } else {
+                        for ( idx=1; idx <= TRIE_LIST_USED( state ) ; idx++ ) {
+                            const U32 tid = base -  trie->uniquecharcount + TRIE_LIST_ITEM( state, idx ).forid;
+                            trie->trans[ tid ].next = TRIE_LIST_ITEM( state, idx ).newstate;
+                            trie->trans[ tid ].check = state;
+                        }
+                        tp += ( maxid - minid + 1 );
+                    }
+                    Safefree(trie->states[ state ].trans.list);
+                }
+                /*
+                DEBUG_TRIE_COMPILE_MORE_r(
+                    PerlIO_printf( Perl_debug_log, " base: %d\n",base);
+                );
+                */
+                trie->states[ state ].trans.base=base;
+            }
+            trie->lasttrans = tp + 1;
+        }
+    } else {
+        /*
+           Second Pass -- Flat Table Representation.
+
+           we dont use the 0 slot of either trans[] or states[] so we add 1 to each.
+           We know that we will need Charcount+1 trans at most to store the data
+           (one row per char at worst case) So we preallocate both structures
+           assuming worst case.
+
+           We then construct the trie using only the .next slots of the entry
+           structs.
+
+           We use the .check field of the first entry of the node temporarily to
+           make compression both faster and easier by keeping track of how many non
+           zero fields are in the node.
+
+           Since trans are numbered from 1 any 0 pointer in the table is a FAIL
+           transition.
+
+           There are two terms at use here: state as a TRIE_NODEIDX() which is a
+           number representing the first entry of the node, and state as a
+           TRIE_NODENUM() which is the trans number. state 1 is TRIE_NODEIDX(1) and
+           TRIE_NODENUM(1), state 2 is TRIE_NODEIDX(2) and TRIE_NODENUM(3) if there
+           are 2 entrys per node. eg:
+
+             A B       A B
+          1. 2 4    1. 3 7
+          2. 0 3    3. 0 5
+          3. 0 0    5. 0 0
+          4. 0 0    7. 0 0
+
+           The table is internally in the right hand, idx form. However as we also
+           have to deal with the states array which is indexed by nodenum we have to
+           use TRIE_NODENUM() to convert.
+
+        */
+        DEBUG_TRIE_COMPILE_MORE_r( PerlIO_printf( Perl_debug_log, 
+            "%*sCompiling trie using table compiler\n",
+            (int)depth * 2 + 2, ""));
+
+       trie->trans = (reg_trie_trans *)
+           PerlMemShared_calloc( ( TRIE_CHARCOUNT(trie) + 1 )
+                                 * trie->uniquecharcount + 1,
+                                 sizeof(reg_trie_trans) );
+        trie->states = (reg_trie_state *)
+           PerlMemShared_calloc( TRIE_CHARCOUNT(trie) + 2,
+                                 sizeof(reg_trie_state) );
+        next_alloc = trie->uniquecharcount + 1;
+
+
+        for ( cur = first ; cur < last ; cur = regnext( cur ) ) {
+
+            regnode *noper   = NEXTOPER( cur );
+           const U8 *uc     = (U8*)STRING( noper );
+            const U8 *e      = uc + STR_LEN( noper );
+
+            U32 state        = 1;         /* required init */
+
+            U16 charid       = 0;         /* sanity init */
+            U32 accept_state = 0;         /* sanity init */
+            U8 *scan         = (U8*)NULL; /* sanity init */
+
+            STRLEN foldlen   = 0;         /* required init */
+            U32 wordlen      = 0;         /* required init */
+            STRLEN skiplen   = 0;
+            U8 foldbuf[ UTF8_MAXBYTES_CASE + 1 ];
+
+            if (OP(noper) == NOTHING) {
+                regnode *noper_next= regnext(noper);
+                if (noper_next != tail && OP(noper_next) == flags) {
+                    noper = noper_next;
+                    uc= (U8*)STRING(noper);
+                    e= uc + STR_LEN(noper);
+                }
+            }
+
+            if ( OP(noper) != NOTHING ) {
+                for ( ; uc < e ; uc += len ) {
+
+                    TRIE_READ_CHAR;
+
+                    if ( uvc < 256 ) {
+                        charid = trie->charmap[ uvc ];
+                    } else {
+                        SV* const * const svpp = hv_fetch( widecharmap, (char*)&uvc, sizeof( UV ), 0);
+                        charid = svpp ? (U16)SvIV(*svpp) : 0;
+                    }
+                    if ( charid ) {
+                        charid--;
+                        if ( !trie->trans[ state + charid ].next ) {
+                            trie->trans[ state + charid ].next = next_alloc;
+                            trie->trans[ state ].check++;
+                           prev_states[TRIE_NODENUM(next_alloc)]
+                                   = TRIE_NODENUM(state);
+                            next_alloc += trie->uniquecharcount;
+                        }
+                        state = trie->trans[ state + charid ].next;
+                    } else {
+                        Perl_croak( aTHX_ "panic! In trie construction, no char mapping for %"IVdf, uvc );
+                    }
+                    /* charid is now 0 if we dont know the char read, or nonzero if we do */
+                }
+            }
+            accept_state = TRIE_NODENUM( state );
+            TRIE_HANDLE_WORD(accept_state);
+
+        } /* end second pass */
+
+        /* and now dump it out before we compress it */
+        DEBUG_TRIE_COMPILE_MORE_r(dump_trie_interim_table(trie, widecharmap,
+                                                         revcharmap,
+                                                         next_alloc, depth+1));
+
+        {
+        /*
+           * Inplace compress the table.*
+
+           For sparse data sets the table constructed by the trie algorithm will
+           be mostly 0/FAIL transitions or to put it another way mostly empty.
+           (Note that leaf nodes will not contain any transitions.)
+
+           This algorithm compresses the tables by eliminating most such
+           transitions, at the cost of a modest bit of extra work during lookup:
+
+           - Each states[] entry contains a .base field which indicates the
+           index in the state[] array wheres its transition data is stored.
+
+           - If .base is 0 there are no valid transitions from that node.
+
+           - If .base is nonzero then charid is added to it to find an entry in
+           the trans array.
+
+           -If trans[states[state].base+charid].check!=state then the
+           transition is taken to be a 0/Fail transition. Thus if there are fail
+           transitions at the front of the node then the .base offset will point
+           somewhere inside the previous nodes data (or maybe even into a node
+           even earlier), but the .check field determines if the transition is
+           valid.
+
+           XXX - wrong maybe?
+           The following process inplace converts the table to the compressed
+           table: We first do not compress the root node 1,and mark all its
+           .check pointers as 1 and set its .base pointer as 1 as well. This
+           allows us to do a DFA construction from the compressed table later,
+           and ensures that any .base pointers we calculate later are greater
+           than 0.
+
+           - We set 'pos' to indicate the first entry of the second node.
+
+           - We then iterate over the columns of the node, finding the first and
+           last used entry at l and m. We then copy l..m into pos..(pos+m-l),
+           and set the .check pointers accordingly, and advance pos
+           appropriately and repreat for the next node. Note that when we copy
+           the next pointers we have to convert them from the original
+           NODEIDX form to NODENUM form as the former is not valid post
+           compression.
+
+           - If a node has no transitions used we mark its base as 0 and do not
+           advance the pos pointer.
+
+           - If a node only has one transition we use a second pointer into the
+           structure to fill in allocated fail transitions from other states.
+           This pointer is independent of the main pointer and scans forward
+           looking for null transitions that are allocated to a state. When it
+           finds one it writes the single transition into the "hole".  If the
+           pointer doesnt find one the single transition is appended as normal.
+
+           - Once compressed we can Renew/realloc the structures to release the
+           excess space.
+
+           See "Table-Compression Methods" in sec 3.9 of the Red Dragon,
+           specifically Fig 3.47 and the associated pseudocode.
+
+           demq
+        */
+        const U32 laststate = TRIE_NODENUM( next_alloc );
+       U32 state, charid;
+        U32 pos = 0, zp=0;
+        trie->statecount = laststate;
+
+        for ( state = 1 ; state < laststate ; state++ ) {
+            U8 flag = 0;
+           const U32 stateidx = TRIE_NODEIDX( state );
+           const U32 o_used = trie->trans[ stateidx ].check;
+           U32 used = trie->trans[ stateidx ].check;
+            trie->trans[ stateidx ].check = 0;
+
+            for ( charid = 0 ; used && charid < trie->uniquecharcount ; charid++ ) {
+                if ( flag || trie->trans[ stateidx + charid ].next ) {
+                    if ( trie->trans[ stateidx + charid ].next ) {
+                        if (o_used == 1) {
+                            for ( ; zp < pos ; zp++ ) {
+                                if ( ! trie->trans[ zp ].next ) {
+                                    break;
+                                }
+                            }
+                            trie->states[ state ].trans.base = zp + trie->uniquecharcount - charid ;
+                            trie->trans[ zp ].next = SAFE_TRIE_NODENUM( trie->trans[ stateidx + charid ].next );
+                            trie->trans[ zp ].check = state;
+                            if ( ++zp > pos ) pos = zp;
+                            break;
+                        }
+                        used--;
+                    }
+                    if ( !flag ) {
+                        flag = 1;
+                        trie->states[ state ].trans.base = pos + trie->uniquecharcount - charid ;
+                    }
+                    trie->trans[ pos ].next = SAFE_TRIE_NODENUM( trie->trans[ stateidx + charid ].next );
+                    trie->trans[ pos ].check = state;
+                    pos++;
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        trie->lasttrans = pos + 1;
+        trie->states = (reg_trie_state *)
+           PerlMemShared_realloc( trie->states, laststate
+                                  * sizeof(reg_trie_state) );
+        DEBUG_TRIE_COMPILE_MORE_r(
+                PerlIO_printf( Perl_debug_log,
+                   "%*sAlloc: %d Orig: %"IVdf" elements, Final:%"IVdf". Savings of %%%5.2f\n",
+                   (int)depth * 2 + 2,"",
+                    (int)( ( TRIE_CHARCOUNT(trie) + 1 ) * trie->uniquecharcount + 1 ),
+                   (IV)next_alloc,
+                   (IV)pos,
+                    ( ( next_alloc - pos ) * 100 ) / (double)next_alloc );
+            );
+
+        } /* end table compress */
+    }
+    DEBUG_TRIE_COMPILE_MORE_r(
+            PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log, "%*sStatecount:%"UVxf" Lasttrans:%"UVxf"\n",
+                (int)depth * 2 + 2, "",
+                (UV)trie->statecount,
+                (UV)trie->lasttrans)
+    );
+    /* resize the trans array to remove unused space */
+    trie->trans = (reg_trie_trans *)
+       PerlMemShared_realloc( trie->trans, trie->lasttrans
+                              * sizeof(reg_trie_trans) );
+
+    {   /* Modify the program and insert the new TRIE node */ 
+        U8 nodetype =(U8)(flags & 0xFF);
+        char *str=NULL;
+        
+#ifdef DEBUGGING
+        regnode *optimize = NULL;
+#ifdef RE_TRACK_PATTERN_OFFSETS
+
+        U32 mjd_offset = 0;
+        U32 mjd_nodelen = 0;
+#endif /* RE_TRACK_PATTERN_OFFSETS */
+#endif /* DEBUGGING */
+        /*
+           This means we convert either the first branch or the first Exact,
+           depending on whether the thing following (in 'last') is a branch
+           or not and whther first is the startbranch (ie is it a sub part of
+           the alternation or is it the whole thing.)
+           Assuming its a sub part we convert the EXACT otherwise we convert
+           the whole branch sequence, including the first.
+         */
+        /* Find the node we are going to overwrite */
+        if ( first != startbranch || OP( last ) == BRANCH ) {
+            /* branch sub-chain */
+            NEXT_OFF( first ) = (U16)(last - first);
+#ifdef RE_TRACK_PATTERN_OFFSETS
+            DEBUG_r({
+                mjd_offset= Node_Offset((convert));
+                mjd_nodelen= Node_Length((convert));
+            });
+#endif
+            /* whole branch chain */
+        }
+#ifdef RE_TRACK_PATTERN_OFFSETS
+        else {
+            DEBUG_r({
+                const  regnode *nop = NEXTOPER( convert );
+                mjd_offset= Node_Offset((nop));
+                mjd_nodelen= Node_Length((nop));
+            });
+        }
+        DEBUG_OPTIMISE_r(
+            PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log, "%*sMJD offset:%"UVuf" MJD length:%"UVuf"\n",
+                (int)depth * 2 + 2, "",
+                (UV)mjd_offset, (UV)mjd_nodelen)
+        );
+#endif
+        /* But first we check to see if there is a common prefix we can 
+           split out as an EXACT and put in front of the TRIE node.  */
+        trie->startstate= 1;
+        if ( trie->bitmap && !widecharmap && !trie->jump  ) {
+            U32 state;
+            for ( state = 1 ; state < trie->statecount-1 ; state++ ) {
+                U32 ofs = 0;
+                I32 idx = -1;
+                U32 count = 0;
+                const U32 base = trie->states[ state ].trans.base;
+
+                if ( trie->states[state].wordnum )
+                        count = 1;
+
+                for ( ofs = 0 ; ofs < trie->uniquecharcount ; ofs++ ) {
+                    if ( ( base + ofs >= trie->uniquecharcount ) &&
+                         ( base + ofs - trie->uniquecharcount < trie->lasttrans ) &&
+                         trie->trans[ base + ofs - trie->uniquecharcount ].check == state )
+                    {
+                        if ( ++count > 1 ) {
+                            SV **tmp = av_fetch( revcharmap, ofs, 0);
+                           const U8 *ch = (U8*)SvPV_nolen_const( *tmp );
+                            if ( state == 1 ) break;
+                            if ( count == 2 ) {
+                                Zero(trie->bitmap, ANYOF_BITMAP_SIZE, char);
+                                DEBUG_OPTIMISE_r(
+                                    PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log,
+                                       "%*sNew Start State=%"UVuf" Class: [",
+                                        (int)depth * 2 + 2, "",
+                                        (UV)state));
+                               if (idx >= 0) {
+                                   SV ** const tmp = av_fetch( revcharmap, idx, 0);
+                                   const U8 * const ch = (U8*)SvPV_nolen_const( *tmp );
+
+                                    TRIE_BITMAP_SET(trie,*ch);
+                                    if ( folder )
+                                        TRIE_BITMAP_SET(trie, folder[ *ch ]);
+                                    DEBUG_OPTIMISE_r(
+                                        PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log, "%s", (char*)ch)
+                                    );
+                               }
+                           }
+                           TRIE_BITMAP_SET(trie,*ch);
+                           if ( folder )
+                               TRIE_BITMAP_SET(trie,folder[ *ch ]);
+                           DEBUG_OPTIMISE_r(PerlIO_printf( Perl_debug_log,"%s", ch));
+                       }
+                        idx = ofs;
+                   }
+                }
+                if ( count == 1 ) {
+                    SV **tmp = av_fetch( revcharmap, idx, 0);
+                    STRLEN len;
+                    char *ch = SvPV( *tmp, len );
+                    DEBUG_OPTIMISE_r({
+                        SV *sv=sv_newmortal();
+                        PerlIO_printf( Perl_debug_log,
+                           "%*sPrefix State: %"UVuf" Idx:%"UVuf" Char='%s'\n",
+                            (int)depth * 2 + 2, "",
+                            (UV)state, (UV)idx, 
+                            pv_pretty(sv, SvPV_nolen_const(*tmp), SvCUR(*tmp), 6, 
+                               PL_colors[0], PL_colors[1],
+                               (SvUTF8(*tmp) ? PERL_PV_ESCAPE_UNI : 0) |
+                               PERL_PV_ESCAPE_FIRSTCHAR 
+                            )
+                        );
+                    });
+                    if ( state==1 ) {
+                        OP( convert ) = nodetype;
+                        str=STRING(convert);
+                        STR_LEN(convert)=0;
+                    }
+                    STR_LEN(convert) += len;
+                    while (len--)
+                        *str++ = *ch++;
+               } else {
+#ifdef DEBUGGING           
+                   if (state>1)
+                       DEBUG_OPTIMISE_r(PerlIO_printf( Perl_debug_log,"]\n"));
+#endif
+                   break;
+               }
+           }
+           trie->prefixlen = (state-1);
+            if (str) {
+                regnode *n = convert+NODE_SZ_STR(convert);
+                NEXT_OFF(convert) = NODE_SZ_STR(convert);
+                trie->startstate = state;
+                trie->minlen -= (state - 1);
+                trie->maxlen -= (state - 1);
+#ifdef DEBUGGING
+               /* At least the UNICOS C compiler choked on this
+                * being argument to DEBUG_r(), so let's just have
+                * it right here. */
+               if (
+#ifdef PERL_EXT_RE_BUILD
+                   1
+#else
+                   DEBUG_r_TEST
+#endif
+                   ) {
+                   regnode *fix = convert;
+                   U32 word = trie->wordcount;
+                   mjd_nodelen++;
+                   Set_Node_Offset_Length(convert, mjd_offset, state - 1);
+                   while( ++fix < n ) {
+                       Set_Node_Offset_Length(fix, 0, 0);
+                   }
+                   while (word--) {
+                       SV ** const tmp = av_fetch( trie_words, word, 0 );
+                       if (tmp) {
+                           if ( STR_LEN(convert) <= SvCUR(*tmp) )
+                               sv_chop(*tmp, SvPV_nolen(*tmp) + STR_LEN(convert));
+                           else
+                               sv_chop(*tmp, SvPV_nolen(*tmp) + SvCUR(*tmp));
+                       }
+                   }
+               }
+#endif
+                if (trie->maxlen) {
+                    convert = n;
+               } else {
+                    NEXT_OFF(convert) = (U16)(tail - convert);
+                    DEBUG_r(optimize= n);
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        if (!jumper) 
+            jumper = last; 
+        if ( trie->maxlen ) {
+           NEXT_OFF( convert ) = (U16)(tail - convert);
+           ARG_SET( convert, data_slot );
+           /* Store the offset to the first unabsorbed branch in 
+              jump[0], which is otherwise unused by the jump logic. 
+              We use this when dumping a trie and during optimisation. */
+           if (trie->jump) 
+               trie->jump[0] = (U16)(nextbranch - convert);
+            
+            /* If the start state is not accepting (meaning there is no empty string/NOTHING)
+            *   and there is a bitmap
+            *   and the first "jump target" node we found leaves enough room
+            * then convert the TRIE node into a TRIEC node, with the bitmap
+            * embedded inline in the opcode - this is hypothetically faster.
+            */
+            if ( !trie->states[trie->startstate].wordnum
+                && trie->bitmap
+                && ( (char *)jumper - (char *)convert) >= (int)sizeof(struct regnode_charclass) )
+            {
+                OP( convert ) = TRIEC;
+                Copy(trie->bitmap, ((struct regnode_charclass *)convert)->bitmap, ANYOF_BITMAP_SIZE, char);
+                PerlMemShared_free(trie->bitmap);
+                trie->bitmap= NULL;
+            } else 
+                OP( convert ) = TRIE;
+
+            /* store the type in the flags */
+            convert->flags = nodetype;
+            DEBUG_r({
+            optimize = convert 
+                      + NODE_STEP_REGNODE 
+                      + regarglen[ OP( convert ) ];
+            });
+            /* XXX We really should free up the resource in trie now, 
+                   as we won't use them - (which resources?) dmq */
+        }
+        /* needed for dumping*/
+        DEBUG_r(if (optimize) {
+            regnode *opt = convert;
+
+            while ( ++opt < optimize) {
+                Set_Node_Offset_Length(opt,0,0);
+            }
+            /* 
+                Try to clean up some of the debris left after the 
+                optimisation.
+             */
+            while( optimize < jumper ) {
+                mjd_nodelen += Node_Length((optimize));
+                OP( optimize ) = OPTIMIZED;
+                Set_Node_Offset_Length(optimize,0,0);
+                optimize++;
+            }
+            Set_Node_Offset_Length(convert,mjd_offset,mjd_nodelen);
+        });
+    } /* end node insert */
+
+    /*  Finish populating the prev field of the wordinfo array.  Walk back
+     *  from each accept state until we find another accept state, and if
+     *  so, point the first word's .prev field at the second word. If the
+     *  second already has a .prev field set, stop now. This will be the
+     *  case either if we've already processed that word's accept state,
+     *  or that state had multiple words, and the overspill words were
+     *  already linked up earlier.
+     */
+    {
+       U16 word;
+       U32 state;
+       U16 prev;
+
+       for (word=1; word <= trie->wordcount; word++) {
+           prev = 0;
+           if (trie->wordinfo[word].prev)
+               continue;
+           state = trie->wordinfo[word].accept;
+           while (state) {
+               state = prev_states[state];
+               if (!state)
+                   break;
+               prev = trie->states[state].wordnum;
+               if (prev)
+                   break;
+           }
+           trie->wordinfo[word].prev = prev;
+       }
+       Safefree(prev_states);
+    }
+
+
+    /* and now dump out the compressed format */
+    DEBUG_TRIE_COMPILE_r(dump_trie(trie, widecharmap, revcharmap, depth+1));
+
+    RExC_rxi->data->data[ data_slot + 1 ] = (void*)widecharmap;
+#ifdef DEBUGGING
+    RExC_rxi->data->data[ data_slot + TRIE_WORDS_OFFSET ] = (void*)trie_words;
+    RExC_rxi->data->data[ data_slot + 3 ] = (void*)revcharmap;
+#else
+    SvREFCNT_dec_NN(revcharmap);
+#endif
+    return trie->jump 
+           ? MADE_JUMP_TRIE 
+           : trie->startstate>1 
+             ? MADE_EXACT_TRIE 
+             : MADE_TRIE;
+}
+
+STATIC void
+S_make_trie_failtable(pTHX_ RExC_state_t *pRExC_state, regnode *source,  regnode *stclass, U32 depth)
+{
+/* The Trie is constructed and compressed now so we can build a fail array if it's needed
+
+   This is basically the Aho-Corasick algorithm. Its from exercise 3.31 and 3.32 in the
+   "Red Dragon" -- Compilers, principles, techniques, and tools. Aho, Sethi, Ullman 1985/88
+   ISBN 0-201-10088-6
+
+   We find the fail state for each state in the trie, this state is the longest proper
+   suffix of the current state's 'word' that is also a proper prefix of another word in our
+   trie. State 1 represents the word '' and is thus the default fail state. This allows
+   the DFA not to have to restart after its tried and failed a word at a given point, it
+   simply continues as though it had been matching the other word in the first place.
+   Consider
+      'abcdgu'=~/abcdefg|cdgu/
+   When we get to 'd' we are still matching the first word, we would encounter 'g' which would
+   fail, which would bring us to the state representing 'd' in the second word where we would
+   try 'g' and succeed, proceeding to match 'cdgu'.
+ */
+ /* add a fail transition */
+    const U32 trie_offset = ARG(source);
+    reg_trie_data *trie=(reg_trie_data *)RExC_rxi->data->data[trie_offset];
+    U32 *q;
+    const U32 ucharcount = trie->uniquecharcount;
+    const U32 numstates = trie->statecount;
+    const U32 ubound = trie->lasttrans + ucharcount;
+    U32 q_read = 0;
+    U32 q_write = 0;
+    U32 charid;
+    U32 base = trie->states[ 1 ].trans.base;
+    U32 *fail;
+    reg_ac_data *aho;
+    const U32 data_slot = add_data( pRExC_state, 1, "T" );
+    GET_RE_DEBUG_FLAGS_DECL;
+
+    PERL_ARGS_ASSERT_MAKE_TRIE_FAILTABLE;
+#ifndef DEBUGGING
+    PERL_UNUSED_ARG(depth);
+#endif
+
+
+    ARG_SET( stclass, data_slot );
+    aho = (reg_ac_data *) PerlMemShared_calloc( 1, sizeof(reg_ac_data) );
+    RExC_rxi->data->data[ data_slot ] = (void*)aho;
+    aho->trie=trie_offset;
+    aho->states=(reg_trie_state *)PerlMemShared_malloc( numstates * sizeof(reg_trie_state) );
+    Copy( trie->states, aho->states, numstates, reg_trie_state );
+    Newxz( q, numstates, U32);
+    aho->fail = (U32 *) PerlMemShared_calloc( numstates, sizeof(U32) );
+    aho->refcount = 1;
+    fail = aho->fail;
+    /* initialize fail[0..1] to be 1 so that we always have
+       a valid final fail state */
+    fail[ 0 ] = fail[ 1 ] = 1;
+
+    for ( charid = 0; charid < ucharcount ; charid++ ) {
+       const U32 newstate = TRIE_TRANS_STATE( 1, base, ucharcount, charid, 0 );
+       if ( newstate ) {
+            q[ q_write ] = newstate;
+            /* set to point at the root */
+            fail[ q[ q_write++ ] ]=1;
+        }
+    }
+    while ( q_read < q_write) {
+       const U32 cur = q[ q_read++ % numstates ];
+        base = trie->states[ cur ].trans.base;
+
+        for ( charid = 0 ; charid < ucharcount ; charid++ ) {
+           const U32 ch_state = TRIE_TRANS_STATE( cur, base, ucharcount, charid, 1 );
+           if (ch_state) {
+                U32 fail_state = cur;
+                U32 fail_base;
+                do {
+                    fail_state = fail[ fail_state ];
+                    fail_base = aho->states[ fail_state ].trans.base;
+                } while ( !TRIE_TRANS_STATE( fail_state, fail_base, ucharcount, charid, 1 ) );
+
+                fail_state = TRIE_TRANS_STATE( fail_state, fail_base, ucharcount, charid, 1 );
+                fail[ ch_state ] = fail_state;
+                if ( !aho->states[ ch_state ].wordnum && aho->states[ fail_state ].wordnum )
+                {
+                        aho->states[ ch_state ].wordnum =  aho->states[ fail_state ].wordnum;
+                }
+                q[ q_write++ % numstates] = ch_state;
+            }
+        }
+    }
+    /* restore fail[0..1] to 0 so that we "fall out" of the AC loop
+       when we fail in state 1, this allows us to use the
+       charclass scan to find a valid start char. This is based on the principle
+       that theres a good chance the string being searched contains lots of stuff
+       that cant be a start char.
+     */
+    fail[ 0 ] = fail[ 1 ] = 0;
+    DEBUG_TRIE_COMPILE_r({
+        PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log,
+                     "%*sStclass Failtable (%"UVuf" states): 0", 
+                     (int)(depth * 2), "", (UV)numstates
+        );
+        for( q_read=1; q_read<numstates; q_read++ ) {
+            PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log, ", %"UVuf, (UV)fail[q_read]);
+        }
+        PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log, "\n");
+    });
+    Safefree(q);
+    /*RExC_seen |= REG_SEEN_TRIEDFA;*/
+}
+
+
+/*
+ * There are strange code-generation bugs caused on sparc64 by gcc-2.95.2.
+ * These need to be revisited when a newer toolchain becomes available.
+ */
+#if defined(__sparc64__) && defined(__GNUC__)
+#   if __GNUC__ < 2 || (__GNUC__ == 2 && __GNUC_MINOR__ < 96)
+#       undef  SPARC64_GCC_WORKAROUND
+#       define SPARC64_GCC_WORKAROUND 1
+#   endif
+#endif
+
+#define DEBUG_PEEP(str,scan,depth) \
+    DEBUG_OPTIMISE_r({if (scan){ \
+       SV * const mysv=sv_newmortal(); \
+       regnode *Next = regnext(scan); \
+       regprop(RExC_rx, mysv, scan); \
+       PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log, "%*s" str ">%3d: %s (%d)\n", \
+       (int)depth*2, "", REG_NODE_NUM(scan), SvPV_nolen_const(mysv),\
+       Next ? (REG_NODE_NUM(Next)) : 0 ); \
+   }});
+
+
+/* The below joins as many adjacent EXACTish nodes as possible into a single
+ * one.  The regop may be changed if the node(s) contain certain sequences that
+ * require special handling.  The joining is only done if:
+ * 1) there is room in the current conglomerated node to entirely contain the
+ *    next one.
+ * 2) they are the exact same node type
+ *
+ * The adjacent nodes actually may be separated by NOTHING-kind nodes, and
+ * these get optimized out
+ *
+ * If a node is to match under /i (folded), the number of characters it matches
+ * can be different than its character length if it contains a multi-character
+ * fold.  *min_subtract is set to the total delta of the input nodes.
+ *
+ * And *has_exactf_sharp_s is set to indicate whether or not the node is EXACTF
+ * and contains LATIN SMALL LETTER SHARP S
+ *
+ * This is as good a place as any to discuss the design of handling these
+ * multi-character fold sequences.  It's been wrong in Perl for a very long
+ * time.  There are three code points in Unicode whose multi-character folds
+ * were long ago discovered to mess things up.  The previous designs for
+ * dealing with these involved assigning a special node for them.  This
+ * approach doesn't work, as evidenced by this example:
+ *      "\xDFs" =~ /s\xDF/ui    # Used to fail before these patches
+ * Both these fold to "sss", but if the pattern is parsed to create a node that
+ * would match just the \xDF, it won't be able to handle the case where a
+ * successful match would have to cross the node's boundary.  The new approach
+ * that hopefully generally solves the problem generates an EXACTFU_SS node
+ * that is "sss".
+ *
+ * It turns out that there are problems with all multi-character folds, and not
+ * just these three.  Now the code is general, for all such cases, but the
+ * three still have some special handling.  The approach taken is:
+ * 1)   This routine examines each EXACTFish node that could contain multi-
+ *      character fold sequences.  It returns in *min_subtract how much to
+ *      subtract from the the actual length of the string to get a real minimum
+ *      match length; it is 0 if there are no multi-char folds.  This delta is
+ *      used by the caller to adjust the min length of the match, and the delta
+ *      between min and max, so that the optimizer doesn't reject these
+ *      possibilities based on size constraints.
+ * 2)   Certain of these sequences require special handling by the trie code,
+ *      so, if found, this code changes the joined node type to special ops:
+ *      EXACTFU_TRICKYFOLD and EXACTFU_SS.
+ * 3)   For the sequence involving the Sharp s (\xDF), the node type EXACTFU_SS
+ *      is used for an EXACTFU node that contains at least one "ss" sequence in
+ *      it.  For non-UTF-8 patterns and strings, this is the only case where
+ *      there is a possible fold length change.  That means that a regular
+ *      EXACTFU node without UTF-8 involvement doesn't have to concern itself
+ *      with length changes, and so can be processed faster.  regexec.c takes
+ *      advantage of this.  Generally, an EXACTFish node that is in UTF-8 is
+ *      pre-folded by regcomp.c.  This saves effort in regex matching.
+ *      However, the pre-folding isn't done for non-UTF8 patterns because the
+ *      fold of the MICRO SIGN requires UTF-8, and we don't want to slow things
+ *      down by forcing the pattern into UTF8 unless necessary.  Also what
+ *      EXACTF and EXACTFL nodes fold to isn't known until runtime.  The fold
+ *      possibilities for the non-UTF8 patterns are quite simple, except for
+ *      the sharp s.  All the ones that don't involve a UTF-8 target string are
+ *      members of a fold-pair, and arrays are set up for all of them so that
+ *      the other member of the pair can be found quickly.  Code elsewhere in
+ *      this file makes sure that in EXACTFU nodes, the sharp s gets folded to
+ *      'ss', even if the pattern isn't UTF-8.  This avoids the issues
+ *      described in the next item.
+ * 4)   A problem remains for the sharp s in EXACTF and EXACTFA nodes when the
+ *      pattern isn't in UTF-8. (BTW, there cannot be an EXACTF node with a
+ *      UTF-8 pattern.)  An assumption that the optimizer part of regexec.c
+ *      (probably unwittingly, in Perl_regexec_flags()) makes is that a
+ *      character in the pattern corresponds to at most a single character in
+ *      the target string.  (And I do mean character, and not byte here, unlike
+ *      other parts of the documentation that have never been updated to
+ *      account for multibyte Unicode.)  sharp s in EXACTF nodes can match the
+ *      two character string 'ss'; in EXACTFA nodes it can match
+ *      "\x{17F}\x{17F}".  These violate the assumption, and they are the only
+ *      instances where it is violated.  I'm reluctant to try to change the
+ *      assumption, as the code involved is impenetrable to me (khw), so
+ *      instead the code here punts.  This routine examines (when the pattern
+ *      isn't UTF-8) EXACTF and EXACTFA nodes for the sharp s, and returns a
+ *      boolean indicating whether or not the node contains a sharp s.  When it
+ *      is true, the caller sets a flag that later causes the optimizer in this
+ *      file to not set values for the floating and fixed string lengths, and
+ *      thus avoids the optimizer code in regexec.c that makes the invalid
+ *      assumption.  Thus, there is no optimization based on string lengths for
+ *      non-UTF8-pattern EXACTF and EXACTFA nodes that contain the sharp s.
+ *      (The reason the assumption is wrong only in these two cases is that all
+ *      other non-UTF-8 folds are 1-1; and, for UTF-8 patterns, we pre-fold all
+ *      other folds to their expanded versions.  We can't prefold sharp s to
+ *      'ss' in EXACTF nodes because we don't know at compile time if it
+ *      actually matches 'ss' or not.  It will match iff the target string is
+ *      in UTF-8, unlike the EXACTFU nodes, where it always matches; and
+ *      EXACTFA and EXACTFL where it never does.  In an EXACTFA node in a UTF-8
+ *      pattern, sharp s is folded to "\x{17F}\x{17F}, avoiding the problem;
+ *      but in a non-UTF8 pattern, folding it to that above-Latin1 string would
+ *      require the pattern to be forced into UTF-8, the overhead of which we
+ *      want to avoid.)
+ */
+
+#define JOIN_EXACT(scan,min_subtract,has_exactf_sharp_s, flags) \
+    if (PL_regkind[OP(scan)] == EXACT) \
+        join_exact(pRExC_state,(scan),(min_subtract),has_exactf_sharp_s, (flags),NULL,depth+1)
+
+STATIC U32
+S_join_exact(pTHX_ RExC_state_t *pRExC_state, regnode *scan, UV *min_subtract, bool *has_exactf_sharp_s, U32 flags,regnode *val, U32 depth) {
+    /* Merge several consecutive EXACTish nodes into one. */
+    regnode *n = regnext(scan);
+    U32 stringok = 1;
+    regnode *next = scan + NODE_SZ_STR(scan);
+    U32 merged = 0;
+    U32 stopnow = 0;
+#ifdef DEBUGGING
+    regnode *stop = scan;
+    GET_RE_DEBUG_FLAGS_DECL;
+#else
+    PERL_UNUSED_ARG(depth);
+#endif
+
+    PERL_ARGS_ASSERT_JOIN_EXACT;
+#ifndef EXPERIMENTAL_INPLACESCAN
+    PERL_UNUSED_ARG(flags);
+    PERL_UNUSED_ARG(val);
+#endif
+    DEBUG_PEEP("join",scan,depth);
+
+    /* Look through the subsequent nodes in the chain.  Skip NOTHING, merge
+     * EXACT ones that are mergeable to the current one. */
+    while (n
+           && (PL_regkind[OP(n)] == NOTHING
+               || (stringok && OP(n) == OP(scan)))
+           && NEXT_OFF(n)
+           && NEXT_OFF(scan) + NEXT_OFF(n) < I16_MAX)
+    {
+        
+        if (OP(n) == TAIL || n > next)
+            stringok = 0;
+        if (PL_regkind[OP(n)] == NOTHING) {
+            DEBUG_PEEP("skip:",n,depth);
+            NEXT_OFF(scan) += NEXT_OFF(n);
+            next = n + NODE_STEP_REGNODE;
+#ifdef DEBUGGING
+            if (stringok)
+                stop = n;
+#endif
+            n = regnext(n);
+        }
+        else if (stringok) {
+            const unsigned int oldl = STR_LEN(scan);
+            regnode * const nnext = regnext(n);
+
+            /* XXX I (khw) kind of doubt that this works on platforms where
+             * U8_MAX is above 255 because of lots of other assumptions */
+            /* Don't join if the sum can't fit into a single node */
+            if (oldl + STR_LEN(n) > U8_MAX)
+                break;
+            
+            DEBUG_PEEP("merg",n,depth);
+            merged++;
+
+            NEXT_OFF(scan) += NEXT_OFF(n);
+            STR_LEN(scan) += STR_LEN(n);
+            next = n + NODE_SZ_STR(n);
+            /* Now we can overwrite *n : */
+            Move(STRING(n), STRING(scan) + oldl, STR_LEN(n), char);
+#ifdef DEBUGGING
+            stop = next - 1;
+#endif
+            n = nnext;
+            if (stopnow) break;
+        }
+
+#ifdef EXPERIMENTAL_INPLACESCAN
+       if (flags && !NEXT_OFF(n)) {
+           DEBUG_PEEP("atch", val, depth);
+           if (reg_off_by_arg[OP(n)]) {
+               ARG_SET(n, val - n);
+           }
+           else {
+               NEXT_OFF(n) = val - n;
+           }
+           stopnow = 1;
+       }
+#endif
+    }
+
+    *min_subtract = 0;
+    *has_exactf_sharp_s = FALSE;
+
+    /* Here, all the adjacent mergeable EXACTish nodes have been merged.  We
+     * can now analyze for sequences of problematic code points.  (Prior to
+     * this final joining, sequences could have been split over boundaries, and
+     * hence missed).  The sequences only happen in folding, hence for any
+     * non-EXACT EXACTish node */
+    if (OP(scan) != EXACT) {
+        const U8 * const s0 = (U8*) STRING(scan);
+        const U8 * s = s0;
+        const U8 * const s_end = s0 + STR_LEN(scan);
+
+       /* One pass is made over the node's string looking for all the
+        * possibilities.  to avoid some tests in the loop, there are two main
+        * cases, for UTF-8 patterns (which can't have EXACTF nodes) and
+        * non-UTF-8 */
+       if (UTF) {
+
+            /* Examine the string for a multi-character fold sequence.  UTF-8
+             * patterns have all characters pre-folded by the time this code is
+             * executed */
+            while (s < s_end - 1) /* Can stop 1 before the end, as minimum
+                                     length sequence we are looking for is 2 */
+           {
+                int count = 0;
+                int len = is_MULTI_CHAR_FOLD_utf8_safe(s, s_end);
+                if (! len) {    /* Not a multi-char fold: get next char */
+                    s += UTF8SKIP(s);
+                    continue;
+                }
+
+                /* Nodes with 'ss' require special handling, except for EXACTFL
+                 * and EXACTFA for which there is no multi-char fold to this */
+                if (len == 2 && *s == 's' && *(s+1) == 's'
+                    && OP(scan) != EXACTFL && OP(scan) != EXACTFA)
+                {
+                    count = 2;
+                    OP(scan) = EXACTFU_SS;
+                    s += 2;
+                }
+                else if (len == 6   /* len is the same in both ASCII and EBCDIC
+                                       for these */
+                         && (memEQ(s, GREEK_SMALL_LETTER_IOTA_UTF8
+                                      COMBINING_DIAERESIS_UTF8
+                                      COMBINING_ACUTE_ACCENT_UTF8,
+                                   6)
+                             || memEQ(s, GREEK_SMALL_LETTER_UPSILON_UTF8
+                                         COMBINING_DIAERESIS_UTF8
+                                         COMBINING_ACUTE_ACCENT_UTF8,
+                                     6)))
+                {
+                    count = 3;
+
+                    /* These two folds require special handling by trie's, so
+                     * change the node type to indicate this.  If EXACTFA and
+                     * EXACTFL were ever to be handled by trie's, this would
+                     * have to be changed.  If this node has already been
+                     * changed to EXACTFU_SS in this loop, leave it as is.  (I
+                     * (khw) think it doesn't matter in regexec.c for UTF
+                     * patterns, but no need to change it */
+                    if (OP(scan) == EXACTFU) {
+                        OP(scan) = EXACTFU_TRICKYFOLD;
+                    }
+                    s += 6;
+                }
+                else { /* Here is a generic multi-char fold. */
+                    const U8* multi_end  = s + len;
+
+                    /* Count how many characters in it.  In the case of /l and
+                     * /aa, no folds which contain ASCII code points are
+                     * allowed, so check for those, and skip if found.  (In
+                     * EXACTFL, no folds are allowed to any Latin1 code point,
+                     * not just ASCII.  But there aren't any of these
+                     * currently, nor ever likely, so don't take the time to
+                     * test for them.  The code that generates the
+                     * is_MULTI_foo() macros croaks should one actually get put
+                     * into Unicode .) */
+                    if (OP(scan) != EXACTFL && OP(scan) != EXACTFA) {
+                        count = utf8_length(s, multi_end);
+                        s = multi_end;
+                    }
+                    else {
+                        while (s < multi_end) {
+                            if (isASCII(*s)) {
+                                s++;
+                                goto next_iteration;
+                            }
+                            else {
+                                s += UTF8SKIP(s);
+                            }
+                            count++;
+                        }
+                    }
+                }
+
+                /* The delta is how long the sequence is minus 1 (1 is how long
+                 * the character that folds to the sequence is) */
+                *min_subtract += count - 1;
+            next_iteration: ;
+           }
+       }
+       else if (OP(scan) == EXACTFA) {
+
+            /* Non-UTF-8 pattern, EXACTFA node.  There can't be a multi-char
+             * fold to the ASCII range (and there are no existing ones in the
+             * upper latin1 range).  But, as outlined in the comments preceding
+             * this function, we need to flag any occurrences of the sharp s */
+           while (s < s_end) {
+                if (*s == LATIN_SMALL_LETTER_SHARP_S) {
+                    *has_exactf_sharp_s = TRUE;
+                    break;
+                }
+                s++;
+                continue;
+            }
+        }
+       else if (OP(scan) != EXACTFL) {
+
+            /* Non-UTF-8 pattern, not EXACTFA nor EXACTFL node.  Look for the
+             * multi-char folds that are all Latin1.  (This code knows that
+             * there are no current multi-char folds possible with EXACTFL,
+             * relying on fold_grind.t to catch any errors if the very unlikely
+             * event happens that some get added in future Unicode versions.)
+             * As explained in the comments preceding this function, we look
+             * also for the sharp s in EXACTF nodes; it can be in the final
+             * position.  Otherwise we can stop looking 1 byte earlier because
+             * have to find at least two characters for a multi-fold */
+           const U8* upper = (OP(scan) == EXACTF) ? s_end : s_end -1;
+
+            /* The below is perhaps overboard, but this allows us to save a
+             * test each time through the loop at the expense of a mask.  This
+             * is because on both EBCDIC and ASCII machines, 'S' and 's' differ
+             * by a single bit.  On ASCII they are 32 apart; on EBCDIC, they
+             * are 64.  This uses an exclusive 'or' to find that bit and then
+             * inverts it to form a mask, with just a single 0, in the bit
+             * position where 'S' and 's' differ. */
+            const U8 S_or_s_mask = (U8) ~ ('S' ^ 's');
+            const U8 s_masked = 's' & S_or_s_mask;
+
+           while (s < upper) {
+                int len = is_MULTI_CHAR_FOLD_latin1_safe(s, s_end);
+                if (! len) {    /* Not a multi-char fold. */
+                    if (*s == LATIN_SMALL_LETTER_SHARP_S && OP(scan) == EXACTF)
+                    {
+                        *has_exactf_sharp_s = TRUE;
+                    }
+                    s++;
+                    continue;
+                }
+
+                if (len == 2
+                    && ((*s & S_or_s_mask) == s_masked)
+                    && ((*(s+1) & S_or_s_mask) == s_masked))
+                {
+
+                    /* EXACTF nodes need to know that the minimum length
+                     * changed so that a sharp s in the string can match this
+                     * ss in the pattern, but they remain EXACTF nodes, as they
+                     * won't match this unless the target string is is UTF-8,
+                     * which we don't know until runtime */
+                    if (OP(scan) != EXACTF) {
+                        OP(scan) = EXACTFU_SS;
+                    }
+               }
+
+                *min_subtract += len - 1;
+                s += len;
+           }
+       }
+    }
+
+#ifdef DEBUGGING
+    /* Allow dumping but overwriting the collection of skipped
+     * ops and/or strings with fake optimized ops */
+    n = scan + NODE_SZ_STR(scan);
+    while (n <= stop) {
+       OP(n) = OPTIMIZED;
+       FLAGS(n) = 0;
+       NEXT_OFF(n) = 0;
+        n++;
+    }
+#endif
+    DEBUG_OPTIMISE_r(if (merged){DEBUG_PEEP("finl",scan,depth)});
+    return stopnow;
+}
+
+/* REx optimizer.  Converts nodes into quicker variants "in place".
+   Finds fixed substrings.  */
+
+/* Stops at toplevel WHILEM as well as at "last". At end *scanp is set
+   to the position after last scanned or to NULL. */
+
+#define INIT_AND_WITHP \
+    assert(!and_withp); \
+    Newx(and_withp,1,struct regnode_charclass_class); \
+    SAVEFREEPV(and_withp)
+
+/* this is a chain of data about sub patterns we are processing that
+   need to be handled separately/specially in study_chunk. Its so
+   we can simulate recursion without losing state.  */
+struct scan_frame;
+typedef struct scan_frame {
+    regnode *last;  /* last node to process in this frame */
+    regnode *next;  /* next node to process when last is reached */
+    struct scan_frame *prev; /*previous frame*/
+    I32 stop; /* what stopparen do we use */
+} scan_frame;
+
+
+#define SCAN_COMMIT(s, data, m) scan_commit(s, data, m, is_inf)
+
+STATIC I32
+S_study_chunk(pTHX_ RExC_state_t *pRExC_state, regnode **scanp,
+                        I32 *minlenp, I32 *deltap,
+                       regnode *last,
+                       scan_data_t *data,
+                       I32 stopparen,
+                       U8* recursed,
+                       struct regnode_charclass_class *and_withp,
+                       U32 flags, U32 depth)
+                       /* scanp: Start here (read-write). */
+                       /* deltap: Write maxlen-minlen here. */
+                       /* last: Stop before this one. */
+                       /* data: string data about the pattern */
+                       /* stopparen: treat close N as END */
+                       /* recursed: which subroutines have we recursed into */
+                       /* and_withp: Valid if flags & SCF_DO_STCLASS_OR */
+{
+    dVAR;
+    I32 min = 0;    /* There must be at least this number of characters to match */
+    I32 pars = 0, code;
+    regnode *scan = *scanp, *next;
+    I32 delta = 0;
+    int is_inf = (flags & SCF_DO_SUBSTR) && (data->flags & SF_IS_INF);
+    int is_inf_internal = 0;           /* The studied chunk is infinite */
+    I32 is_par = OP(scan) == OPEN ? ARG(scan) : 0;
+    scan_data_t data_fake;
+    SV *re_trie_maxbuff = NULL;
+    regnode *first_non_open = scan;
+    I32 stopmin = I32_MAX;
+    scan_frame *frame = NULL;
+    GET_RE_DEBUG_FLAGS_DECL;
+
+    PERL_ARGS_ASSERT_STUDY_CHUNK;
+
+#ifdef DEBUGGING
+    StructCopy(&zero_scan_data, &data_fake, scan_data_t);
+#endif
+
+    if ( depth == 0 ) {
+        while (first_non_open && OP(first_non_open) == OPEN)
+            first_non_open=regnext(first_non_open);
+    }
+
+
+  fake_study_recurse:
+    while ( scan && OP(scan) != END && scan < last ){
+        UV min_subtract = 0;    /* How mmany chars to subtract from the minimum
+                                   node length to get a real minimum (because
+                                   the folded version may be shorter) */
+       bool has_exactf_sharp_s = FALSE;
+       /* Peephole optimizer: */
+       DEBUG_STUDYDATA("Peep:", data,depth);
+       DEBUG_PEEP("Peep",scan,depth);
+
+        /* Its not clear to khw or hv why this is done here, and not in the
+         * clauses that deal with EXACT nodes.  khw's guess is that it's
+         * because of a previous design */
+        JOIN_EXACT(scan,&min_subtract, &has_exactf_sharp_s, 0);
+
+       /* Follow the next-chain of the current node and optimize
+          away all the NOTHINGs from it.  */
+       if (OP(scan) != CURLYX) {
+           const int max = (reg_off_by_arg[OP(scan)]
+                      ? I32_MAX
+                      /* I32 may be smaller than U16 on CRAYs! */
+                      : (I32_MAX < U16_MAX ? I32_MAX : U16_MAX));
+           int off = (reg_off_by_arg[OP(scan)] ? ARG(scan) : NEXT_OFF(scan));
+           int noff;
+           regnode *n = scan;
+
+           /* Skip NOTHING and LONGJMP. */
+           while ((n = regnext(n))
+                  && ((PL_regkind[OP(n)] == NOTHING && (noff = NEXT_OFF(n)))
+                      || ((OP(n) == LONGJMP) && (noff = ARG(n))))
+                  && off + noff < max)
+               off += noff;
+           if (reg_off_by_arg[OP(scan)])
+               ARG(scan) = off;
+           else
+               NEXT_OFF(scan) = off;
+       }
+
+
+
+       /* The principal pseudo-switch.  Cannot be a switch, since we
+          look into several different things.  */
+       if (OP(scan) == BRANCH || OP(scan) == BRANCHJ
+                  || OP(scan) == IFTHEN) {
+           next = regnext(scan);
+           code = OP(scan);
+           /* demq: the op(next)==code check is to see if we have "branch-branch" AFAICT */
+
+           if (OP(next) == code || code == IFTHEN) {
+               /* NOTE - There is similar code to this block below for handling
+                  TRIE nodes on a re-study.  If you change stuff here check there
+                  too. */
+               I32 max1 = 0, min1 = I32_MAX, num = 0;
+               struct regnode_charclass_class accum;
+               regnode * const startbranch=scan;
+
+               if (flags & SCF_DO_SUBSTR)
+                   SCAN_COMMIT(pRExC_state, data, minlenp); /* Cannot merge strings after this. */
+               if (flags & SCF_DO_STCLASS)
+                   cl_init_zero(pRExC_state, &accum);
+
+               while (OP(scan) == code) {
+                   I32 deltanext, minnext, f = 0, fake;
+                   struct regnode_charclass_class this_class;
+
+                   num++;
+                   data_fake.flags = 0;
+                   if (data) {
+                       data_fake.whilem_c = data->whilem_c;
+                       data_fake.last_closep = data->last_closep;
+                   }
+                   else
+                       data_fake.last_closep = &fake;
+
+                   data_fake.pos_delta = delta;
+                   next = regnext(scan);
+                   scan = NEXTOPER(scan);
+                   if (code != BRANCH)
+                       scan = NEXTOPER(scan);
+                   if (flags & SCF_DO_STCLASS) {
+                       cl_init(pRExC_state, &this_class);
+                       data_fake.start_class = &this_class;
+                       f = SCF_DO_STCLASS_AND;
+                   }
+                   if (flags & SCF_WHILEM_VISITED_POS)
+                       f |= SCF_WHILEM_VISITED_POS;
+
+                   /* we suppose the run is continuous, last=next...*/
+                   minnext = study_chunk(pRExC_state, &scan, minlenp, &deltanext,
+                                         next, &data_fake,
+                                         stopparen, recursed, NULL, f,depth+1);
+                   if (min1 > minnext)
+                       min1 = minnext;
+                   if (deltanext == I32_MAX) {
+                       is_inf = is_inf_internal = 1;
+                       max1 = I32_MAX;
+                   } else if (max1 < minnext + deltanext)
+                       max1 = minnext + deltanext;
+                   scan = next;
+                   if (data_fake.flags & (SF_HAS_PAR|SF_IN_PAR))
+                       pars++;
+                   if (data_fake.flags & SCF_SEEN_ACCEPT) {
+                       if ( stopmin > minnext) 
+                           stopmin = min + min1;
+                       flags &= ~SCF_DO_SUBSTR;
+                       if (data)
+                           data->flags |= SCF_SEEN_ACCEPT;
+                   }
+                   if (data) {
+                       if (data_fake.flags & SF_HAS_EVAL)
+                           data->flags |= SF_HAS_EVAL;
+                       data->whilem_c = data_fake.whilem_c;
+                   }
+                   if (flags & SCF_DO_STCLASS)
+                       cl_or(pRExC_state, &accum, &this_class);
+               }
+               if (code == IFTHEN && num < 2) /* Empty ELSE branch */
+                   min1 = 0;
+               if (flags & SCF_DO_SUBSTR) {
+                   data->pos_min += min1;
+                   if (data->pos_delta >= I32_MAX - (max1 - min1))
+                       data->pos_delta = I32_MAX;
+                   else
+                       data->pos_delta += max1 - min1;
+                   if (max1 != min1 || is_inf)
+                       data->longest = &(data->longest_float);
+               }
+               min += min1;
+               if (delta == I32_MAX || I32_MAX - delta - (max1 - min1) < 0)
+                   delta = I32_MAX;
+               else
+                   delta += max1 - min1;
+               if (flags & SCF_DO_STCLASS_OR) {
+                   cl_or(pRExC_state, data->start_class, &accum);
+                   if (min1) {
+                       cl_and(data->start_class, and_withp);
+                       flags &= ~SCF_DO_STCLASS;
+                   }
+               }
+               else if (flags & SCF_DO_STCLASS_AND) {
+                   if (min1) {
+                       cl_and(data->start_class, &accum);
+                       flags &= ~SCF_DO_STCLASS;
+                   }
+                   else {
+                       /* Switch to OR mode: cache the old value of
+                        * data->start_class */
+                       INIT_AND_WITHP;
+                       StructCopy(data->start_class, and_withp,
+                                  struct regnode_charclass_class);
+                       flags &= ~SCF_DO_STCLASS_AND;
+                       StructCopy(&accum, data->start_class,
+                                  struct regnode_charclass_class);
+                       flags |= SCF_DO_STCLASS_OR;
+                        SET_SSC_EOS(data->start_class);
+                   }
+               }
+
+                if (PERL_ENABLE_TRIE_OPTIMISATION && OP( startbranch ) == BRANCH ) {
+               /* demq.
+
+                  Assuming this was/is a branch we are dealing with: 'scan' now
+                  points at the item that follows the branch sequence, whatever
+                  it is. We now start at the beginning of the sequence and look
+                  for subsequences of
+
+                  BRANCH->EXACT=>x1
+                  BRANCH->EXACT=>x2
+                  tail
+
+                  which would be constructed from a pattern like /A|LIST|OF|WORDS/
+
+                  If we can find such a subsequence we need to turn the first
+                  element into a trie and then add the subsequent branch exact
+                  strings to the trie.
+
+                  We have two cases
+
+                    1. patterns where the whole set of branches can be converted. 
+
+                    2. patterns where only a subset can be converted.
+
+                  In case 1 we can replace the whole set with a single regop
+                  for the trie. In case 2 we need to keep the start and end
+                  branches so
+
+                    'BRANCH EXACT; BRANCH EXACT; BRANCH X'
+                    becomes BRANCH TRIE; BRANCH X;
+
+                 There is an additional case, that being where there is a 
+                 common prefix, which gets split out into an EXACT like node
+                 preceding the TRIE node.
+
+                 If x(1..n)==tail then we can do a simple trie, if not we make
+                 a "jump" trie, such that when we match the appropriate word
+                 we "jump" to the appropriate tail node. Essentially we turn
+                 a nested if into a case structure of sorts.
+
+               */
+
+                   int made=0;
+                   if (!re_trie_maxbuff) {
+                       re_trie_maxbuff = get_sv(RE_TRIE_MAXBUF_NAME, 1);
+                       if (!SvIOK(re_trie_maxbuff))
+                           sv_setiv(re_trie_maxbuff, RE_TRIE_MAXBUF_INIT);
+                   }
+                    if ( SvIV(re_trie_maxbuff)>=0  ) {
+                        regnode *cur;
+                        regnode *first = (regnode *)NULL;
+                        regnode *last = (regnode *)NULL;
+                        regnode *tail = scan;
+                        U8 trietype = 0;
+                        U32 count=0;
+
+#ifdef DEBUGGING
+                        SV * const mysv = sv_newmortal();       /* for dumping */
+#endif
+                        /* var tail is used because there may be a TAIL
+                           regop in the way. Ie, the exacts will point to the
+                           thing following the TAIL, but the last branch will
+                           point at the TAIL. So we advance tail. If we
+                           have nested (?:) we may have to move through several
+                           tails.
+                         */
+
+                        while ( OP( tail ) == TAIL ) {
+                            /* this is the TAIL generated by (?:) */
+                            tail = regnext( tail );
+                        }
+
+                        
+                        DEBUG_TRIE_COMPILE_r({
+                            regprop(RExC_rx, mysv, tail );
+                            PerlIO_printf( Perl_debug_log, "%*s%s%s\n",
+                                (int)depth * 2 + 2, "", 
+                                "Looking for TRIE'able sequences. Tail node is: ", 
+                                SvPV_nolen_const( mysv )
+                            );
+                        });
+                        
+                        /*
+
+                            Step through the branches
+                                cur represents each branch,
+                                noper is the first thing to be matched as part of that branch
+                                noper_next is the regnext() of that node.
+
+                            We normally handle a case like this /FOO[xyz]|BAR[pqr]/
+                            via a "jump trie" but we also support building with NOJUMPTRIE,
+                            which restricts the trie logic to structures like /FOO|BAR/.
+
+                            If noper is a trieable nodetype then the branch is a possible optimization
+                            target. If we are building under NOJUMPTRIE then we require that noper_next
+                            is the same as scan (our current position in the regex program).
+
+                            Once we have two or more consecutive such branches we can create a
+                            trie of the EXACT's contents and stitch it in place into the program.
+
+                            If the sequence represents all of the branches in the alternation we
+                            replace the entire thing with a single TRIE node.
+
+                            Otherwise when it is a subsequence we need to stitch it in place and
+                            replace only the relevant branches. This means the first branch has
+                            to remain as it is used by the alternation logic, and its next pointer,
+                            and needs to be repointed at the item on the branch chain following
+                            the last branch we have optimized away.
+
+                            This could be either a BRANCH, in which case the subsequence is internal,
+                            or it could be the item following the branch sequence in which case the
+                            subsequence is at the end (which does not necessarily mean the first node
+                            is the start of the alternation).
+
+                            TRIE_TYPE(X) is a define which maps the optype to a trietype.
+
+                                optype          |  trietype
+                                ----------------+-----------
+                                NOTHING         | NOTHING
+                                EXACT           | EXACT
+                                EXACTFU         | EXACTFU
+                                EXACTFU_SS      | EXACTFU
+                                EXACTFU_TRICKYFOLD | EXACTFU
+                                EXACTFA         | 0
+
+
+                        */
+#define TRIE_TYPE(X) ( ( NOTHING == (X) ) ? NOTHING :   \
+                       ( EXACT == (X) )   ? EXACT :        \
+                       ( EXACTFU == (X) || EXACTFU_SS == (X) || EXACTFU_TRICKYFOLD == (X) ) ? EXACTFU :        \
+                       0 )
+
+                        /* dont use tail as the end marker for this traverse */
+                        for ( cur = startbranch ; cur != scan ; cur = regnext( cur ) ) {
+                            regnode * const noper = NEXTOPER( cur );
+                            U8 noper_type = OP( noper );
+                            U8 noper_trietype = TRIE_TYPE( noper_type );
+#if defined(DEBUGGING) || defined(NOJUMPTRIE)
+                            regnode * const noper_next = regnext( noper );
+                           U8 noper_next_type = (noper_next && noper_next != tail) ? OP(noper_next) : 0;
+                           U8 noper_next_trietype = (noper_next && noper_next != tail) ? TRIE_TYPE( noper_next_type ) :0;
+#endif
+
+                            DEBUG_TRIE_COMPILE_r({
+                                regprop(RExC_rx, mysv, cur);
+                                PerlIO_printf( Perl_debug_log, "%*s- %s (%d)",
+                                   (int)depth * 2 + 2,"", SvPV_nolen_const( mysv ), REG_NODE_NUM(cur) );
+
+                                regprop(RExC_rx, mysv, noper);
+                                PerlIO_printf( Perl_debug_log, " -> %s",
+                                    SvPV_nolen_const(mysv));
+
+                                if ( noper_next ) {
+                                  regprop(RExC_rx, mysv, noper_next );
+                                  PerlIO_printf( Perl_debug_log,"\t=> %s\t",
+                                    SvPV_nolen_const(mysv));
+                                }
+                                PerlIO_printf( Perl_debug_log, "(First==%d,Last==%d,Cur==%d,tt==%s,nt==%s,nnt==%s)\n",
+                                   REG_NODE_NUM(first), REG_NODE_NUM(last), REG_NODE_NUM(cur),
+                                  PL_reg_name[trietype], PL_reg_name[noper_trietype], PL_reg_name[noper_next_trietype] 
+                               );
+                            });
+
+                            /* Is noper a trieable nodetype that can be merged with the
+                             * current trie (if there is one)? */
+                            if ( noper_trietype
+                                  &&
+                                  (
+                                        ( noper_trietype == NOTHING)
+                                        || ( trietype == NOTHING )
+                                        || ( trietype == noper_trietype )
+                                  )
+#ifdef NOJUMPTRIE
+                                  && noper_next == tail
+#endif
+                                  && count < U16_MAX)
+                            {
+                                /* Handle mergable triable node
+                                 * Either we are the first node in a new trieable sequence,
+                                 * in which case we do some bookkeeping, otherwise we update
+                                 * the end pointer. */
+                                if ( !first ) {
+                                    first = cur;
+                                   if ( noper_trietype == NOTHING ) {
+#if !defined(DEBUGGING) && !defined(NOJUMPTRIE)
+                                       regnode * const noper_next = regnext( noper );
+                                        U8 noper_next_type = (noper_next && noper_next!=tail) ? OP(noper_next) : 0;
+                                       U8 noper_next_trietype = noper_next_type ? TRIE_TYPE( noper_next_type ) :0;
+#endif
+
+                                        if ( noper_next_trietype ) {
+                                           trietype = noper_next_trietype;
+                                        } else if (noper_next_type)  {
+                                            /* a NOTHING regop is 1 regop wide. We need at least two
+                                             * for a trie so we can't merge this in */
+                                            first = NULL;
+                                        }
+                                    } else {
+                                        trietype = noper_trietype;
+                                    }
+                                } else {
+                                    if ( trietype == NOTHING )
+                                        trietype = noper_trietype;
+                                    last = cur;
+                                }
+                               if (first)
+                                   count++;
+                            } /* end handle mergable triable node */
+                            else {
+                                /* handle unmergable node -
+                                 * noper may either be a triable node which can not be tried
+                                 * together with the current trie, or a non triable node */
+                                if ( last ) {
+                                    /* If last is set and trietype is not NOTHING then we have found
+                                     * at least two triable branch sequences in a row of a similar
+                                     * trietype so we can turn them into a trie. If/when we
+                                     * allow NOTHING to start a trie sequence this condition will be
+                                     * required, and it isn't expensive so we leave it in for now. */
+                                    if ( trietype && trietype != NOTHING )
+                                        make_trie( pRExC_state,
+                                                startbranch, first, cur, tail, count,
+                                                trietype, depth+1 );
+                                    last = NULL; /* note: we clear/update first, trietype etc below, so we dont do it here */
+                                }
+                                if ( noper_trietype
+#ifdef NOJUMPTRIE
+                                     && noper_next == tail
+#endif
+                                ){
+                                    /* noper is triable, so we can start a new trie sequence */
+                                    count = 1;
+                                    first = cur;
+                                    trietype = noper_trietype;
+                                } else if (first) {
+                                    /* if we already saw a first but the current node is not triable then we have
+                                     * to reset the first information. */
+                                    count = 0;
+                                    first = NULL;
+                                    trietype = 0;
+                                }
+                            } /* end handle unmergable node */
+                        } /* loop over branches */
+                        DEBUG_TRIE_COMPILE_r({
+                            regprop(RExC_rx, mysv, cur);
+                            PerlIO_printf( Perl_debug_log,
+                              "%*s- %s (%d) <SCAN FINISHED>\n", (int)depth * 2 + 2,
+                              "", SvPV_nolen_const( mysv ),REG_NODE_NUM(cur));
+
+                        });
+                        if ( last && trietype ) {
+                            if ( trietype != NOTHING ) {
+                                /* the last branch of the sequence was part of a trie,
+                                 * so we have to construct it here outside of the loop
+                                 */
+                                made= make_trie( pRExC_state, startbranch, first, scan, tail, count, trietype, depth+1 );
+#ifdef TRIE_STUDY_OPT
+                                if ( ((made == MADE_EXACT_TRIE &&
+                                     startbranch == first)
+                                     || ( first_non_open == first )) &&
+                                     depth==0 ) {
+                                    flags |= SCF_TRIE_RESTUDY;
+                                    if ( startbranch == first
+                                         && scan == tail )
+                                    {
+                                        RExC_seen &=~REG_TOP_LEVEL_BRANCHES;
+                                    }
+                                }
+#endif
+                            } else {
+                                /* at this point we know whatever we have is a NOTHING sequence/branch
+                                 * AND if 'startbranch' is 'first' then we can turn the whole thing into a NOTHING
+                                 */
+                                if ( startbranch == first ) {
+                                    regnode *opt;
+                                    /* the entire thing is a NOTHING sequence, something like this:
+                                     * (?:|) So we can turn it into a plain NOTHING op. */
+                                    DEBUG_TRIE_COMPILE_r({
+                                        regprop(RExC_rx, mysv, cur);
+                                        PerlIO_printf( Perl_debug_log,
+                                          "%*s- %s (%d) <NOTHING BRANCH SEQUENCE>\n", (int)depth * 2 + 2,
+                                          "", SvPV_nolen_const( mysv ),REG_NODE_NUM(cur));
+
+                                    });
+                                    OP(startbranch)= NOTHING;
+                                    NEXT_OFF(startbranch)= tail - startbranch;
+                                    for ( opt= startbranch + 1; opt < tail ; opt++ )
+                                        OP(opt)= OPTIMIZED;
+                                }
+                            }
+                        } /* end if ( last) */
+                    } /* TRIE_MAXBUF is non zero */
+                    
+                } /* do trie */
+                
+           }
+           else if ( code == BRANCHJ ) {  /* single branch is optimized. */
+               scan = NEXTOPER(NEXTOPER(scan));
+           } else                      /* single branch is optimized. */
+               scan = NEXTOPER(scan);
+           continue;
+       } else if (OP(scan) == SUSPEND || OP(scan) == GOSUB || OP(scan) == GOSTART) {
+           scan_frame *newframe = NULL;
+           I32 paren;
+           regnode *start;
+           regnode *end;
+
+           if (OP(scan) != SUSPEND) {
+           /* set the pointer */
+               if (OP(scan) == GOSUB) {
+                   paren = ARG(scan);
+                   RExC_recurse[ARG2L(scan)] = scan;
+                    start = RExC_open_parens[paren-1];
+                    end   = RExC_close_parens[paren-1];
+                } else {
+                    paren = 0;
+                    start = RExC_rxi->program + 1;
+                    end   = RExC_opend;
+                }
+                if (!recursed) {
+                    Newxz(recursed, (((RExC_npar)>>3) +1), U8);
+                    SAVEFREEPV(recursed);
+                }
+                if (!PAREN_TEST(recursed,paren+1)) {
+                   PAREN_SET(recursed,paren+1);
+                    Newx(newframe,1,scan_frame);
+                } else {
+                    if (flags & SCF_DO_SUBSTR) {
+                        SCAN_COMMIT(pRExC_state,data,minlenp);
+                        data->longest = &(data->longest_float);
+                    }
+                    is_inf = is_inf_internal = 1;
+                    if (flags & SCF_DO_STCLASS_OR) /* Allow everything */
+                        cl_anything(pRExC_state, data->start_class);
+                    flags &= ~SCF_DO_STCLASS;
+               }
+            } else {
+               Newx(newframe,1,scan_frame);
+               paren = stopparen;
+               start = scan+2;
+               end = regnext(scan);
+           }
+           if (newframe) {
+                assert(start);
+                assert(end);
+               SAVEFREEPV(newframe);
+               newframe->next = regnext(scan);
+               newframe->last = last;
+               newframe->stop = stopparen;
+               newframe->prev = frame;
+
+               frame = newframe;
+               scan =  start;
+               stopparen = paren;
+               last = end;
+
+               continue;
+           }
+       }
+       else if (OP(scan) == EXACT) {
+           I32 l = STR_LEN(scan);
+           UV uc;
+           if (UTF) {
+               const U8 * const s = (U8*)STRING(scan);
+               uc = utf8_to_uvchr_buf(s, s + l, NULL);
+               l = utf8_length(s, s + l);
+           } else {
+               uc = *((U8*)STRING(scan));
+           }
+           min += l;
+           if (flags & SCF_DO_SUBSTR) { /* Update longest substr. */
+               /* The code below prefers earlier match for fixed
+                  offset, later match for variable offset.  */
+               if (data->last_end == -1) { /* Update the start info. */
+                   data->last_start_min = data->pos_min;
+                   data->last_start_max = is_inf
+                       ? I32_MAX : data->pos_min + data->pos_delta;
+               }
+               sv_catpvn(data->last_found, STRING(scan), STR_LEN(scan));
+               if (UTF)
+                   SvUTF8_on(data->last_found);
+               {
+                   SV * const sv = data->last_found;
+                   MAGIC * const mg = SvUTF8(sv) && SvMAGICAL(sv) ?
+                       mg_find(sv, PERL_MAGIC_utf8) : NULL;
+                   if (mg && mg->mg_len >= 0)
+                       mg->mg_len += utf8_length((U8*)STRING(scan),
+                                                 (U8*)STRING(scan)+STR_LEN(scan));
+               }
+               data->last_end = data->pos_min + l;
+               data->pos_min += l; /* As in the first entry. */
+               data->flags &= ~SF_BEFORE_EOL;
+           }
+           if (flags & SCF_DO_STCLASS_AND) {
+               /* Check whether it is compatible with what we know already! */
+               int compat = 1;
+
+
+               /* If compatible, we or it in below.  It is compatible if is
+                * in the bitmp and either 1) its bit or its fold is set, or 2)
+                * it's for a locale.  Even if there isn't unicode semantics
+                * here, at runtime there may be because of matching against a
+                * utf8 string, so accept a possible false positive for
+                * latin1-range folds */
+               if (uc >= 0x100 ||
+                   (!(data->start_class->flags & ANYOF_LOCALE)
+                   && !ANYOF_BITMAP_TEST(data->start_class, uc)
+                   && (!(data->start_class->flags & ANYOF_LOC_FOLD)
+                       || !ANYOF_BITMAP_TEST(data->start_class, PL_fold_latin1[uc])))
+                    )
+               {
+                   compat = 0;
+               }
+               ANYOF_CLASS_ZERO(data->start_class);
+               ANYOF_BITMAP_ZERO(data->start_class);
+               if (compat)
+                   ANYOF_BITMAP_SET(data->start_class, uc);
+               else if (uc >= 0x100) {
+                   int i;
+
+                   /* Some Unicode code points fold to the Latin1 range; as
+                    * XXX temporary code, instead of figuring out if this is
+                    * one, just assume it is and set all the start class bits
+                    * that could be some such above 255 code point's fold
+                    * which will generate fals positives.  As the code
+                    * elsewhere that does compute the fold settles down, it
+                    * can be extracted out and re-used here */
+                   for (i = 0; i < 256; i++){
+                       if (HAS_NONLATIN1_FOLD_CLOSURE(i)) {
+                           ANYOF_BITMAP_SET(data->start_class, i);
+                       }
+                   }
+               }
+                CLEAR_SSC_EOS(data->start_class);
+               if (uc < 0x100)
+                 data->start_class->flags &= ~ANYOF_UNICODE_ALL;
+           }
+           else if (flags & SCF_DO_STCLASS_OR) {
+               /* false positive possible if the class is case-folded */
+               if (uc < 0x100)
+                   ANYOF_BITMAP_SET(data->start_class, uc);
+               else
+                   data->start_class->flags |= ANYOF_UNICODE_ALL;
+                CLEAR_SSC_EOS(data->start_class);
+               cl_and(data->start_class, and_withp);
+           }
+           flags &= ~SCF_DO_STCLASS;
+       }
+       else if (PL_regkind[OP(scan)] == EXACT) { /* But OP != EXACT! */
+           I32 l = STR_LEN(scan);
+           UV uc = *((U8*)STRING(scan));
+
+           /* Search for fixed substrings supports EXACT only. */
+           if (flags & SCF_DO_SUBSTR) {
+               assert(data);
+               SCAN_COMMIT(pRExC_state, data, minlenp);
+           }
+           if (UTF) {
+               const U8 * const s = (U8 *)STRING(scan);
+               uc = utf8_to_uvchr_buf(s, s + l, NULL);
+               l = utf8_length(s, s + l);
+           }
+           if (has_exactf_sharp_s) {
+               RExC_seen |= REG_SEEN_EXACTF_SHARP_S;
+           }
+           min += l - min_subtract;
+            assert (min >= 0);
+            delta += min_subtract;
+           if (flags & SCF_DO_SUBSTR) {
+               data->pos_min += l - min_subtract;
+               if (data->pos_min < 0) {
+                    data->pos_min = 0;
+                }
+                data->pos_delta += min_subtract;
+               if (min_subtract) {
+                   data->longest = &(data->longest_float);
+               }
+           }
+           if (flags & SCF_DO_STCLASS_AND) {
+               /* Check whether it is compatible with what we know already! */
+               int compat = 1;
+               if (uc >= 0x100 ||
+                (!(data->start_class->flags & ANYOF_LOCALE)
+                 && !ANYOF_BITMAP_TEST(data->start_class, uc)
+                 && !ANYOF_BITMAP_TEST(data->start_class, PL_fold_latin1[uc])))
+               {
+                   compat = 0;
+               }
+               ANYOF_CLASS_ZERO(data->start_class);
+               ANYOF_BITMAP_ZERO(data->start_class);
+               if (compat) {
+                   ANYOF_BITMAP_SET(data->start_class, uc);
+                    CLEAR_SSC_EOS(data->start_class);
+                   if (OP(scan) == EXACTFL) {
+                       /* XXX This set is probably no longer necessary, and
+                        * probably wrong as LOCALE now is on in the initial
+                        * state */
+                       data->start_class->flags |= ANYOF_LOCALE|ANYOF_LOC_FOLD;
+                   }
+                   else {
+
+                       /* Also set the other member of the fold pair.  In case
+                        * that unicode semantics is called for at runtime, use
+                        * the full latin1 fold.  (Can't do this for locale,
+                        * because not known until runtime) */
+                       ANYOF_BITMAP_SET(data->start_class, PL_fold_latin1[uc]);
+
+                        /* All other (EXACTFL handled above) folds except under
+                         * /iaa that include s, S, and sharp_s also may include
+                         * the others */
+                       if (OP(scan) != EXACTFA) {
+                           if (uc == 's' || uc == 'S') {
+                               ANYOF_BITMAP_SET(data->start_class,
+                                                LATIN_SMALL_LETTER_SHARP_S);
+                           }
+                           else if (uc == LATIN_SMALL_LETTER_SHARP_S) {
+                               ANYOF_BITMAP_SET(data->start_class, 's');
+                               ANYOF_BITMAP_SET(data->start_class, 'S');
+                           }
+                       }
+                   }
+               }
+               else if (uc >= 0x100) {
+                   int i;
+                   for (i = 0; i < 256; i++){
+                       if (_HAS_NONLATIN1_FOLD_CLOSURE_ONLY_FOR_USE_BY_REGCOMP_DOT_C_AND_REGEXEC_DOT_C(i)) {
+                           ANYOF_BITMAP_SET(data->start_class, i);
+                       }
+                   }
+               }
+           }
+           else if (flags & SCF_DO_STCLASS_OR) {
+               if (data->start_class->flags & ANYOF_LOC_FOLD) {
+                   /* false positive possible if the class is case-folded.
+                      Assume that the locale settings are the same... */
+                   if (uc < 0x100) {
+                       ANYOF_BITMAP_SET(data->start_class, uc);
+                        if (OP(scan) != EXACTFL) {
+
+                            /* And set the other member of the fold pair, but
+                             * can't do that in locale because not known until
+                             * run-time */
+                            ANYOF_BITMAP_SET(data->start_class,
+                                            PL_fold_latin1[uc]);
+
+                           /* All folds except under /iaa that include s, S,
+                            * and sharp_s also may include the others */
+                           if (OP(scan) != EXACTFA) {
+                               if (uc == 's' || uc == 'S') {
+                                   ANYOF_BITMAP_SET(data->start_class,
+                                                  LATIN_SMALL_LETTER_SHARP_S);
+                               }
+                               else if (uc == LATIN_SMALL_LETTER_SHARP_S) {
+                                   ANYOF_BITMAP_SET(data->start_class, 's');
+                                   ANYOF_BITMAP_SET(data->start_class, 'S');
+                               }
+                           }
+                        }
+                   }
+                    CLEAR_SSC_EOS(data->start_class);
+               }
+               cl_and(data->start_class, and_withp);
+           }
+           flags &= ~SCF_DO_STCLASS;
+       }
+       else if (REGNODE_VARIES(OP(scan))) {
+           I32 mincount, maxcount, minnext, deltanext, fl = 0;
+           I32 f = flags, pos_before = 0;
+           regnode * const oscan = scan;
+           struct regnode_charclass_class this_class;
+           struct regnode_charclass_class *oclass = NULL;
+           I32 next_is_eval = 0;
+
+           switch (PL_regkind[OP(scan)]) {
+           case WHILEM:                /* End of (?:...)* . */
+               scan = NEXTOPER(scan);
+               goto finish;
+           case PLUS:
+               if (flags & (SCF_DO_SUBSTR | SCF_DO_STCLASS)) {
+                   next = NEXTOPER(scan);
+                   if (OP(next) == EXACT || (flags & SCF_DO_STCLASS)) {
+                       mincount = 1;
+                       maxcount = REG_INFTY;
+                       next = regnext(scan);
+                       scan = NEXTOPER(scan);
+                       goto do_curly;
+                   }
+               }
+               if (flags & SCF_DO_SUBSTR)
+                   data->pos_min++;
+               min++;
+               /* Fall through. */
+           case STAR:
+               if (flags & SCF_DO_STCLASS) {
+                   mincount = 0;
+                   maxcount = REG_INFTY;
+                   next = regnext(scan);
+                   scan = NEXTOPER(scan);
+                   goto do_curly;
+               }
+               is_inf = is_inf_internal = 1;
+               scan = regnext(scan);
+               if (flags & SCF_DO_SUBSTR) {
+                   SCAN_COMMIT(pRExC_state, data, minlenp); /* Cannot extend fixed substrings */
+                   data->longest = &(data->longest_float);
+               }
+               goto optimize_curly_tail;
+           case CURLY:
+               if (stopparen>0 && (OP(scan)==CURLYN || OP(scan)==CURLYM)
+                   && (scan->flags == stopparen))
+               {
+                   mincount = 1;
+                   maxcount = 1;
+               } else {
+                   mincount = ARG1(scan);
+                   maxcount = ARG2(scan);
+               }
+               next = regnext(scan);
+               if (OP(scan) == CURLYX) {
+                   I32 lp = (data ? *(data->last_closep) : 0);
+                   scan->flags = ((lp <= (I32)U8_MAX) ? (U8)lp : U8_MAX);
+               }
+               scan = NEXTOPER(scan) + EXTRA_STEP_2ARGS;
+               next_is_eval = (OP(scan) == EVAL);
+             do_curly:
+               if (flags & SCF_DO_SUBSTR) {
+                   if (mincount == 0) SCAN_COMMIT(pRExC_state,data,minlenp); /* Cannot extend fixed substrings */
+                   pos_before = data->pos_min;
+               }
+               if (data) {
+                   fl = data->flags;
+                   data->flags &= ~(SF_HAS_PAR|SF_IN_PAR|SF_HAS_EVAL);
+                   if (is_inf)
+                       data->flags |= SF_IS_INF;
+               }
+               if (flags & SCF_DO_STCLASS) {
+                   cl_init(pRExC_state, &this_class);
+                   oclass = data->start_class;
+                   data->start_class = &this_class;
+                   f |= SCF_DO_STCLASS_AND;
+                   f &= ~SCF_DO_STCLASS_OR;
+               }
+               /* Exclude from super-linear cache processing any {n,m}
+                  regops for which the combination of input pos and regex
+                  pos is not enough information to determine if a match
+                  will be possible.
+
+                  For example, in the regex /foo(bar\s*){4,8}baz/ with the
+                  regex pos at the \s*, the prospects for a match depend not
+                  only on the input position but also on how many (bar\s*)
+                  repeats into the {4,8} we are. */
+               if ((mincount > 1) || (maxcount > 1 && maxcount != REG_INFTY))
+                   f &= ~SCF_WHILEM_VISITED_POS;
+
+               /* This will finish on WHILEM, setting scan, or on NULL: */
+               minnext = study_chunk(pRExC_state, &scan, minlenp, &deltanext, 
+                                     last, data, stopparen, recursed, NULL,
+                                     (mincount == 0
+                                       ? (f & ~SCF_DO_SUBSTR) : f),depth+1);
+
+               if (flags & SCF_DO_STCLASS)
+                   data->start_class = oclass;
+               if (mincount == 0 || minnext == 0) {
+                   if (flags & SCF_DO_STCLASS_OR) {
+                       cl_or(pRExC_state, data->start_class, &this_class);
+                   }
+                   else if (flags & SCF_DO_STCLASS_AND) {
+                       /* Switch to OR mode: cache the old value of
+                        * data->start_class */
+                       INIT_AND_WITHP;
+                       StructCopy(data->start_class, and_withp,
+                                  struct regnode_charclass_class);
+                       flags &= ~SCF_DO_STCLASS_AND;
+                       StructCopy(&this_class, data->start_class,
+                                  struct regnode_charclass_class);
+                       flags |= SCF_DO_STCLASS_OR;
+                        SET_SSC_EOS(data->start_class);
+                   }
+               } else {                /* Non-zero len */
+                   if (flags & SCF_DO_STCLASS_OR) {
+                       cl_or(pRExC_state, data->start_class, &this_class);
+                       cl_and(data->start_class, and_withp);
+                   }
+                   else if (flags & SCF_DO_STCLASS_AND)
+                       cl_and(data->start_class, &this_class);
+                   flags &= ~SCF_DO_STCLASS;
+               }
+               if (!scan)              /* It was not CURLYX, but CURLY. */
+                   scan = next;
+               if (!(flags & SCF_TRIE_DOING_RESTUDY)
+                   /* ? quantifier ok, except for (?{ ... }) */
+                   && (next_is_eval || !(mincount == 0 && maxcount == 1))
+                   && (minnext == 0) && (deltanext == 0)
+                   && data && !(data->flags & (SF_HAS_PAR|SF_IN_PAR))
+                   && maxcount <= REG_INFTY/3) /* Complement check for big count */
+               {
+                   /* Fatal warnings may leak the regexp without this: */
+                   SAVEFREESV(RExC_rx_sv);
+                   ckWARNreg(RExC_parse,
+                             "Quantifier unexpected on zero-length expression");
+                   (void)ReREFCNT_inc(RExC_rx_sv);
+               }
+
+               min += minnext * mincount;
+               is_inf_internal |= deltanext == I32_MAX
+                                    || (maxcount == REG_INFTY && minnext + deltanext > 0);
+               is_inf |= is_inf_internal;
+               if (is_inf)
+                   delta = I32_MAX;
+               else
+                   delta += (minnext + deltanext) * maxcount - minnext * mincount;
+
+               /* Try powerful optimization CURLYX => CURLYN. */
+               if (  OP(oscan) == CURLYX && data
+                     && data->flags & SF_IN_PAR
+                     && !(data->flags & SF_HAS_EVAL)
+                     && !deltanext && minnext == 1 ) {
+                   /* Try to optimize to CURLYN.  */
+                   regnode *nxt = NEXTOPER(oscan) + EXTRA_STEP_2ARGS;
+                   regnode * const nxt1 = nxt;
+#ifdef DEBUGGING
+                   regnode *nxt2;
+#endif
+
+                   /* Skip open. */
+                   nxt = regnext(nxt);
+                   if (!REGNODE_SIMPLE(OP(nxt))
+                       && !(PL_regkind[OP(nxt)] == EXACT
+                            && STR_LEN(nxt) == 1))
+                       goto nogo;
+#ifdef DEBUGGING
+                   nxt2 = nxt;
+#endif
+                   nxt = regnext(nxt);
+                   if (OP(nxt) != CLOSE)
+                       goto nogo;
+                   if (RExC_open_parens) {
+                       RExC_open_parens[ARG(nxt1)-1]=oscan; /*open->CURLYM*/
+                       RExC_close_parens[ARG(nxt1)-1]=nxt+2; /*close->while*/
+                   }
+                   /* Now we know that nxt2 is the only contents: */
+                   oscan->flags = (U8)ARG(nxt);
+                   OP(oscan) = CURLYN;
+                   OP(nxt1) = NOTHING; /* was OPEN. */
+
+#ifdef DEBUGGING
+                   OP(nxt1 + 1) = OPTIMIZED; /* was count. */
+                   NEXT_OFF(nxt1+ 1) = 0; /* just for consistency. */
+                   NEXT_OFF(nxt2) = 0; /* just for consistency with CURLY. */
+                   OP(nxt) = OPTIMIZED;        /* was CLOSE. */
+                   OP(nxt + 1) = OPTIMIZED; /* was count. */
+                   NEXT_OFF(nxt+ 1) = 0; /* just for consistency. */
+#endif
+               }
+             nogo:
+
+               /* Try optimization CURLYX => CURLYM. */
+               if (  OP(oscan) == CURLYX && data
+                     && !(data->flags & SF_HAS_PAR)
+                     && !(data->flags & SF_HAS_EVAL)
+                     && !deltanext     /* atom is fixed width */
+                     && minnext != 0   /* CURLYM can't handle zero width */
+                      && ! (RExC_seen & REG_SEEN_EXACTF_SHARP_S) /* Nor \xDF */
+               ) {
+                   /* XXXX How to optimize if data == 0? */
+                   /* Optimize to a simpler form.  */
+                   regnode *nxt = NEXTOPER(oscan) + EXTRA_STEP_2ARGS; /* OPEN */
+                   regnode *nxt2;
+
+                   OP(oscan) = CURLYM;
+                   while ( (nxt2 = regnext(nxt)) /* skip over embedded stuff*/
+                           && (OP(nxt2) != WHILEM))
+                       nxt = nxt2;
+                   OP(nxt2)  = SUCCEED; /* Whas WHILEM */
+                   /* Need to optimize away parenths. */
+                   if ((data->flags & SF_IN_PAR) && OP(nxt) == CLOSE) {
+                       /* Set the parenth number.  */
+                       regnode *nxt1 = NEXTOPER(oscan) + EXTRA_STEP_2ARGS; /* OPEN*/
+
+                       oscan->flags = (U8)ARG(nxt);
+                       if (RExC_open_parens) {
+                           RExC_open_parens[ARG(nxt1)-1]=oscan; /*open->CURLYM*/
+                           RExC_close_parens[ARG(nxt1)-1]=nxt2+1; /*close->NOTHING*/
+                       }
+                       OP(nxt1) = OPTIMIZED;   /* was OPEN. */
+                       OP(nxt) = OPTIMIZED;    /* was CLOSE. */
+
+#ifdef DEBUGGING
+                       OP(nxt1 + 1) = OPTIMIZED; /* was count. */
+                       OP(nxt + 1) = OPTIMIZED; /* was count. */
+                       NEXT_OFF(nxt1 + 1) = 0; /* just for consistency. */
+                       NEXT_OFF(nxt + 1) = 0; /* just for consistency. */
+#endif
+#if 0
+                       while ( nxt1 && (OP(nxt1) != WHILEM)) {
+                           regnode *nnxt = regnext(nxt1);
+                           if (nnxt == nxt) {
+                               if (reg_off_by_arg[OP(nxt1)])
+                                   ARG_SET(nxt1, nxt2 - nxt1);
+                               else if (nxt2 - nxt1 < U16_MAX)
+                                   NEXT_OFF(nxt1) = nxt2 - nxt1;
+                               else
+                                   OP(nxt) = NOTHING;  /* Cannot beautify */
+                           }
+                           nxt1 = nnxt;
+                       }
+#endif
+                       /* Optimize again: */
+                       study_chunk(pRExC_state, &nxt1, minlenp, &deltanext, nxt,
+                                   NULL, stopparen, recursed, NULL, 0,depth+1);
+                   }
+                   else
+                       oscan->flags = 0;
+               }
+               else if ((OP(oscan) == CURLYX)
+                        && (flags & SCF_WHILEM_VISITED_POS)
+                        /* See the comment on a similar expression above.
+                           However, this time it's not a subexpression
+                           we care about, but the expression itself. */
+                        && (maxcount == REG_INFTY)
+                        && data && ++data->whilem_c < 16) {
+                   /* This stays as CURLYX, we can put the count/of pair. */
+                   /* Find WHILEM (as in regexec.c) */
+                   regnode *nxt = oscan + NEXT_OFF(oscan);
+
+                   if (OP(PREVOPER(nxt)) == NOTHING) /* LONGJMP */
+                       nxt += ARG(nxt);
+                   PREVOPER(nxt)->flags = (U8)(data->whilem_c
+                       | (RExC_whilem_seen << 4)); /* On WHILEM */
+               }
+               if (data && fl & (SF_HAS_PAR|SF_IN_PAR))
+                   pars++;
+               if (flags & SCF_DO_SUBSTR) {
+                   SV *last_str = NULL;
+                   int counted = mincount != 0;
+
+                   if (data->last_end > 0 && mincount != 0) { /* Ends with a string. */
+#if defined(SPARC64_GCC_WORKAROUND)
+                       I32 b = 0;
+                       STRLEN l = 0;
+                       const char *s = NULL;
+                       I32 old = 0;
+
+                       if (pos_before >= data->last_start_min)
+                           b = pos_before;
+                       else
+                           b = data->last_start_min;
+
+                       l = 0;
+                       s = SvPV_const(data->last_found, l);
+                       old = b - data->last_start_min;
+
+#else
+                       I32 b = pos_before >= data->last_start_min
+                           ? pos_before : data->last_start_min;
+                       STRLEN l;
+                       const char * const s = SvPV_const(data->last_found, l);
+                       I32 old = b - data->last_start_min;
+#endif
+
+                       if (UTF)
+                           old = utf8_hop((U8*)s, old) - (U8*)s;
+                       l -= old;
+                       /* Get the added string: */
+                       last_str = newSVpvn_utf8(s  + old, l, UTF);
+                       if (deltanext == 0 && pos_before == b) {
+                           /* What was added is a constant string */
+                           if (mincount > 1) {
+                               SvGROW(last_str, (mincount * l) + 1);
+                               repeatcpy(SvPVX(last_str) + l,
+                                         SvPVX_const(last_str), l, mincount - 1);
+                               SvCUR_set(last_str, SvCUR(last_str) * mincount);
+                               /* Add additional parts. */
+                               SvCUR_set(data->last_found,
+                                         SvCUR(data->last_found) - l);
+                               sv_catsv(data->last_found, last_str);
+                               {
+                                   SV * sv = data->last_found;
+                                   MAGIC *mg =
+                                       SvUTF8(sv) && SvMAGICAL(sv) ?
+                                       mg_find(sv, PERL_MAGIC_utf8) : NULL;
+                                   if (mg && mg->mg_len >= 0)
+                                       mg->mg_len += CHR_SVLEN(last_str) - l;
+                               }
+                               data->last_end += l * (mincount - 1);
+                           }
+                       } else {
+                           /* start offset must point into the last copy */
+                           data->last_start_min += minnext * (mincount - 1);
+                           data->last_start_max += is_inf ? I32_MAX
+                               : (maxcount - 1) * (minnext + data->pos_delta);
+                       }
+                   }
+                   /* It is counted once already... */
+                   data->pos_min += minnext * (mincount - counted);
+#if 0
+PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log, "counted=%d deltanext=%d I32_MAX=%d minnext=%d maxcount=%d mincount=%d\n",
+    counted, deltanext, I32_MAX, minnext, maxcount, mincount);
+if (deltanext != I32_MAX)
+PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log, "LHS=%d RHS=%d\n", -counted * deltanext + (minnext + deltanext) * maxcount - minnext * mincount, I32_MAX - data->pos_delta);
+#endif
+                   if (deltanext == I32_MAX || -counted * deltanext + (minnext + deltanext) * maxcount - minnext * mincount >= I32_MAX - data->pos_delta)
+                       data->pos_delta = I32_MAX;
+                   else
+                       data->pos_delta += - counted * deltanext +
+                       (minnext + deltanext) * maxcount - minnext * mincount;
+                   if (mincount != maxcount) {
+                        /* Cannot extend fixed substrings found inside
+                           the group.  */
+                       SCAN_COMMIT(pRExC_state,data,minlenp);
+                       if (mincount && last_str) {
+                           SV * const sv = data->last_found;
+                           MAGIC * const mg = SvUTF8(sv) && SvMAGICAL(sv) ?
+                               mg_find(sv, PERL_MAGIC_utf8) : NULL;
+
+                           if (mg)
+                               mg->mg_len = -1;
+                           sv_setsv(sv, last_str);
+                           data->last_end = data->pos_min;
+                           data->last_start_min =
+                               data->pos_min - CHR_SVLEN(last_str);
+                           data->last_start_max = is_inf
+                               ? I32_MAX
+                               : data->pos_min + data->pos_delta
+                               - CHR_SVLEN(last_str);
+                       }
+                       data->longest = &(data->longest_float);
+                   }
+                   SvREFCNT_dec(last_str);
+               }
+               if (data && (fl & SF_HAS_EVAL))
+                   data->flags |= SF_HAS_EVAL;
+             optimize_curly_tail:
+               if (OP(oscan) != CURLYX) {
+                   while (PL_regkind[OP(next = regnext(oscan))] == NOTHING
+                          && NEXT_OFF(next))
+                       NEXT_OFF(oscan) += NEXT_OFF(next);
+               }
+               continue;
+           default:                    /* REF, and CLUMP only? */
+               if (flags & SCF_DO_SUBSTR) {
+                   SCAN_COMMIT(pRExC_state,data,minlenp);      /* Cannot expect anything... */
+                   data->longest = &(data->longest_float);
+               }
+               is_inf = is_inf_internal = 1;
+               if (flags & SCF_DO_STCLASS_OR)
+                   cl_anything(pRExC_state, data->start_class);
+               flags &= ~SCF_DO_STCLASS;
+               break;
+           }
+       }
+       else if (OP(scan) == LNBREAK) {
+           if (flags & SCF_DO_STCLASS) {
+               int value = 0;
+                CLEAR_SSC_EOS(data->start_class); /* No match on empty */
+               if (flags & SCF_DO_STCLASS_AND) {
+                    for (value = 0; value < 256; value++)
+                        if (!is_VERTWS_cp(value))
+                            ANYOF_BITMAP_CLEAR(data->start_class, value);
+                }
+                else {
+                    for (value = 0; value < 256; value++)
+                        if (is_VERTWS_cp(value))
+                            ANYOF_BITMAP_SET(data->start_class, value);
+                }
+                if (flags & SCF_DO_STCLASS_OR)
+                   cl_and(data->start_class, and_withp);
+               flags &= ~SCF_DO_STCLASS;
+            }
+           min++;
+           delta++;    /* Because of the 2 char string cr-lf */
+            if (flags & SCF_DO_SUBSTR) {
+               SCAN_COMMIT(pRExC_state,data,minlenp);  /* Cannot expect anything... */
+               data->pos_min += 1;
+               data->pos_delta += 1;
+               data->longest = &(data->longest_float);
+           }
+       }
+       else if (REGNODE_SIMPLE(OP(scan))) {
+           int value = 0;
+
+           if (flags & SCF_DO_SUBSTR) {
+               SCAN_COMMIT(pRExC_state,data,minlenp);
+               data->pos_min++;
+           }
+           min++;
+           if (flags & SCF_DO_STCLASS) {
+                int loop_max = 256;
+                CLEAR_SSC_EOS(data->start_class); /* No match on empty */
+
+               /* Some of the logic below assumes that switching
+                  locale on will only add false positives. */
+               switch (PL_regkind[OP(scan)]) {
+                    U8 classnum;
+
+               case SANY:
+               default:
+#ifdef DEBUGGING
+                   Perl_croak(aTHX_ "panic: unexpected simple REx opcode %d", OP(scan));
+#endif
+                 do_default:
+                   if (flags & SCF_DO_STCLASS_OR) /* Allow everything */
+                       cl_anything(pRExC_state, data->start_class);
+                   break;
+               case REG_ANY:
+                   if (OP(scan) == SANY)
+                       goto do_default;
+                   if (flags & SCF_DO_STCLASS_OR) { /* Everything but \n */
+                       value = (ANYOF_BITMAP_TEST(data->start_class,'\n')
+                               || ANYOF_CLASS_TEST_ANY_SET(data->start_class));
+                       cl_anything(pRExC_state, data->start_class);
+                   }
+                   if (flags & SCF_DO_STCLASS_AND || !value)
+                       ANYOF_BITMAP_CLEAR(data->start_class,'\n');
+                   break;
+               case ANYOF:
+                   if (flags & SCF_DO_STCLASS_AND)
+                       cl_and(data->start_class,
+                              (struct regnode_charclass_class*)scan);
+                   else
+                       cl_or(pRExC_state, data->start_class,
+                             (struct regnode_charclass_class*)scan);
+                   break;
+               case POSIXA:
+                    loop_max = 128;
+                    /* FALL THROUGH */
+               case POSIXL:
+               case POSIXD:
+               case POSIXU:
+                    classnum = FLAGS(scan);
+                   if (flags & SCF_DO_STCLASS_AND) {
+                       if (!(data->start_class->flags & ANYOF_LOCALE)) {
+                           ANYOF_CLASS_CLEAR(data->start_class, classnum_to_namedclass(classnum) + 1);
+                            for (value = 0; value < loop_max; value++) {
+                                if (! _generic_isCC(UNI_TO_NATIVE(value), classnum)) {
+                                    ANYOF_BITMAP_CLEAR(data->start_class, UNI_TO_NATIVE(value));
+                                }
+                            }
+                       }
+                   }
+                   else {
+                       if (data->start_class->flags & ANYOF_LOCALE) {
+                           ANYOF_CLASS_SET(data->start_class, classnum_to_namedclass(classnum));
+                        }
+                        else {
+
+                       /* Even if under locale, set the bits for non-locale
+                        * in case it isn't a true locale-node.  This will
+                        * create false positives if it truly is locale */
+                        for (value = 0; value < loop_max; value++) {
+                            if (_generic_isCC(UNI_TO_NATIVE(value), classnum)) {
+                                ANYOF_BITMAP_SET(data->start_class, UNI_TO_NATIVE(value));
+                            }
+                        }
+                        }
+                   }
+                   break;
+               case NPOSIXA:
+                    loop_max = 128;
+                    /* FALL THROUGH */
+               case NPOSIXL:
+               case NPOSIXU:
+               case NPOSIXD:
+                    classnum = FLAGS(scan);
+                   if (flags & SCF_DO_STCLASS_AND) {
+                       if (!(data->start_class->flags & ANYOF_LOCALE)) {
+                           ANYOF_CLASS_CLEAR(data->start_class, classnum_to_namedclass(classnum));
+                            for (value = 0; value < loop_max; value++) {
+                                if (_generic_isCC(UNI_TO_NATIVE(value), classnum)) {
+                                    ANYOF_BITMAP_CLEAR(data->start_class, UNI_TO_NATIVE(value));
+                                }
+                            }
+                       }
+                   }
+                   else {
+                       if (data->start_class->flags & ANYOF_LOCALE) {
+                           ANYOF_CLASS_SET(data->start_class, classnum_to_namedclass(classnum) + 1);
+                        }
+                        else {
+
+                       /* Even if under locale, set the bits for non-locale in
+                        * case it isn't a true locale-node.  This will create
+                        * false positives if it truly is locale */
+                        for (value = 0; value < loop_max; value++) {
+                            if (! _generic_isCC(UNI_TO_NATIVE(value), classnum)) {
+                                ANYOF_BITMAP_SET(data->start_class, UNI_TO_NATIVE(value));
+                            }
+                        }
+                        if (PL_regkind[OP(scan)] == NPOSIXD) {
+                            data->start_class->flags |= ANYOF_NON_UTF8_LATIN1_ALL;
+                        }
+                        }
+                   }
+                   break;
+               }
+               if (flags & SCF_DO_STCLASS_OR)
+                   cl_and(data->start_class, and_withp);
+               flags &= ~SCF_DO_STCLASS;
+           }
+       }
+       else if (PL_regkind[OP(scan)] == EOL && flags & SCF_DO_SUBSTR) {
+           data->flags |= (OP(scan) == MEOL
+                           ? SF_BEFORE_MEOL
+                           : SF_BEFORE_SEOL);
+           SCAN_COMMIT(pRExC_state, data, minlenp);
+
+       }
+       else if (  PL_regkind[OP(scan)] == BRANCHJ
+                /* Lookbehind, or need to calculate parens/evals/stclass: */
+                  && (scan->flags || data || (flags & SCF_DO_STCLASS))
+                  && (OP(scan) == IFMATCH || OP(scan) == UNLESSM)) {
+            if ( OP(scan) == UNLESSM &&
+                 scan->flags == 0 &&
+                 OP(NEXTOPER(NEXTOPER(scan))) == NOTHING &&
+                 OP(regnext(NEXTOPER(NEXTOPER(scan)))) == SUCCEED
+            ) {
+                regnode *opt;
+                regnode *upto= regnext(scan);
+                DEBUG_PARSE_r({
+                    SV * const mysv_val=sv_newmortal();
+                    DEBUG_STUDYDATA("OPFAIL",data,depth);
+
+                    /*DEBUG_PARSE_MSG("opfail");*/
+                    regprop(RExC_rx, mysv_val, upto);
+                    PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log, "~ replace with OPFAIL pointed at %s (%"IVdf") offset %"IVdf"\n",
+                                  SvPV_nolen_const(mysv_val),
+                                  (IV)REG_NODE_NUM(upto),
+                                  (IV)(upto - scan)
+                    );
+                });
+                OP(scan) = OPFAIL;
+                NEXT_OFF(scan) = upto - scan;
+                for (opt= scan + 1; opt < upto ; opt++)
+                    OP(opt) = OPTIMIZED;
+                scan= upto;
+                continue;
+            }
+            if ( !PERL_ENABLE_POSITIVE_ASSERTION_STUDY 
+                || OP(scan) == UNLESSM )
+            {
+                /* Negative Lookahead/lookbehind
+                   In this case we can't do fixed string optimisation.
+                */
+
+                I32 deltanext, minnext, fake = 0;
+                regnode *nscan;
+                struct regnode_charclass_class intrnl;
+                int f = 0;
+
+                data_fake.flags = 0;
+                if (data) {
+                    data_fake.whilem_c = data->whilem_c;
+                    data_fake.last_closep = data->last_closep;
+               }
+                else
+                    data_fake.last_closep = &fake;
+               data_fake.pos_delta = delta;
+                if ( flags & SCF_DO_STCLASS && !scan->flags
+                     && OP(scan) == IFMATCH ) { /* Lookahead */
+                    cl_init(pRExC_state, &intrnl);
+                    data_fake.start_class = &intrnl;
+                    f |= SCF_DO_STCLASS_AND;
+               }
+                if (flags & SCF_WHILEM_VISITED_POS)
+                    f |= SCF_WHILEM_VISITED_POS;
+                next = regnext(scan);
+                nscan = NEXTOPER(NEXTOPER(scan));
+                minnext = study_chunk(pRExC_state, &nscan, minlenp, &deltanext, 
+                    last, &data_fake, stopparen, recursed, NULL, f, depth+1);
+                if (scan->flags) {
+                    if (deltanext) {
+                       FAIL("Variable length lookbehind not implemented");
+                    }
+                    else if (minnext > (I32)U8_MAX) {
+                       FAIL2("Lookbehind longer than %"UVuf" not implemented", (UV)U8_MAX);
+                    }
+                    scan->flags = (U8)minnext;
+                }
+                if (data) {
+                    if (data_fake.flags & (SF_HAS_PAR|SF_IN_PAR))
+                        pars++;
+                    if (data_fake.flags & SF_HAS_EVAL)
+                        data->flags |= SF_HAS_EVAL;
+                    data->whilem_c = data_fake.whilem_c;
+                }
+                if (f & SCF_DO_STCLASS_AND) {
+                   if (flags & SCF_DO_STCLASS_OR) {
+                       /* OR before, AND after: ideally we would recurse with
+                        * data_fake to get the AND applied by study of the
+                        * remainder of the pattern, and then derecurse;
+                        * *** HACK *** for now just treat as "no information".
+                        * See [perl #56690].
+                        */
+                       cl_init(pRExC_state, data->start_class);
+                   }  else {
+                       /* AND before and after: combine and continue */
+                       const int was = TEST_SSC_EOS(data->start_class);
+
+                       cl_and(data->start_class, &intrnl);
+                       if (was)
+                            SET_SSC_EOS(data->start_class);
+                   }
+                }
+           }
+#if PERL_ENABLE_POSITIVE_ASSERTION_STUDY
+            else {
+                /* Positive Lookahead/lookbehind
+                   In this case we can do fixed string optimisation,
+                   but we must be careful about it. Note in the case of
+                   lookbehind the positions will be offset by the minimum
+                   length of the pattern, something we won't know about
+                   until after the recurse.
+                */
+                I32 deltanext, fake = 0;
+                regnode *nscan;
+                struct regnode_charclass_class intrnl;
+                int f = 0;
+                /* We use SAVEFREEPV so that when the full compile 
+                    is finished perl will clean up the allocated 
+                    minlens when it's all done. This way we don't
+                    have to worry about freeing them when we know
+                    they wont be used, which would be a pain.
+                 */
+                I32 *minnextp;
+                Newx( minnextp, 1, I32 );
+                SAVEFREEPV(minnextp);
+
+                if (data) {
+                    StructCopy(data, &data_fake, scan_data_t);
+                    if ((flags & SCF_DO_SUBSTR) && data->last_found) {
+                        f |= SCF_DO_SUBSTR;
+                        if (scan->flags) 
+                            SCAN_COMMIT(pRExC_state, &data_fake,minlenp);
+                        data_fake.last_found=newSVsv(data->last_found);
+                    }
+                }
+                else
+                    data_fake.last_closep = &fake;
+                data_fake.flags = 0;
+               data_fake.pos_delta = delta;
+                if (is_inf)
+                   data_fake.flags |= SF_IS_INF;
+                if ( flags & SCF_DO_STCLASS && !scan->flags
+                     && OP(scan) == IFMATCH ) { /* Lookahead */
+                    cl_init(pRExC_state, &intrnl);
+                    data_fake.start_class = &intrnl;
+                    f |= SCF_DO_STCLASS_AND;
+                }
+                if (flags & SCF_WHILEM_VISITED_POS)
+                    f |= SCF_WHILEM_VISITED_POS;
+                next = regnext(scan);
+                nscan = NEXTOPER(NEXTOPER(scan));
+
+                *minnextp = study_chunk(pRExC_state, &nscan, minnextp, &deltanext, 
+                    last, &data_fake, stopparen, recursed, NULL, f,depth+1);
+                if (scan->flags) {
+                    if (deltanext) {
+                       FAIL("Variable length lookbehind not implemented");
+                    }
+                    else if (*minnextp > (I32)U8_MAX) {
+                       FAIL2("Lookbehind longer than %"UVuf" not implemented", (UV)U8_MAX);
+                    }
+                    scan->flags = (U8)*minnextp;
+                }
+
+                *minnextp += min;
+
+                if (f & SCF_DO_STCLASS_AND) {
+                    const int was = TEST_SSC_EOS(data.start_class);
+
+                    cl_and(data->start_class, &intrnl);
+                    if (was)
+                        SET_SSC_EOS(data->start_class);
+                }
+                if (data) {
+                    if (data_fake.flags & (SF_HAS_PAR|SF_IN_PAR))
+                        pars++;
+                    if (data_fake.flags & SF_HAS_EVAL)
+                        data->flags |= SF_HAS_EVAL;
+                    data->whilem_c = data_fake.whilem_c;
+                    if ((flags & SCF_DO_SUBSTR) && data_fake.last_found) {
+                        if (RExC_rx->minlen<*minnextp)
+                            RExC_rx->minlen=*minnextp;
+                        SCAN_COMMIT(pRExC_state, &data_fake, minnextp);
+                        SvREFCNT_dec_NN(data_fake.last_found);
+                        
+                        if ( data_fake.minlen_fixed != minlenp ) 
+                        {
+                            data->offset_fixed= data_fake.offset_fixed;
+                            data->minlen_fixed= data_fake.minlen_fixed;
+                            data->lookbehind_fixed+= scan->flags;
+                        }
+                        if ( data_fake.minlen_float != minlenp )
+                        {
+                            data->minlen_float= data_fake.minlen_float;
+                            data->offset_float_min=data_fake.offset_float_min;
+                            data->offset_float_max=data_fake.offset_float_max;
+                            data->lookbehind_float+= scan->flags;
+                        }
+                    }
+                }
+           }
+#endif
+       }
+       else if (OP(scan) == OPEN) {
+           if (stopparen != (I32)ARG(scan))
+               pars++;
+       }
+       else if (OP(scan) == CLOSE) {
+           if (stopparen == (I32)ARG(scan)) {
+               break;
+           }
+           if ((I32)ARG(scan) == is_par) {
+               next = regnext(scan);
+
+               if ( next && (OP(next) != WHILEM) && next < last)
+                   is_par = 0;         /* Disable optimization */
+           }
+           if (data)
+               *(data->last_closep) = ARG(scan);
+       }
+       else if (OP(scan) == EVAL) {
+               if (data)
+                   data->flags |= SF_HAS_EVAL;
+       }
+       else if ( PL_regkind[OP(scan)] == ENDLIKE ) {
+           if (flags & SCF_DO_SUBSTR) {
+               SCAN_COMMIT(pRExC_state,data,minlenp);
+               flags &= ~SCF_DO_SUBSTR;
+           }
+           if (data && OP(scan)==ACCEPT) {
+               data->flags |= SCF_SEEN_ACCEPT;
+               if (stopmin > min)
+                   stopmin = min;
+           }
+       }
+       else if (OP(scan) == LOGICAL && scan->flags == 2) /* Embedded follows */
+       {
+               if (flags & SCF_DO_SUBSTR) {
+                   SCAN_COMMIT(pRExC_state,data,minlenp);
+                   data->longest = &(data->longest_float);
+               }
+               is_inf = is_inf_internal = 1;
+               if (flags & SCF_DO_STCLASS_OR) /* Allow everything */
+                   cl_anything(pRExC_state, data->start_class);
+               flags &= ~SCF_DO_STCLASS;
+       }
+       else if (OP(scan) == GPOS) {
+           if (!(RExC_rx->extflags & RXf_GPOS_FLOAT) &&
+               !(delta || is_inf || (data && data->pos_delta))) 
+           {
+               if (!(RExC_rx->extflags & RXf_ANCH) && (flags & SCF_DO_SUBSTR))
+                   RExC_rx->extflags |= RXf_ANCH_GPOS;
+               if (RExC_rx->gofs < (U32)min)
+                   RExC_rx->gofs = min;
+            } else {
+                RExC_rx->extflags |= RXf_GPOS_FLOAT;
+                RExC_rx->gofs = 0;
+            }      
+       }
+#ifdef TRIE_STUDY_OPT
+#ifdef FULL_TRIE_STUDY
+        else if (PL_regkind[OP(scan)] == TRIE) {
+            /* NOTE - There is similar code to this block above for handling
+               BRANCH nodes on the initial study.  If you change stuff here
+               check there too. */
+            regnode *trie_node= scan;
+            regnode *tail= regnext(scan);
+            reg_trie_data *trie = (reg_trie_data*)RExC_rxi->data->data[ ARG(scan) ];
+            I32 max1 = 0, min1 = I32_MAX;
+            struct regnode_charclass_class accum;
+
+            if (flags & SCF_DO_SUBSTR) /* XXXX Add !SUSPEND? */
+                SCAN_COMMIT(pRExC_state, data,minlenp); /* Cannot merge strings after this. */
+            if (flags & SCF_DO_STCLASS)
+                cl_init_zero(pRExC_state, &accum);
+                
+            if (!trie->jump) {
+                min1= trie->minlen;
+                max1= trie->maxlen;
+            } else {
+                const regnode *nextbranch= NULL;
+                U32 word;
+                
+                for ( word=1 ; word <= trie->wordcount ; word++) 
+                {
+                    I32 deltanext=0, minnext=0, f = 0, fake;
+                    struct regnode_charclass_class this_class;
+                    
+                    data_fake.flags = 0;
+                    if (data) {
+                        data_fake.whilem_c = data->whilem_c;
+                        data_fake.last_closep = data->last_closep;
+                    }
+                    else
+                        data_fake.last_closep = &fake;
+                   data_fake.pos_delta = delta;
+                    if (flags & SCF_DO_STCLASS) {
+                        cl_init(pRExC_state, &this_class);
+                        data_fake.start_class = &this_class;
+                        f = SCF_DO_STCLASS_AND;
+                    }
+                    if (flags & SCF_WHILEM_VISITED_POS)
+                        f |= SCF_WHILEM_VISITED_POS;
+    
+                    if (trie->jump[word]) {
+                        if (!nextbranch)
+                            nextbranch = trie_node + trie->jump[0];
+                        scan= trie_node + trie->jump[word];
+                        /* We go from the jump point to the branch that follows
+                           it. Note this means we need the vestigal unused branches
+                           even though they arent otherwise used.
+                         */
+                        minnext = study_chunk(pRExC_state, &scan, minlenp, 
+                            &deltanext, (regnode *)nextbranch, &data_fake, 
+                            stopparen, recursed, NULL, f,depth+1);
+                    }
+                    if (nextbranch && PL_regkind[OP(nextbranch)]==BRANCH)
+                        nextbranch= regnext((regnode*)nextbranch);
+                    
+                    if (min1 > (I32)(minnext + trie->minlen))
+                        min1 = minnext + trie->minlen;
+                    if (deltanext == I32_MAX) {
+                        is_inf = is_inf_internal = 1;
+                        max1 = I32_MAX;
+                    } else if (max1 < (I32)(minnext + deltanext + trie->maxlen))
+                        max1 = minnext + deltanext + trie->maxlen;
+                    
+                    if (data_fake.flags & (SF_HAS_PAR|SF_IN_PAR))
+                        pars++;
+                    if (data_fake.flags & SCF_SEEN_ACCEPT) {
+                        if ( stopmin > min + min1) 
+                           stopmin = min + min1;
+                       flags &= ~SCF_DO_SUBSTR;
+                       if (data)
+                           data->flags |= SCF_SEEN_ACCEPT;
+                   }
+                    if (data) {
+                        if (data_fake.flags & SF_HAS_EVAL)
+                            data->flags |= SF_HAS_EVAL;
+                        data->whilem_c = data_fake.whilem_c;
+                    }
+                    if (flags & SCF_DO_STCLASS)
+                        cl_or(pRExC_state, &accum, &this_class);
+                }
+            }
+            if (flags & SCF_DO_SUBSTR) {
+                data->pos_min += min1;
+                data->pos_delta += max1 - min1;
+                if (max1 != min1 || is_inf)
+                    data->longest = &(data->longest_float);
+            }
+            min += min1;
+            delta += max1 - min1;
+            if (flags & SCF_DO_STCLASS_OR) {
+                cl_or(pRExC_state, data->start_class, &accum);
+                if (min1) {
+                    cl_and(data->start_class, and_withp);
+                    flags &= ~SCF_DO_STCLASS;
+                }
+            }
+            else if (flags & SCF_DO_STCLASS_AND) {
+                if (min1) {
+                    cl_and(data->start_class, &accum);
+                    flags &= ~SCF_DO_STCLASS;
+                }
+                else {
+                    /* Switch to OR mode: cache the old value of
+                     * data->start_class */
+                   INIT_AND_WITHP;
+                    StructCopy(data->start_class, and_withp,
+                               struct regnode_charclass_class);
+                    flags &= ~SCF_DO_STCLASS_AND;
+                    StructCopy(&accum, data->start_class,
+                               struct regnode_charclass_class);
+                    flags |= SCF_DO_STCLASS_OR;
+                    SET_SSC_EOS(data->start_class);
+                }
+            }
+            scan= tail;
+            continue;
+        }
+#else
+       else if (PL_regkind[OP(scan)] == TRIE) {
+           reg_trie_data *trie = (reg_trie_data*)RExC_rxi->data->data[ ARG(scan) ];
+           U8*bang=NULL;
+           
+           min += trie->minlen;
+           delta += (trie->maxlen - trie->minlen);
+           flags &= ~SCF_DO_STCLASS; /* xxx */
+            if (flags & SCF_DO_SUBSTR) {
+               SCAN_COMMIT(pRExC_state,data,minlenp);  /* Cannot expect anything... */
+               data->pos_min += trie->minlen;
+               data->pos_delta += (trie->maxlen - trie->minlen);
+               if (trie->maxlen != trie->minlen)
+                   data->longest = &(data->longest_float);
+           }
+           if (trie->jump) /* no more substrings -- for now /grr*/
+               flags &= ~SCF_DO_SUBSTR; 
+       }
+#endif /* old or new */
+#endif /* TRIE_STUDY_OPT */
+
+       /* Else: zero-length, ignore. */
+       scan = regnext(scan);
+    }
+    if (frame) {
+        last = frame->last;
+        scan = frame->next;
+        stopparen = frame->stop;
+        frame = frame->prev;
+        goto fake_study_recurse;
+    }
+
+  finish:
+    assert(!frame);
+    DEBUG_STUDYDATA("pre-fin:",data,depth);
+
+    *scanp = scan;
+    *deltap = is_inf_internal ? I32_MAX : delta;
+    if (flags & SCF_DO_SUBSTR && is_inf)
+       data->pos_delta = I32_MAX - data->pos_min;
+    if (is_par > (I32)U8_MAX)
+       is_par = 0;
+    if (is_par && pars==1 && data) {
+       data->flags |= SF_IN_PAR;
+       data->flags &= ~SF_HAS_PAR;
+    }
+    else if (pars && data) {
+       data->flags |= SF_HAS_PAR;
+       data->flags &= ~SF_IN_PAR;
+    }
+    if (flags & SCF_DO_STCLASS_OR)
+       cl_and(data->start_class, and_withp);
+    if (flags & SCF_TRIE_RESTUDY)
+        data->flags |=         SCF_TRIE_RESTUDY;
+    
+    DEBUG_STUDYDATA("post-fin:",data,depth);
+    
+    return min < stopmin ? min : stopmin;
+}
+
+STATIC U32
+S_add_data(RExC_state_t *pRExC_state, U32 n, const char *s)
+{
+    U32 count = RExC_rxi->data ? RExC_rxi->data->count : 0;
+
+    PERL_ARGS_ASSERT_ADD_DATA;
+
+    Renewc(RExC_rxi->data,
+          sizeof(*RExC_rxi->data) + sizeof(void*) * (count + n - 1),
+          char, struct reg_data);
+    if(count)
+       Renew(RExC_rxi->data->what, count + n, U8);
+    else
+       Newx(RExC_rxi->data->what, n, U8);
+    RExC_rxi->data->count = count + n;
+    Copy(s, RExC_rxi->data->what + count, n, U8);
+    return count;
+}
+
+/*XXX: todo make this not included in a non debugging perl */
+#ifndef PERL_IN_XSUB_RE
+void
+Perl_reginitcolors(pTHX)
+{
+    dVAR;
+    const char * const s = PerlEnv_getenv("PERL_RE_COLORS");
+    if (s) {
+       char *t = savepv(s);
+       int i = 0;
+       PL_colors[0] = t;
+       while (++i < 6) {
+           t = strchr(t, '\t');
+           if (t) {
+               *t = '\0';
+               PL_colors[i] = ++t;
+           }
+           else
+               PL_colors[i] = t = (char *)"";
+       }
+    } else {
+       int i = 0;
+       while (i < 6)
+           PL_colors[i++] = (char *)"";
+    }
+    PL_colorset = 1;
+}
+#endif
+
+
+#ifdef TRIE_STUDY_OPT
+#define CHECK_RESTUDY_GOTO_butfirst(dOsomething)            \
+    STMT_START {                                            \
+        if (                                                \
+              (data.flags & SCF_TRIE_RESTUDY)               \
+              && ! restudied++                              \
+        ) {                                                 \
+            dOsomething;                                    \
+            goto reStudy;                                   \
+        }                                                   \
+    } STMT_END
+#else
+#define CHECK_RESTUDY_GOTO_butfirst
+#endif        
+
+/*
+ * pregcomp - compile a regular expression into internal code
+ *
+ * Decides which engine's compiler to call based on the hint currently in
+ * scope
+ */
+
+#ifndef PERL_IN_XSUB_RE 
+
+/* return the currently in-scope regex engine (or the default if none)  */
+
+regexp_engine const *
+Perl_current_re_engine(pTHX)
+{
+    dVAR;
+
+    if (IN_PERL_COMPILETIME) {
+       HV * const table = GvHV(PL_hintgv);
+       SV **ptr;
+
+       if (!table)
+           return &PL_core_reg_engine;
+       ptr = hv_fetchs(table, "regcomp", FALSE);
+       if ( !(ptr && SvIOK(*ptr) && SvIV(*ptr)))
+           return &PL_core_reg_engine;
+       return INT2PTR(regexp_engine*,SvIV(*ptr));
+    }
+    else {
+       SV *ptr;
+       if (!PL_curcop->cop_hints_hash)
+           return &PL_core_reg_engine;
+       ptr = cop_hints_fetch_pvs(PL_curcop, "regcomp", 0);
+       if ( !(ptr && SvIOK(ptr) && SvIV(ptr)))
+           return &PL_core_reg_engine;
+       return INT2PTR(regexp_engine*,SvIV(ptr));
+    }
+}
+
+
+REGEXP *
+Perl_pregcomp(pTHX_ SV * const pattern, const U32 flags)
+{
+    dVAR;
+    regexp_engine const *eng = current_re_engine();
+    GET_RE_DEBUG_FLAGS_DECL;
+
+    PERL_ARGS_ASSERT_PREGCOMP;
+
+    /* Dispatch a request to compile a regexp to correct regexp engine. */
+    DEBUG_COMPILE_r({
+       PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log, "Using engine %"UVxf"\n",
+                       PTR2UV(eng));
+    });
+    return CALLREGCOMP_ENG(eng, pattern, flags);
+}
+#endif
+
+/* public(ish) entry point for the perl core's own regex compiling code.
+ * It's actually a wrapper for Perl_re_op_compile that only takes an SV
+ * pattern rather than a list of OPs, and uses the internal engine rather
+ * than the current one */
+
+REGEXP *
+Perl_re_compile(pTHX_ SV * const pattern, U32 rx_flags)
+{
+    SV *pat = pattern; /* defeat constness! */
+    PERL_ARGS_ASSERT_RE_COMPILE;
+    return Perl_re_op_compile(aTHX_ &pat, 1, NULL,
+#ifdef PERL_IN_XSUB_RE
+                                &my_reg_engine,
+#else
+                                &PL_core_reg_engine,
+#endif
+                                NULL, NULL, rx_flags, 0);
+}
+
+
+/* upgrade pattern pat_p of length plen_p to UTF8, and if there are code
+ * blocks, recalculate the indices. Update pat_p and plen_p in-place to
+ * point to the realloced string and length.
+ *
+ * This is essentially a copy of Perl_bytes_to_utf8() with the code index
+ * stuff added */
+
+static void
+S_pat_upgrade_to_utf8(pTHX_ RExC_state_t * const pRExC_state,
+                   char **pat_p, STRLEN *plen_p, int num_code_blocks)
+{
+    U8 *const src = (U8*)*pat_p;
+    U8 *dst;
+    int n=0;
+    STRLEN s = 0, d = 0;
+    bool do_end = 0;
+    GET_RE_DEBUG_FLAGS_DECL;
+
+    DEBUG_PARSE_r(PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log,
+        "UTF8 mismatch! Converting to utf8 for resizing and compile\n"));
+
+    Newx(dst, *plen_p * 2 + 1, U8);
+
+    while (s < *plen_p) {
+        const UV uv = NATIVE_TO_ASCII(src[s]);
+        if (UNI_IS_INVARIANT(uv))
+            dst[d]   = (U8)UTF_TO_NATIVE(uv);
+        else {
+            dst[d++] = (U8)UTF8_EIGHT_BIT_HI(uv);
+            dst[d]   = (U8)UTF8_EIGHT_BIT_LO(uv);
+        }
+        if (n < num_code_blocks) {
+            if (!do_end && pRExC_state->code_blocks[n].start == s) {
+                pRExC_state->code_blocks[n].start = d;
+                assert(dst[d] == '(');
+                do_end = 1;
+            }
+            else if (do_end && pRExC_state->code_blocks[n].end == s) {
+                pRExC_state->code_blocks[n].end = d;
+                assert(dst[d] == ')');
+                do_end = 0;
+                n++;
+            }
+        }
+        s++;
+        d++;
+    }
+    dst[d] = '\0';
+    *plen_p = d;
+    *pat_p = (char*) dst;
+    SAVEFREEPV(*pat_p);
+    RExC_orig_utf8 = RExC_utf8 = 1;
+}
+
+
+
+/* S_concat_pat(): concatenate a list of args to the pattern string pat,
+ * while recording any code block indices, and handling overloading,
+ * nested qr// objects etc.  If pat is null, it will allocate a new
+ * string, or just return the first arg, if there's only one.
+ *
+ * Returns the malloced/updated pat.
+ * patternp and pat_count is the array of SVs to be concatted;
+ * oplist is the optional list of ops that generated the SVs;
+ * recompile_p is a pointer to a boolean that will be set if
+ *   the regex will need to be recompiled.
+ * delim, if non-null is an SV that will be inserted between each element
+ */
+
+static SV*
+S_concat_pat(pTHX_ RExC_state_t * const pRExC_state,
+                SV *pat, SV ** const patternp, int pat_count,
+                OP *oplist, bool *recompile_p, SV *delim)
+{
+    SV **svp;
+    int n = 0;
+    bool use_delim = FALSE;
+    bool alloced = FALSE;
+
+    /* if we know we have at least two args, create an empty string,
+     * then concatenate args to that. For no args, return an empty string */
+    if (!pat && pat_count != 1) {
+        pat = newSVpvn("", 0);
+        SAVEFREESV(pat);
+        alloced = TRUE;
+    }
+
+    for (svp = patternp; svp < patternp + pat_count; svp++) {
+        SV *sv;
+        SV *rx  = NULL;
+        STRLEN orig_patlen = 0;
+        bool code = 0;
+        SV *msv = use_delim ? delim : *svp;
+
+        /* if we've got a delimiter, we go round the loop twice for each
+         * svp slot (except the last), using the delimiter the second
+         * time round */
+        if (use_delim) {
+            svp--;
+            use_delim = FALSE;
+        }
+        else if (delim)
+            use_delim = TRUE;
+
+        if (SvTYPE(msv) == SVt_PVAV) {
+            /* we've encountered an interpolated array within
+             * the pattern, e.g. /...@a..../. Expand the list of elements,
+             * then recursively append elements.
+             * The code in this block is based on S_pushav() */
+
+            AV *const av = (AV*)msv;
+            const I32 maxarg = AvFILL(av) + 1;
+            SV **array;
+
+            if (oplist) {
+                assert(oplist->op_type == OP_PADAV
+                    || oplist->op_type == OP_RV2AV); 
+                oplist = oplist->op_sibling;;
+            }
+
+            if (SvRMAGICAL(av)) {
+                U32 i;
+
+                Newx(array, maxarg, SV*);
+                SAVEFREEPV(array);
+                for (i=0; i < (U32)maxarg; i++) {
+                    SV ** const svp = av_fetch(av, i, FALSE);
+                    array[i] = svp ? *svp : &PL_sv_undef;
+                }
+            }
+            else
+                array = AvARRAY(av);
+
+            pat = S_concat_pat(aTHX_ pRExC_state, pat,
+                                array, maxarg, NULL, recompile_p,
+                                /* $" */
+                                GvSV((gv_fetchpvs("\"", GV_ADDMULTI, SVt_PV))));
+
+            continue;
+        }
+
+
+        /* we make the assumption here that each op in the list of
+         * op_siblings maps to one SV pushed onto the stack,
+         * except for code blocks, with have both an OP_NULL and
+         * and OP_CONST.
+         * This allows us to match up the list of SVs against the
+         * list of OPs to find the next code block.
+         *
+         * Note that       PUSHMARK PADSV PADSV ..
+         * is optimised to
+         *                 PADRANGE PADSV  PADSV  ..
+         * so the alignment still works. */
+
+        if (oplist) {
+            if (oplist->op_type == OP_NULL
+                && (oplist->op_flags & OPf_SPECIAL))
+            {
+                assert(n < pRExC_state->num_code_blocks);
+                pRExC_state->code_blocks[n].start = pat ? SvCUR(pat) : 0;
+                pRExC_state->code_blocks[n].block = oplist;
+                pRExC_state->code_blocks[n].src_regex = NULL;
+                n++;
+                code = 1;
+                oplist = oplist->op_sibling; /* skip CONST */
+                assert(oplist);
+            }
+            oplist = oplist->op_sibling;;
+        }
+
+       /* apply magic and QR overloading to arg */
+
+        SvGETMAGIC(msv);
+        if (SvROK(msv) && SvAMAGIC(msv)) {
+            SV *sv = AMG_CALLunary(msv, regexp_amg);
+            if (sv) {
+                if (SvROK(sv))
+                    sv = SvRV(sv);
+                if (SvTYPE(sv) != SVt_REGEXP)
+                    Perl_croak(aTHX_ "Overloaded qr did not return a REGEXP");
+                msv = sv;
+            }
+        }
+
+        /* try concatenation overload ... */
+        if (pat && (SvAMAGIC(pat) || SvAMAGIC(msv)) &&
+                (sv = amagic_call(pat, msv, concat_amg, AMGf_assign)))
+        {
+            sv_setsv(pat, sv);
+            /* overloading involved: all bets are off over literal
+             * code. Pretend we haven't seen it */
+            pRExC_state->num_code_blocks -= n;
+            n = 0;
+        }
+        else  {
+            /* ... or failing that, try "" overload */
+            while (SvAMAGIC(msv)
+                    && (sv = AMG_CALLunary(msv, string_amg))
+                    && sv != msv
+                    &&  !(   SvROK(msv)
+                          && SvROK(sv)
+                          && SvRV(msv) == SvRV(sv))
+            ) {
+                msv = sv;
+                SvGETMAGIC(msv);
+            }
+            if (SvROK(msv) && SvTYPE(SvRV(msv)) == SVt_REGEXP)
+                msv = SvRV(msv);
+
+            if (pat) {
+                /* this is a partially unrolled
+                 *     sv_catsv_nomg(pat, msv);
+                 * that allows us to adjust code block indices if
+                 * needed */
+                STRLEN dlen;
+                char *dst = SvPV_force_nomg(pat, dlen);
+                orig_patlen = dlen;
+                if (SvUTF8(msv) && !SvUTF8(pat)) {
+                    S_pat_upgrade_to_utf8(aTHX_ pRExC_state, &dst, &dlen, n);
+                    sv_setpvn(pat, dst, dlen);
+                    SvUTF8_on(pat);
+                }
+                sv_catsv_nomg(pat, msv);
+                rx = msv;
+            }
+            else
+                pat = msv;
+
+            if (code)
+                pRExC_state->code_blocks[n-1].end = SvCUR(pat)-1;
+        }
+
+        /* extract any code blocks within any embedded qr//'s */
+        if (rx && SvTYPE(rx) == SVt_REGEXP
+            && RX_ENGINE((REGEXP*)rx)->op_comp)
+        {
+
+            RXi_GET_DECL(ReANY((REGEXP *)rx), ri);
+            if (ri->num_code_blocks) {
+                int i;
+                /* the presence of an embedded qr// with code means
+                 * we should always recompile: the text of the
+                 * qr// may not have changed, but it may be a
+                 * different closure than last time */
+                *recompile_p = 1;
+                Renew(pRExC_state->code_blocks,
+                    pRExC_state->num_code_blocks + ri->num_code_blocks,
+                    struct reg_code_block);
+                pRExC_state->num_code_blocks += ri->num_code_blocks;
+
+                for (i=0; i < ri->num_code_blocks; i++) {
+                    struct reg_code_block *src, *dst;
+                    STRLEN offset =  orig_patlen
+                        + ReANY((REGEXP *)rx)->pre_prefix;
+                    assert(n < pRExC_state->num_code_blocks);
+                    src = &ri->code_blocks[i];
+                    dst = &pRExC_state->code_blocks[n];
+                    dst->start     = src->start + offset;
+                    dst->end       = src->end   + offset;
+                    dst->block     = src->block;
+                    dst->src_regex  = (REGEXP*) SvREFCNT_inc( (SV*)
+                                            src->src_regex
+                                                ? src->src_regex
+                                                : (REGEXP*)rx);
+                    n++;
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+    /* avoid calling magic multiple times on a single element e.g. =~ $qr */
+    if (alloced)
+        SvSETMAGIC(pat);
+
+    return pat;
+}
+
+
+
+/* see if there are any run-time code blocks in the pattern.
+ * False positives are allowed */
+
+static bool
+S_has_runtime_code(pTHX_ RExC_state_t * const pRExC_state,
+                   char *pat, STRLEN plen)
+{
+    int n = 0;
+    STRLEN s;
+
+    for (s = 0; s < plen; s++) {
+       if (n < pRExC_state->num_code_blocks
+           && s == pRExC_state->code_blocks[n].start)
+       {
+           s = pRExC_state->code_blocks[n].end;
+           n++;
+           continue;
+       }
+       /* TODO ideally should handle [..], (#..), /#.../x to reduce false
+        * positives here */
+       if (pat[s] == '(' && s+2 <= plen && pat[s+1] == '?' &&
+           (pat[s+2] == '{'
+                || (s + 2 <= plen && pat[s+2] == '?' && pat[s+3] == '{'))
+       )
+           return 1;
+    }
+    return 0;
+}
+
+/* Handle run-time code blocks. We will already have compiled any direct
+ * or indirect literal code blocks. Now, take the pattern 'pat' and make a
+ * copy of it, but with any literal code blocks blanked out and
+ * appropriate chars escaped; then feed it into
+ *
+ *    eval "qr'modified_pattern'"
+ *
+ * For example,
+ *
+ *       a\bc(?{"this was literal"})def'ghi\\jkl(?{"this is runtime"})mno
+ *
+ * becomes
+ *
+ *    qr'a\\bc_______________________def\'ghi\\\\jkl(?{"this is runtime"})mno'
+ *
+ * After eval_sv()-ing that, grab any new code blocks from the returned qr
+ * and merge them with any code blocks of the original regexp.
+ *
+ * If the pat is non-UTF8, while the evalled qr is UTF8, don't merge;
+ * instead, just save the qr and return FALSE; this tells our caller that
+ * the original pattern needs upgrading to utf8.
+ */
+
+static bool
+S_compile_runtime_code(pTHX_ RExC_state_t * const pRExC_state,
+    char *pat, STRLEN plen)
+{
+    SV *qr;
+
+    GET_RE_DEBUG_FLAGS_DECL;
+
+    if (pRExC_state->runtime_code_qr) {
+       /* this is the second time we've been called; this should
+        * only happen if the main pattern got upgraded to utf8
+        * during compilation; re-use the qr we compiled first time
+        * round (which should be utf8 too)
+        */
+       qr = pRExC_state->runtime_code_qr;
+       pRExC_state->runtime_code_qr = NULL;
+       assert(RExC_utf8 && SvUTF8(qr));
+    }
+    else {
+       int n = 0;
+       STRLEN s;
+       char *p, *newpat;
+       int newlen = plen + 6; /* allow for "qr''x\0" extra chars */
+       SV *sv, *qr_ref;
+       dSP;
+
+       /* determine how many extra chars we need for ' and \ escaping */
+       for (s = 0; s < plen; s++) {
+           if (pat[s] == '\'' || pat[s] == '\\')
+               newlen++;
+       }
+
+       Newx(newpat, newlen, char);
+       p = newpat;
+       *p++ = 'q'; *p++ = 'r'; *p++ = '\'';
+
+       for (s = 0; s < plen; s++) {
+           if (n < pRExC_state->num_code_blocks
+               && s == pRExC_state->code_blocks[n].start)
+           {
+               /* blank out literal code block */
+               assert(pat[s] == '(');
+               while (s <= pRExC_state->code_blocks[n].end) {
+                   *p++ = '_';
+                   s++;
+               }
+               s--;
+               n++;
+               continue;
+           }
+           if (pat[s] == '\'' || pat[s] == '\\')
+               *p++ = '\\';
+           *p++ = pat[s];
+       }
+       *p++ = '\'';
+       if (pRExC_state->pm_flags & RXf_PMf_EXTENDED)
+           *p++ = 'x';
+       *p++ = '\0';
+       DEBUG_COMPILE_r({
+           PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log,
+               "%sre-parsing pattern for runtime code:%s %s\n",
+               PL_colors[4],PL_colors[5],newpat);
+       });
+
+       sv = newSVpvn_flags(newpat, p-newpat-1, RExC_utf8 ? SVf_UTF8 : 0);
+       Safefree(newpat);
+
+       ENTER;
+       SAVETMPS;
+       save_re_context();
+       PUSHSTACKi(PERLSI_REQUIRE);
+        /* G_RE_REPARSING causes the toker to collapse \\ into \ when
+         * parsing qr''; normally only q'' does this. It also alters
+         * hints handling */
+       eval_sv(sv, G_SCALAR|G_RE_REPARSING);
+       SvREFCNT_dec_NN(sv);
+       SPAGAIN;
+       qr_ref = POPs;
+       PUTBACK;
+       {
+           SV * const errsv = ERRSV;
+           if (SvTRUE_NN(errsv))
+           {
+               Safefree(pRExC_state->code_blocks);
+                /* use croak_sv ? */
+               Perl_croak_nocontext("%s", SvPV_nolen_const(errsv));
+           }
+       }
+       assert(SvROK(qr_ref));
+       qr = SvRV(qr_ref);
+       assert(SvTYPE(qr) == SVt_REGEXP && RX_ENGINE((REGEXP*)qr)->op_comp);
+       /* the leaving below frees the tmp qr_ref.
+        * Give qr a life of its own */
+       SvREFCNT_inc(qr);
+       POPSTACK;
+       FREETMPS;
+       LEAVE;
+
+    }
+
+    if (!RExC_utf8 && SvUTF8(qr)) {
+       /* first time through; the pattern got upgraded; save the
+        * qr for the next time through */
+       assert(!pRExC_state->runtime_code_qr);
+       pRExC_state->runtime_code_qr = qr;
+       return 0;
+    }
+
+
+    /* extract any code blocks within the returned qr//  */
+
+
+    /* merge the main (r1) and run-time (r2) code blocks into one */
+    {
+       RXi_GET_DECL(ReANY((REGEXP *)qr), r2);
+       struct reg_code_block *new_block, *dst;
+       RExC_state_t * const r1 = pRExC_state; /* convenient alias */
+       int i1 = 0, i2 = 0;
+
+       if (!r2->num_code_blocks) /* we guessed wrong */
+       {
+           SvREFCNT_dec_NN(qr);
+           return 1;
+       }
+
+       Newx(new_block,
+           r1->num_code_blocks + r2->num_code_blocks,
+           struct reg_code_block);
+       dst = new_block;
+
+       while (    i1 < r1->num_code_blocks
+               || i2 < r2->num_code_blocks)
+       {
+           struct reg_code_block *src;
+           bool is_qr = 0;
+
+           if (i1 == r1->num_code_blocks) {
+               src = &r2->code_blocks[i2++];
+               is_qr = 1;
+           }
+           else if (i2 == r2->num_code_blocks)
+               src = &r1->code_blocks[i1++];
+           else if (  r1->code_blocks[i1].start
+                    < r2->code_blocks[i2].start)
+           {
+               src = &r1->code_blocks[i1++];
+               assert(src->end < r2->code_blocks[i2].start);
+           }
+           else {
+               assert(  r1->code_blocks[i1].start
+                      > r2->code_blocks[i2].start);
+               src = &r2->code_blocks[i2++];
+               is_qr = 1;
+               assert(src->end < r1->code_blocks[i1].start);
+           }
+
+           assert(pat[src->start] == '(');
+           assert(pat[src->end]   == ')');
+           dst->start      = src->start;
+           dst->end        = src->end;
+           dst->block      = src->block;
+           dst->src_regex  = is_qr ? (REGEXP*) SvREFCNT_inc( (SV*) qr)
+                                   : src->src_regex;
+           dst++;
+       }
+       r1->num_code_blocks += r2->num_code_blocks;
+       Safefree(r1->code_blocks);
+       r1->code_blocks = new_block;
+    }
+
+    SvREFCNT_dec_NN(qr);
+    return 1;
+}
+
+
+STATIC bool
+S_setup_longest(pTHX_ RExC_state_t *pRExC_state, SV* sv_longest, SV** rx_utf8, SV** rx_substr, I32* rx_end_shift, I32 lookbehind, I32 offset, I32 *minlen, STRLEN longest_length, bool eol, bool meol)
+{
+    /* This is the common code for setting up the floating and fixed length
+     * string data extracted from Perl_re_op_compile() below.  Returns a boolean
+     * as to whether succeeded or not */
+
+    I32 t,ml;
+
+    if (! (longest_length
+           || (eol /* Can't have SEOL and MULTI */
+               && (! meol || (RExC_flags & RXf_PMf_MULTILINE)))
+          )
+            /* See comments for join_exact for why REG_SEEN_EXACTF_SHARP_S */
+        || (RExC_seen & REG_SEEN_EXACTF_SHARP_S))
+    {
+        return FALSE;
+    }
+
+    /* copy the information about the longest from the reg_scan_data
+        over to the program. */
+    if (SvUTF8(sv_longest)) {
+        *rx_utf8 = sv_longest;
+        *rx_substr = NULL;
+    } else {
+        *rx_substr = sv_longest;
+        *rx_utf8 = NULL;
+    }
+    /* end_shift is how many chars that must be matched that
+        follow this item. We calculate it ahead of time as once the
+        lookbehind offset is added in we lose the ability to correctly
+        calculate it.*/
+    ml = minlen ? *(minlen) : (I32)longest_length;
+    *rx_end_shift = ml - offset
+        - longest_length + (SvTAIL(sv_longest) != 0)
+        + lookbehind;
+
+    t = (eol/* Can't have SEOL and MULTI */
+         && (! meol || (RExC_flags & RXf_PMf_MULTILINE)));
+    fbm_compile(sv_longest, t ? FBMcf_TAIL : 0);
+
+    return TRUE;
+}
+
+/*
+ * Perl_re_op_compile - the perl internal RE engine's function to compile a
+ * regular expression into internal code.
+ * The pattern may be passed either as:
+ *    a list of SVs (patternp plus pat_count)
+ *    a list of OPs (expr)
+ * If both are passed, the SV list is used, but the OP list indicates
+ * which SVs are actually pre-compiled code blocks
+ *
+ * The SVs in the list have magic and qr overloading applied to them (and
+ * the list may be modified in-place with replacement SVs in the latter
+ * case).
+ *
+ * If the pattern hasn't changed from old_re, then old_re will be
+ * returned.
+ *
+ * eng is the current engine. If that engine has an op_comp method, then
+ * handle directly (i.e. we assume that op_comp was us); otherwise, just
+ * do the initial concatenation of arguments and pass on to the external
+ * engine.
+ *
+ * If is_bare_re is not null, set it to a boolean indicating whether the
+ * arg list reduced (after overloading) to a single bare regex which has
+ * been returned (i.e. /$qr/).
+ *
+ * orig_rx_flags contains RXf_* flags. See perlreapi.pod for more details.
+ *
+ * pm_flags contains the PMf_* flags, typically based on those from the
+ * pm_flags field of the related PMOP. Currently we're only interested in
+ * PMf_HAS_CV, PMf_IS_QR, PMf_USE_RE_EVAL.
+ *
+ * We can't allocate space until we know how big the compiled form will be,
+ * but we can't compile it (and thus know how big it is) until we've got a
+ * place to put the code.  So we cheat:  we compile it twice, once with code
+ * generation turned off and size counting turned on, and once "for real".
+ * This also means that we don't allocate space until we are sure that the
+ * thing really will compile successfully, and we never have to move the
+ * code and thus invalidate pointers into it.  (Note that it has to be in
+ * one piece because free() must be able to free it all.) [NB: not true in perl]
+ *
+ * Beware that the optimization-preparation code in here knows about some
+ * of the structure of the compiled regexp.  [I'll say.]
+ */
+
+REGEXP *
+Perl_re_op_compile(pTHX_ SV ** const patternp, int pat_count,
+                   OP *expr, const regexp_engine* eng, REGEXP *old_re,
+                    bool *is_bare_re, U32 orig_rx_flags, U32 pm_flags)
+{
+    dVAR;
+    REGEXP *rx;
+    struct regexp *r;
+    regexp_internal *ri;
+    STRLEN plen;
+    char *exp;
+    regnode *scan;
+    I32 flags;
+    I32 minlen = 0;
+    U32 rx_flags;
+    SV *pat;
+    SV *code_blocksv = NULL;
+    SV** new_patternp = patternp;
+
+    /* these are all flags - maybe they should be turned
+     * into a single int with different bit masks */
+    I32 sawlookahead = 0;
+    I32 sawplus = 0;
+    I32 sawopen = 0;
+    I32 sawminmod = 0;
+
+    regex_charset initial_charset = get_regex_charset(orig_rx_flags);
+    bool recompile = 0;
+    bool runtime_code = 0;
+    scan_data_t data;
+    RExC_state_t RExC_state;
+    RExC_state_t * const pRExC_state = &RExC_state;
+#ifdef TRIE_STUDY_OPT    
+    int restudied = 0;
+    RExC_state_t copyRExC_state;
+#endif    
+    GET_RE_DEBUG_FLAGS_DECL;
+
+    PERL_ARGS_ASSERT_RE_OP_COMPILE;
+
+    DEBUG_r(if (!PL_colorset) reginitcolors());
+
+#ifndef PERL_IN_XSUB_RE
+    /* Initialize these here instead of as-needed, as is quick and avoids
+     * having to test them each time otherwise */
+    if (! PL_AboveLatin1) {
+       PL_AboveLatin1 = _new_invlist_C_array(AboveLatin1_invlist);
+       PL_ASCII = _new_invlist_C_array(ASCII_invlist);
+       PL_Latin1 = _new_invlist_C_array(Latin1_invlist);
+
+       PL_L1Posix_ptrs[_CC_ALPHANUMERIC]
+                                = _new_invlist_C_array(L1PosixAlnum_invlist);
+       PL_Posix_ptrs[_CC_ALPHANUMERIC]
+                                = _new_invlist_C_array(PosixAlnum_invlist);
+
+       PL_L1Posix_ptrs[_CC_ALPHA]
+                                = _new_invlist_C_array(L1PosixAlpha_invlist);
+       PL_Posix_ptrs[_CC_ALPHA] = _new_invlist_C_array(PosixAlpha_invlist);
+
+       PL_Posix_ptrs[_CC_BLANK] = _new_invlist_C_array(PosixBlank_invlist);
+       PL_XPosix_ptrs[_CC_BLANK] = _new_invlist_C_array(XPosixBlank_invlist);
+
+        /* Cased is the same as Alpha in the ASCII range */
+       PL_L1Posix_ptrs[_CC_CASED] =  _new_invlist_C_array(L1Cased_invlist);
+       PL_Posix_ptrs[_CC_CASED] =  _new_invlist_C_array(PosixAlpha_invlist);
+
+       PL_Posix_ptrs[_CC_CNTRL] = _new_invlist_C_array(PosixCntrl_invlist);
+       PL_XPosix_ptrs[_CC_CNTRL] = _new_invlist_C_array(XPosixCntrl_invlist);
+
+       PL_Posix_ptrs[_CC_DIGIT] = _new_invlist_C_array(PosixDigit_invlist);
+       PL_L1Posix_ptrs[_CC_DIGIT] = _new_invlist_C_array(PosixDigit_invlist);
+
+       PL_L1Posix_ptrs[_CC_GRAPH] = _new_invlist_C_array(L1PosixGraph_invlist);
+       PL_Posix_ptrs[_CC_GRAPH] = _new_invlist_C_array(PosixGraph_invlist);
+
+       PL_L1Posix_ptrs[_CC_LOWER] = _new_invlist_C_array(L1PosixLower_invlist);
+       PL_Posix_ptrs[_CC_LOWER] = _new_invlist_C_array(PosixLower_invlist);
+
+       PL_L1Posix_ptrs[_CC_PRINT] = _new_invlist_C_array(L1PosixPrint_invlist);
+       PL_Posix_ptrs[_CC_PRINT] = _new_invlist_C_array(PosixPrint_invlist);
+
+       PL_L1Posix_ptrs[_CC_PUNCT] = _new_invlist_C_array(L1PosixPunct_invlist);
+       PL_Posix_ptrs[_CC_PUNCT] = _new_invlist_C_array(PosixPunct_invlist);
+
+       PL_Posix_ptrs[_CC_SPACE] = _new_invlist_C_array(PerlSpace_invlist);
+       PL_XPosix_ptrs[_CC_SPACE] = _new_invlist_C_array(XPerlSpace_invlist);
+       PL_Posix_ptrs[_CC_PSXSPC] = _new_invlist_C_array(PosixSpace_invlist);
+       PL_XPosix_ptrs[_CC_PSXSPC] = _new_invlist_C_array(XPosixSpace_invlist);
+
+       PL_L1Posix_ptrs[_CC_UPPER] = _new_invlist_C_array(L1PosixUpper_invlist);
+       PL_Posix_ptrs[_CC_UPPER] = _new_invlist_C_array(PosixUpper_invlist);
+
+        PL_XPosix_ptrs[_CC_VERTSPACE] = _new_invlist_C_array(VertSpace_invlist);
+
+       PL_Posix_ptrs[_CC_WORDCHAR] = _new_invlist_C_array(PosixWord_invlist);
+       PL_L1Posix_ptrs[_CC_WORDCHAR]
+                                = _new_invlist_C_array(L1PosixWord_invlist);
+
+       PL_Posix_ptrs[_CC_XDIGIT] = _new_invlist_C_array(PosixXDigit_invlist);
+       PL_XPosix_ptrs[_CC_XDIGIT] = _new_invlist_C_array(XPosixXDigit_invlist);
+
+        PL_HasMultiCharFold = _new_invlist_C_array(_Perl_Multi_Char_Folds_invlist);
+    }
+#endif
+
+    pRExC_state->code_blocks = NULL;
+    pRExC_state->num_code_blocks = 0;
+
+    if (is_bare_re)
+       *is_bare_re = FALSE;
+
+    if (expr && (expr->op_type == OP_LIST ||
+               (expr->op_type == OP_NULL && expr->op_targ == OP_LIST))) {
+       /* allocate code_blocks if needed */
+       OP *o;
+       int ncode = 0;
+
+       for (o = cLISTOPx(expr)->op_first; o; o = o->op_sibling)
+           if (o->op_type == OP_NULL && (o->op_flags & OPf_SPECIAL))
+               ncode++; /* count of DO blocks */
+       if (ncode) {
+           pRExC_state->num_code_blocks = ncode;
+           Newx(pRExC_state->code_blocks, ncode, struct reg_code_block);
+       }
+    }
+
+    if (!pat_count) {
+        /* compile-time pattern with just OP_CONSTs and DO blocks */
+
+        int n;
+        OP *o;
+
+        /* find how many CONSTs there are */
+        assert(expr);
+        n = 0;
+        if (expr->op_type == OP_CONST)
+            n = 1;
+        else
+            for (o = cLISTOPx(expr)->op_first; o; o = o->op_sibling) {
+                if (o->op_type == OP_CONST)
+                    n++;
+            }
+
+        /* fake up an SV array */
+
+        assert(!new_patternp);
+        Newx(new_patternp, n, SV*);
+        SAVEFREEPV(new_patternp);
+        pat_count = n;
+
+        n = 0;
+        if (expr->op_type == OP_CONST)
+            new_patternp[n] = cSVOPx_sv(expr);
+        else
+            for (o = cLISTOPx(expr)->op_first; o; o = o->op_sibling) {
+                if (o->op_type == OP_CONST)
+                    new_patternp[n++] = cSVOPo_sv;
+            }
+
+    }
+
+    DEBUG_PARSE_r(PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log,
+        "Assembling pattern from %d elements%s\n", pat_count,
+            orig_rx_flags & RXf_SPLIT ? " for split" : ""));
+
+    /* set expr to the first arg op */
+
+    if (pRExC_state->num_code_blocks
+         && expr->op_type != OP_CONST)
+    {
+            expr = cLISTOPx(expr)->op_first;
+            assert(   expr->op_type == OP_PUSHMARK
+                   || (expr->op_type == OP_NULL && expr->op_targ == OP_PUSHMARK)
+                   || expr->op_type == OP_PADRANGE);
+            expr = expr->op_sibling;
+    }
+
+    pat = S_concat_pat(aTHX_ pRExC_state, NULL, new_patternp, pat_count,
+                        expr, &recompile, NULL);
+
+    /* handle bare (possibly after overloading) regex: foo =~ $re */
+    {
+        SV *re = pat;
+        if (SvROK(re))
+            re = SvRV(re);
+        if (SvTYPE(re) == SVt_REGEXP) {
+            if (is_bare_re)
+                *is_bare_re = TRUE;
+            SvREFCNT_inc(re);
+            Safefree(pRExC_state->code_blocks);
+            DEBUG_PARSE_r(PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log,
+                "Precompiled pattern%s\n",
+                    orig_rx_flags & RXf_SPLIT ? " for split" : ""));
+
+            return (REGEXP*)re;
+        }
+    }
+
+    exp = SvPV_nomg(pat, plen);
+
+    if (!eng->op_comp) {
+       if ((SvUTF8(pat) && IN_BYTES)
+               || SvGMAGICAL(pat) || SvAMAGIC(pat))
+       {
+           /* make a temporary copy; either to convert to bytes,
+            * or to avoid repeating get-magic / overloaded stringify */
+           pat = newSVpvn_flags(exp, plen, SVs_TEMP |
+                                       (IN_BYTES ? 0 : SvUTF8(pat)));
+       }
+       Safefree(pRExC_state->code_blocks);
+       return CALLREGCOMP_ENG(eng, pat, orig_rx_flags);
+    }
+
+    /* ignore the utf8ness if the pattern is 0 length */
+    RExC_utf8 = RExC_orig_utf8 = (plen == 0 || IN_BYTES) ? 0 : SvUTF8(pat);
+    RExC_uni_semantics = 0;
+    RExC_contains_locale = 0;
+    pRExC_state->runtime_code_qr = NULL;
+
+    DEBUG_COMPILE_r({
+            SV *dsv= sv_newmortal();
+            RE_PV_QUOTED_DECL(s, RExC_utf8, dsv, exp, plen, 60);
+            PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log, "%sCompiling REx%s %s\n",
+                          PL_colors[4],PL_colors[5],s);
+        });
+
+  redo_first_pass:
+    /* we jump here if we upgrade the pattern to utf8 and have to
+     * recompile */
+
+    if ((pm_flags & PMf_USE_RE_EVAL)
+               /* this second condition covers the non-regex literal case,
+                * i.e.  $foo =~ '(?{})'. */
+               || (IN_PERL_COMPILETIME && (PL_hints & HINT_RE_EVAL))
+    )
+       runtime_code = S_has_runtime_code(aTHX_ pRExC_state, exp, plen);
+
+    /* return old regex if pattern hasn't changed */
+    /* XXX: note in the below we have to check the flags as well as the pattern.
+     *
+     * Things get a touch tricky as we have to compare the utf8 flag independently
+     * from the compile flags.
+     */
+
+    if (   old_re
+        && !recompile
+        && !!RX_UTF8(old_re) == !!RExC_utf8
+        && ( RX_COMPFLAGS(old_re) == ( orig_rx_flags & RXf_PMf_FLAGCOPYMASK ) )
+       && RX_PRECOMP(old_re)
+       && RX_PRELEN(old_re) == plen
+        && memEQ(RX_PRECOMP(old_re), exp, plen)
+       && !runtime_code /* with runtime code, always recompile */ )
+    {
+        Safefree(pRExC_state->code_blocks);
+        return old_re;
+    }
+
+    rx_flags = orig_rx_flags;
+
+    if (initial_charset == REGEX_LOCALE_CHARSET) {
+       RExC_contains_locale = 1;
+    }
+    else if (RExC_utf8 && initial_charset == REGEX_DEPENDS_CHARSET) {
+
+       /* Set to use unicode semantics if the pattern is in utf8 and has the
+        * 'depends' charset specified, as it means unicode when utf8  */
+       set_regex_charset(&rx_flags, REGEX_UNICODE_CHARSET);
+    }
+
+    RExC_precomp = exp;
+    RExC_flags = rx_flags;
+    RExC_pm_flags = pm_flags;
+
+    if (runtime_code) {
+       if (TAINTING_get && TAINT_get)
+           Perl_croak(aTHX_ "Eval-group in insecure regular expression");
+
+       if (!S_compile_runtime_code(aTHX_ pRExC_state, exp, plen)) {
+           /* whoops, we have a non-utf8 pattern, whilst run-time code
+            * got compiled as utf8. Try again with a utf8 pattern */
+            S_pat_upgrade_to_utf8(aTHX_ pRExC_state, &exp, &plen,
+                                    pRExC_state->num_code_blocks);
+            goto redo_first_pass;
+       }
+    }
+    assert(!pRExC_state->runtime_code_qr);
+
+    RExC_sawback = 0;
+
+    RExC_seen = 0;
+    RExC_in_lookbehind = 0;
+    RExC_seen_zerolen = *exp == '^' ? -1 : 0;
+    RExC_extralen = 0;
+    RExC_override_recoding = 0;
+    RExC_in_multi_char_class = 0;
+
+    /* First pass: determine size, legality. */
+    RExC_parse = exp;
+    RExC_start = exp;
+    RExC_end = exp + plen;
+    RExC_naughty = 0;
+    RExC_npar = 1;
+    RExC_nestroot = 0;
+    RExC_size = 0L;
+    RExC_emit = &RExC_emit_dummy;
+    RExC_whilem_seen = 0;
+    RExC_open_parens = NULL;
+    RExC_close_parens = NULL;
+    RExC_opend = NULL;
+    RExC_paren_names = NULL;
+#ifdef DEBUGGING
+    RExC_paren_name_list = NULL;
+#endif
+    RExC_recurse = NULL;
+    RExC_recurse_count = 0;
+    pRExC_state->code_index = 0;
+
+#if 0 /* REGC() is (currently) a NOP at the first pass.
+       * Clever compilers notice this and complain. --jhi */
+    REGC((U8)REG_MAGIC, (char*)RExC_emit);
+#endif
+    DEBUG_PARSE_r(
+       PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log, "Starting first pass (sizing)\n");
+        RExC_lastnum=0;
+        RExC_lastparse=NULL;
+    );
+    /* reg may croak on us, not giving us a chance to free
+       pRExC_state->code_blocks.  We cannot SAVEFREEPV it now, as we may
+       need it to survive as long as the regexp (qr/(?{})/).
+       We must check that code_blocksv is not already set, because we may
+       have jumped back to restart the sizing pass. */
+    if (pRExC_state->code_blocks && !code_blocksv) {
+       code_blocksv = newSV_type(SVt_PV);
+       SAVEFREESV(code_blocksv);
+       SvPV_set(code_blocksv, (char *)pRExC_state->code_blocks);
+       SvLEN_set(code_blocksv, 1); /*sufficient to make sv_clear free it*/
+    }
+    if (reg(pRExC_state, 0, &flags,1) == NULL) {
+        /* It's possible to write a regexp in ascii that represents Unicode
+        codepoints outside of the byte range, such as via \x{100}. If we
+        detect such a sequence we have to convert the entire pattern to utf8
+        and then recompile, as our sizing calculation will have been based
+        on 1 byte == 1 character, but we will need to use utf8 to encode
+        at least some part of the pattern, and therefore must convert the whole
+        thing.
+        -- dmq */
+        if (flags & RESTART_UTF8) {
+            S_pat_upgrade_to_utf8(aTHX_ pRExC_state, &exp, &plen,
+                                    pRExC_state->num_code_blocks);
+            goto redo_first_pass;
+        }
+        Perl_croak(aTHX_ "panic: reg returned NULL to re_op_compile for sizing pass, flags=%#"UVxf"", (UV) flags);
+    }
+    if (code_blocksv)
+       SvLEN_set(code_blocksv,0); /* no you can't have it, sv_clear */
+
+    DEBUG_PARSE_r({
+        PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log, 
+            "Required size %"IVdf" nodes\n"
+            "Starting second pass (creation)\n", 
+            (IV)RExC_size);
+        RExC_lastnum=0; 
+        RExC_lastparse=NULL; 
+    });
+
+    /* The first pass could have found things that force Unicode semantics */
+    if ((RExC_utf8 || RExC_uni_semantics)
+        && get_regex_charset(rx_flags) == REGEX_DEPENDS_CHARSET)
+    {
+       set_regex_charset(&rx_flags, REGEX_UNICODE_CHARSET);
+    }
+
+    /* Small enough for pointer-storage convention?
+       If extralen==0, this means that we will not need long jumps. */
+    if (RExC_size >= 0x10000L && RExC_extralen)
+        RExC_size += RExC_extralen;
+    else
+       RExC_extralen = 0;
+    if (RExC_whilem_seen > 15)
+       RExC_whilem_seen = 15;
+
+    /* Allocate space and zero-initialize. Note, the two step process 
+       of zeroing when in debug mode, thus anything assigned has to 
+       happen after that */
+    rx = (REGEXP*) newSV_type(SVt_REGEXP);
+    r = ReANY(rx);
+    Newxc(ri, sizeof(regexp_internal) + (unsigned)RExC_size * sizeof(regnode),
+        char, regexp_internal);
+    if ( r == NULL || ri == NULL )
+       FAIL("Regexp out of space");
+#ifdef DEBUGGING
+    /* avoid reading uninitialized memory in DEBUGGING code in study_chunk() */
+    Zero(ri, sizeof(regexp_internal) + (unsigned)RExC_size * sizeof(regnode), char);
+#else 
+    /* bulk initialize base fields with 0. */
+    Zero(ri, sizeof(regexp_internal), char);        
+#endif
+
+    /* non-zero initialization begins here */
+    RXi_SET( r, ri );
+    r->engine= eng;
+    r->extflags = rx_flags;
+    RXp_COMPFLAGS(r) = orig_rx_flags & RXf_PMf_FLAGCOPYMASK;
+
+    if (pm_flags & PMf_IS_QR) {
+       ri->code_blocks = pRExC_state->code_blocks;
+       ri->num_code_blocks = pRExC_state->num_code_blocks;
+    }
+    else
+    {
+       int n;
+       for (n = 0; n < pRExC_state->num_code_blocks; n++)
+           if (pRExC_state->code_blocks[n].src_regex)
+               SAVEFREESV(pRExC_state->code_blocks[n].src_regex);
+       SAVEFREEPV(pRExC_state->code_blocks);
+    }
+
+    {
+        bool has_p     = ((r->extflags & RXf_PMf_KEEPCOPY) == RXf_PMf_KEEPCOPY);
+        bool has_charset = (get_regex_charset(r->extflags) != REGEX_DEPENDS_CHARSET);
+
+        /* The caret is output if there are any defaults: if not all the STD
+         * flags are set, or if no character set specifier is needed */
+        bool has_default =
+                    (((r->extflags & RXf_PMf_STD_PMMOD) != RXf_PMf_STD_PMMOD)
+                    || ! has_charset);
+       bool has_runon = ((RExC_seen & REG_SEEN_RUN_ON_COMMENT)==REG_SEEN_RUN_ON_COMMENT);
+       U16 reganch = (U16)((r->extflags & RXf_PMf_STD_PMMOD)
+                           >> RXf_PMf_STD_PMMOD_SHIFT);
+       const char *fptr = STD_PAT_MODS;        /*"msix"*/
+       char *p;
+        /* Allocate for the worst case, which is all the std flags are turned
+         * on.  If more precision is desired, we could do a population count of
+         * the flags set.  This could be done with a small lookup table, or by
+         * shifting, masking and adding, or even, when available, assembly
+         * language for a machine-language population count.
+         * We never output a minus, as all those are defaults, so are
+         * covered by the caret */
+       const STRLEN wraplen = plen + has_p + has_runon
+            + has_default       /* If needs a caret */
+
+               /* If needs a character set specifier */
+           + ((has_charset) ? MAX_CHARSET_NAME_LENGTH : 0)
+            + (sizeof(STD_PAT_MODS) - 1)
+            + (sizeof("(?:)") - 1);
+
+        Newx(p, wraplen + 1, char); /* +1 for the ending NUL */
+       r->xpv_len_u.xpvlenu_pv = p;
+       if (RExC_utf8)
+           SvFLAGS(rx) |= SVf_UTF8;
+        *p++='('; *p++='?';
+
+        /* If a default, cover it using the caret */
+        if (has_default) {
+            *p++= DEFAULT_PAT_MOD;
+        }
+        if (has_charset) {
+           STRLEN len;
+           const char* const name = get_regex_charset_name(r->extflags, &len);
+           Copy(name, p, len, char);
+           p += len;
+        }
+        if (has_p)
+            *p++ = KEEPCOPY_PAT_MOD; /*'p'*/
+        {
+            char ch;
+            while((ch = *fptr++)) {
+                if(reganch & 1)
+                    *p++ = ch;
+                reganch >>= 1;
+            }
+        }
+
+        *p++ = ':';
+        Copy(RExC_precomp, p, plen, char);
+       assert ((RX_WRAPPED(rx) - p) < 16);
+       r->pre_prefix = p - RX_WRAPPED(rx);
+        p += plen;
+        if (has_runon)
+            *p++ = '\n';
+        *p++ = ')';
+        *p = 0;
+       SvCUR_set(rx, p - RX_WRAPPED(rx));
+    }
+
+    r->intflags = 0;
+    r->nparens = RExC_npar - 1;        /* set early to validate backrefs */
+    
+    if (RExC_seen & REG_SEEN_RECURSE) {
+        Newxz(RExC_open_parens, RExC_npar,regnode *);
+        SAVEFREEPV(RExC_open_parens);
+        Newxz(RExC_close_parens,RExC_npar,regnode *);
+        SAVEFREEPV(RExC_close_parens);
+    }
+
+    /* Useful during FAIL. */
+#ifdef RE_TRACK_PATTERN_OFFSETS
+    Newxz(ri->u.offsets, 2*RExC_size+1, U32); /* MJD 20001228 */
+    DEBUG_OFFSETS_r(PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log,
+                          "%s %"UVuf" bytes for offset annotations.\n",
+                          ri->u.offsets ? "Got" : "Couldn't get",
+                          (UV)((2*RExC_size+1) * sizeof(U32))));
+#endif
+    SetProgLen(ri,RExC_size);
+    RExC_rx_sv = rx;
+    RExC_rx = r;
+    RExC_rxi = ri;
+
+    /* Second pass: emit code. */
+    RExC_flags = rx_flags;     /* don't let top level (?i) bleed */
+    RExC_pm_flags = pm_flags;
+    RExC_parse = exp;
+    RExC_end = exp + plen;
+    RExC_naughty = 0;
+    RExC_npar = 1;
+    RExC_emit_start = ri->program;
+    RExC_emit = ri->program;
+    RExC_emit_bound = ri->program + RExC_size + 1;
+    pRExC_state->code_index = 0;
+
+    REGC((U8)REG_MAGIC, (char*) RExC_emit++);
+    if (reg(pRExC_state, 0, &flags,1) == NULL) {
+       ReREFCNT_dec(rx);   
+        Perl_croak(aTHX_ "panic: reg returned NULL to re_op_compile for generation pass, flags=%#"UVxf"", (UV) flags);
+    }
+    /* XXXX To minimize changes to RE engine we always allocate
+       3-units-long substrs field. */
+    Newx(r->substrs, 1, struct reg_substr_data);
+    if (RExC_recurse_count) {
+        Newxz(RExC_recurse,RExC_recurse_count,regnode *);
+        SAVEFREEPV(RExC_recurse);
+    }
+
+reStudy:
+    r->minlen = minlen = sawlookahead = sawplus = sawopen = sawminmod = 0;
+    Zero(r->substrs, 1, struct reg_substr_data);
+
+#ifdef TRIE_STUDY_OPT
+    if (!restudied) {
+        StructCopy(&zero_scan_data, &data, scan_data_t);
+        copyRExC_state = RExC_state;
+    } else {
+        U32 seen=RExC_seen;
+        DEBUG_OPTIMISE_r(PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log,"Restudying\n"));
+        
+        RExC_state = copyRExC_state;
+        if (seen & REG_TOP_LEVEL_BRANCHES) 
+            RExC_seen |= REG_TOP_LEVEL_BRANCHES;
+        else
+            RExC_seen &= ~REG_TOP_LEVEL_BRANCHES;
+       StructCopy(&zero_scan_data, &data, scan_data_t);
+    }
+#else
+    StructCopy(&zero_scan_data, &data, scan_data_t);
+#endif    
+
+    /* Dig out information for optimizations. */
+    r->extflags = RExC_flags; /* was pm_op */
+    /*dmq: removed as part of de-PMOP: pm->op_pmflags = RExC_flags; */
+    if (UTF)
+       SvUTF8_on(rx);  /* Unicode in it? */
+    ri->regstclass = NULL;
+    if (RExC_naughty >= 10)    /* Probably an expensive pattern. */
+       r->intflags |= PREGf_NAUGHTY;
+    scan = ri->program + 1;            /* First BRANCH. */
+
+    /* testing for BRANCH here tells us whether there is "must appear"
+       data in the pattern. If there is then we can use it for optimisations */
+    if (!(RExC_seen & REG_TOP_LEVEL_BRANCHES)) { /*  Only one top-level choice. */
+       I32 fake;
+       STRLEN longest_float_length, longest_fixed_length;
+       struct regnode_charclass_class ch_class; /* pointed to by data */
+       int stclass_flag;
+       I32 last_close = 0; /* pointed to by data */
+        regnode *first= scan;
+        regnode *first_next= regnext(first);
+       /*
+        * Skip introductions and multiplicators >= 1
+        * so that we can extract the 'meat' of the pattern that must 
+        * match in the large if() sequence following.
+        * NOTE that EXACT is NOT covered here, as it is normally
+        * picked up by the optimiser separately. 
+        *
+        * This is unfortunate as the optimiser isnt handling lookahead
+        * properly currently.
+        *
+        */
+       while ((OP(first) == OPEN && (sawopen = 1)) ||
+              /* An OR of *one* alternative - should not happen now. */
+           (OP(first) == BRANCH && OP(first_next) != BRANCH) ||
+           /* for now we can't handle lookbehind IFMATCH*/
+           (OP(first) == IFMATCH && !first->flags && (sawlookahead = 1)) ||
+           (OP(first) == PLUS) ||
+           (OP(first) == MINMOD) ||
+              /* An {n,m} with n>0 */
+           (PL_regkind[OP(first)] == CURLY && ARG1(first) > 0) ||
+           (OP(first) == NOTHING && PL_regkind[OP(first_next)] != END ))
+       {
+               /* 
+                * the only op that could be a regnode is PLUS, all the rest
+                * will be regnode_1 or regnode_2.
+                *
+                 * (yves doesn't think this is true)
+                */
+               if (OP(first) == PLUS)
+                   sawplus = 1;
+                else {
+                    if (OP(first) == MINMOD)
+                        sawminmod = 1;
+                   first += regarglen[OP(first)];
+                }
+               first = NEXTOPER(first);
+               first_next= regnext(first);
+       }
+
+       /* Starting-point info. */
+      again:
+        DEBUG_PEEP("first:",first,0);
+        /* Ignore EXACT as we deal with it later. */
+       if (PL_regkind[OP(first)] == EXACT) {
+           if (OP(first) == EXACT)
+               NOOP;   /* Empty, get anchored substr later. */
+           else
+               ri->regstclass = first;
+       }
+#ifdef TRIE_STCLASS
+       else if (PL_regkind[OP(first)] == TRIE &&
+               ((reg_trie_data *)ri->data->data[ ARG(first) ])->minlen>0) 
+       {
+           regnode *trie_op;
+           /* this can happen only on restudy */
+           if ( OP(first) == TRIE ) {
+                struct regnode_1 *trieop = (struct regnode_1 *)
+                   PerlMemShared_calloc(1, sizeof(struct regnode_1));
+                StructCopy(first,trieop,struct regnode_1);
+                trie_op=(regnode *)trieop;
+            } else {
+                struct regnode_charclass *trieop = (struct regnode_charclass *)
+                   PerlMemShared_calloc(1, sizeof(struct regnode_charclass));
+                StructCopy(first,trieop,struct regnode_charclass);
+                trie_op=(regnode *)trieop;
+            }
+            OP(trie_op)+=2;
+            make_trie_failtable(pRExC_state, (regnode *)first, trie_op, 0);
+           ri->regstclass = trie_op;
+       }
+#endif
+       else if (REGNODE_SIMPLE(OP(first)))
+           ri->regstclass = first;
+       else if (PL_regkind[OP(first)] == BOUND ||
+                PL_regkind[OP(first)] == NBOUND)
+           ri->regstclass = first;
+       else if (PL_regkind[OP(first)] == BOL) {
+           r->extflags |= (OP(first) == MBOL
+                          ? RXf_ANCH_MBOL
+                          : (OP(first) == SBOL
+                             ? RXf_ANCH_SBOL
+                             : RXf_ANCH_BOL));
+           first = NEXTOPER(first);
+           goto again;
+       }
+       else if (OP(first) == GPOS) {
+           r->extflags |= RXf_ANCH_GPOS;
+           first = NEXTOPER(first);
+           goto again;
+       }
+       else if ((!sawopen || !RExC_sawback) &&
+           (OP(first) == STAR &&
+           PL_regkind[OP(NEXTOPER(first))] == REG_ANY) &&
+           !(r->extflags & RXf_ANCH) && !pRExC_state->num_code_blocks)
+       {
+           /* turn .* into ^.* with an implied $*=1 */
+           const int type =
+               (OP(NEXTOPER(first)) == REG_ANY)
+                   ? RXf_ANCH_MBOL
+                   : RXf_ANCH_SBOL;
+           r->extflags |= type;
+           r->intflags |= PREGf_IMPLICIT;
+           first = NEXTOPER(first);
+           goto again;
+       }
+        if (sawplus && !sawminmod && !sawlookahead && (!sawopen || !RExC_sawback)
+           && !pRExC_state->num_code_blocks) /* May examine pos and $& */
+           /* x+ must match at the 1st pos of run of x's */
+           r->intflags |= PREGf_SKIP;
+
+       /* Scan is after the zeroth branch, first is atomic matcher. */
+#ifdef TRIE_STUDY_OPT
+       DEBUG_PARSE_r(
+           if (!restudied)
+               PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log, "first at %"IVdf"\n",
+                             (IV)(first - scan + 1))
+        );
+#else
+       DEBUG_PARSE_r(
+           PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log, "first at %"IVdf"\n",
+               (IV)(first - scan + 1))
+        );
+#endif
+
+
+       /*
+       * If there's something expensive in the r.e., find the
+       * longest literal string that must appear and make it the
+       * regmust.  Resolve ties in favor of later strings, since
+       * the regstart check works with the beginning of the r.e.
+       * and avoiding duplication strengthens checking.  Not a
+       * strong reason, but sufficient in the absence of others.
+       * [Now we resolve ties in favor of the earlier string if
+       * it happens that c_offset_min has been invalidated, since the
+       * earlier string may buy us something the later one won't.]
+       */
+
+       data.longest_fixed = newSVpvs("");
+       data.longest_float = newSVpvs("");
+       data.last_found = newSVpvs("");
+       data.longest = &(data.longest_fixed);
+       ENTER_with_name("study_chunk");
+       SAVEFREESV(data.longest_fixed);
+       SAVEFREESV(data.longest_float);
+       SAVEFREESV(data.last_found);
+       first = scan;
+       if (!ri->regstclass) {
+           cl_init(pRExC_state, &ch_class);
+           data.start_class = &ch_class;
+           stclass_flag = SCF_DO_STCLASS_AND;
+       } else                          /* XXXX Check for BOUND? */
+           stclass_flag = 0;
+       data.last_closep = &last_close;
+        
+       minlen = study_chunk(pRExC_state, &first, &minlen, &fake, scan + RExC_size, /* Up to end */
+            &data, -1, NULL, NULL,
+            SCF_DO_SUBSTR | SCF_WHILEM_VISITED_POS | stclass_flag
+                          | (restudied ? SCF_TRIE_DOING_RESTUDY : 0),
+            0);
+
+
+        CHECK_RESTUDY_GOTO_butfirst(LEAVE_with_name("study_chunk"));
+
+
+       if ( RExC_npar == 1 && data.longest == &(data.longest_fixed)
+            && data.last_start_min == 0 && data.last_end > 0
+            && !RExC_seen_zerolen
+            && !(RExC_seen & REG_SEEN_VERBARG)
+            && (!(RExC_seen & REG_SEEN_GPOS) || (r->extflags & RXf_ANCH_GPOS)))
+           r->extflags |= RXf_CHECK_ALL;
+       scan_commit(pRExC_state, &data,&minlen,0);
+
+       longest_float_length = CHR_SVLEN(data.longest_float);
+
+        if (! ((SvCUR(data.longest_fixed)  /* ok to leave SvCUR */
+                   && data.offset_fixed == data.offset_float_min
+                   && SvCUR(data.longest_fixed) == SvCUR(data.longest_float)))
+            && S_setup_longest (aTHX_ pRExC_state,
+                                    data.longest_float,
+                                    &(r->float_utf8),
+                                    &(r->float_substr),
+                                    &(r->float_end_shift),
+                                    data.lookbehind_float,
+                                    data.offset_float_min,
+                                    data.minlen_float,
+                                    longest_float_length,
+                                    cBOOL(data.flags & SF_FL_BEFORE_EOL),
+                                    cBOOL(data.flags & SF_FL_BEFORE_MEOL)))
+        {
+           r->float_min_offset = data.offset_float_min - data.lookbehind_float;
+           r->float_max_offset = data.offset_float_max;
+           if (data.offset_float_max < I32_MAX) /* Don't offset infinity */
+               r->float_max_offset -= data.lookbehind_float;
+           SvREFCNT_inc_simple_void_NN(data.longest_float);
+       }
+       else {
+           r->float_substr = r->float_utf8 = NULL;
+           longest_float_length = 0;
+       }
+
+       longest_fixed_length = CHR_SVLEN(data.longest_fixed);
+
+        if (S_setup_longest (aTHX_ pRExC_state,
+                                data.longest_fixed,
+                                &(r->anchored_utf8),
+                                &(r->anchored_substr),
+                                &(r->anchored_end_shift),
+                                data.lookbehind_fixed,
+                                data.offset_fixed,
+                                data.minlen_fixed,
+                                longest_fixed_length,
+                                cBOOL(data.flags & SF_FIX_BEFORE_EOL),
+                                cBOOL(data.flags & SF_FIX_BEFORE_MEOL)))
+        {
+           r->anchored_offset = data.offset_fixed - data.lookbehind_fixed;
+           SvREFCNT_inc_simple_void_NN(data.longest_fixed);
+       }
+       else {
+           r->anchored_substr = r->anchored_utf8 = NULL;
+           longest_fixed_length = 0;
+       }
+       LEAVE_with_name("study_chunk");
+
+       if (ri->regstclass
+           && (OP(ri->regstclass) == REG_ANY || OP(ri->regstclass) == SANY))
+           ri->regstclass = NULL;
+
+       if ((!(r->anchored_substr || r->anchored_utf8) || r->anchored_offset)
+           && stclass_flag
+           && ! TEST_SSC_EOS(data.start_class)
+           && !cl_is_anything(data.start_class))
+       {
+           const U32 n = add_data(pRExC_state, 1, "f");
+           OP(data.start_class) = ANYOF_SYNTHETIC;
+
+           Newx(RExC_rxi->data->data[n], 1,
+               struct regnode_charclass_class);
+           StructCopy(data.start_class,
+                      (struct regnode_charclass_class*)RExC_rxi->data->data[n],
+                      struct regnode_charclass_class);
+           ri->regstclass = (regnode*)RExC_rxi->data->data[n];
+           r->intflags &= ~PREGf_SKIP; /* Used in find_byclass(). */
+           DEBUG_COMPILE_r({ SV *sv = sv_newmortal();
+                     regprop(r, sv, (regnode*)data.start_class);
+                     PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log,
+                                   "synthetic stclass \"%s\".\n",
+                                   SvPVX_const(sv));});
+       }
+
+       /* A temporary algorithm prefers floated substr to fixed one to dig more info. */
+       if (longest_fixed_length > longest_float_length) {
+           r->check_end_shift = r->anchored_end_shift;
+           r->check_substr = r->anchored_substr;
+           r->check_utf8 = r->anchored_utf8;
+           r->check_offset_min = r->check_offset_max = r->anchored_offset;
+           if (r->extflags & RXf_ANCH_SINGLE)
+               r->extflags |= RXf_NOSCAN;
+       }
+       else {
+           r->check_end_shift = r->float_end_shift;
+           r->check_substr = r->float_substr;
+           r->check_utf8 = r->float_utf8;
+           r->check_offset_min = r->float_min_offset;
+           r->check_offset_max = r->float_max_offset;
+       }
+       /* XXXX Currently intuiting is not compatible with ANCH_GPOS.
+          This should be changed ASAP!  */
+       if ((r->check_substr || r->check_utf8) && !(r->extflags & RXf_ANCH_GPOS)) {
+           r->extflags |= RXf_USE_INTUIT;
+           if (SvTAIL(r->check_substr ? r->check_substr : r->check_utf8))
+               r->extflags |= RXf_INTUIT_TAIL;
+       }
+       /* XXX Unneeded? dmq (shouldn't as this is handled elsewhere)
+       if ( (STRLEN)minlen < longest_float_length )
+            minlen= longest_float_length;
+        if ( (STRLEN)minlen < longest_fixed_length )
+            minlen= longest_fixed_length;     
+        */
+    }
+    else {
+       /* Several toplevels. Best we can is to set minlen. */
+       I32 fake;
+       struct regnode_charclass_class ch_class;
+       I32 last_close = 0;
+
+       DEBUG_PARSE_r(PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log, "\nMulti Top Level\n"));
+
+       scan = ri->program + 1;
+       cl_init(pRExC_state, &ch_class);
+       data.start_class = &ch_class;
+       data.last_closep = &last_close;
+
+        
+       minlen = study_chunk(pRExC_state, &scan, &minlen, &fake, scan + RExC_size,
+           &data, -1, NULL, NULL,
+            SCF_DO_STCLASS_AND|SCF_WHILEM_VISITED_POS
+                              |(restudied ? SCF_TRIE_DOING_RESTUDY : 0),
+            0);
+        
+        CHECK_RESTUDY_GOTO_butfirst(NOOP);
+
+       r->check_substr = r->check_utf8 = r->anchored_substr = r->anchored_utf8
+               = r->float_substr = r->float_utf8 = NULL;
+
+       if (! TEST_SSC_EOS(data.start_class)
+           && !cl_is_anything(data.start_class))
+       {
+           const U32 n = add_data(pRExC_state, 1, "f");
+           OP(data.start_class) = ANYOF_SYNTHETIC;
+
+           Newx(RExC_rxi->data->data[n], 1,
+               struct regnode_charclass_class);
+           StructCopy(data.start_class,
+                      (struct regnode_charclass_class*)RExC_rxi->data->data[n],
+                      struct regnode_charclass_class);
+           ri->regstclass = (regnode*)RExC_rxi->data->data[n];
+           r->intflags &= ~PREGf_SKIP; /* Used in find_byclass(). */
+           DEBUG_COMPILE_r({ SV* sv = sv_newmortal();
+                     regprop(r, sv, (regnode*)data.start_class);
+                     PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log,
+                                   "synthetic stclass \"%s\".\n",
+                                   SvPVX_const(sv));});
+       }
+    }
+
+    /* Guard against an embedded (?=) or (?<=) with a longer minlen than
+       the "real" pattern. */
+    DEBUG_OPTIMISE_r({
+       PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log,"minlen: %"IVdf" r->minlen:%"IVdf"\n",
+                     (IV)minlen, (IV)r->minlen);
+    });
+    r->minlenret = minlen;
+    if (r->minlen < minlen) 
+        r->minlen = minlen;
+    
+    if (RExC_seen & REG_SEEN_GPOS)
+       r->extflags |= RXf_GPOS_SEEN;
+    if (RExC_seen & REG_SEEN_LOOKBEHIND)
+        r->extflags |= RXf_NO_INPLACE_SUBST; /* inplace might break the lookbehind */
+    if (pRExC_state->num_code_blocks)
+       r->extflags |= RXf_EVAL_SEEN;
+    if (RExC_seen & REG_SEEN_CANY)
+       r->extflags |= RXf_CANY_SEEN;
+    if (RExC_seen & REG_SEEN_VERBARG)
+    {
+       r->intflags |= PREGf_VERBARG_SEEN;
+        r->extflags |= RXf_NO_INPLACE_SUBST; /* don't understand this! Yves */
+    }
+    if (RExC_seen & REG_SEEN_CUTGROUP)
+       r->intflags |= PREGf_CUTGROUP_SEEN;
+    if (pm_flags & PMf_USE_RE_EVAL)
+       r->intflags |= PREGf_USE_RE_EVAL;
+    if (RExC_paren_names)
+        RXp_PAREN_NAMES(r) = MUTABLE_HV(SvREFCNT_inc(RExC_paren_names));
+    else
+        RXp_PAREN_NAMES(r) = NULL;
+
+    {
+        regnode *first = ri->program + 1;
+        U8 fop = OP(first);
+        regnode *next = NEXTOPER(first);
+        U8 nop = OP(next);
+
+        if (PL_regkind[fop] == NOTHING && nop == END)
+            r->extflags |= RXf_NULL;
+        else if (PL_regkind[fop] == BOL && nop == END)
+            r->extflags |= RXf_START_ONLY;
+        else if (fop == PLUS && PL_regkind[nop] == POSIXD && FLAGS(next) == _CC_SPACE && OP(regnext(first)) == END)
+            r->extflags |= RXf_WHITE;
+        else if ( r->extflags & RXf_SPLIT && fop == EXACT && STR_LEN(first) == 1 && *(STRING(first)) == ' ' && OP(regnext(first)) == END )
+            r->extflags |= (RXf_SKIPWHITE|RXf_WHITE);
+
+    }
+#ifdef DEBUGGING
+    if (RExC_paren_names) {
+        ri->name_list_idx = add_data( pRExC_state, 1, "a" );
+        ri->data->data[ri->name_list_idx] = (void*)SvREFCNT_inc(RExC_paren_name_list);
+    } else
+#endif
+        ri->name_list_idx = 0;
+
+    if (RExC_recurse_count) {
+        for ( ; RExC_recurse_count ; RExC_recurse_count-- ) {
+            const regnode *scan = RExC_recurse[RExC_recurse_count-1];
+            ARG2L_SET( scan, RExC_open_parens[ARG(scan)-1] - scan );
+        }
+    }
+    Newxz(r->offs, RExC_npar, regexp_paren_pair);
+    /* assume we don't need to swap parens around before we match */
+
+    DEBUG_DUMP_r({
+        PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log,"Final program:\n");
+        regdump(r);
+    });
+#ifdef RE_TRACK_PATTERN_OFFSETS
+    DEBUG_OFFSETS_r(if (ri->u.offsets) {
+        const U32 len = ri->u.offsets[0];
+        U32 i;
+        GET_RE_DEBUG_FLAGS_DECL;
+        PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log, "Offsets: [%"UVuf"]\n\t", (UV)ri->u.offsets[0]);
+        for (i = 1; i <= len; i++) {
+            if (ri->u.offsets[i*2-1] || ri->u.offsets[i*2])
+                PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log, "%"UVuf":%"UVuf"[%"UVuf"] ",
+                (UV)i, (UV)ri->u.offsets[i*2-1], (UV)ri->u.offsets[i*2]);
+            }
+        PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log, "\n");
+    });
+#endif
+
+#ifdef USE_ITHREADS
+    /* under ithreads the ?pat? PMf_USED flag on the pmop is simulated
+     * by setting the regexp SV to readonly-only instead. If the
+     * pattern's been recompiled, the USEDness should remain. */
+    if (old_re && SvREADONLY(old_re))
+        SvREADONLY_on(rx);
+#endif
+    return rx;
+}
+
+
+SV*
+Perl_reg_named_buff(pTHX_ REGEXP * const rx, SV * const key, SV * const value,
+                    const U32 flags)
+{
+    PERL_ARGS_ASSERT_REG_NAMED_BUFF;
+
+    PERL_UNUSED_ARG(value);
+
+    if (flags & RXapif_FETCH) {
+        return reg_named_buff_fetch(rx, key, flags);
+    } else if (flags & (RXapif_STORE | RXapif_DELETE | RXapif_CLEAR)) {
+        Perl_croak_no_modify();
+        return NULL;
+    } else if (flags & RXapif_EXISTS) {
+        return reg_named_buff_exists(rx, key, flags)
+            ? &PL_sv_yes
+            : &PL_sv_no;
+    } else if (flags & RXapif_REGNAMES) {
+        return reg_named_buff_all(rx, flags);
+    } else if (flags & (RXapif_SCALAR | RXapif_REGNAMES_COUNT)) {
+        return reg_named_buff_scalar(rx, flags);
+    } else {
+        Perl_croak(aTHX_ "panic: Unknown flags %d in named_buff", (int)flags);
+        return NULL;
+    }
+}
+
+SV*
+Perl_reg_named_buff_iter(pTHX_ REGEXP * const rx, const SV * const lastkey,
+                         const U32 flags)
+{
+    PERL_ARGS_ASSERT_REG_NAMED_BUFF_ITER;
+    PERL_UNUSED_ARG(lastkey);
+
+    if (flags & RXapif_FIRSTKEY)
+        return reg_named_buff_firstkey(rx, flags);
+    else if (flags & RXapif_NEXTKEY)
+        return reg_named_buff_nextkey(rx, flags);
+    else {
+        Perl_croak(aTHX_ "panic: Unknown flags %d in named_buff_iter", (int)flags);
+        return NULL;
+    }
+}
+
+SV*
+Perl_reg_named_buff_fetch(pTHX_ REGEXP * const r, SV * const namesv,
+                         const U32 flags)
+{
+    AV *retarray = NULL;
+    SV *ret;
+    struct regexp *const rx = ReANY(r);
+
+    PERL_ARGS_ASSERT_REG_NAMED_BUFF_FETCH;
+
+    if (flags & RXapif_ALL)
+        retarray=newAV();
+
+    if (rx && RXp_PAREN_NAMES(rx)) {
+        HE *he_str = hv_fetch_ent( RXp_PAREN_NAMES(rx), namesv, 0, 0 );
+        if (he_str) {
+            IV i;
+            SV* sv_dat=HeVAL(he_str);
+            I32 *nums=(I32*)SvPVX(sv_dat);
+            for ( i=0; i<SvIVX(sv_dat); i++ ) {
+                if ((I32)(rx->nparens) >= nums[i]
+                    && rx->offs[nums[i]].start != -1
+                    && rx->offs[nums[i]].end != -1)
+                {
+                    ret = newSVpvs("");
+                    CALLREG_NUMBUF_FETCH(r,nums[i],ret);
+                    if (!retarray)
+                        return ret;
+                } else {
+                    if (retarray)
+                        ret = newSVsv(&PL_sv_undef);
+                }
+                if (retarray)
+                    av_push(retarray, ret);
+            }
+            if (retarray)
+                return newRV_noinc(MUTABLE_SV(retarray));
+        }
+    }
+    return NULL;
+}
+
+bool
+Perl_reg_named_buff_exists(pTHX_ REGEXP * const r, SV * const key,
+                           const U32 flags)
+{
+    struct regexp *const rx = ReANY(r);
+
+    PERL_ARGS_ASSERT_REG_NAMED_BUFF_EXISTS;
+
+    if (rx && RXp_PAREN_NAMES(rx)) {
+        if (flags & RXapif_ALL) {
+            return hv_exists_ent(RXp_PAREN_NAMES(rx), key, 0);
+        } else {
+           SV *sv = CALLREG_NAMED_BUFF_FETCH(r, key, flags);
+            if (sv) {
+               SvREFCNT_dec_NN(sv);
+                return TRUE;
+            } else {
+                return FALSE;
+            }
+        }
+    } else {
+        return FALSE;
+    }
+}
+
+SV*
+Perl_reg_named_buff_firstkey(pTHX_ REGEXP * const r, const U32 flags)
+{
+    struct regexp *const rx = ReANY(r);
+
+    PERL_ARGS_ASSERT_REG_NAMED_BUFF_FIRSTKEY;
+
+    if ( rx && RXp_PAREN_NAMES(rx) ) {
+       (void)hv_iterinit(RXp_PAREN_NAMES(rx));
+
+       return CALLREG_NAMED_BUFF_NEXTKEY(r, NULL, flags & ~RXapif_FIRSTKEY);
+    } else {
+       return FALSE;
+    }
+}
+
+SV*
+Perl_reg_named_buff_nextkey(pTHX_ REGEXP * const r, const U32 flags)
+{
+    struct regexp *const rx = ReANY(r);
+    GET_RE_DEBUG_FLAGS_DECL;
+
+    PERL_ARGS_ASSERT_REG_NAMED_BUFF_NEXTKEY;
+
+    if (rx && RXp_PAREN_NAMES(rx)) {
+        HV *hv = RXp_PAREN_NAMES(rx);
+        HE *temphe;
+        while ( (temphe = hv_iternext_flags(hv,0)) ) {
+            IV i;
+            IV parno = 0;
+            SV* sv_dat = HeVAL(temphe);
+            I32 *nums = (I32*)SvPVX(sv_dat);
+            for ( i = 0; i < SvIVX(sv_dat); i++ ) {
+                if ((I32)(rx->lastparen) >= nums[i] &&
+                    rx->offs[nums[i]].start != -1 &&
+                    rx->offs[nums[i]].end != -1)
+                {
+                    parno = nums[i];
+                    break;
+                }
+            }
+            if (parno || flags & RXapif_ALL) {
+               return newSVhek(HeKEY_hek(temphe));
+            }
+        }
+    }
+    return NULL;
+}
+
+SV*
+Perl_reg_named_buff_scalar(pTHX_ REGEXP * const r, const U32 flags)
+{
+    SV *ret;
+    AV *av;
+    I32 length;
+    struct regexp *const rx = ReANY(r);
+
+    PERL_ARGS_ASSERT_REG_NAMED_BUFF_SCALAR;
+
+    if (rx && RXp_PAREN_NAMES(rx)) {
+        if (flags & (RXapif_ALL | RXapif_REGNAMES_COUNT)) {
+            return newSViv(HvTOTALKEYS(RXp_PAREN_NAMES(rx)));
+        } else if (flags & RXapif_ONE) {
+            ret = CALLREG_NAMED_BUFF_ALL(r, (flags | RXapif_REGNAMES));
+            av = MUTABLE_AV(SvRV(ret));
+            length = av_len(av);
+           SvREFCNT_dec_NN(ret);
+            return newSViv(length + 1);
+        } else {
+            Perl_croak(aTHX_ "panic: Unknown flags %d in named_buff_scalar", (int)flags);
+            return NULL;
+        }
+    }
+    return &PL_sv_undef;
+}
+
+SV*
+Perl_reg_named_buff_all(pTHX_ REGEXP * const r, const U32 flags)
+{
+    struct regexp *const rx = ReANY(r);
+    AV *av = newAV();
+
+    PERL_ARGS_ASSERT_REG_NAMED_BUFF_ALL;
+
+    if (rx && RXp_PAREN_NAMES(rx)) {
+        HV *hv= RXp_PAREN_NAMES(rx);
+        HE *temphe;
+        (void)hv_iterinit(hv);
+        while ( (temphe = hv_iternext_flags(hv,0)) ) {
+            IV i;
+            IV parno = 0;
+            SV* sv_dat = HeVAL(temphe);
+            I32 *nums = (I32*)SvPVX(sv_dat);
+            for ( i = 0; i < SvIVX(sv_dat); i++ ) {
+                if ((I32)(rx->lastparen) >= nums[i] &&
+                    rx->offs[nums[i]].start != -1 &&
+                    rx->offs[nums[i]].end != -1)
+                {
+                    parno = nums[i];
+                    break;
+                }
+            }
+            if (parno || flags & RXapif_ALL) {
+                av_push(av, newSVhek(HeKEY_hek(temphe)));
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    return newRV_noinc(MUTABLE_SV(av));
+}
+
+void
+Perl_reg_numbered_buff_fetch(pTHX_ REGEXP * const r, const I32 paren,
+                            SV * const sv)
+{
+    struct regexp *const rx = ReANY(r);
+    char *s = NULL;
+    I32 i = 0;
+    I32 s1, t1;
+    I32 n = paren;
+
+    PERL_ARGS_ASSERT_REG_NUMBERED_BUFF_FETCH;
+        
+    if ( (    n == RX_BUFF_IDX_CARET_PREMATCH
+           || n == RX_BUFF_IDX_CARET_FULLMATCH
+           || n == RX_BUFF_IDX_CARET_POSTMATCH
+         )
+         && !(rx->extflags & RXf_PMf_KEEPCOPY)
+    )
+        goto ret_undef;
+
+    if (!rx->subbeg)
+        goto ret_undef;
+
+    if (n == RX_BUFF_IDX_CARET_FULLMATCH)
+        /* no need to distinguish between them any more */
+        n = RX_BUFF_IDX_FULLMATCH;
+
+    if ((n == RX_BUFF_IDX_PREMATCH || n == RX_BUFF_IDX_CARET_PREMATCH)
+        && rx->offs[0].start != -1)
+    {
+        /* $`, ${^PREMATCH} */
+       i = rx->offs[0].start;
+       s = rx->subbeg;
+    }
+    else 
+    if ((n == RX_BUFF_IDX_POSTMATCH || n == RX_BUFF_IDX_CARET_POSTMATCH)
+        && rx->offs[0].end != -1)
+    {
+        /* $', ${^POSTMATCH} */
+       s = rx->subbeg - rx->suboffset + rx->offs[0].end;
+       i = rx->sublen + rx->suboffset - rx->offs[0].end;
+    } 
+    else
+    if ( 0 <= n && n <= (I32)rx->nparens &&
+        (s1 = rx->offs[n].start) != -1 &&
+        (t1 = rx->offs[n].end) != -1)
+    {
+        /* $&, ${^MATCH},  $1 ... */
+        i = t1 - s1;
+        s = rx->subbeg + s1 - rx->suboffset;
+    } else {
+        goto ret_undef;
+    }          
+
+    assert(s >= rx->subbeg);
+    assert(rx->sublen >= (s - rx->subbeg) + i );
+    if (i >= 0) {
+#if NO_TAINT_SUPPORT
+        sv_setpvn(sv, s, i);
+#else
+        const int oldtainted = TAINT_get;
+        TAINT_NOT;
+        sv_setpvn(sv, s, i);
+        TAINT_set(oldtainted);
+#endif
+        if ( (rx->extflags & RXf_CANY_SEEN)
+            ? (RXp_MATCH_UTF8(rx)
+                        && (!i || is_utf8_string((U8*)s, i)))
+            : (RXp_MATCH_UTF8(rx)) )
+        {
+            SvUTF8_on(sv);
+        }
+        else
+            SvUTF8_off(sv);
+        if (TAINTING_get) {
+            if (RXp_MATCH_TAINTED(rx)) {
+                if (SvTYPE(sv) >= SVt_PVMG) {
+                    MAGIC* const mg = SvMAGIC(sv);
+                    MAGIC* mgt;
+                    TAINT;
+                    SvMAGIC_set(sv, mg->mg_moremagic);
+                    SvTAINT(sv);
+                    if ((mgt = SvMAGIC(sv))) {
+                        mg->mg_moremagic = mgt;
+                        SvMAGIC_set(sv, mg);
+                    }
+                } else {
+                    TAINT;
+                    SvTAINT(sv);
+                }
+            } else 
+                SvTAINTED_off(sv);
+        }
+    } else {
+      ret_undef:
+        sv_setsv(sv,&PL_sv_undef);
+        return;
+    }
+}
+
+void
+Perl_reg_numbered_buff_store(pTHX_ REGEXP * const rx, const I32 paren,
+                                                        SV const * const value)
+{
+    PERL_ARGS_ASSERT_REG_NUMBERED_BUFF_STORE;
+
+    PERL_UNUSED_ARG(rx);
+    PERL_UNUSED_ARG(paren);
+    PERL_UNUSED_ARG(value);
+
+    if (!PL_localizing)
+        Perl_croak_no_modify();
+}
+
+I32
+Perl_reg_numbered_buff_length(pTHX_ REGEXP * const r, const SV * const sv,
+                              const I32 paren)
+{
+    struct regexp *const rx = ReANY(r);
+    I32 i;
+    I32 s1, t1;
+
+    PERL_ARGS_ASSERT_REG_NUMBERED_BUFF_LENGTH;
+
+    /* Some of this code was originally in C<Perl_magic_len> in F<mg.c> */
+    switch (paren) {
+      case RX_BUFF_IDX_CARET_PREMATCH: /* ${^PREMATCH} */
+         if (!(rx->extflags & RXf_PMf_KEEPCOPY))
+            goto warn_undef;
+        /*FALLTHROUGH*/
+
+      case RX_BUFF_IDX_PREMATCH:       /* $` */
+        if (rx->offs[0].start != -1) {
+                       i = rx->offs[0].start;
+                       if (i > 0) {
+                               s1 = 0;
+                               t1 = i;
+                               goto getlen;
+                       }
+           }
+        return 0;
+
+      case RX_BUFF_IDX_CARET_POSTMATCH: /* ${^POSTMATCH} */
+         if (!(rx->extflags & RXf_PMf_KEEPCOPY))
+            goto warn_undef;
+      case RX_BUFF_IDX_POSTMATCH:       /* $' */
+           if (rx->offs[0].end != -1) {
+                       i = rx->sublen - rx->offs[0].end;
+                       if (i > 0) {
+                               s1 = rx->offs[0].end;
+                               t1 = rx->sublen;
+                               goto getlen;
+                       }
+           }
+        return 0;
+
+      case RX_BUFF_IDX_CARET_FULLMATCH: /* ${^MATCH} */
+         if (!(rx->extflags & RXf_PMf_KEEPCOPY))
+            goto warn_undef;
+        /*FALLTHROUGH*/
+
+      /* $& / ${^MATCH}, $1, $2, ... */
+      default:
+           if (paren <= (I32)rx->nparens &&
+            (s1 = rx->offs[paren].start) != -1 &&
+            (t1 = rx->offs[paren].end) != -1)
+           {
+            i = t1 - s1;
+            goto getlen;
+        } else {
+          warn_undef:
+            if (ckWARN(WARN_UNINITIALIZED))
+                report_uninit((const SV *)sv);
+            return 0;
+        }
+    }
+  getlen:
+    if (i > 0 && RXp_MATCH_UTF8(rx)) {
+        const char * const s = rx->subbeg - rx->suboffset + s1;
+        const U8 *ep;
+        STRLEN el;
+
+        i = t1 - s1;
+        if (is_utf8_string_loclen((U8*)s, i, &ep, &el))
+                       i = el;
+    }
+    return i;
+}
+
+SV*
+Perl_reg_qr_package(pTHX_ REGEXP * const rx)
+{
+    PERL_ARGS_ASSERT_REG_QR_PACKAGE;
+       PERL_UNUSED_ARG(rx);
+       if (0)
+           return NULL;
+       else
+           return newSVpvs("Regexp");
+}
+
+/* Scans the name of a named buffer from the pattern.
+ * If flags is REG_RSN_RETURN_NULL returns null.
+ * If flags is REG_RSN_RETURN_NAME returns an SV* containing the name
+ * If flags is REG_RSN_RETURN_DATA returns the data SV* corresponding
+ * to the parsed name as looked up in the RExC_paren_names hash.
+ * If there is an error throws a vFAIL().. type exception.
+ */
+
+#define REG_RSN_RETURN_NULL    0
+#define REG_RSN_RETURN_NAME    1
+#define REG_RSN_RETURN_DATA    2
+
+STATIC SV*
+S_reg_scan_name(pTHX_ RExC_state_t *pRExC_state, U32 flags)
+{
+    char *name_start = RExC_parse;
+
+    PERL_ARGS_ASSERT_REG_SCAN_NAME;
+
+    if (isIDFIRST_lazy_if(RExC_parse, UTF)) {
+        /* skip IDFIRST by using do...while */
+       if (UTF)
+           do {
+               RExC_parse += UTF8SKIP(RExC_parse);
+           } while (isWORDCHAR_utf8((U8*)RExC_parse));
+       else
+           do {
+               RExC_parse++;
+           } while (isWORDCHAR(*RExC_parse));
+    } else {
+       RExC_parse++; /* so the <- from the vFAIL is after the offending character */
+        vFAIL("Group name must start with a non-digit word character");
+    }
+    if ( flags ) {
+        SV* sv_name
+           = newSVpvn_flags(name_start, (int)(RExC_parse - name_start),
+                            SVs_TEMP | (UTF ? SVf_UTF8 : 0));
+        if ( flags == REG_RSN_RETURN_NAME)
+            return sv_name;
+        else if (flags==REG_RSN_RETURN_DATA) {
+            HE *he_str = NULL;
+            SV *sv_dat = NULL;
+            if ( ! sv_name )      /* should not happen*/
+                Perl_croak(aTHX_ "panic: no svname in reg_scan_name");
+            if (RExC_paren_names)
+                he_str = hv_fetch_ent( RExC_paren_names, sv_name, 0, 0 );
+            if ( he_str )
+                sv_dat = HeVAL(he_str);
+            if ( ! sv_dat )
+                vFAIL("Reference to nonexistent named group");
+            return sv_dat;
+        }
+        else {
+            Perl_croak(aTHX_ "panic: bad flag %lx in reg_scan_name",
+                      (unsigned long) flags);
+        }
+        assert(0); /* NOT REACHED */
+    }
+    return NULL;
+}
+
+#define DEBUG_PARSE_MSG(funcname)     DEBUG_PARSE_r({           \
+    int rem=(int)(RExC_end - RExC_parse);                       \
+    int cut;                                                    \
+    int num;                                                    \
+    int iscut=0;                                                \
+    if (rem>10) {                                               \
+        rem=10;                                                 \
+        iscut=1;                                                \
+    }                                                           \
+    cut=10-rem;                                                 \
+    if (RExC_lastparse!=RExC_parse)                             \
+        PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log," >%.*s%-*s",              \
+            rem, RExC_parse,                                    \
+            cut + 4,                                            \
+            iscut ? "..." : "<"                                 \
+        );                                                      \
+    else                                                        \
+        PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log,"%16s","");                \
+                                                                \
+    if (SIZE_ONLY)                                              \
+       num = RExC_size + 1;                                     \
+    else                                                        \
+       num=REG_NODE_NUM(RExC_emit);                             \
+    if (RExC_lastnum!=num)                                      \
+       PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log,"|%4d",num);                \
+    else                                                        \
+       PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log,"|%4s","");                 \
+    PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log,"|%*s%-4s",                    \
+        (int)((depth*2)), "",                                   \
+        (funcname)                                              \
+    );                                                          \
+    RExC_lastnum=num;                                           \
+    RExC_lastparse=RExC_parse;                                  \
+})
+
+
+
+#define DEBUG_PARSE(funcname)     DEBUG_PARSE_r({           \
+    DEBUG_PARSE_MSG((funcname));                            \
+    PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log,"%4s","\n");               \
+})
+#define DEBUG_PARSE_FMT(funcname,fmt,args)     DEBUG_PARSE_r({           \
+    DEBUG_PARSE_MSG((funcname));                            \
+    PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log,fmt "\n",args);               \
+})
+
+/* This section of code defines the inversion list object and its methods.  The
+ * interfaces are highly subject to change, so as much as possible is static to
+ * this file.  An inversion list is here implemented as a malloc'd C UV array
+ * as an SVt_INVLIST scalar.
+ *
+ * An inversion list for Unicode is an array of code points, sorted by ordinal
+ * number.  The zeroth element is the first code point in the list.  The 1th
+ * element is the first element beyond that not in the list.  In other words,
+ * the first range is
+ *  invlist[0]..(invlist[1]-1)
+ * The other ranges follow.  Thus every element whose index is divisible by two
+ * marks the beginning of a range that is in the list, and every element not
+ * divisible by two marks the beginning of a range not in the list.  A single
+ * element inversion list that contains the single code point N generally
+ * consists of two elements
+ *  invlist[0] == N
+ *  invlist[1] == N+1
+ * (The exception is when N is the highest representable value on the
+ * machine, in which case the list containing just it would be a single
+ * element, itself.  By extension, if the last range in the list extends to
+ * infinity, then the first element of that range will be in the inversion list
+ * at a position that is divisible by two, and is the final element in the
+ * list.)
+ * Taking the complement (inverting) an inversion list is quite simple, if the
+ * first element is 0, remove it; otherwise add a 0 element at the beginning.
+ * This implementation reserves an element at the beginning of each inversion
+ * list to always contain 0; there is an additional flag in the header which
+ * indicates if the list begins at the 0, or is offset to begin at the next
+ * element.
+ *
+ * More about inversion lists can be found in "Unicode Demystified"
+ * Chapter 13 by Richard Gillam, published by Addison-Wesley.
+ * More will be coming when functionality is added later.
+ *
+ * The inversion list data structure is currently implemented as an SV pointing
+ * to an array of UVs that the SV thinks are bytes.  This allows us to have an
+ * array of UV whose memory management is automatically handled by the existing
+ * facilities for SV's.
+ *
+ * Some of the methods should always be private to the implementation, and some
+ * should eventually be made public */
+
+/* The header definitions are in F<inline_invlist.c> */
+
+PERL_STATIC_INLINE UV*
+S__invlist_array_init(pTHX_ SV* const invlist, const bool will_have_0)
+{
+    /* Returns a pointer to the first element in the inversion list's array.
+     * This is called upon initialization of an inversion list.  Where the
+     * array begins depends on whether the list has the code point U+0000 in it
+     * or not.  The other parameter tells it whether the code that follows this
+     * call is about to put a 0 in the inversion list or not.  The first
+     * element is either the element reserved for 0, if TRUE, or the element
+     * after it, if FALSE */
+
+    bool* offset = get_invlist_offset_addr(invlist);
+    UV* zero_addr = (UV *) SvPVX(invlist);
+
+    PERL_ARGS_ASSERT__INVLIST_ARRAY_INIT;
+
+    /* Must be empty */
+    assert(! _invlist_len(invlist));
+
+    *zero_addr = 0;
+
+    /* 1^1 = 0; 1^0 = 1 */
+    *offset = 1 ^ will_have_0;
+    return zero_addr + *offset;
+}
+
+PERL_STATIC_INLINE UV*
+S_invlist_array(pTHX_ SV* const invlist)
+{
+    /* Returns the pointer to the inversion list's array.  Every time the
+     * length changes, this needs to be called in case malloc or realloc moved
+     * it */
+
+    PERL_ARGS_ASSERT_INVLIST_ARRAY;
+
+    /* Must not be empty.  If these fail, you probably didn't check for <len>
+     * being non-zero before trying to get the array */
+    assert(_invlist_len(invlist));
+
+    /* The very first element always contains zero, The array begins either
+     * there, or if the inversion list is offset, at the element after it.
+     * The offset header field determines which; it contains 0 or 1 to indicate
+     * how much additionally to add */
+    assert(0 == *(SvPVX(invlist)));
+    return ((UV *) SvPVX(invlist) + *get_invlist_offset_addr(invlist));
+}
+
+PERL_STATIC_INLINE void
+S_invlist_set_len(pTHX_ SV* const invlist, const UV len, const bool offset)
+{
+    /* Sets the current number of elements stored in the inversion list.
+     * Updates SvCUR correspondingly */
+
+    PERL_ARGS_ASSERT_INVLIST_SET_LEN;
+
+    SvCUR_set(invlist,
+              (len == 0)
+               ? 0
+               : TO_INTERNAL_SIZE(len + offset));
+    assert(SvLEN(invlist) == 0 || SvCUR(invlist) <= SvLEN(invlist));
+}
+
+PERL_STATIC_INLINE IV*
+S_get_invlist_previous_index_addr(pTHX_ SV* invlist)
+{
+    /* Return the address of the IV that is reserved to hold the cached index
+     * */
+
+    PERL_ARGS_ASSERT_GET_INVLIST_PREVIOUS_INDEX_ADDR;
+
+    return &(((XINVLIST*) SvANY(invlist))->prev_index);
+}
+
+PERL_STATIC_INLINE IV
+S_invlist_previous_index(pTHX_ SV* const invlist)
+{
+    /* Returns cached index of previous search */
+
+    PERL_ARGS_ASSERT_INVLIST_PREVIOUS_INDEX;
+
+    return *get_invlist_previous_index_addr(invlist);
+}
+
+PERL_STATIC_INLINE void
+S_invlist_set_previous_index(pTHX_ SV* const invlist, const IV index)
+{
+    /* Caches <index> for later retrieval */
+
+    PERL_ARGS_ASSERT_INVLIST_SET_PREVIOUS_INDEX;
+
+    assert(index == 0 || index < (int) _invlist_len(invlist));
+
+    *get_invlist_previous_index_addr(invlist) = index;
+}
+
+PERL_STATIC_INLINE UV
+S_invlist_max(pTHX_ SV* const invlist)
+{
+    /* Returns the maximum number of elements storable in the inversion list's
+     * array, without having to realloc() */
+
+    PERL_ARGS_ASSERT_INVLIST_MAX;
+
+    /* Assumes worst case, in which the 0 element is not counted in the
+     * inversion list, so subtracts 1 for that */
+    return SvLEN(invlist) == 0  /* This happens under _new_invlist_C_array */
+           ? FROM_INTERNAL_SIZE(SvCUR(invlist)) - 1
+           : FROM_INTERNAL_SIZE(SvLEN(invlist)) - 1;
+}
+
+#ifndef PERL_IN_XSUB_RE
+SV*
+Perl__new_invlist(pTHX_ IV initial_size)
+{
+
+    /* Return a pointer to a newly constructed inversion list, with enough
+     * space to store 'initial_size' elements.  If that number is negative, a
+     * system default is used instead */
+
+    SV* new_list;
+
+    if (initial_size < 0) {
+       initial_size = 10;
+    }
+
+    /* Allocate the initial space */
+    new_list = newSV_type(SVt_INVLIST);
+
+    /* First 1 is in case the zero element isn't in the list; second 1 is for
+     * trailing NUL */
+    SvGROW(new_list, TO_INTERNAL_SIZE(initial_size + 1) + 1);
+    invlist_set_len(new_list, 0, 0);
+
+    /* Force iterinit() to be used to get iteration to work */
+    *get_invlist_iter_addr(new_list) = (STRLEN) UV_MAX;
+
+    *get_invlist_previous_index_addr(new_list) = 0;
+
+    return new_list;
+}
+#endif
+
+STATIC SV*
+S__new_invlist_C_array(pTHX_ const UV* const list)
+{
+    /* Return a pointer to a newly constructed inversion list, initialized to
+     * point to <list>, which has to be in the exact correct inversion list
+     * form, including internal fields.  Thus this is a dangerous routine that
+     * should not be used in the wrong hands.  The passed in 'list' contains
+     * several header fields at the beginning that are not part of the
+     * inversion list body proper */
+
+    const STRLEN length = (STRLEN) list[0];
+    const UV version_id =          list[1];
+    const bool offset   =    cBOOL(list[2]);
+#define HEADER_LENGTH 3
+    /* If any of the above changes in any way, you must change HEADER_LENGTH
+     * (if appropriate) and regenerate INVLIST_VERSION_ID by running
+     *      perl -E 'say int(rand 2**31-1)'
+     */
+#define INVLIST_VERSION_ID 148565664 /* This is a combination of a version and
+                                        data structure type, so that one being
+                                        passed in can be validated to be an
+                                        inversion list of the correct vintage.
+                                       */
+
+    SV* invlist = newSV_type(SVt_INVLIST);
+
+    PERL_ARGS_ASSERT__NEW_INVLIST_C_ARRAY;
+
+    if (version_id != INVLIST_VERSION_ID) {
+        Perl_croak(aTHX_ "panic: Incorrect version for previously generated inversion list");
+    }
+
+    /* The generated array passed in includes header elements that aren't part
+     * of the list proper, so start it just after them */
+    SvPV_set(invlist, (char *) (list + HEADER_LENGTH));
+
+    SvLEN_set(invlist, 0);  /* Means we own the contents, and the system
+                              shouldn't touch it */
+
+    *(get_invlist_offset_addr(invlist)) = offset;
+
+    /* The 'length' passed to us is the physical number of elements in the
+     * inversion list.  But if there is an offset the logical number is one
+     * less than that */
+    invlist_set_len(invlist, length  - offset, offset);
+
+    invlist_set_previous_index(invlist, 0);
+
+    /* Initialize the iteration pointer. */
+    invlist_iterfinish(invlist);
+
+    return invlist;
+}
+
+STATIC void
+S_invlist_extend(pTHX_ SV* const invlist, const UV new_max)
+{
+    /* Grow the maximum size of an inversion list */
+
+    PERL_ARGS_ASSERT_INVLIST_EXTEND;
+
+    /* Add one to account for the zero element at the beginning which may not
+     * be counted by the calling parameters */
+    SvGROW((SV *)invlist, TO_INTERNAL_SIZE(new_max + 1));
+}
+
+PERL_STATIC_INLINE void
+S_invlist_trim(pTHX_ SV* const invlist)
+{
+    PERL_ARGS_ASSERT_INVLIST_TRIM;
+
+    /* Change the length of the inversion list to how many entries it currently
+     * has */
+    SvPV_shrink_to_cur((SV *) invlist);
+}
+
+#define _invlist_union_complement_2nd(a, b, output) _invlist_union_maybe_complement_2nd(a, b, TRUE, output)
+
+STATIC void
+S__append_range_to_invlist(pTHX_ SV* const invlist, const UV start, const UV end)
+{
+   /* Subject to change or removal.  Append the range from 'start' to 'end' at
+    * the end of the inversion list.  The range must be above any existing
+    * ones. */
+
+    UV* array;
+    UV max = invlist_max(invlist);
+    UV len = _invlist_len(invlist);
+    bool offset;
+
+    PERL_ARGS_ASSERT__APPEND_RANGE_TO_INVLIST;
+
+    if (len == 0) { /* Empty lists must be initialized */
+        offset = start != 0;
+        array = _invlist_array_init(invlist, ! offset);
+    }
+    else {
+       /* Here, the existing list is non-empty. The current max entry in the
+        * list is generally the first value not in the set, except when the
+        * set extends to the end of permissible values, in which case it is
+        * the first entry in that final set, and so this call is an attempt to
+        * append out-of-order */
+
+       UV final_element = len - 1;
+       array = invlist_array(invlist);
+       if (array[final_element] > start
+           || ELEMENT_RANGE_MATCHES_INVLIST(final_element))
+       {
+           Perl_croak(aTHX_ "panic: attempting to append to an inversion list, but wasn't at the end of the list, final=%"UVuf", start=%"UVuf", match=%c",
+                      array[final_element], start,
+                      ELEMENT_RANGE_MATCHES_INVLIST(final_element) ? 't' : 'f');
+       }
+
+       /* Here, it is a legal append.  If the new range begins with the first
+        * value not in the set, it is extending the set, so the new first
+        * value not in the set is one greater than the newly extended range.
+        * */
+        offset = *get_invlist_offset_addr(invlist);
+       if (array[final_element] == start) {
+           if (end != UV_MAX) {
+               array[final_element] = end + 1;
+           }
+           else {
+               /* But if the end is the maximum representable on the machine,
+                * just let the range that this would extend to have no end */
+               invlist_set_len(invlist, len - 1, offset);
+           }
+           return;
+       }
+    }
+
+    /* Here the new range doesn't extend any existing set.  Add it */
+
+    len += 2;  /* Includes an element each for the start and end of range */
+
+    /* If wll overflow the existing space, extend, which may cause the array to
+     * be moved */
+    if (max < len) {
+       invlist_extend(invlist, len);
+
+        /* Have to set len here to avoid assert failure in invlist_array() */
+        invlist_set_len(invlist, len, offset);
+
+       array = invlist_array(invlist);
+    }
+    else {
+       invlist_set_len(invlist, len, offset);
+    }
+
+    /* The next item on the list starts the range, the one after that is
+     * one past the new range.  */
+    array[len - 2] = start;
+    if (end != UV_MAX) {
+       array[len - 1] = end + 1;
+    }
+    else {
+       /* But if the end is the maximum representable on the machine, just let
+        * the range have no end */
+       invlist_set_len(invlist, len - 1, offset);
+    }
+}
+
+#ifndef PERL_IN_XSUB_RE
+
+IV
+Perl__invlist_search(pTHX_ SV* const invlist, const UV cp)
+{
+    /* Searches the inversion list for the entry that contains the input code
+     * point <cp>.  If <cp> is not in the list, -1 is returned.  Otherwise, the
+     * return value is the index into the list's array of the range that
+     * contains <cp> */
+
+    IV low = 0;
+    IV mid;
+    IV high = _invlist_len(invlist);
+    const IV highest_element = high - 1;
+    const UV* array;
+
+    PERL_ARGS_ASSERT__INVLIST_SEARCH;
+
+    /* If list is empty, return failure. */
+    if (high == 0) {
+       return -1;
+    }
+
+    /* (We can't get the array unless we know the list is non-empty) */
+    array = invlist_array(invlist);
+
+    mid = invlist_previous_index(invlist);
+    assert(mid >=0 && mid <= highest_element);
+
+    /* <mid> contains the cache of the result of the previous call to this
+     * function (0 the first time).  See if this call is for the same result,
+     * or if it is for mid-1.  This is under the theory that calls to this
+     * function will often be for related code points that are near each other.
+     * And benchmarks show that caching gives better results.  We also test
+     * here if the code point is within the bounds of the list.  These tests
+     * replace others that would have had to be made anyway to make sure that
+     * the array bounds were not exceeded, and these give us extra information
+     * at the same time */
+    if (cp >= array[mid]) {
+        if (cp >= array[highest_element]) {
+            return highest_element;
+        }
+
+        /* Here, array[mid] <= cp < array[highest_element].  This means that
+         * the final element is not the answer, so can exclude it; it also
+         * means that <mid> is not the final element, so can refer to 'mid + 1'
+         * safely */
+        if (cp < array[mid + 1]) {
+            return mid;
+        }
+        high--;
+        low = mid + 1;
+    }
+    else { /* cp < aray[mid] */
+        if (cp < array[0]) { /* Fail if outside the array */
+            return -1;
+        }
+        high = mid;
+        if (cp >= array[mid - 1]) {
+            goto found_entry;
+        }
+    }
+
+    /* Binary search.  What we are looking for is <i> such that
+     * array[i] <= cp < array[i+1]
+     * The loop below converges on the i+1.  Note that there may not be an
+     * (i+1)th element in the array, and things work nonetheless */
+    while (low < high) {
+       mid = (low + high) / 2;
+        assert(mid <= highest_element);
+       if (array[mid] <= cp) { /* cp >= array[mid] */
+           low = mid + 1;
+
+           /* We could do this extra test to exit the loop early.
+           if (cp < array[low]) {
+               return mid;
+           }
+           */
+       }
+       else { /* cp < array[mid] */
+           high = mid;
+       }
+    }
+
+  found_entry:
+    high--;
+    invlist_set_previous_index(invlist, high);
+    return high;
+}
+
+void
+Perl__invlist_populate_swatch(pTHX_ SV* const invlist, const UV start, const UV end, U8* swatch)
+{
+    /* populates a swatch of a swash the same way swatch_get() does in utf8.c,
+     * but is used when the swash has an inversion list.  This makes this much
+     * faster, as it uses a binary search instead of a linear one.  This is
+     * intimately tied to that function, and perhaps should be in utf8.c,
+     * except it is intimately tied to inversion lists as well.  It assumes
+     * that <swatch> is all 0's on input */
+
+    UV current = start;
+    const IV len = _invlist_len(invlist);
+    IV i;
+    const UV * array;
+
+    PERL_ARGS_ASSERT__INVLIST_POPULATE_SWATCH;
+
+    if (len == 0) { /* Empty inversion list */
+        return;
+    }
+
+    array = invlist_array(invlist);
+
+    /* Find which element it is */
+    i = _invlist_search(invlist, start);
+
+    /* We populate from <start> to <end> */
+    while (current < end) {
+        UV upper;
+
+       /* The inversion list gives the results for every possible code point
+        * after the first one in the list.  Only those ranges whose index is
+        * even are ones that the inversion list matches.  For the odd ones,
+        * and if the initial code point is not in the list, we have to skip
+        * forward to the next element */
+        if (i == -1 || ! ELEMENT_RANGE_MATCHES_INVLIST(i)) {
+            i++;
+            if (i >= len) { /* Finished if beyond the end of the array */
+                return;
+            }
+            current = array[i];
+           if (current >= end) {   /* Finished if beyond the end of what we
+                                      are populating */
+                if (LIKELY(end < UV_MAX)) {
+                    return;
+                }
+
+                /* We get here when the upper bound is the maximum
+                 * representable on the machine, and we are looking for just
+                 * that code point.  Have to special case it */
+                i = len;
+                goto join_end_of_list;
+            }
+        }
+        assert(current >= start);
+
+       /* The current range ends one below the next one, except don't go past
+        * <end> */
+        i++;
+        upper = (i < len && array[i] < end) ? array[i] : end;
+
+       /* Here we are in a range that matches.  Populate a bit in the 3-bit U8
+        * for each code point in it */
+        for (; current < upper; current++) {
+            const STRLEN offset = (STRLEN)(current - start);
+            swatch[offset >> 3] |= 1 << (offset & 7);
+        }
+
+    join_end_of_list:
+
+       /* Quit if at the end of the list */
+        if (i >= len) {
+
+           /* But first, have to deal with the highest possible code point on
+            * the platform.  The previous code assumes that <end> is one
+            * beyond where we want to populate, but that is impossible at the
+            * platform's infinity, so have to handle it specially */
+            if (UNLIKELY(end == UV_MAX && ELEMENT_RANGE_MATCHES_INVLIST(len-1)))
+           {
+                const STRLEN offset = (STRLEN)(end - start);
+                swatch[offset >> 3] |= 1 << (offset & 7);
+            }
+            return;
+        }
+
+       /* Advance to the next range, which will be for code points not in the
+        * inversion list */
+        current = array[i];
+    }
+
+    return;
+}
+
+void
+Perl__invlist_union_maybe_complement_2nd(pTHX_ SV* const a, SV* const b, const bool complement_b, SV** output)
+{
+    /* Take the union of two inversion lists and point <output> to it.  *output
+     * SHOULD BE DEFINED upon input, and if it points to one of the two lists,
+     * the reference count to that list will be decremented.  The first list,
+     * <a>, may be NULL, in which case a copy of the second list is returned.
+     * If <complement_b> is TRUE, the union is taken of the complement
+     * (inversion) of <b> instead of b itself.
+     *
+     * The basis for this comes from "Unicode Demystified" Chapter 13 by
+     * Richard Gillam, published by Addison-Wesley, and explained at some
+     * length there.  The preface says to incorporate its examples into your
+     * code at your own risk.
+     *
+     * The algorithm is like a merge sort.
+     *
+     * XXX A potential performance improvement is to keep track as we go along
+     * if only one of the inputs contributes to the result, meaning the other
+     * is a subset of that one.  In that case, we can skip the final copy and
+     * return the larger of the input lists, but then outside code might need
+     * to keep track of whether to free the input list or not */
+
+    const UV* array_a;    /* a's array */
+    const UV* array_b;
+    UV len_a;      /* length of a's array */
+    UV len_b;
+
+    SV* u;                     /* the resulting union */
+    UV* array_u;
+    UV len_u;
+
+    UV i_a = 0;                    /* current index into a's array */
+    UV i_b = 0;
+    UV i_u = 0;
+
+    /* running count, as explained in the algorithm source book; items are
+     * stopped accumulating and are output when the count changes to/from 0.
+     * The count is incremented when we start a range that's in the set, and
+     * decremented when we start a range that's not in the set.  So its range
+     * is 0 to 2.  Only when the count is zero is something not in the set.
+     */
+    UV count = 0;
+
+    PERL_ARGS_ASSERT__INVLIST_UNION_MAYBE_COMPLEMENT_2ND;
+    assert(a != b);
+
+    /* If either one is empty, the union is the other one */
+    if (a == NULL || ((len_a = _invlist_len(a)) == 0)) {
+       if (*output == a) {
+            if (a != NULL) {
+                SvREFCNT_dec_NN(a);
+            }
+       }
+       if (*output != b) {
+           *output = invlist_clone(b);
+            if (complement_b) {
+                _invlist_invert(*output);
+            }
+       } /* else *output already = b; */
+       return;
+    }
+    else if ((len_b = _invlist_len(b)) == 0) {
+       if (*output == b) {
+           SvREFCNT_dec_NN(b);
+       }
+
+        /* The complement of an empty list is a list that has everything in it,
+         * so the union with <a> includes everything too */
+        if (complement_b) {
+            if (a == *output) {
+                SvREFCNT_dec_NN(a);
+            }
+            *output = _new_invlist(1);
+            _append_range_to_invlist(*output, 0, UV_MAX);
+        }
+        else if (*output != a) {
+            *output = invlist_clone(a);
+        }
+        /* else *output already = a; */
+       return;
+    }
+
+    /* Here both lists exist and are non-empty */
+    array_a = invlist_array(a);
+    array_b = invlist_array(b);
+
+    /* If are to take the union of 'a' with the complement of b, set it
+     * up so are looking at b's complement. */
+    if (complement_b) {
+
+       /* To complement, we invert: if the first element is 0, remove it.  To
+        * do this, we just pretend the array starts one later */
+        if (array_b[0] == 0) {
+            array_b++;
+            len_b--;
+        }
+        else {
+
+            /* But if the first element is not zero, we pretend the list starts
+             * at the 0 that is always stored immediately before the array. */
+            array_b--;
+            len_b++;
+        }
+    }
+
+    /* Size the union for the worst case: that the sets are completely
+     * disjoint */
+    u = _new_invlist(len_a + len_b);
+
+    /* Will contain U+0000 if either component does */
+    array_u = _invlist_array_init(u, (len_a > 0 && array_a[0] == 0)
+                                     || (len_b > 0 && array_b[0] == 0));
+
+    /* Go through each list item by item, stopping when exhausted one of
+     * them */
+    while (i_a < len_a && i_b < len_b) {
+       UV cp;      /* The element to potentially add to the union's array */
+       bool cp_in_set;   /* is it in the the input list's set or not */
+
+       /* We need to take one or the other of the two inputs for the union.
+        * Since we are merging two sorted lists, we take the smaller of the
+        * next items.  In case of a tie, we take the one that is in its set
+        * first.  If we took one not in the set first, it would decrement the
+        * count, possibly to 0 which would cause it to be output as ending the
+        * range, and the next time through we would take the same number, and
+        * output it again as beginning the next range.  By doing it the
+        * opposite way, there is no possibility that the count will be
+        * momentarily decremented to 0, and thus the two adjoining ranges will
+        * be seamlessly merged.  (In a tie and both are in the set or both not
+        * in the set, it doesn't matter which we take first.) */
+       if (array_a[i_a] < array_b[i_b]
+           || (array_a[i_a] == array_b[i_b]
+               && ELEMENT_RANGE_MATCHES_INVLIST(i_a)))
+       {
+           cp_in_set = ELEMENT_RANGE_MATCHES_INVLIST(i_a);
+           cp= array_a[i_a++];
+       }
+       else {
+           cp_in_set = ELEMENT_RANGE_MATCHES_INVLIST(i_b);
+           cp = array_b[i_b++];
+       }
+
+       /* Here, have chosen which of the two inputs to look at.  Only output
+        * if the running count changes to/from 0, which marks the
+        * beginning/end of a range in that's in the set */
+       if (cp_in_set) {
+           if (count == 0) {
+               array_u[i_u++] = cp;
+           }
+           count++;
+       }
+       else {
+           count--;
+           if (count == 0) {
+               array_u[i_u++] = cp;
+           }
+       }
+    }
+
+    /* Here, we are finished going through at least one of the lists, which
+     * means there is something remaining in at most one.  We check if the list
+     * that hasn't been exhausted is positioned such that we are in the middle
+     * of a range in its set or not.  (i_a and i_b point to the element beyond
+     * the one we care about.) If in the set, we decrement 'count'; if 0, there
+     * is potentially more to output.
+     * There are four cases:
+     * 1) Both weren't in their sets, count is 0, and remains 0.  What's left
+     *    in the union is entirely from the non-exhausted set.
+     * 2) Both were in their sets, count is 2.  Nothing further should
+     *    be output, as everything that remains will be in the exhausted
+     *    list's set, hence in the union; decrementing to 1 but not 0 insures
+     *    that
+     * 3) the exhausted was in its set, non-exhausted isn't, count is 1.
+     *    Nothing further should be output because the union includes
+     *    everything from the exhausted set.  Not decrementing ensures that.
+     * 4) the exhausted wasn't in its set, non-exhausted is, count is 1;
+     *    decrementing to 0 insures that we look at the remainder of the
+     *    non-exhausted set */
+    if ((i_a != len_a && PREV_RANGE_MATCHES_INVLIST(i_a))
+       || (i_b != len_b && PREV_RANGE_MATCHES_INVLIST(i_b)))
+    {
+       count--;
+    }
+
+    /* The final length is what we've output so far, plus what else is about to
+     * be output.  (If 'count' is non-zero, then the input list we exhausted
+     * has everything remaining up to the machine's limit in its set, and hence
+     * in the union, so there will be no further output. */
+    len_u = i_u;
+    if (count == 0) {
+       /* At most one of the subexpressions will be non-zero */
+       len_u += (len_a - i_a) + (len_b - i_b);
+    }
+
+    /* Set result to final length, which can change the pointer to array_u, so
+     * re-find it */
+    if (len_u != _invlist_len(u)) {
+       invlist_set_len(u, len_u, *get_invlist_offset_addr(u));
+       invlist_trim(u);
+       array_u = invlist_array(u);
+    }
+
+    /* When 'count' is 0, the list that was exhausted (if one was shorter than
+     * the other) ended with everything above it not in its set.  That means
+     * that the remaining part of the union is precisely the same as the
+     * non-exhausted list, so can just copy it unchanged.  (If both list were
+     * exhausted at the same time, then the operations below will be both 0.)
+     */
+    if (count == 0) {
+       IV copy_count; /* At most one will have a non-zero copy count */
+       if ((copy_count = len_a - i_a) > 0) {
+           Copy(array_a + i_a, array_u + i_u, copy_count, UV);
+       }
+       else if ((copy_count = len_b - i_b) > 0) {
+           Copy(array_b + i_b, array_u + i_u, copy_count, UV);
+       }
+    }
+
+    /*  We may be removing a reference to one of the inputs */
+    if (a == *output || b == *output) {
+        assert(! invlist_is_iterating(*output));
+       SvREFCNT_dec_NN(*output);
+    }
+
+    *output = u;
+    return;
+}
+
+void
+Perl__invlist_intersection_maybe_complement_2nd(pTHX_ SV* const a, SV* const b, const bool complement_b, SV** i)
+{
+    /* Take the intersection of two inversion lists and point <i> to it.  *i
+     * SHOULD BE DEFINED upon input, and if it points to one of the two lists,
+     * the reference count to that list will be decremented.
+     * If <complement_b> is TRUE, the result will be the intersection of <a>
+     * and the complement (or inversion) of <b> instead of <b> directly.
+     *
+     * The basis for this comes from "Unicode Demystified" Chapter 13 by
+     * Richard Gillam, published by Addison-Wesley, and explained at some
+     * length there.  The preface says to incorporate its examples into your
+     * code at your own risk.  In fact, it had bugs
+     *
+     * The algorithm is like a merge sort, and is essentially the same as the
+     * union above
+     */
+
+    const UV* array_a;         /* a's array */
+    const UV* array_b;
+    UV len_a;  /* length of a's array */
+    UV len_b;
+
+    SV* r;                  /* the resulting intersection */
+    UV* array_r;
+    UV len_r;
+
+    UV i_a = 0;                    /* current index into a's array */
+    UV i_b = 0;
+    UV i_r = 0;
+
+    /* running count, as explained in the algorithm source book; items are
+     * stopped accumulating and are output when the count changes to/from 2.
+     * The count is incremented when we start a range that's in the set, and
+     * decremented when we start a range that's not in the set.  So its range
+     * is 0 to 2.  Only when the count is 2 is something in the intersection.
+     */
+    UV count = 0;
+
+    PERL_ARGS_ASSERT__INVLIST_INTERSECTION_MAYBE_COMPLEMENT_2ND;
+    assert(a != b);
+
+    /* Special case if either one is empty */
+    len_a = _invlist_len(a);
+    if ((len_a == 0) || ((len_b = _invlist_len(b)) == 0)) {
+
+        if (len_a != 0 && complement_b) {
+
+            /* Here, 'a' is not empty, therefore from the above 'if', 'b' must
+             * be empty.  Here, also we are using 'b's complement, which hence
+             * must be every possible code point.  Thus the intersection is
+             * simply 'a'. */
+            if (*i != a) {
+                *i = invlist_clone(a);
+
+                if (*i == b) {
+                    SvREFCNT_dec_NN(b);
+                }
+            }
+            /* else *i is already 'a' */
+            return;
+        }
+
+        /* Here, 'a' or 'b' is empty and not using the complement of 'b'.  The
+         * intersection must be empty */
+       if (*i == a) {
+           SvREFCNT_dec_NN(a);
+       }
+       else if (*i == b) {
+           SvREFCNT_dec_NN(b);
+       }
+       *i = _new_invlist(0);
+       return;
+    }
+
+    /* Here both lists exist and are non-empty */
+    array_a = invlist_array(a);
+    array_b = invlist_array(b);
+
+    /* If are to take the intersection of 'a' with the complement of b, set it
+     * up so are looking at b's complement. */
+    if (complement_b) {
+
+       /* To complement, we invert: if the first element is 0, remove it.  To
+        * do this, we just pretend the array starts one later */
+        if (array_b[0] == 0) {
+            array_b++;
+            len_b--;
+        }
+        else {
+
+            /* But if the first element is not zero, we pretend the list starts
+             * at the 0 that is always stored immediately before the array. */
+            array_b--;
+            len_b++;
+        }
+    }
+
+    /* Size the intersection for the worst case: that the intersection ends up
+     * fragmenting everything to be completely disjoint */
+    r= _new_invlist(len_a + len_b);
+
+    /* Will contain U+0000 iff both components do */
+    array_r = _invlist_array_init(r, len_a > 0 && array_a[0] == 0
+                                    && len_b > 0 && array_b[0] == 0);
+
+    /* Go through each list item by item, stopping when exhausted one of
+     * them */
+    while (i_a < len_a && i_b < len_b) {
+       UV cp;      /* The element to potentially add to the intersection's
+                      array */
+       bool cp_in_set; /* Is it in the input list's set or not */
+
+       /* We need to take one or the other of the two inputs for the
+        * intersection.  Since we are merging two sorted lists, we take the
+        * smaller of the next items.  In case of a tie, we take the one that
+        * is not in its set first (a difference from the union algorithm).  If
+        * we took one in the set first, it would increment the count, possibly
+        * to 2 which would cause it to be output as starting a range in the
+        * intersection, and the next time through we would take that same
+        * number, and output it again as ending the set.  By doing it the
+        * opposite of this, there is no possibility that the count will be
+        * momentarily incremented to 2.  (In a tie and both are in the set or
+        * both not in the set, it doesn't matter which we take first.) */
+       if (array_a[i_a] < array_b[i_b]
+           || (array_a[i_a] == array_b[i_b]
+               && ! ELEMENT_RANGE_MATCHES_INVLIST(i_a)))
+       {
+           cp_in_set = ELEMENT_RANGE_MATCHES_INVLIST(i_a);
+           cp= array_a[i_a++];
+       }
+       else {
+           cp_in_set = ELEMENT_RANGE_MATCHES_INVLIST(i_b);
+           cp= array_b[i_b++];
+       }
+
+       /* Here, have chosen which of the two inputs to look at.  Only output
+        * if the running count changes to/from 2, which marks the
+        * beginning/end of a range that's in the intersection */
+       if (cp_in_set) {
+           count++;
+           if (count == 2) {
+               array_r[i_r++] = cp;
+           }
+       }
+       else {
+           if (count == 2) {
+               array_r[i_r++] = cp;
+           }
+           count--;
+       }
+    }
+
+    /* Here, we are finished going through at least one of the lists, which
+     * means there is something remaining in at most one.  We check if the list
+     * that has been exhausted is positioned such that we are in the middle
+     * of a range in its set or not.  (i_a and i_b point to elements 1 beyond
+     * the ones we care about.)  There are four cases:
+     * 1) Both weren't in their sets, count is 0, and remains 0.  There's
+     *    nothing left in the intersection.
+     * 2) Both were in their sets, count is 2 and perhaps is incremented to
+     *    above 2.  What should be output is exactly that which is in the
+     *    non-exhausted set, as everything it has is also in the intersection
+     *    set, and everything it doesn't have can't be in the intersection
+     * 3) The exhausted was in its set, non-exhausted isn't, count is 1, and
+     *    gets incremented to 2.  Like the previous case, the intersection is
+     *    everything that remains in the non-exhausted set.
+     * 4) the exhausted wasn't in its set, non-exhausted is, count is 1, and
+     *    remains 1.  And the intersection has nothing more. */
+    if ((i_a == len_a && PREV_RANGE_MATCHES_INVLIST(i_a))
+       || (i_b == len_b && PREV_RANGE_MATCHES_INVLIST(i_b)))
+    {
+       count++;
+    }
+
+    /* The final length is what we've output so far plus what else is in the
+     * intersection.  At most one of the subexpressions below will be non-zero */
+    len_r = i_r;
+    if (count >= 2) {
+       len_r += (len_a - i_a) + (len_b - i_b);
+    }
+
+    /* Set result to final length, which can change the pointer to array_r, so
+     * re-find it */
+    if (len_r != _invlist_len(r)) {
+       invlist_set_len(r, len_r, *get_invlist_offset_addr(r));
+       invlist_trim(r);
+       array_r = invlist_array(r);
+    }
+
+    /* Finish outputting any remaining */
+    if (count >= 2) { /* At most one will have a non-zero copy count */
+       IV copy_count;
+       if ((copy_count = len_a - i_a) > 0) {
+           Copy(array_a + i_a, array_r + i_r, copy_count, UV);
+       }
+       else if ((copy_count = len_b - i_b) > 0) {
+           Copy(array_b + i_b, array_r + i_r, copy_count, UV);
+       }
+    }
+
+    /*  We may be removing a reference to one of the inputs */
+    if (a == *i || b == *i) {
+        assert(! invlist_is_iterating(*i));
+       SvREFCNT_dec_NN(*i);
+    }
+
+    *i = r;
+    return;
+}
+
+SV*
+Perl__add_range_to_invlist(pTHX_ SV* invlist, const UV start, const UV end)
+{
+    /* Add the range from 'start' to 'end' inclusive to the inversion list's
+     * set.  A pointer to the inversion list is returned.  This may actually be
+     * a new list, in which case the passed in one has been destroyed.  The
+     * passed in inversion list can be NULL, in which case a new one is created
+     * with just the one range in it */
+
+    SV* range_invlist;
+    UV len;
+
+    if (invlist == NULL) {
+       invlist = _new_invlist(2);
+       len = 0;
+    }
+    else {
+       len = _invlist_len(invlist);
+    }
+
+    /* If comes after the final entry actually in the list, can just append it
+     * to the end, */
+    if (len == 0
+       || (! ELEMENT_RANGE_MATCHES_INVLIST(len - 1)
+            && start >= invlist_array(invlist)[len - 1]))
+    {
+       _append_range_to_invlist(invlist, start, end);
+       return invlist;
+    }
+
+    /* Here, can't just append things, create and return a new inversion list
+     * which is the union of this range and the existing inversion list */
+    range_invlist = _new_invlist(2);
+    _append_range_to_invlist(range_invlist, start, end);
+
+    _invlist_union(invlist, range_invlist, &invlist);
+
+    /* The temporary can be freed */
+    SvREFCNT_dec_NN(range_invlist);
+
+    return invlist;
+}
+
+#endif
+
+PERL_STATIC_INLINE SV*
+S_add_cp_to_invlist(pTHX_ SV* invlist, const UV cp) {
+    return _add_range_to_invlist(invlist, cp, cp);
+}
+
+#ifndef PERL_IN_XSUB_RE
+void
+Perl__invlist_invert(pTHX_ SV* const invlist)
+{
+    /* Complement the input inversion list.  This adds a 0 if the list didn't
+     * have a zero; removes it otherwise.  As described above, the data
+     * structure is set up so that this is very efficient */
+
+    PERL_ARGS_ASSERT__INVLIST_INVERT;
+
+    assert(! invlist_is_iterating(invlist));
+
+    /* The inverse of matching nothing is matching everything */
+    if (_invlist_len(invlist) == 0) {
+       _append_range_to_invlist(invlist, 0, UV_MAX);
+       return;
+    }
+
+    *get_invlist_offset_addr(invlist) = ! *get_invlist_offset_addr(invlist);
+}
+
+void
+Perl__invlist_invert_prop(pTHX_ SV* const invlist)
+{
+    /* Complement the input inversion list (which must be a Unicode property,
+     * all of which don't match above the Unicode maximum code point.)  And
+     * Perl has chosen to not have the inversion match above that either.  This
+     * adds a 0x110000 if the list didn't end with it, and removes it if it did
+     */
+
+    UV len;
+    UV* array;
+
+    PERL_ARGS_ASSERT__INVLIST_INVERT_PROP;
+
+    _invlist_invert(invlist);
+
+    len = _invlist_len(invlist);
+
+    if (len != 0) { /* If empty do nothing */
+       array = invlist_array(invlist);
+       if (array[len - 1] != PERL_UNICODE_MAX + 1) {
+           /* Add 0x110000.  First, grow if necessary */
+           len++;
+           if (invlist_max(invlist) < len) {
+               invlist_extend(invlist, len);
+               array = invlist_array(invlist);
+           }
+           invlist_set_len(invlist, len, *get_invlist_offset_addr(invlist));
+           array[len - 1] = PERL_UNICODE_MAX + 1;
+       }
+       else {  /* Remove the 0x110000 */
+           invlist_set_len(invlist, len - 1, *get_invlist_offset_addr(invlist));
+       }
+    }
+
+    return;
+}
+#endif
+
+PERL_STATIC_INLINE SV*
+S_invlist_clone(pTHX_ SV* const invlist)
+{
+
+    /* Return a new inversion list that is a copy of the input one, which is
+     * unchanged */
+
+    /* Need to allocate extra space to accommodate Perl's addition of a
+     * trailing NUL to SvPV's, since it thinks they are always strings */
+    SV* new_invlist = _new_invlist(_invlist_len(invlist) + 1);
+    STRLEN physical_length = SvCUR(invlist);
+    bool offset = *(get_invlist_offset_addr(invlist));
+
+    PERL_ARGS_ASSERT_INVLIST_CLONE;
+
+    *(get_invlist_offset_addr(new_invlist)) = offset;
+    invlist_set_len(new_invlist, _invlist_len(invlist), offset);
+    Copy(SvPVX(invlist), SvPVX(new_invlist), physical_length, char);
+
+    return new_invlist;
+}
+
+PERL_STATIC_INLINE STRLEN*
+S_get_invlist_iter_addr(pTHX_ SV* invlist)
+{
+    /* Return the address of the UV that contains the current iteration
+     * position */
+
+    PERL_ARGS_ASSERT_GET_INVLIST_ITER_ADDR;
+
+    return &(((XINVLIST*) SvANY(invlist))->iterator);
+}
+
+PERL_STATIC_INLINE void
+S_invlist_iterinit(pTHX_ SV* invlist)  /* Initialize iterator for invlist */
+{
+    PERL_ARGS_ASSERT_INVLIST_ITERINIT;
+
+    *get_invlist_iter_addr(invlist) = 0;
+}
+
+PERL_STATIC_INLINE void
+S_invlist_iterfinish(pTHX_ SV* invlist)
+{
+    /* Terminate iterator for invlist.  This is to catch development errors.
+     * Any iteration that is interrupted before completed should call this
+     * function.  Functions that add code points anywhere else but to the end
+     * of an inversion list assert that they are not in the middle of an
+     * iteration.  If they were, the addition would make the iteration
+     * problematical: if the iteration hadn't reached the place where things
+     * were being added, it would be ok */
+
+    PERL_ARGS_ASSERT_INVLIST_ITERFINISH;
+
+    *get_invlist_iter_addr(invlist) = (STRLEN) UV_MAX;
+}
+
+STATIC bool
+S_invlist_iternext(pTHX_ SV* invlist, UV* start, UV* end)
+{
+    /* An C<invlist_iterinit> call on <invlist> must be used to set this up.
+     * This call sets in <*start> and <*end>, the next range in <invlist>.
+     * Returns <TRUE> if successful and the next call will return the next
+     * range; <FALSE> if was already at the end of the list.  If the latter,
+     * <*start> and <*end> are unchanged, and the next call to this function
+     * will start over at the beginning of the list */
+
+    STRLEN* pos = get_invlist_iter_addr(invlist);
+    UV len = _invlist_len(invlist);
+    UV *array;
+
+    PERL_ARGS_ASSERT_INVLIST_ITERNEXT;
+
+    if (*pos >= len) {
+       *pos = (STRLEN) UV_MAX; /* Force iterinit() to be required next time */
+       return FALSE;
+    }
+
+    array = invlist_array(invlist);
+
+    *start = array[(*pos)++];
+
+    if (*pos >= len) {
+       *end = UV_MAX;
+    }
+    else {
+       *end = array[(*pos)++] - 1;
+    }
+
+    return TRUE;
+}
+
+PERL_STATIC_INLINE bool
+S_invlist_is_iterating(pTHX_ SV* const invlist)
+{
+    PERL_ARGS_ASSERT_INVLIST_IS_ITERATING;
+
+    return *(get_invlist_iter_addr(invlist)) < (STRLEN) UV_MAX;
+}
+
+PERL_STATIC_INLINE UV
+S_invlist_highest(pTHX_ SV* const invlist)
+{
+    /* Returns the highest code point that matches an inversion list.  This API
+     * has an ambiguity, as it returns 0 under either the highest is actually
+     * 0, or if the list is empty.  If this distinction matters to you, check
+     * for emptiness before calling this function */
+
+    UV len = _invlist_len(invlist);
+    UV *array;
+
+    PERL_ARGS_ASSERT_INVLIST_HIGHEST;
+
+    if (len == 0) {
+       return 0;
+    }
+
+    array = invlist_array(invlist);
+
+    /* The last element in the array in the inversion list always starts a
+     * range that goes to infinity.  That range may be for code points that are
+     * matched in the inversion list, or it may be for ones that aren't
+     * matched.  In the latter case, the highest code point in the set is one
+     * less than the beginning of this range; otherwise it is the final element
+     * of this range: infinity */
+    return (ELEMENT_RANGE_MATCHES_INVLIST(len - 1))
+           ? UV_MAX
+           : array[len - 1] - 1;
+}
+
+#ifndef PERL_IN_XSUB_RE
+SV *
+Perl__invlist_contents(pTHX_ SV* const invlist)
+{
+    /* Get the contents of an inversion list into a string SV so that they can
+     * be printed out.  It uses the format traditionally done for debug tracing
+     */
+
+    UV start, end;
+    SV* output = newSVpvs("\n");
+
+    PERL_ARGS_ASSERT__INVLIST_CONTENTS;
+
+    assert(! invlist_is_iterating(invlist));
+
+    invlist_iterinit(invlist);
+    while (invlist_iternext(invlist, &start, &end)) {
+       if (end == UV_MAX) {
+           Perl_sv_catpvf(aTHX_ output, "%04"UVXf"\tINFINITY\n", start);
+       }
+       else if (end != start) {
+           Perl_sv_catpvf(aTHX_ output, "%04"UVXf"\t%04"UVXf"\n",
+                   start,       end);
+       }
+       else {
+           Perl_sv_catpvf(aTHX_ output, "%04"UVXf"\n", start);
+       }
+    }
+
+    return output;
+}
+#endif
+
+#ifdef PERL_ARGS_ASSERT__INVLIST_DUMP
+void
+Perl__invlist_dump(pTHX_ SV* const invlist, const char * const header)
+{
+    /* Dumps out the ranges in an inversion list.  The string 'header'
+     * if present is output on a line before the first range */
+
+    UV start, end;
+
+    PERL_ARGS_ASSERT__INVLIST_DUMP;
+
+    if (header && strlen(header)) {
+       PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log, "%s\n", header);
+    }
+    if (invlist_is_iterating(invlist)) {
+        PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log, "Can't dump because is in middle of iterating\n");
+        return;
+    }
+
+    invlist_iterinit(invlist);
+    while (invlist_iternext(invlist, &start, &end)) {
+       if (end == UV_MAX) {
+           PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log, "0x%04"UVXf" .. INFINITY\n", start);
+       }
+       else if (end != start) {
+           PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log, "0x%04"UVXf" .. 0x%04"UVXf"\n",
+                                                start,         end);
+       }
+       else {
+           PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log, "0x%04"UVXf"\n", start);
+       }
+    }
+}
+#endif
+
+#if 0
+bool
+S__invlistEQ(pTHX_ SV* const a, SV* const b, const bool complement_b)
+{
+    /* Return a boolean as to if the two passed in inversion lists are
+     * identical.  The final argument, if TRUE, says to take the complement of
+     * the second inversion list before doing the comparison */
+
+    const UV* array_a = invlist_array(a);
+    const UV* array_b = invlist_array(b);
+    UV len_a = _invlist_len(a);
+    UV len_b = _invlist_len(b);
+
+    UV i = 0;              /* current index into the arrays */
+    bool retval = TRUE;     /* Assume are identical until proven otherwise */
+
+    PERL_ARGS_ASSERT__INVLISTEQ;
+
+    /* If are to compare 'a' with the complement of b, set it
+     * up so are looking at b's complement. */
+    if (complement_b) {
+
+        /* The complement of nothing is everything, so <a> would have to have
+         * just one element, starting at zero (ending at infinity) */
+        if (len_b == 0) {
+            return (len_a == 1 && array_a[0] == 0);
+        }
+        else if (array_b[0] == 0) {
+
+            /* Otherwise, to complement, we invert.  Here, the first element is
+             * 0, just remove it.  To do this, we just pretend the array starts
+             * one later */
+
+            array_b++;
+            len_b--;
+        }
+        else {
+
+            /* But if the first element is not zero, we pretend the list starts
+             * at the 0 that is always stored immediately before the array. */
+            array_b--;
+            len_b++;
+            array_b[0] = 0;
+        }
+    }
+
+    /* Make sure that the lengths are the same, as well as the final element
+     * before looping through the remainder.  (Thus we test the length, final,
+     * and first elements right off the bat) */
+    if (len_a != len_b || array_a[len_a-1] != array_b[len_a-1]) {
+        retval = FALSE;
+    }
+    else for (i = 0; i < len_a - 1; i++) {
+        if (array_a[i] != array_b[i]) {
+            retval = FALSE;
+            break;
+        }
+    }
+
+    return retval;
+}
+#endif
+
+#undef HEADER_LENGTH
+#undef TO_INTERNAL_SIZE
+#undef FROM_INTERNAL_SIZE
+#undef INVLIST_VERSION_ID
+
+/* End of inversion list object */
+
+STATIC void
+S_parse_lparen_question_flags(pTHX_ struct RExC_state_t *pRExC_state)
+{
+    /* This parses the flags that are in either the '(?foo)' or '(?foo:bar)'
+     * constructs, and updates RExC_flags with them.  On input, RExC_parse
+     * should point to the first flag; it is updated on output to point to the
+     * final ')' or ':'.  There needs to be at least one flag, or this will
+     * abort */
+
+    /* for (?g), (?gc), and (?o) warnings; warning
+       about (?c) will warn about (?g) -- japhy    */
+
+#define WASTED_O  0x01
+#define WASTED_G  0x02
+#define WASTED_C  0x04
+#define WASTED_GC (WASTED_G|WASTED_C)
+    I32 wastedflags = 0x00;
+    U32 posflags = 0, negflags = 0;
+    U32 *flagsp = &posflags;
+    char has_charset_modifier = '\0';
+    regex_charset cs;
+    bool has_use_defaults = FALSE;
+    const char* const seqstart = RExC_parse - 1; /* Point to the '?' */
+
+    PERL_ARGS_ASSERT_PARSE_LPAREN_QUESTION_FLAGS;
+
+    /* '^' as an initial flag sets certain defaults */
+    if (UCHARAT(RExC_parse) == '^') {
+        RExC_parse++;
+        has_use_defaults = TRUE;
+        STD_PMMOD_FLAGS_CLEAR(&RExC_flags);
+        set_regex_charset(&RExC_flags, (RExC_utf8 || RExC_uni_semantics)
+                                        ? REGEX_UNICODE_CHARSET
+                                        : REGEX_DEPENDS_CHARSET);
+    }
+
+    cs = get_regex_charset(RExC_flags);
+    if (cs == REGEX_DEPENDS_CHARSET
+        && (RExC_utf8 || RExC_uni_semantics))
+    {
+        cs = REGEX_UNICODE_CHARSET;
+    }
+
+    while (*RExC_parse) {
+        /* && strchr("iogcmsx", *RExC_parse) */
+        /* (?g), (?gc) and (?o) are useless here
+           and must be globally applied -- japhy */
+        switch (*RExC_parse) {
+
+            /* Code for the imsx flags */
+            CASE_STD_PMMOD_FLAGS_PARSE_SET(flagsp);
+
+            case LOCALE_PAT_MOD:
+                if (has_charset_modifier) {
+                    goto excess_modifier;
+                }
+                else if (flagsp == &negflags) {
+                    goto neg_modifier;
+                }
+                cs = REGEX_LOCALE_CHARSET;
+                has_charset_modifier = LOCALE_PAT_MOD;
+                RExC_contains_locale = 1;
+                break;
+            case UNICODE_PAT_MOD:
+                if (has_charset_modifier) {
+                    goto excess_modifier;
+                }
+                else if (flagsp == &negflags) {
+                    goto neg_modifier;
+                }
+                cs = REGEX_UNICODE_CHARSET;
+                has_charset_modifier = UNICODE_PAT_MOD;
+                break;
+            case ASCII_RESTRICT_PAT_MOD:
+                if (flagsp == &negflags) {
+                    goto neg_modifier;
+                }
+                if (has_charset_modifier) {
+                    if (cs != REGEX_ASCII_RESTRICTED_CHARSET) {
+                        goto excess_modifier;
+                    }
+                    /* Doubled modifier implies more restricted */
+                    cs = REGEX_ASCII_MORE_RESTRICTED_CHARSET;
+                }
+                else {
+                    cs = REGEX_ASCII_RESTRICTED_CHARSET;
+                }
+                has_charset_modifier = ASCII_RESTRICT_PAT_MOD;
+                break;
+            case DEPENDS_PAT_MOD:
+                if (has_use_defaults) {
+                    goto fail_modifiers;
+                }
+                else if (flagsp == &negflags) {
+                    goto neg_modifier;
+                }
+                else if (has_charset_modifier) {
+                    goto excess_modifier;
+                }
+
+                /* The dual charset means unicode semantics if the
+                 * pattern (or target, not known until runtime) are
+                 * utf8, or something in the pattern indicates unicode
+                 * semantics */
+                cs = (RExC_utf8 || RExC_uni_semantics)
+                     ? REGEX_UNICODE_CHARSET
+                     : REGEX_DEPENDS_CHARSET;
+                has_charset_modifier = DEPENDS_PAT_MOD;
+                break;
+            excess_modifier:
+                RExC_parse++;
+                if (has_charset_modifier == ASCII_RESTRICT_PAT_MOD) {
+                    vFAIL2("Regexp modifier \"%c\" may appear a maximum of twice", ASCII_RESTRICT_PAT_MOD);
+                }
+                else if (has_charset_modifier == *(RExC_parse - 1)) {
+                    vFAIL2("Regexp modifier \"%c\" may not appear twice", *(RExC_parse - 1));
+                }
+                else {
+                    vFAIL3("Regexp modifiers \"%c\" and \"%c\" are mutually exclusive", has_charset_modifier, *(RExC_parse - 1));
+                }
+                /*NOTREACHED*/
+            neg_modifier:
+                RExC_parse++;
+                vFAIL2("Regexp modifier \"%c\" may not appear after the \"-\"", *(RExC_parse - 1));
+                /*NOTREACHED*/
+            case ONCE_PAT_MOD: /* 'o' */
+            case GLOBAL_PAT_MOD: /* 'g' */
+                if (SIZE_ONLY && ckWARN(WARN_REGEXP)) {
+                    const I32 wflagbit = *RExC_parse == 'o' ? WASTED_O : WASTED_G;
+                    if (! (wastedflags & wflagbit) ) {
+                        wastedflags |= wflagbit;
+                       /* diag_listed_as: Useless (?-%s) - don't use /%s modifier in regex; marked by <-- HERE in m/%s/ */
+                        vWARN5(
+                            RExC_parse + 1,
+                            "Useless (%s%c) - %suse /%c modifier",
+                            flagsp == &negflags ? "?-" : "?",
+                            *RExC_parse,
+                            flagsp == &negflags ? "don't " : "",
+                            *RExC_parse
+                        );
+                    }
+                }
+                break;
+
+            case CONTINUE_PAT_MOD: /* 'c' */
+                if (SIZE_ONLY && ckWARN(WARN_REGEXP)) {
+                    if (! (wastedflags & WASTED_C) ) {
+                        wastedflags |= WASTED_GC;
+                       /* diag_listed_as: Useless (?-%s) - don't use /%s modifier in regex; marked by <-- HERE in m/%s/ */
+                        vWARN3(
+                            RExC_parse + 1,
+                            "Useless (%sc) - %suse /gc modifier",
+                            flagsp == &negflags ? "?-" : "?",
+                            flagsp == &negflags ? "don't " : ""
+                        );
+                    }
+                }
+                break;
+            case KEEPCOPY_PAT_MOD: /* 'p' */
+                if (flagsp == &negflags) {
+                    if (SIZE_ONLY)
+                        ckWARNreg(RExC_parse + 1,"Useless use of (?-p)");
+                } else {
+                    *flagsp |= RXf_PMf_KEEPCOPY;
+                }
+                break;
+            case '-':
+                /* A flag is a default iff it is following a minus, so
+                 * if there is a minus, it means will be trying to
+                 * re-specify a default which is an error */
+                if (has_use_defaults || flagsp == &negflags) {
+                    goto fail_modifiers;
+                }
+                flagsp = &negflags;
+                wastedflags = 0;  /* reset so (?g-c) warns twice */
+                break;
+            case ':':
+            case ')':
+                RExC_flags |= posflags;
+                RExC_flags &= ~negflags;
+                set_regex_charset(&RExC_flags, cs);
+                return;
+                /*NOTREACHED*/
+            default:
+            fail_modifiers:
+                RExC_parse++;
+                vFAIL3("Sequence (%.*s...) not recognized",
+                       RExC_parse-seqstart, seqstart);
+                /*NOTREACHED*/
+        }
+
+        ++RExC_parse;
+    }
+}
+
+/*
+ - reg - regular expression, i.e. main body or parenthesized thing
+ *
+ * Caller must absorb opening parenthesis.
+ *
+ * Combining parenthesis handling with the base level of regular expression
+ * is a trifle forced, but the need to tie the tails of the branches to what
+ * follows makes it hard to avoid.
+ */
+#define REGTAIL(x,y,z) regtail((x),(y),(z),depth+1)
+#ifdef DEBUGGING
+#define REGTAIL_STUDY(x,y,z) regtail_study((x),(y),(z),depth+1)
+#else
+#define REGTAIL_STUDY(x,y,z) regtail((x),(y),(z),depth+1)
+#endif
+
+/* Returns NULL, setting *flagp to TRYAGAIN at the end of (?) that only sets
+   flags. Returns NULL, setting *flagp to RESTART_UTF8 if the sizing scan
+   needs to be restarted.
+   Otherwise would only return NULL if regbranch() returns NULL, which
+   cannot happen.  */
+STATIC regnode *
+S_reg(pTHX_ RExC_state_t *pRExC_state, I32 paren, I32 *flagp,U32 depth)
+    /* paren: Parenthesized? 0=top; 1,2=inside '(': changed to letter.
+     * 2 is like 1, but indicates that nextchar() has been called to advance
+     * RExC_parse beyond the '('.  Things like '(?' are indivisible tokens, and
+     * this flag alerts us to the need to check for that */
+{
+    dVAR;
+    regnode *ret;              /* Will be the head of the group. */
+    regnode *br;
+    regnode *lastbr;
+    regnode *ender = NULL;
+    I32 parno = 0;
+    I32 flags;
+    U32 oregflags = RExC_flags;
+    bool have_branch = 0;
+    bool is_open = 0;
+    I32 freeze_paren = 0;
+    I32 after_freeze = 0;
+
+    char * parse_start = RExC_parse; /* MJD */
+    char * const oregcomp_parse = RExC_parse;
+
+    GET_RE_DEBUG_FLAGS_DECL;
+
+    PERL_ARGS_ASSERT_REG;
+    DEBUG_PARSE("reg ");
+
+    *flagp = 0;                                /* Tentatively. */
+
+
+    /* Make an OPEN node, if parenthesized. */
+    if (paren) {
+
+        /* Under /x, space and comments can be gobbled up between the '(' and
+         * here (if paren ==2).  The forms '(*VERB' and '(?...' disallow such
+         * intervening space, as the sequence is a token, and a token should be
+         * indivisible */
+        bool has_intervening_patws = paren == 2 && *(RExC_parse - 1) != '(';
+
+        if ( *RExC_parse == '*') { /* (*VERB:ARG) */
+           char *start_verb = RExC_parse;
+           STRLEN verb_len = 0;
+           char *start_arg = NULL;
+           unsigned char op = 0;
+           int argok = 1;
+           int internal_argval = 0; /* internal_argval is only useful if !argok */
+
+            if (has_intervening_patws && SIZE_ONLY) {
+                ckWARNregdep(RExC_parse + 1, "In '(*VERB...)', splitting the initial '(*' is deprecated");
+            }
+           while ( *RExC_parse && *RExC_parse != ')' ) {
+               if ( *RExC_parse == ':' ) {
+                   start_arg = RExC_parse + 1;
+                   break;
+               }
+               RExC_parse++;
+           }
+           ++start_verb;
+           verb_len = RExC_parse - start_verb;
+           if ( start_arg ) {
+               RExC_parse++;
+               while ( *RExC_parse && *RExC_parse != ')' ) 
+                   RExC_parse++;
+               if ( *RExC_parse != ')' ) 
+                   vFAIL("Unterminated verb pattern argument");
+               if ( RExC_parse == start_arg )
+                   start_arg = NULL;
+           } else {
+               if ( *RExC_parse != ')' )
+                   vFAIL("Unterminated verb pattern");
+           }
+           
+           switch ( *start_verb ) {
+            case 'A':  /* (*ACCEPT) */
+                if ( memEQs(start_verb,verb_len,"ACCEPT") ) {
+                   op = ACCEPT;
+                   internal_argval = RExC_nestroot;
+               }
+               break;
+            case 'C':  /* (*COMMIT) */
+                if ( memEQs(start_verb,verb_len,"COMMIT") )
+                    op = COMMIT;
+                break;
+            case 'F':  /* (*FAIL) */
+                if ( verb_len==1 || memEQs(start_verb,verb_len,"FAIL") ) {
+                   op = OPFAIL;
+                   argok = 0;
+               }
+               break;
+            case ':':  /* (*:NAME) */
+           case 'M':  /* (*MARK:NAME) */
+               if ( verb_len==0 || memEQs(start_verb,verb_len,"MARK") ) {
+                    op = MARKPOINT;
+                    argok = -1;
+                }
+                break;
+            case 'P':  /* (*PRUNE) */
+                if ( memEQs(start_verb,verb_len,"PRUNE") )
+                    op = PRUNE;
+                break;
+            case 'S':   /* (*SKIP) */  
+                if ( memEQs(start_verb,verb_len,"SKIP") ) 
+                    op = SKIP;
+                break;
+            case 'T':  /* (*THEN) */
+                /* [19:06] <TimToady> :: is then */
+                if ( memEQs(start_verb,verb_len,"THEN") ) {
+                    op = CUTGROUP;
+                    RExC_seen |= REG_SEEN_CUTGROUP;
+                }
+                break;
+           }
+           if ( ! op ) {
+               RExC_parse++;
+               vFAIL3("Unknown verb pattern '%.*s'",
+                   verb_len, start_verb);
+           }
+           if ( argok ) {
+                if ( start_arg && internal_argval ) {
+                   vFAIL3("Verb pattern '%.*s' may not have an argument",
+                       verb_len, start_verb); 
+               } else if ( argok < 0 && !start_arg ) {
+                    vFAIL3("Verb pattern '%.*s' has a mandatory argument",
+                       verb_len, start_verb);    
+               } else {
+                   ret = reganode(pRExC_state, op, internal_argval);
+                   if ( ! internal_argval && ! SIZE_ONLY ) {
+                        if (start_arg) {
+                            SV *sv = newSVpvn( start_arg, RExC_parse - start_arg);
+                            ARG(ret) = add_data( pRExC_state, 1, "S" );
+                            RExC_rxi->data->data[ARG(ret)]=(void*)sv;
+                            ret->flags = 0;
+                        } else {
+                            ret->flags = 1; 
+                        }
+                    }              
+               }
+               if (!internal_argval)
+                   RExC_seen |= REG_SEEN_VERBARG;
+           } else if ( start_arg ) {
+               vFAIL3("Verb pattern '%.*s' may not have an argument",
+                       verb_len, start_verb);    
+           } else {
+               ret = reg_node(pRExC_state, op);
+           }
+           nextchar(pRExC_state);
+           return ret;
+        }
+        else if (*RExC_parse == '?') { /* (?...) */
+           bool is_logical = 0;
+           const char * const seqstart = RExC_parse;
+            if (has_intervening_patws && SIZE_ONLY) {
+                ckWARNregdep(RExC_parse + 1, "In '(?...)', splitting the initial '(?' is deprecated");
+            }
+
+           RExC_parse++;
+           paren = *RExC_parse++;
+           ret = NULL;                 /* For look-ahead/behind. */
+           switch (paren) {
+
+           case 'P':   /* (?P...) variants for those used to PCRE/Python */
+               paren = *RExC_parse++;
+               if ( paren == '<')         /* (?P<...>) named capture */
+                   goto named_capture;
+                else if (paren == '>') {   /* (?P>name) named recursion */
+                    goto named_recursion;
+                }
+                else if (paren == '=') {   /* (?P=...)  named backref */
+                    /* this pretty much dupes the code for \k<NAME> in regatom(), if
+                       you change this make sure you change that */
+                    char* name_start = RExC_parse;
+                   U32 num = 0;
+                    SV *sv_dat = reg_scan_name(pRExC_state,
+                        SIZE_ONLY ? REG_RSN_RETURN_NULL : REG_RSN_RETURN_DATA);
+                    if (RExC_parse == name_start || *RExC_parse != ')')
+                        vFAIL2("Sequence %.3s... not terminated",parse_start);
+
+                    if (!SIZE_ONLY) {
+                        num = add_data( pRExC_state, 1, "S" );
+                        RExC_rxi->data->data[num]=(void*)sv_dat;
+                        SvREFCNT_inc_simple_void(sv_dat);
+                    }
+                    RExC_sawback = 1;
+                   ret = reganode(pRExC_state,
+                                  ((! FOLD)
+                                    ? NREF
+                                    : (ASCII_FOLD_RESTRICTED)
+                                      ? NREFFA
+                                       : (AT_LEAST_UNI_SEMANTICS)
+                                         ? NREFFU
+                                         : (LOC)
+                                           ? NREFFL
+                                           : NREFF),
+                                   num);
+                    *flagp |= HASWIDTH;
+
+                    Set_Node_Offset(ret, parse_start+1);
+                    Set_Node_Cur_Length(ret, parse_start);
+
+                    nextchar(pRExC_state);
+                    return ret;
+                }
+                RExC_parse++;
+               vFAIL3("Sequence (%.*s...) not recognized", RExC_parse-seqstart, seqstart);
+               /*NOTREACHED*/
+            case '<':           /* (?<...) */
+               if (*RExC_parse == '!')
+                   paren = ',';
+               else if (*RExC_parse != '=') 
+              named_capture:
+               {               /* (?<...>) */
+                   char *name_start;
+                   SV *svname;
+                   paren= '>';
+            case '\'':          /* (?'...') */
+                   name_start= RExC_parse;
+                   svname = reg_scan_name(pRExC_state,
+                       SIZE_ONLY ?  /* reverse test from the others */
+                       REG_RSN_RETURN_NAME : 
+                       REG_RSN_RETURN_NULL);
+                   if (RExC_parse == name_start) {
+                       RExC_parse++;
+                       vFAIL3("Sequence (%.*s...) not recognized", RExC_parse-seqstart, seqstart);
+                       /*NOTREACHED*/
+                    }
+                   if (*RExC_parse != paren)
+                       vFAIL2("Sequence (?%c... not terminated",
+                           paren=='>' ? '<' : paren);
+                   if (SIZE_ONLY) {
+                       HE *he_str;
+                       SV *sv_dat = NULL;
+                        if (!svname) /* shouldn't happen */
+                            Perl_croak(aTHX_
+                                "panic: reg_scan_name returned NULL");
+                        if (!RExC_paren_names) {
+                            RExC_paren_names= newHV();
+                            sv_2mortal(MUTABLE_SV(RExC_paren_names));
+#ifdef DEBUGGING
+                            RExC_paren_name_list= newAV();
+                            sv_2mortal(MUTABLE_SV(RExC_paren_name_list));
+#endif
+                        }
+                        he_str = hv_fetch_ent( RExC_paren_names, svname, 1, 0 );
+                        if ( he_str )
+                            sv_dat = HeVAL(he_str);
+                        if ( ! sv_dat ) {
+                            /* croak baby croak */
+                            Perl_croak(aTHX_
+                                "panic: paren_name hash element allocation failed");
+                        } else if ( SvPOK(sv_dat) ) {
+                            /* (?|...) can mean we have dupes so scan to check
+                               its already been stored. Maybe a flag indicating
+                               we are inside such a construct would be useful,
+                               but the arrays are likely to be quite small, so
+                               for now we punt -- dmq */
+                            IV count = SvIV(sv_dat);
+                            I32 *pv = (I32*)SvPVX(sv_dat);
+                            IV i;
+                            for ( i = 0 ; i < count ; i++ ) {
+                                if ( pv[i] == RExC_npar ) {
+                                    count = 0;
+                                    break;
+                                }
+                            }
+                            if ( count ) {
+                                pv = (I32*)SvGROW(sv_dat, SvCUR(sv_dat) + sizeof(I32)+1);
+                                SvCUR_set(sv_dat, SvCUR(sv_dat) + sizeof(I32));
+                                pv[count] = RExC_npar;
+                                SvIV_set(sv_dat, SvIVX(sv_dat) + 1);
+                            }
+                        } else {
+                            (void)SvUPGRADE(sv_dat,SVt_PVNV);
+                            sv_setpvn(sv_dat, (char *)&(RExC_npar), sizeof(I32));
+                            SvIOK_on(sv_dat);
+                            SvIV_set(sv_dat, 1);
+                        }
+#ifdef DEBUGGING
+                       /* Yes this does cause a memory leak in debugging Perls */
+                        if (!av_store(RExC_paren_name_list, RExC_npar, SvREFCNT_inc(svname)))
+                            SvREFCNT_dec_NN(svname);
+#endif
+
+                        /*sv_dump(sv_dat);*/
+                    }
+                    nextchar(pRExC_state);
+                   paren = 1;
+                   goto capturing_parens;
+               }
+                RExC_seen |= REG_SEEN_LOOKBEHIND;
+               RExC_in_lookbehind++;
+               RExC_parse++;
+           case '=':           /* (?=...) */
+               RExC_seen_zerolen++;
+                break;
+           case '!':           /* (?!...) */
+               RExC_seen_zerolen++;
+               if (*RExC_parse == ')') {
+                   ret=reg_node(pRExC_state, OPFAIL);
+                   nextchar(pRExC_state);
+                   return ret;
+               }
+               break;
+           case '|':           /* (?|...) */
+               /* branch reset, behave like a (?:...) except that
+                  buffers in alternations share the same numbers */
+               paren = ':'; 
+               after_freeze = freeze_paren = RExC_npar;
+               break;
+           case ':':           /* (?:...) */
+           case '>':           /* (?>...) */
+               break;
+           case '$':           /* (?$...) */
+           case '@':           /* (?@...) */
+               vFAIL2("Sequence (?%c...) not implemented", (int)paren);
+               break;
+            case '#':           /* (?#...) */
+                /* XXX As soon as we disallow separating the '?' and '*' (by
+                 * spaces or (?#...) comment), it is believed that this case
+                 * will be unreachable and can be removed.  See
+                 * [perl #117327] */
+                while (*RExC_parse && *RExC_parse != ')')
+                   RExC_parse++;
+               if (*RExC_parse != ')')
+                   FAIL("Sequence (?#... not terminated");
+               nextchar(pRExC_state);
+               *flagp = TRYAGAIN;
+               return NULL;
+           case '0' :           /* (?0) */
+           case 'R' :           /* (?R) */
+               if (*RExC_parse != ')')
+                   FAIL("Sequence (?R) not terminated");
+               ret = reg_node(pRExC_state, GOSTART);
+               *flagp |= POSTPONED;
+               nextchar(pRExC_state);
+               return ret;
+               /*notreached*/
+            { /* named and numeric backreferences */
+                I32 num;
+            case '&':            /* (?&NAME) */
+                parse_start = RExC_parse - 1;
+              named_recursion:
+                {
+                   SV *sv_dat = reg_scan_name(pRExC_state,
+                       SIZE_ONLY ? REG_RSN_RETURN_NULL : REG_RSN_RETURN_DATA);
+                    num = sv_dat ? *((I32 *)SvPVX(sv_dat)) : 0;
+                }
+                goto gen_recurse_regop;
+                assert(0); /* NOT REACHED */
+            case '+':
+                if (!(RExC_parse[0] >= '1' && RExC_parse[0] <= '9')) {
+                    RExC_parse++;
+                    vFAIL("Illegal pattern");
+                }
+                goto parse_recursion;
+                /* NOT REACHED*/
+            case '-': /* (?-1) */
+                if (!(RExC_parse[0] >= '1' && RExC_parse[0] <= '9')) {
+                    RExC_parse--; /* rewind to let it be handled later */
+                    goto parse_flags;
+                } 
+                /*FALLTHROUGH */
+            case '1': case '2': case '3': case '4': /* (?1) */
+           case '5': case '6': case '7': case '8': case '9':
+               RExC_parse--;
+              parse_recursion:
+               num = atoi(RExC_parse);
+               parse_start = RExC_parse - 1; /* MJD */
+               if (*RExC_parse == '-')
+                   RExC_parse++;
+               while (isDIGIT(*RExC_parse))
+                       RExC_parse++;
+               if (*RExC_parse!=')') 
+                   vFAIL("Expecting close bracket");
+
+              gen_recurse_regop:
+                if ( paren == '-' ) {
+                    /*
+                    Diagram of capture buffer numbering.
+                    Top line is the normal capture buffer numbers
+                    Bottom line is the negative indexing as from
+                    the X (the (?-2))
+
+                    +   1 2    3 4 5 X          6 7
+                       /(a(x)y)(a(b(c(?-2)d)e)f)(g(h))/
+                    -   5 4    3 2 1 X          x x
+
+                    */
+                    num = RExC_npar + num;
+                    if (num < 1)  {
+                        RExC_parse++;
+                        vFAIL("Reference to nonexistent group");
+                    }
+                } else if ( paren == '+' ) {
+                    num = RExC_npar + num - 1;
+                }
+
+                ret = reganode(pRExC_state, GOSUB, num);
+                if (!SIZE_ONLY) {
+                   if (num > (I32)RExC_rx->nparens) {
+                       RExC_parse++;
+                       vFAIL("Reference to nonexistent group");
+                   }
+                   ARG2L_SET( ret, RExC_recurse_count++);
+                    RExC_emit++;
+                   DEBUG_OPTIMISE_MORE_r(PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log,
+                       "Recurse #%"UVuf" to %"IVdf"\n", (UV)ARG(ret), (IV)ARG2L(ret)));
+               } else {
+                   RExC_size++;
+               }
+               RExC_seen |= REG_SEEN_RECURSE;
+                Set_Node_Length(ret, 1 + regarglen[OP(ret)]); /* MJD */
+               Set_Node_Offset(ret, parse_start); /* MJD */
+
+                *flagp |= POSTPONED;
+                nextchar(pRExC_state);
+                return ret;
+            } /* named and numeric backreferences */
+            assert(0); /* NOT REACHED */
+
+           case '?':           /* (??...) */
+               is_logical = 1;
+               if (*RExC_parse != '{') {
+                   RExC_parse++;
+                   vFAIL3("Sequence (%.*s...) not recognized", RExC_parse-seqstart, seqstart);
+                   /*NOTREACHED*/
+               }
+               *flagp |= POSTPONED;
+               paren = *RExC_parse++;
+               /* FALL THROUGH */
+           case '{':           /* (?{...}) */
+           {
+               U32 n = 0;
+               struct reg_code_block *cb;
+
+               RExC_seen_zerolen++;
+
+               if (   !pRExC_state->num_code_blocks
+                   || pRExC_state->code_index >= pRExC_state->num_code_blocks
+                   || pRExC_state->code_blocks[pRExC_state->code_index].start
+                       != (STRLEN)((RExC_parse -3 - (is_logical ? 1 : 0))
+                           - RExC_start)
+               ) {
+                   if (RExC_pm_flags & PMf_USE_RE_EVAL)
+                       FAIL("panic: Sequence (?{...}): no code block found\n");
+                   FAIL("Eval-group not allowed at runtime, use re 'eval'");
+               }
+               /* this is a pre-compiled code block (?{...}) */
+               cb = &pRExC_state->code_blocks[pRExC_state->code_index];
+               RExC_parse = RExC_start + cb->end;
+               if (!SIZE_ONLY) {
+                   OP *o = cb->block;
+                   if (cb->src_regex) {
+                       n = add_data(pRExC_state, 2, "rl");
+                       RExC_rxi->data->data[n] =
+                           (void*)SvREFCNT_inc((SV*)cb->src_regex);
+                       RExC_rxi->data->data[n+1] = (void*)o;
+                   }
+                   else {
+                       n = add_data(pRExC_state, 1,
+                              (RExC_pm_flags & PMf_HAS_CV) ? "L" : "l");
+                       RExC_rxi->data->data[n] = (void*)o;
+                   }
+               }
+               pRExC_state->code_index++;
+               nextchar(pRExC_state);
+
+               if (is_logical) {
+                    regnode *eval;
+                   ret = reg_node(pRExC_state, LOGICAL);
+                    eval = reganode(pRExC_state, EVAL, n);
+                   if (!SIZE_ONLY) {
+                       ret->flags = 2;
+                        /* for later propagation into (??{}) return value */
+                        eval->flags = (U8) (RExC_flags & RXf_PMf_COMPILETIME);
+                    }
+                    REGTAIL(pRExC_state, ret, eval);
+                    /* deal with the length of this later - MJD */
+                   return ret;
+               }
+               ret = reganode(pRExC_state, EVAL, n);
+               Set_Node_Length(ret, RExC_parse - parse_start + 1);
+               Set_Node_Offset(ret, parse_start);
+               return ret;
+           }
+           case '(':           /* (?(?{...})...) and (?(?=...)...) */
+           {
+               int is_define= 0;
+               if (RExC_parse[0] == '?') {        /* (?(?...)) */
+                   if (RExC_parse[1] == '=' || RExC_parse[1] == '!'
+                       || RExC_parse[1] == '<'
+                       || RExC_parse[1] == '{') { /* Lookahead or eval. */
+                       I32 flag;
+                        regnode *tail;
+
+                       ret = reg_node(pRExC_state, LOGICAL);
+                       if (!SIZE_ONLY)
+                           ret->flags = 1;
+                        
+                        tail = reg(pRExC_state, 1, &flag, depth+1);
+                        if (flag & RESTART_UTF8) {
+                            *flagp = RESTART_UTF8;
+                            return NULL;
+                        }
+                        REGTAIL(pRExC_state, ret, tail);
+                       goto insert_if;
+                   }
+               }
+               else if ( RExC_parse[0] == '<'     /* (?(<NAME>)...) */
+                        || RExC_parse[0] == '\'' ) /* (?('NAME')...) */
+               {
+                   char ch = RExC_parse[0] == '<' ? '>' : '\'';
+                   char *name_start= RExC_parse++;
+                   U32 num = 0;
+                   SV *sv_dat=reg_scan_name(pRExC_state,
+                       SIZE_ONLY ? REG_RSN_RETURN_NULL : REG_RSN_RETURN_DATA);
+                   if (RExC_parse == name_start || *RExC_parse != ch)
+                        vFAIL2("Sequence (?(%c... not terminated",
+                            (ch == '>' ? '<' : ch));
+                    RExC_parse++;
+                   if (!SIZE_ONLY) {
+                        num = add_data( pRExC_state, 1, "S" );
+                        RExC_rxi->data->data[num]=(void*)sv_dat;
+                        SvREFCNT_inc_simple_void(sv_dat);
+                    }
+                    ret = reganode(pRExC_state,NGROUPP,num);
+                    goto insert_if_check_paren;
+               }
+               else if (RExC_parse[0] == 'D' &&
+                        RExC_parse[1] == 'E' &&
+                        RExC_parse[2] == 'F' &&
+                        RExC_parse[3] == 'I' &&
+                        RExC_parse[4] == 'N' &&
+                        RExC_parse[5] == 'E')
+               {
+                   ret = reganode(pRExC_state,DEFINEP,0);
+                   RExC_parse +=6 ;
+                   is_define = 1;
+                   goto insert_if_check_paren;
+               }
+               else if (RExC_parse[0] == 'R') {
+                   RExC_parse++;
+                   parno = 0;
+                   if (RExC_parse[0] >= '1' && RExC_parse[0] <= '9' ) {
+                       parno = atoi(RExC_parse++);
+                       while (isDIGIT(*RExC_parse))
+                           RExC_parse++;
+                   } else if (RExC_parse[0] == '&') {
+                       SV *sv_dat;
+                       RExC_parse++;
+                       sv_dat = reg_scan_name(pRExC_state,
+                           SIZE_ONLY ? REG_RSN_RETURN_NULL : REG_RSN_RETURN_DATA);
+                       parno = sv_dat ? *((I32 *)SvPVX(sv_dat)) : 0;
+                   }
+                   ret = reganode(pRExC_state,INSUBP,parno); 
+                   goto insert_if_check_paren;
+               }
+               else if (RExC_parse[0] >= '1' && RExC_parse[0] <= '9' ) {
+                    /* (?(1)...) */
+                   char c;
+                   parno = atoi(RExC_parse++);
+
+                   while (isDIGIT(*RExC_parse))
+                       RExC_parse++;
+                    ret = reganode(pRExC_state, GROUPP, parno);
+
+                 insert_if_check_paren:
+                   if ((c = *nextchar(pRExC_state)) != ')')
+                       vFAIL("Switch condition not recognized");
+                 insert_if:
+                    REGTAIL(pRExC_state, ret, reganode(pRExC_state, IFTHEN, 0));
+                    br = regbranch(pRExC_state, &flags, 1,depth+1);
+                   if (br == NULL) {
+                        if (flags & RESTART_UTF8) {
+                            *flagp = RESTART_UTF8;
+                            return NULL;
+                        }
+                        FAIL2("panic: regbranch returned NULL, flags=%#"UVxf"",
+                              (UV) flags);
+                    } else
+                        REGTAIL(pRExC_state, br, reganode(pRExC_state, LONGJMP, 0));
+                   c = *nextchar(pRExC_state);
+                   if (flags&HASWIDTH)
+                       *flagp |= HASWIDTH;
+                   if (c == '|') {
+                       if (is_define) 
+                           vFAIL("(?(DEFINE)....) does not allow branches");
+                       lastbr = reganode(pRExC_state, IFTHEN, 0); /* Fake one for optimizer. */
+                        if (!regbranch(pRExC_state, &flags, 1,depth+1)) {
+                            if (flags & RESTART_UTF8) {
+                                *flagp = RESTART_UTF8;
+                                return NULL;
+                            }
+                            FAIL2("panic: regbranch returned NULL, flags=%#"UVxf"",
+                                  (UV) flags);
+                        }
+                        REGTAIL(pRExC_state, ret, lastbr);
+                       if (flags&HASWIDTH)
+                           *flagp |= HASWIDTH;
+                       c = *nextchar(pRExC_state);
+                   }
+                   else
+                       lastbr = NULL;
+                   if (c != ')')
+                       vFAIL("Switch (?(condition)... contains too many branches");
+                   ender = reg_node(pRExC_state, TAIL);
+                    REGTAIL(pRExC_state, br, ender);
+                   if (lastbr) {
+                        REGTAIL(pRExC_state, lastbr, ender);
+                        REGTAIL(pRExC_state, NEXTOPER(NEXTOPER(lastbr)), ender);
+                   }
+                   else
+                        REGTAIL(pRExC_state, ret, ender);
+                    RExC_size++; /* XXX WHY do we need this?!!
+                                    For large programs it seems to be required
+                                    but I can't figure out why. -- dmq*/
+                   return ret;
+               }
+               else {
+                   vFAIL2("Unknown switch condition (?(%.2s", RExC_parse);
+               }
+           }
+           case '[':           /* (?[ ... ]) */
+                return handle_regex_sets(pRExC_state, NULL, flagp, depth,
+                                         oregcomp_parse);
+            case 0:
+               RExC_parse--; /* for vFAIL to print correctly */
+                vFAIL("Sequence (? incomplete");
+                break;
+           default: /* e.g., (?i) */
+               --RExC_parse;
+              parse_flags:
+               parse_lparen_question_flags(pRExC_state);
+                if (UCHARAT(RExC_parse) != ':') {
+                    nextchar(pRExC_state);
+                    *flagp = TRYAGAIN;
+                    return NULL;
+                }
+                paren = ':';
+                nextchar(pRExC_state);
+                ret = NULL;
+                goto parse_rest;
+            } /* end switch */
+       }
+       else {                  /* (...) */
+         capturing_parens:
+           parno = RExC_npar;
+           RExC_npar++;
+           
+           ret = reganode(pRExC_state, OPEN, parno);
+           if (!SIZE_ONLY ){
+               if (!RExC_nestroot) 
+                   RExC_nestroot = parno;
+               if (RExC_seen & REG_SEEN_RECURSE
+                   && !RExC_open_parens[parno-1])
+               {
+                   DEBUG_OPTIMISE_MORE_r(PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log,
+                       "Setting open paren #%"IVdf" to %d\n", 
+                       (IV)parno, REG_NODE_NUM(ret)));
+                   RExC_open_parens[parno-1]= ret;
+               }
+           }
+            Set_Node_Length(ret, 1); /* MJD */
+            Set_Node_Offset(ret, RExC_parse); /* MJD */
+           is_open = 1;
+       }
+    }
+    else                        /* ! paren */
+       ret = NULL;
+   
+   parse_rest:
+    /* Pick up the branches, linking them together. */
+    parse_start = RExC_parse;   /* MJD */
+    br = regbranch(pRExC_state, &flags, 1,depth+1);
+
+    /*     branch_len = (paren != 0); */
+
+    if (br == NULL) {
+        if (flags & RESTART_UTF8) {
+            *flagp = RESTART_UTF8;
+            return NULL;
+        }
+        FAIL2("panic: regbranch returned NULL, flags=%#"UVxf"", (UV) flags);
+    }
+    if (*RExC_parse == '|') {
+       if (!SIZE_ONLY && RExC_extralen) {
+           reginsert(pRExC_state, BRANCHJ, br, depth+1);
+       }
+       else {                  /* MJD */
+           reginsert(pRExC_state, BRANCH, br, depth+1);
+            Set_Node_Length(br, paren != 0);
+            Set_Node_Offset_To_R(br-RExC_emit_start, parse_start-RExC_start);
+        }
+       have_branch = 1;
+       if (SIZE_ONLY)
+           RExC_extralen += 1;         /* For BRANCHJ-BRANCH. */
+    }
+    else if (paren == ':') {
+       *flagp |= flags&SIMPLE;
+    }
+    if (is_open) {                             /* Starts with OPEN. */
+        REGTAIL(pRExC_state, ret, br);          /* OPEN -> first. */
+    }
+    else if (paren != '?')             /* Not Conditional */
+       ret = br;
+    *flagp |= flags & (SPSTART | HASWIDTH | POSTPONED);
+    lastbr = br;
+    while (*RExC_parse == '|') {
+       if (!SIZE_ONLY && RExC_extralen) {
+           ender = reganode(pRExC_state, LONGJMP,0);
+            REGTAIL(pRExC_state, NEXTOPER(NEXTOPER(lastbr)), ender); /* Append to the previous. */
+       }
+       if (SIZE_ONLY)
+           RExC_extralen += 2;         /* Account for LONGJMP. */
+       nextchar(pRExC_state);
+       if (freeze_paren) {
+           if (RExC_npar > after_freeze)
+               after_freeze = RExC_npar;
+            RExC_npar = freeze_paren;      
+        }
+        br = regbranch(pRExC_state, &flags, 0, depth+1);
+
+       if (br == NULL) {
+            if (flags & RESTART_UTF8) {
+                *flagp = RESTART_UTF8;
+                return NULL;
+            }
+            FAIL2("panic: regbranch returned NULL, flags=%#"UVxf"", (UV) flags);
+        }
+        REGTAIL(pRExC_state, lastbr, br);               /* BRANCH -> BRANCH. */
+       lastbr = br;
+       *flagp |= flags & (SPSTART | HASWIDTH | POSTPONED);
+    }
+
+    if (have_branch || paren != ':') {
+       /* Make a closing node, and hook it on the end. */
+       switch (paren) {
+       case ':':
+           ender = reg_node(pRExC_state, TAIL);
+           break;
+       case 1: case 2:
+           ender = reganode(pRExC_state, CLOSE, parno);
+           if (!SIZE_ONLY && RExC_seen & REG_SEEN_RECURSE) {
+               DEBUG_OPTIMISE_MORE_r(PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log,
+                       "Setting close paren #%"IVdf" to %d\n", 
+                       (IV)parno, REG_NODE_NUM(ender)));
+               RExC_close_parens[parno-1]= ender;
+               if (RExC_nestroot == parno) 
+                   RExC_nestroot = 0;
+           }       
+            Set_Node_Offset(ender,RExC_parse+1); /* MJD */
+            Set_Node_Length(ender,1); /* MJD */
+           break;
+       case '<':
+       case ',':
+       case '=':
+       case '!':
+           *flagp &= ~HASWIDTH;
+           /* FALL THROUGH */
+       case '>':
+           ender = reg_node(pRExC_state, SUCCEED);
+           break;
+       case 0:
+           ender = reg_node(pRExC_state, END);
+           if (!SIZE_ONLY) {
+                assert(!RExC_opend); /* there can only be one! */
+                RExC_opend = ender;
+            }
+           break;
+       }
+        DEBUG_PARSE_r(if (!SIZE_ONLY) {
+            SV * const mysv_val1=sv_newmortal();
+            SV * const mysv_val2=sv_newmortal();
+            DEBUG_PARSE_MSG("lsbr");
+            regprop(RExC_rx, mysv_val1, lastbr);
+            regprop(RExC_rx, mysv_val2, ender);
+            PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log, "~ tying lastbr %s (%"IVdf") to ender %s (%"IVdf") offset %"IVdf"\n",
+                          SvPV_nolen_const(mysv_val1),
+                          (IV)REG_NODE_NUM(lastbr),
+                          SvPV_nolen_const(mysv_val2),
+                          (IV)REG_NODE_NUM(ender),
+                          (IV)(ender - lastbr)
+            );
+        });
+        REGTAIL(pRExC_state, lastbr, ender);
+
+       if (have_branch && !SIZE_ONLY) {
+            char is_nothing= 1;
+           if (depth==1)
+               RExC_seen |= REG_TOP_LEVEL_BRANCHES;
+
+           /* Hook the tails of the branches to the closing node. */
+           for (br = ret; br; br = regnext(br)) {
+               const U8 op = PL_regkind[OP(br)];
+               if (op == BRANCH) {
+                    REGTAIL_STUDY(pRExC_state, NEXTOPER(br), ender);
+                    if (OP(NEXTOPER(br)) != NOTHING || regnext(NEXTOPER(br)) != ender)
+                        is_nothing= 0;
+               }
+               else if (op == BRANCHJ) {
+                    REGTAIL_STUDY(pRExC_state, NEXTOPER(NEXTOPER(br)), ender);
+                    /* for now we always disable this optimisation * /
+                    if (OP(NEXTOPER(NEXTOPER(br))) != NOTHING || regnext(NEXTOPER(NEXTOPER(br))) != ender)
+                    */
+                        is_nothing= 0;
+               }
+           }
+            if (is_nothing) {
+                br= PL_regkind[OP(ret)] != BRANCH ? regnext(ret) : ret;
+                DEBUG_PARSE_r(if (!SIZE_ONLY) {
+                    SV * const mysv_val1=sv_newmortal();
+                    SV * const mysv_val2=sv_newmortal();
+                    DEBUG_PARSE_MSG("NADA");
+                    regprop(RExC_rx, mysv_val1, ret);
+                    regprop(RExC_rx, mysv_val2, ender);
+                    PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log, "~ converting ret %s (%"IVdf") to ender %s (%"IVdf") offset %"IVdf"\n",
+                                  SvPV_nolen_const(mysv_val1),
+                                  (IV)REG_NODE_NUM(ret),
+                                  SvPV_nolen_const(mysv_val2),
+                                  (IV)REG_NODE_NUM(ender),
+                                  (IV)(ender - ret)
+                    );
+                });
+                OP(br)= NOTHING;
+                if (OP(ender) == TAIL) {
+                    NEXT_OFF(br)= 0;
+                    RExC_emit= br + 1;
+                } else {
+                    regnode *opt;
+                    for ( opt= br + 1; opt < ender ; opt++ )
+                        OP(opt)= OPTIMIZED;
+                    NEXT_OFF(br)= ender - br;
+                }
+            }
+       }
+    }
+
+    {
+        const char *p;
+        static const char parens[] = "=!<,>";
+
+       if (paren && (p = strchr(parens, paren))) {
+           U8 node = ((p - parens) % 2) ? UNLESSM : IFMATCH;
+           int flag = (p - parens) > 1;
+
+           if (paren == '>')
+               node = SUSPEND, flag = 0;
+           reginsert(pRExC_state, node,ret, depth+1);
+            Set_Node_Cur_Length(ret, parse_start);
+           Set_Node_Offset(ret, parse_start + 1);
+           ret->flags = flag;
+            REGTAIL_STUDY(pRExC_state, ret, reg_node(pRExC_state, TAIL));
+       }
+    }
+
+    /* Check for proper termination. */
+    if (paren) {
+        /* restore original flags, but keep (?p) */
+       RExC_flags = oregflags | (RExC_flags & RXf_PMf_KEEPCOPY);
+       if (RExC_parse >= RExC_end || *nextchar(pRExC_state) != ')') {
+           RExC_parse = oregcomp_parse;
+           vFAIL("Unmatched (");
+       }
+    }
+    else if (!paren && RExC_parse < RExC_end) {
+       if (*RExC_parse == ')') {
+           RExC_parse++;
+           vFAIL("Unmatched )");
+       }
+       else
+           FAIL("Junk on end of regexp");      /* "Can't happen". */
+       assert(0); /* NOTREACHED */
+    }
+
+    if (RExC_in_lookbehind) {
+       RExC_in_lookbehind--;
+    }
+    if (after_freeze > RExC_npar)
+        RExC_npar = after_freeze;
+    return(ret);
+}
+
+/*
+ - regbranch - one alternative of an | operator
+ *
+ * Implements the concatenation operator.
+ *
+ * Returns NULL, setting *flagp to RESTART_UTF8 if the sizing scan needs to be
+ * restarted.
+ */
+STATIC regnode *
+S_regbranch(pTHX_ RExC_state_t *pRExC_state, I32 *flagp, I32 first, U32 depth)
+{
+    dVAR;
+    regnode *ret;
+    regnode *chain = NULL;
+    regnode *latest;
+    I32 flags = 0, c = 0;
+    GET_RE_DEBUG_FLAGS_DECL;
+
+    PERL_ARGS_ASSERT_REGBRANCH;
+
+    DEBUG_PARSE("brnc");
+
+    if (first)
+       ret = NULL;
+    else {
+       if (!SIZE_ONLY && RExC_extralen)
+           ret = reganode(pRExC_state, BRANCHJ,0);
+       else {
+           ret = reg_node(pRExC_state, BRANCH);
+            Set_Node_Length(ret, 1);
+        }
+    }
+
+    if (!first && SIZE_ONLY)
+       RExC_extralen += 1;                     /* BRANCHJ */
+
+    *flagp = WORST;                    /* Tentatively. */
+
+    RExC_parse--;
+    nextchar(pRExC_state);
+    while (RExC_parse < RExC_end && *RExC_parse != '|' && *RExC_parse != ')') {
+       flags &= ~TRYAGAIN;
+        latest = regpiece(pRExC_state, &flags,depth+1);
+       if (latest == NULL) {
+           if (flags & TRYAGAIN)
+               continue;
+            if (flags & RESTART_UTF8) {
+                *flagp = RESTART_UTF8;
+                return NULL;
+            }
+            FAIL2("panic: regpiece returned NULL, flags=%#"UVxf"", (UV) flags);
+       }
+       else if (ret == NULL)
+           ret = latest;
+       *flagp |= flags&(HASWIDTH|POSTPONED);
+       if (chain == NULL)      /* First piece. */
+           *flagp |= flags&SPSTART;
+       else {
+           RExC_naughty++;
+            REGTAIL(pRExC_state, chain, latest);
+       }
+       chain = latest;
+       c++;
+    }
+    if (chain == NULL) {       /* Loop ran zero times. */
+       chain = reg_node(pRExC_state, NOTHING);
+       if (ret == NULL)
+           ret = chain;
+    }
+    if (c == 1) {
+       *flagp |= flags&SIMPLE;
+    }
+
+    return ret;
+}
+
+/*
+ - regpiece - something followed by possible [*+?]
+ *
+ * Note that the branching code sequences used for ? and the general cases
+ * of * and + are somewhat optimized:  they use the same NOTHING node as
+ * both the endmarker for their branch list and the body of the last branch.
+ * It might seem that this node could be dispensed with entirely, but the
+ * endmarker role is not redundant.
+ *
+ * Returns NULL, setting *flagp to TRYAGAIN if regatom() returns NULL with
+ * TRYAGAIN.
+ * Returns NULL, setting *flagp to RESTART_UTF8 if the sizing scan needs to be
+ * restarted.
+ */
+STATIC regnode *
+S_regpiece(pTHX_ RExC_state_t *pRExC_state, I32 *flagp, U32 depth)
+{
+    dVAR;
+    regnode *ret;
+    char op;
+    char *next;
+    I32 flags;
+    const char * const origparse = RExC_parse;
+    I32 min;
+    I32 max = REG_INFTY;
+#ifdef RE_TRACK_PATTERN_OFFSETS
+    char *parse_start;
+#endif
+    const char *maxpos = NULL;
+
+    /* Save the original in case we change the emitted regop to a FAIL. */
+    regnode * const orig_emit = RExC_emit;
+
+    GET_RE_DEBUG_FLAGS_DECL;
+
+    PERL_ARGS_ASSERT_REGPIECE;
+
+    DEBUG_PARSE("piec");
+
+    ret = regatom(pRExC_state, &flags,depth+1);
+    if (ret == NULL) {
+       if (flags & (TRYAGAIN|RESTART_UTF8))
+           *flagp |= flags & (TRYAGAIN|RESTART_UTF8);
+        else
+            FAIL2("panic: regatom returned NULL, flags=%#"UVxf"", (UV) flags);
+       return(NULL);
+    }
+
+    op = *RExC_parse;
+
+    if (op == '{' && regcurly(RExC_parse, FALSE)) {
+       maxpos = NULL;
+#ifdef RE_TRACK_PATTERN_OFFSETS
+        parse_start = RExC_parse; /* MJD */
+#endif
+       next = RExC_parse + 1;
+       while (isDIGIT(*next) || *next == ',') {
+           if (*next == ',') {
+               if (maxpos)
+                   break;
+               else
+                   maxpos = next;
+           }
+           next++;
+       }
+       if (*next == '}') {             /* got one */
+           if (!maxpos)
+               maxpos = next;
+           RExC_parse++;
+           min = atoi(RExC_parse);
+           if (*maxpos == ',')
+               maxpos++;
+           else
+               maxpos = RExC_parse;
+           max = atoi(maxpos);
+           if (!max && *maxpos != '0')
+               max = REG_INFTY;                /* meaning "infinity" */
+           else if (max >= REG_INFTY)
+               vFAIL2("Quantifier in {,} bigger than %d", REG_INFTY - 1);
+           RExC_parse = next;
+           nextchar(pRExC_state);
+            if (max < min) {    /* If can't match, warn and optimize to fail
+                                   unconditionally */
+                if (SIZE_ONLY) {
+                    ckWARNreg(RExC_parse, "Quantifier {n,m} with n > m can't match");
+
+                    /* We can't back off the size because we have to reserve
+                     * enough space for all the things we are about to throw
+                     * away, but we can shrink it by the ammount we are about
+                     * to re-use here */
+                    RExC_size = PREVOPER(RExC_size) - regarglen[(U8)OPFAIL];
+                }
+                else {
+                    RExC_emit = orig_emit;
+                }
+                ret = reg_node(pRExC_state, OPFAIL);
+                return ret;
+            }
+
+       do_curly:
+           if ((flags&SIMPLE)) {
+               RExC_naughty += 2 + RExC_naughty / 2;
+               reginsert(pRExC_state, CURLY, ret, depth+1);
+                Set_Node_Offset(ret, parse_start+1); /* MJD */
+                Set_Node_Cur_Length(ret, parse_start);
+           }
+           else {
+               regnode * const w = reg_node(pRExC_state, WHILEM);
+
+               w->flags = 0;
+                REGTAIL(pRExC_state, ret, w);
+               if (!SIZE_ONLY && RExC_extralen) {
+                   reginsert(pRExC_state, LONGJMP,ret, depth+1);
+                   reginsert(pRExC_state, NOTHING,ret, depth+1);
+                   NEXT_OFF(ret) = 3;  /* Go over LONGJMP. */
+               }
+               reginsert(pRExC_state, CURLYX,ret, depth+1);
+                                /* MJD hk */
+                Set_Node_Offset(ret, parse_start+1);
+                Set_Node_Length(ret,
+                                op == '{' ? (RExC_parse - parse_start) : 1);
+
+               if (!SIZE_ONLY && RExC_extralen)
+                   NEXT_OFF(ret) = 3;  /* Go over NOTHING to LONGJMP. */
+                REGTAIL(pRExC_state, ret, reg_node(pRExC_state, NOTHING));
+               if (SIZE_ONLY)
+                   RExC_whilem_seen++, RExC_extralen += 3;
+               RExC_naughty += 4 + RExC_naughty;       /* compound interest */
+           }
+           ret->flags = 0;
+
+           if (min > 0)
+               *flagp = WORST;
+           if (max > 0)
+               *flagp |= HASWIDTH;
+           if (!SIZE_ONLY) {
+               ARG1_SET(ret, (U16)min);
+               ARG2_SET(ret, (U16)max);
+           }
+
+           goto nest_check;
+       }
+    }
+
+    if (!ISMULT1(op)) {
+       *flagp = flags;
+       return(ret);
+    }
+
+#if 0                          /* Now runtime fix should be reliable. */
+
+    /* if this is reinstated, don't forget to put this back into perldiag:
+
+           =item Regexp *+ operand could be empty at {#} in regex m/%s/
+
+          (F) The part of the regexp subject to either the * or + quantifier
+           could match an empty string. The {#} shows in the regular
+           expression about where the problem was discovered.
+
+    */
+
+    if (!(flags&HASWIDTH) && op != '?')
+      vFAIL("Regexp *+ operand could be empty");
+#endif
+
+#ifdef RE_TRACK_PATTERN_OFFSETS
+    parse_start = RExC_parse;
+#endif
+    nextchar(pRExC_state);
+
+    *flagp = (op != '+') ? (WORST|SPSTART|HASWIDTH) : (WORST|HASWIDTH);
+
+    if (op == '*' && (flags&SIMPLE)) {
+       reginsert(pRExC_state, STAR, ret, depth+1);
+       ret->flags = 0;
+       RExC_naughty += 4;
+    }
+    else if (op == '*') {
+       min = 0;
+       goto do_curly;
+    }
+    else if (op == '+' && (flags&SIMPLE)) {
+       reginsert(pRExC_state, PLUS, ret, depth+1);
+       ret->flags = 0;
+       RExC_naughty += 3;
+    }
+    else if (op == '+') {
+       min = 1;
+       goto do_curly;
+    }
+    else if (op == '?') {
+       min = 0; max = 1;
+       goto do_curly;
+    }
+  nest_check:
+    if (!SIZE_ONLY && !(flags&(HASWIDTH|POSTPONED)) && max > REG_INFTY/3) {
+       SAVEFREESV(RExC_rx_sv); /* in case of fatal warnings */
+       ckWARN3reg(RExC_parse,
+                  "%.*s matches null string many times",
+                  (int)(RExC_parse >= origparse ? RExC_parse - origparse : 0),
+                  origparse);
+       (void)ReREFCNT_inc(RExC_rx_sv);
+    }
+
+    if (RExC_parse < RExC_end && *RExC_parse == '?') {
+       nextchar(pRExC_state);
+       reginsert(pRExC_state, MINMOD, ret, depth+1);
+        REGTAIL(pRExC_state, ret, ret + NODE_STEP_REGNODE);
+    }
+    else
+    if (RExC_parse < RExC_end && *RExC_parse == '+') {
+        regnode *ender;
+        nextchar(pRExC_state);
+        ender = reg_node(pRExC_state, SUCCEED);
+        REGTAIL(pRExC_state, ret, ender);
+        reginsert(pRExC_state, SUSPEND, ret, depth+1);
+        ret->flags = 0;
+        ender = reg_node(pRExC_state, TAIL);
+        REGTAIL(pRExC_state, ret, ender);
+    }
+
+    if (RExC_parse < RExC_end && ISMULT2(RExC_parse)) {
+       RExC_parse++;
+       vFAIL("Nested quantifiers");
+    }
+
+    return(ret);
+}
+
+STATIC bool
+S_grok_bslash_N(pTHX_ RExC_state_t *pRExC_state, regnode** node_p, UV *valuep, I32 *flagp, U32 depth, bool in_char_class,
+        const bool strict   /* Apply stricter parsing rules? */
+    )
+{
+   
+ /* This is expected to be called by a parser routine that has recognized '\N'
+   and needs to handle the rest. RExC_parse is expected to point at the first
+   char following the N at the time of the call.  On successful return,
+   RExC_parse has been updated to point to just after the sequence identified
+   by this routine, and <*flagp> has been updated.
+
+   The \N may be inside (indicated by the boolean <in_char_class>) or outside a
+   character class.
+
+   \N may begin either a named sequence, or if outside a character class, mean
+   to match a non-newline.  For non single-quoted regexes, the tokenizer has
+   attempted to decide which, and in the case of a named sequence, converted it
+   into one of the forms: \N{} (if the sequence is null), or \N{U+c1.c2...},
+   where c1... are the characters in the sequence.  For single-quoted regexes,
+   the tokenizer passes the \N sequence through unchanged; this code will not
+   attempt to determine this nor expand those, instead raising a syntax error.
+   The net effect is that if the beginning of the passed-in pattern isn't '{U+'
+   or there is no '}', it signals that this \N occurrence means to match a
+   non-newline.
+
+   Only the \N{U+...} form should occur in a character class, for the same
+   reason that '.' inside a character class means to just match a period: it
+   just doesn't make sense.
+
+   The function raises an error (via vFAIL), and doesn't return for various
+   syntax errors.  Otherwise it returns TRUE and sets <node_p> or <valuep> on
+   success; it returns FALSE otherwise. Returns FALSE, setting *flagp to
+   RESTART_UTF8 if the sizing scan needs to be restarted. Such a restart is
+   only possible if node_p is non-NULL.
+
+
+   If <valuep> is non-null, it means the caller can accept an input sequence
+   consisting of a just a single code point; <*valuep> is set to that value
+   if the input is such.
+
+   If <node_p> is non-null it signifies that the caller can accept any other
+   legal sequence (i.e., one that isn't just a single code point).  <*node_p>
+   is set as follows:
+    1) \N means not-a-NL: points to a newly created REG_ANY node;
+    2) \N{}:              points to a new NOTHING node;
+    3) otherwise:         points to a new EXACT node containing the resolved
+                          string.
+   Note that FALSE is returned for single code point sequences if <valuep> is
+   null.
+ */
+
+    char * endbrace;    /* '}' following the name */
+    char* p;
+    char *endchar;     /* Points to '.' or '}' ending cur char in the input
+                           stream */
+    bool has_multiple_chars; /* true if the input stream contains a sequence of
+                                more than one character */
+
+    GET_RE_DEBUG_FLAGS_DECL;
+    PERL_ARGS_ASSERT_GROK_BSLASH_N;
+
+    GET_RE_DEBUG_FLAGS;
+
+    assert(cBOOL(node_p) ^ cBOOL(valuep));  /* Exactly one should be set */
+
+    /* The [^\n] meaning of \N ignores spaces and comments under the /x
+     * modifier.  The other meaning does not */
+    p = (RExC_flags & RXf_PMf_EXTENDED)
+       ? regwhite( pRExC_state, RExC_parse )
+       : RExC_parse;
+
+    /* Disambiguate between \N meaning a named character versus \N meaning
+     * [^\n].  The former is assumed when it can't be the latter. */
+    if (*p != '{' || regcurly(p, FALSE)) {
+       RExC_parse = p;
+       if (! node_p) {
+           /* no bare \N in a charclass */
+            if (in_char_class) {
+                vFAIL("\\N in a character class must be a named character: \\N{...}");
+            }
+            return FALSE;
+        }
+       nextchar(pRExC_state);
+       *node_p = reg_node(pRExC_state, REG_ANY);
+       *flagp |= HASWIDTH|SIMPLE;
+       RExC_naughty++;
+       RExC_parse--;
+        Set_Node_Length(*node_p, 1); /* MJD */
+       return TRUE;
+    }
+
+    /* Here, we have decided it should be a named character or sequence */
+
+    /* The test above made sure that the next real character is a '{', but
+     * under the /x modifier, it could be separated by space (or a comment and
+     * \n) and this is not allowed (for consistency with \x{...} and the
+     * tokenizer handling of \N{NAME}). */
+    if (*RExC_parse != '{') {
+       vFAIL("Missing braces on \\N{}");
+    }
+
+    RExC_parse++;      /* Skip past the '{' */
+
+    if (! (endbrace = strchr(RExC_parse, '}')) /* no trailing brace */
+       || ! (endbrace == RExC_parse            /* nothing between the {} */
+             || (endbrace - RExC_parse >= 2    /* U+ (bad hex is checked below */
+                 && strnEQ(RExC_parse, "U+", 2)))) /* for a better error msg) */
+    {
+       if (endbrace) RExC_parse = endbrace;    /* position msg's '<--HERE' */
+       vFAIL("\\N{NAME} must be resolved by the lexer");
+    }
+
+    if (endbrace == RExC_parse) {   /* empty: \N{} */
+        bool ret = TRUE;
+       if (node_p) {
+           *node_p = reg_node(pRExC_state,NOTHING);
+       }
+        else if (in_char_class) {
+            if (SIZE_ONLY && in_char_class) {
+                if (strict) {
+                    RExC_parse++;   /* Position after the "}" */
+                    vFAIL("Zero length \\N{}");
+                }
+                else {
+                    ckWARNreg(RExC_parse,
+                              "Ignoring zero length \\N{} in character class");
+                }
+            }
+            ret = FALSE;
+       }
+        else {
+            return FALSE;
+        }
+        nextchar(pRExC_state);
+        return ret;
+    }
+
+    RExC_uni_semantics = 1; /* Unicode named chars imply Unicode semantics */
+    RExC_parse += 2;   /* Skip past the 'U+' */
+
+    endchar = RExC_parse + strcspn(RExC_parse, ".}");
+
+    /* Code points are separated by dots.  If none, there is only one code
+     * point, and is terminated by the brace */
+    has_multiple_chars = (endchar < endbrace);
+
+    if (valuep && (! has_multiple_chars || in_char_class)) {
+       /* We only pay attention to the first char of
+        multichar strings being returned in char classes. I kinda wonder
+       if this makes sense as it does change the behaviour
+       from earlier versions, OTOH that behaviour was broken
+       as well. XXX Solution is to recharacterize as
+       [rest-of-class]|multi1|multi2... */
+
+       STRLEN length_of_hex = (STRLEN)(endchar - RExC_parse);
+       I32 grok_hex_flags = PERL_SCAN_ALLOW_UNDERSCORES
+           | PERL_SCAN_DISALLOW_PREFIX
+           | (SIZE_ONLY ? PERL_SCAN_SILENT_ILLDIGIT : 0);
+
+       *valuep = grok_hex(RExC_parse, &length_of_hex, &grok_hex_flags, NULL);
+
+       /* The tokenizer should have guaranteed validity, but it's possible to
+        * bypass it by using single quoting, so check */
+       if (length_of_hex == 0
+           || length_of_hex != (STRLEN)(endchar - RExC_parse) )
+       {
+           RExC_parse += length_of_hex;        /* Includes all the valid */
+           RExC_parse += (RExC_orig_utf8)      /* point to after 1st invalid */
+                           ? UTF8SKIP(RExC_parse)
+                           : 1;
+           /* Guard against malformed utf8 */
+           if (RExC_parse >= endchar) {
+                RExC_parse = endchar;
+            }
+           vFAIL("Invalid hexadecimal number in \\N{U+...}");
+       }
+
+        if (in_char_class && has_multiple_chars) {
+            if (strict) {
+                RExC_parse = endbrace;
+                vFAIL("\\N{} in character class restricted to one character");
+            }
+            else {
+                ckWARNreg(endchar, "Using just the first character returned by \\N{} in character class");
+            }
+        }
+
+        RExC_parse = endbrace + 1;
+    }
+    else if (! node_p || ! has_multiple_chars) {
+
+        /* Here, the input is legal, but not according to the caller's
+         * options.  We fail without advancing the parse, so that the
+         * caller can try again */
+        RExC_parse = p;
+        return FALSE;
+    }
+    else {
+
+       /* What is done here is to convert this to a sub-pattern of the form
+        * (?:\x{char1}\x{char2}...)
+        * and then call reg recursively.  That way, it retains its atomicness,
+        * while not having to worry about special handling that some code
+        * points may have.  toke.c has converted the original Unicode values
+        * to native, so that we can just pass on the hex values unchanged.  We
+        * do have to set a flag to keep recoding from happening in the
+        * recursion */
+
+       SV * substitute_parse = newSVpvn_flags("?:", 2, SVf_UTF8|SVs_TEMP);
+       STRLEN len;
+       char *orig_end = RExC_end;
+        I32 flags;
+
+       while (RExC_parse < endbrace) {
+
+           /* Convert to notation the rest of the code understands */
+           sv_catpv(substitute_parse, "\\x{");
+           sv_catpvn(substitute_parse, RExC_parse, endchar - RExC_parse);
+           sv_catpv(substitute_parse, "}");
+
+           /* Point to the beginning of the next character in the sequence. */
+           RExC_parse = endchar + 1;
+           endchar = RExC_parse + strcspn(RExC_parse, ".}");
+       }
+       sv_catpv(substitute_parse, ")");
+
+       RExC_parse = SvPV(substitute_parse, len);
+
+       /* Don't allow empty number */
+       if (len < 8) {
+           vFAIL("Invalid hexadecimal number in \\N{U+...}");
+       }
+       RExC_end = RExC_parse + len;
+
+       /* The values are Unicode, and therefore not subject to recoding */
+       RExC_override_recoding = 1;
+
+       if (!(*node_p = reg(pRExC_state, 1, &flags, depth+1))) {
+            if (flags & RESTART_UTF8) {
+                *flagp = RESTART_UTF8;
+                return FALSE;
+            }
+            FAIL2("panic: reg returned NULL to grok_bslash_N, flags=%#"UVxf"",
+                  (UV) flags);
+        } 
+       *flagp |= flags&(HASWIDTH|SPSTART|SIMPLE|POSTPONED);
+
+       RExC_parse = endbrace;
+       RExC_end = orig_end;
+       RExC_override_recoding = 0;
+
+        nextchar(pRExC_state);
+    }
+
+    return TRUE;
+}
+
+
+/*
+ * reg_recode
+ *
+ * It returns the code point in utf8 for the value in *encp.
+ *    value: a code value in the source encoding
+ *    encp:  a pointer to an Encode object
+ *
+ * If the result from Encode is not a single character,
+ * it returns U+FFFD (Replacement character) and sets *encp to NULL.
+ */
+STATIC UV
+S_reg_recode(pTHX_ const char value, SV **encp)
+{
+    STRLEN numlen = 1;
+    SV * const sv = newSVpvn_flags(&value, numlen, SVs_TEMP);
+    const char * const s = *encp ? sv_recode_to_utf8(sv, *encp) : SvPVX(sv);
+    const STRLEN newlen = SvCUR(sv);
+    UV uv = UNICODE_REPLACEMENT;
+
+    PERL_ARGS_ASSERT_REG_RECODE;
+
+    if (newlen)
+       uv = SvUTF8(sv)
+            ? utf8n_to_uvchr((U8*)s, newlen, &numlen, UTF8_ALLOW_DEFAULT)
+            : *(U8*)s;
+
+    if (!newlen || numlen != newlen) {
+       uv = UNICODE_REPLACEMENT;
+       *encp = NULL;
+    }
+    return uv;
+}
+
+PERL_STATIC_INLINE U8
+S_compute_EXACTish(pTHX_ RExC_state_t *pRExC_state)
+{
+    U8 op;
+
+    PERL_ARGS_ASSERT_COMPUTE_EXACTISH;
+
+    if (! FOLD) {
+        return EXACT;
+    }
+
+    op = get_regex_charset(RExC_flags);
+    if (op >= REGEX_ASCII_RESTRICTED_CHARSET) {
+        op--; /* /a is same as /u, and map /aa's offset to what /a's would have
+                 been, so there is no hole */
+    }
+
+    return op + EXACTF;
+}
+
+PERL_STATIC_INLINE void
+S_alloc_maybe_populate_EXACT(pTHX_ RExC_state_t *pRExC_state, regnode *node, I32* flagp, STRLEN len, UV code_point)
+{
+    /* This knows the details about sizing an EXACTish node, setting flags for
+     * it (by setting <*flagp>, and potentially populating it with a single
+     * character.
+     *
+     * If <len> (the length in bytes) is non-zero, this function assumes that
+     * the node has already been populated, and just does the sizing.  In this
+     * case <code_point> should be the final code point that has already been
+     * placed into the node.  This value will be ignored except that under some
+     * circumstances <*flagp> is set based on it.
+     *
+     * If <len> is zero, the function assumes that the node is to contain only
+     * the single character given by <code_point> and calculates what <len>
+     * should be.  In pass 1, it sizes the node appropriately.  In pass 2, it
+     * additionally will populate the node's STRING with <code_point>, if <len>
+     * is 0.  In both cases <*flagp> is appropriately set
+     *
+     * It knows that under FOLD, the Latin Sharp S and UTF characters above
+     * 255, must be folded (the former only when the rules indicate it can
+     * match 'ss') */
+
+    bool len_passed_in = cBOOL(len != 0);
+    U8 character[UTF8_MAXBYTES_CASE+1];
+
+    PERL_ARGS_ASSERT_ALLOC_MAYBE_POPULATE_EXACT;
+
+    if (! len_passed_in) {
+        if (UTF) {
+            if (FOLD && (! LOC || code_point > 255)) {
+                _to_uni_fold_flags(NATIVE_TO_UNI(code_point),
+                                   character,
+                                   &len,
+                                   FOLD_FLAGS_FULL | ((LOC)
+                                                     ? FOLD_FLAGS_LOCALE
+                                                     : (ASCII_FOLD_RESTRICTED)
+                                                       ? FOLD_FLAGS_NOMIX_ASCII
+                                                       : 0));
+            }
+            else {
+                uvchr_to_utf8( character, code_point);
+                len = UTF8SKIP(character);
+            }
+        }
+        else if (! FOLD
+                 || code_point != LATIN_SMALL_LETTER_SHARP_S
+                 || ASCII_FOLD_RESTRICTED
+                 || ! AT_LEAST_UNI_SEMANTICS)
+        {
+            *character = (U8) code_point;
+            len = 1;
+        }
+        else {
+            *character = 's';
+            *(character + 1) = 's';
+            len = 2;
+        }
+    }
+
+    if (SIZE_ONLY) {
+        RExC_size += STR_SZ(len);
+    }
+    else {
+        RExC_emit += STR_SZ(len);
+        STR_LEN(node) = len;
+        if (! len_passed_in) {
+            Copy((char *) character, STRING(node), len, char);
+        }
+    }
+
+    *flagp |= HASWIDTH;
+
+    /* A single character node is SIMPLE, except for the special-cased SHARP S
+     * under /di. */
+    if ((len == 1 || (UTF && len == UNISKIP(code_point)))
+        && (code_point != LATIN_SMALL_LETTER_SHARP_S
+            || ! FOLD || ! DEPENDS_SEMANTICS))
+    {
+        *flagp |= SIMPLE;
+    }
+}
+
+/*
+ - regatom - the lowest level
+
+   Try to identify anything special at the start of the pattern. If there
+   is, then handle it as required. This may involve generating a single regop,
+   such as for an assertion; or it may involve recursing, such as to
+   handle a () structure.
+
+   If the string doesn't start with something special then we gobble up
+   as much literal text as we can.
+
+   Once we have been able to handle whatever type of thing started the
+   sequence, we return.
+
+   Note: we have to be careful with escapes, as they can be both literal
+   and special, and in the case of \10 and friends, context determines which.
+
+   A summary of the code structure is:
+
+   switch (first_byte) {
+       cases for each special:
+           handle this special;
+           break;
+       case '\\':
+           switch (2nd byte) {
+               cases for each unambiguous special:
+                   handle this special;
+                   break;
+               cases for each ambigous special/literal:
+                   disambiguate;
+                   if (special)  handle here
+                   else goto defchar;
+               default: // unambiguously literal:
+                   goto defchar;
+           }
+       default:  // is a literal char
+           // FALL THROUGH
+       defchar:
+           create EXACTish node for literal;
+           while (more input and node isn't full) {
+               switch (input_byte) {
+                  cases for each special;
+                       make sure parse pointer is set so that the next call to
+                           regatom will see this special first
+                       goto loopdone; // EXACTish node terminated by prev. char
+                  default:
+                      append char to EXACTISH node;
+               }
+               get next input byte;
+           }
+        loopdone:
+   }
+   return the generated node;
+
+   Specifically there are two separate switches for handling
+   escape sequences, with the one for handling literal escapes requiring
+   a dummy entry for all of the special escapes that are actually handled
+   by the other.
+
+   Returns NULL, setting *flagp to TRYAGAIN if reg() returns NULL with
+   TRYAGAIN.  
+   Returns NULL, setting *flagp to RESTART_UTF8 if the sizing scan needs to be
+   restarted.
+   Otherwise does not return NULL.
+*/
+
+STATIC regnode *
+S_regatom(pTHX_ RExC_state_t *pRExC_state, I32 *flagp, U32 depth)
+{
+    dVAR;
+    regnode *ret = NULL;
+    I32 flags = 0;
+    char *parse_start = RExC_parse;
+    U8 op;
+    int invert = 0;
+
+    GET_RE_DEBUG_FLAGS_DECL;
+
+    *flagp = WORST;            /* Tentatively. */
+
+    DEBUG_PARSE("atom");
+
+    PERL_ARGS_ASSERT_REGATOM;
+
+tryagain:
+    switch ((U8)*RExC_parse) {
+    case '^':
+       RExC_seen_zerolen++;
+       nextchar(pRExC_state);
+       if (RExC_flags & RXf_PMf_MULTILINE)
+           ret = reg_node(pRExC_state, MBOL);
+       else if (RExC_flags & RXf_PMf_SINGLELINE)
+           ret = reg_node(pRExC_state, SBOL);
+       else
+           ret = reg_node(pRExC_state, BOL);
+        Set_Node_Length(ret, 1); /* MJD */
+       break;
+    case '$':
+       nextchar(pRExC_state);
+       if (*RExC_parse)
+           RExC_seen_zerolen++;
+       if (RExC_flags & RXf_PMf_MULTILINE)
+           ret = reg_node(pRExC_state, MEOL);
+       else if (RExC_flags & RXf_PMf_SINGLELINE)
+           ret = reg_node(pRExC_state, SEOL);
+       else
+           ret = reg_node(pRExC_state, EOL);
+        Set_Node_Length(ret, 1); /* MJD */
+       break;
+    case '.':
+       nextchar(pRExC_state);
+       if (RExC_flags & RXf_PMf_SINGLELINE)
+           ret = reg_node(pRExC_state, SANY);
+       else
+           ret = reg_node(pRExC_state, REG_ANY);
+       *flagp |= HASWIDTH|SIMPLE;
+       RExC_naughty++;
+        Set_Node_Length(ret, 1); /* MJD */
+       break;
+    case '[':
+    {
+       char * const oregcomp_parse = ++RExC_parse;
+        ret = regclass(pRExC_state, flagp,depth+1,
+                       FALSE, /* means parse the whole char class */
+                       TRUE, /* allow multi-char folds */
+                       FALSE, /* don't silence non-portable warnings. */
+                       NULL);
+       if (*RExC_parse != ']') {
+           RExC_parse = oregcomp_parse;
+           vFAIL("Unmatched [");
+       }
+        if (ret == NULL) {
+            if (*flagp & RESTART_UTF8)
+                return NULL;
+            FAIL2("panic: regclass returned NULL to regatom, flags=%#"UVxf"",
+                  (UV) *flagp);
+        }
+       nextchar(pRExC_state);
+        Set_Node_Length(ret, RExC_parse - oregcomp_parse + 1); /* MJD */
+       break;
+    }
+    case '(':
+       nextchar(pRExC_state);
+        ret = reg(pRExC_state, 2, &flags,depth+1);
+       if (ret == NULL) {
+               if (flags & TRYAGAIN) {
+                   if (RExC_parse == RExC_end) {
+                        /* Make parent create an empty node if needed. */
+                       *flagp |= TRYAGAIN;
+                       return(NULL);
+                   }
+                   goto tryagain;
+               }
+                if (flags & RESTART_UTF8) {
+                    *flagp = RESTART_UTF8;
+                    return NULL;
+                }
+                FAIL2("panic: reg returned NULL to regatom, flags=%#"UVxf"", (UV) flags);
+       }
+       *flagp |= flags&(HASWIDTH|SPSTART|SIMPLE|POSTPONED);
+       break;
+    case '|':
+    case ')':
+       if (flags & TRYAGAIN) {
+           *flagp |= TRYAGAIN;
+           return NULL;
+       }
+       vFAIL("Internal urp");
+                               /* Supposed to be caught earlier. */
+       break;
+    case '{':
+       if (!regcurly(RExC_parse, FALSE)) {
+           RExC_parse++;
+           goto defchar;
+       }
+       /* FALL THROUGH */
+    case '?':
+    case '+':
+    case '*':
+       RExC_parse++;
+       vFAIL("Quantifier follows nothing");
+       break;
+    case '\\':
+       /* Special Escapes
+
+          This switch handles escape sequences that resolve to some kind
+          of special regop and not to literal text. Escape sequnces that
+          resolve to literal text are handled below in the switch marked
+          "Literal Escapes".
+
+          Every entry in this switch *must* have a corresponding entry
+          in the literal escape switch. However, the opposite is not
+          required, as the default for this switch is to jump to the
+          literal text handling code.
+       */
+       switch ((U8)*++RExC_parse) {
+            U8 arg;
+       /* Special Escapes */
+       case 'A':
+           RExC_seen_zerolen++;
+           ret = reg_node(pRExC_state, SBOL);
+           *flagp |= SIMPLE;
+           goto finish_meta_pat;
+       case 'G':
+           ret = reg_node(pRExC_state, GPOS);
+           RExC_seen |= REG_SEEN_GPOS;
+           *flagp |= SIMPLE;
+           goto finish_meta_pat;
+       case 'K':
+           RExC_seen_zerolen++;
+           ret = reg_node(pRExC_state, KEEPS);
+           *flagp |= SIMPLE;
+           /* XXX:dmq : disabling in-place substitution seems to
+            * be necessary here to avoid cases of memory corruption, as
+            * with: C<$_="x" x 80; s/x\K/y/> -- rgs
+            */
+           RExC_seen |= REG_SEEN_LOOKBEHIND;
+           goto finish_meta_pat;
+       case 'Z':
+           ret = reg_node(pRExC_state, SEOL);
+           *flagp |= SIMPLE;
+           RExC_seen_zerolen++;                /* Do not optimize RE away */
+           goto finish_meta_pat;
+       case 'z':
+           ret = reg_node(pRExC_state, EOS);
+           *flagp |= SIMPLE;
+           RExC_seen_zerolen++;                /* Do not optimize RE away */
+           goto finish_meta_pat;
+       case 'C':
+           ret = reg_node(pRExC_state, CANY);
+           RExC_seen |= REG_SEEN_CANY;
+           *flagp |= HASWIDTH|SIMPLE;
+           goto finish_meta_pat;
+       case 'X':
+           ret = reg_node(pRExC_state, CLUMP);
+           *flagp |= HASWIDTH;
+           goto finish_meta_pat;
+
+       case 'W':
+            invert = 1;
+            /* FALLTHROUGH */
+       case 'w':
+            arg = ANYOF_WORDCHAR;
+            goto join_posix;
+
+       case 'b':
+           RExC_seen_zerolen++;
+           RExC_seen |= REG_SEEN_LOOKBEHIND;
+           op = BOUND + get_regex_charset(RExC_flags);
+            if (op > BOUNDA) {  /* /aa is same as /a */
+                op = BOUNDA;
+            }
+           ret = reg_node(pRExC_state, op);
+           FLAGS(ret) = get_regex_charset(RExC_flags);
+           *flagp |= SIMPLE;
+           if (! SIZE_ONLY && (U8) *(RExC_parse + 1) == '{') {
+               ckWARNdep(RExC_parse, "\"\\b{\" is deprecated; use \"\\b\\{\" or \"\\b[{]\" instead");
+           }
+           goto finish_meta_pat;
+       case 'B':
+           RExC_seen_zerolen++;
+           RExC_seen |= REG_SEEN_LOOKBEHIND;
+           op = NBOUND + get_regex_charset(RExC_flags);
+            if (op > NBOUNDA) { /* /aa is same as /a */
+                op = NBOUNDA;
+            }
+           ret = reg_node(pRExC_state, op);
+           FLAGS(ret) = get_regex_charset(RExC_flags);
+           *flagp |= SIMPLE;
+           if (! SIZE_ONLY && (U8) *(RExC_parse + 1) == '{') {
+               ckWARNdep(RExC_parse, "\"\\B{\" is deprecated; use \"\\B\\{\" or \"\\B[{]\" instead");
+           }
+           goto finish_meta_pat;
+
+       case 'D':
+            invert = 1;
+            /* FALLTHROUGH */
+       case 'd':
+            arg = ANYOF_DIGIT;
+            goto join_posix;
+
+       case 'R':
+           ret = reg_node(pRExC_state, LNBREAK);
+           *flagp |= HASWIDTH|SIMPLE;
+           goto finish_meta_pat;
+
+       case 'H':
+            invert = 1;
+            /* FALLTHROUGH */
+       case 'h':
+           arg = ANYOF_BLANK;
+            op = POSIXU;
+            goto join_posix_op_known;
+
+       case 'V':
+            invert = 1;
+            /* FALLTHROUGH */
+       case 'v':
+           arg = ANYOF_VERTWS;
+            op = POSIXU;
+            goto join_posix_op_known;
+
+       case 'S':
+            invert = 1;
+            /* FALLTHROUGH */
+       case 's':
+            arg = ANYOF_SPACE;
+
+        join_posix:
+
+           op = POSIXD + get_regex_charset(RExC_flags);
+            if (op > POSIXA) {  /* /aa is same as /a */
+                op = POSIXA;
+            }
+
+        join_posix_op_known:
+
+            if (invert) {
+                op += NPOSIXD - POSIXD;
+            }
+
+           ret = reg_node(pRExC_state, op);
+            if (! SIZE_ONLY) {
+                FLAGS(ret) = namedclass_to_classnum(arg);
+            }
+
+           *flagp |= HASWIDTH|SIMPLE;
+            /* FALL THROUGH */
+
+         finish_meta_pat:          
+           nextchar(pRExC_state);
+            Set_Node_Length(ret, 2); /* MJD */
+           break;          
+       case 'p':
+       case 'P':
+           {
+#ifdef DEBUGGING
+               char* parse_start = RExC_parse - 2;
+#endif
+
+               RExC_parse--;
+
+                ret = regclass(pRExC_state, flagp,depth+1,
+                               TRUE, /* means just parse this element */
+                               FALSE, /* don't allow multi-char folds */
+                               FALSE, /* don't silence non-portable warnings.
+                                         It would be a bug if these returned
+                                         non-portables */
+                               NULL);
+                /* regclass() can only return RESTART_UTF8 if multi-char folds
+                   are allowed.  */
+                if (!ret)
+                    FAIL2("panic: regclass returned NULL to regatom, flags=%#"UVxf"",
+                          (UV) *flagp);
+
+               RExC_parse--;
+
+               Set_Node_Offset(ret, parse_start + 2);
+                Set_Node_Cur_Length(ret, parse_start);
+               nextchar(pRExC_state);
+           }
+           break;
+        case 'N': 
+            /* Handle \N and \N{NAME} with multiple code points here and not
+             * below because it can be multicharacter. join_exact() will join
+             * them up later on.  Also this makes sure that things like
+             * /\N{BLAH}+/ and \N{BLAH} being multi char Just Happen. dmq.
+             * The options to the grok function call causes it to fail if the
+             * sequence is just a single code point.  We then go treat it as
+             * just another character in the current EXACT node, and hence it
+             * gets uniform treatment with all the other characters.  The
+             * special treatment for quantifiers is not needed for such single
+             * character sequences */
+            ++RExC_parse;
+            if (! grok_bslash_N(pRExC_state, &ret, NULL, flagp, depth, FALSE,
+                                FALSE /* not strict */ )) {
+                if (*flagp & RESTART_UTF8)
+                    return NULL;
+                RExC_parse--;
+                goto defchar;
+            }
+            break;
+       case 'k':    /* Handle \k<NAME> and \k'NAME' */
+       parse_named_seq:
+        {   
+            char ch= RExC_parse[1];        
+           if (ch != '<' && ch != '\'' && ch != '{') {
+               RExC_parse++;
+               vFAIL2("Sequence %.2s... not terminated",parse_start);
+           } else {
+               /* this pretty much dupes the code for (?P=...) in reg(), if
+                   you change this make sure you change that */
+               char* name_start = (RExC_parse += 2);
+               U32 num = 0;
+                SV *sv_dat = reg_scan_name(pRExC_state,
+                    SIZE_ONLY ? REG_RSN_RETURN_NULL : REG_RSN_RETURN_DATA);
+                ch= (ch == '<') ? '>' : (ch == '{') ? '}' : '\'';
+                if (RExC_parse == name_start || *RExC_parse != ch)
+                    vFAIL2("Sequence %.3s... not terminated",parse_start);
+
+                if (!SIZE_ONLY) {
+                    num = add_data( pRExC_state, 1, "S" );
+                    RExC_rxi->data->data[num]=(void*)sv_dat;
+                    SvREFCNT_inc_simple_void(sv_dat);
+                }
+
+                RExC_sawback = 1;
+                ret = reganode(pRExC_state,
+                               ((! FOLD)
+                                 ? NREF
+                                : (ASCII_FOLD_RESTRICTED)
+                                  ? NREFFA
+                                   : (AT_LEAST_UNI_SEMANTICS)
+                                     ? NREFFU
+                                     : (LOC)
+                                       ? NREFFL
+                                       : NREFF),
+                                num);
+                *flagp |= HASWIDTH;
+
+                /* override incorrect value set in reganode MJD */
+                Set_Node_Offset(ret, parse_start+1);
+                Set_Node_Cur_Length(ret, parse_start);
+                nextchar(pRExC_state);
+
+            }
+            break;
+       }
+       case 'g': 
+       case '1': case '2': case '3': case '4':
+       case '5': case '6': case '7': case '8': case '9':
+           {
+               I32 num;
+               bool isg = *RExC_parse == 'g';
+               bool isrel = 0; 
+               bool hasbrace = 0;
+               if (isg) {
+                   RExC_parse++;
+                   if (*RExC_parse == '{') {
+                       RExC_parse++;
+                       hasbrace = 1;
+                   }
+                   if (*RExC_parse == '-') {
+                       RExC_parse++;
+                       isrel = 1;
+                   }
+                   if (hasbrace && !isDIGIT(*RExC_parse)) {
+                       if (isrel) RExC_parse--;
+                        RExC_parse -= 2;                           
+                       goto parse_named_seq;
+               }   }
+               num = atoi(RExC_parse);
+               if (isg && num == 0) {
+                   if (*RExC_parse == '0') {
+                        vFAIL("Reference to invalid group 0");
+                    }
+                    else {
+                       vFAIL("Unterminated \\g... pattern");
+                    }
+                }
+                if (isrel) {
+                    num = RExC_npar - num;
+                    if (num < 1)
+                        vFAIL("Reference to nonexistent or unclosed group");
+                }
+                if (!isg && num > 9 && num >= RExC_npar && *RExC_parse != '8' && *RExC_parse != '9')
+                    /* Probably a character specified in octal, e.g. \35 */
+                   goto defchar;
+               else {
+#ifdef RE_TRACK_PATTERN_OFFSETS
+                   char * const parse_start = RExC_parse - 1; /* MJD */
+#endif
+                   while (isDIGIT(*RExC_parse))
+                       RExC_parse++;
+                    if (hasbrace) {
+                        if (*RExC_parse != '}') 
+                            vFAIL("Unterminated \\g{...} pattern");
+                        RExC_parse++;
+                    }    
+                   if (!SIZE_ONLY) {
+                       if (num > (I32)RExC_rx->nparens)
+                           vFAIL("Reference to nonexistent group");
+                   }
+                   RExC_sawback = 1;
+                   ret = reganode(pRExC_state,
+                                  ((! FOLD)
+                                    ? REF
+                                    : (ASCII_FOLD_RESTRICTED)
+                                      ? REFFA
+                                       : (AT_LEAST_UNI_SEMANTICS)
+                                         ? REFFU
+                                         : (LOC)
+                                           ? REFFL
+                                           : REFF),
+                                   num);
+                   *flagp |= HASWIDTH;
+
+                    /* override incorrect value set in reganode MJD */
+                    Set_Node_Offset(ret, parse_start+1);
+                    Set_Node_Cur_Length(ret, parse_start);
+                   RExC_parse--;
+                   nextchar(pRExC_state);
+               }
+           }
+           break;
+       case '\0':
+           if (RExC_parse >= RExC_end)
+               FAIL("Trailing \\");
+           /* FALL THROUGH */
+       default:
+           /* Do not generate "unrecognized" warnings here, we fall
+              back into the quick-grab loop below */
+           parse_start--;
+           goto defchar;
+       }
+       break;
+
+    case '#':
+       if (RExC_flags & RXf_PMf_EXTENDED) {
+           if ( reg_skipcomment( pRExC_state ) )
+               goto tryagain;
+       }
+       /* FALL THROUGH */
+
+    default:
+
+            parse_start = RExC_parse - 1;
+
+           RExC_parse++;
+
+       defchar: {
+           STRLEN len = 0;
+           UV ender;
+           char *p;
+           char *s;
+#define MAX_NODE_STRING_SIZE 127
+           char foldbuf[MAX_NODE_STRING_SIZE+UTF8_MAXBYTES_CASE];
+           char *s0;
+           U8 upper_parse = MAX_NODE_STRING_SIZE;
+           STRLEN foldlen;
+            U8 node_type;
+            bool next_is_quantifier;
+            char * oldp = NULL;
+
+            /* If a folding node contains only code points that don't
+             * participate in folds, it can be changed into an EXACT node,
+             * which allows the optimizer more things to look for */
+            bool maybe_exact;
+
+           ender = 0;
+            node_type = compute_EXACTish(pRExC_state);
+           ret = reg_node(pRExC_state, node_type);
+
+            /* In pass1, folded, we use a temporary buffer instead of the
+             * actual node, as the node doesn't exist yet */
+           s = (SIZE_ONLY && FOLD) ? foldbuf : STRING(ret);
+
+            s0 = s;
+
+       reparse:
+
+            /* We do the EXACTFish to EXACT node only if folding, and not if in
+             * locale, as whether a character folds or not isn't known until
+             * runtime */
+            maybe_exact = FOLD && ! LOC;
+
+           /* XXX The node can hold up to 255 bytes, yet this only goes to
+             * 127.  I (khw) do not know why.  Keeping it somewhat less than
+             * 255 allows us to not have to worry about overflow due to
+             * converting to utf8 and fold expansion, but that value is
+             * 255-UTF8_MAXBYTES_CASE.  join_exact() may join adjacent nodes
+             * split up by this limit into a single one using the real max of
+             * 255.  Even at 127, this breaks under rare circumstances.  If
+             * folding, we do not want to split a node at a character that is a
+             * non-final in a multi-char fold, as an input string could just
+             * happen to want to match across the node boundary.  The join
+             * would solve that problem if the join actually happens.  But a
+             * series of more than two nodes in a row each of 127 would cause
+             * the first join to succeed to get to 254, but then there wouldn't
+             * be room for the next one, which could at be one of those split
+             * multi-char folds.  I don't know of any fool-proof solution.  One
+             * could back off to end with only a code point that isn't such a
+             * non-final, but it is possible for there not to be any in the
+             * entire node. */
+           for (p = RExC_parse - 1;
+                len < upper_parse && p < RExC_end;
+                len++)
+           {
+               oldp = p;
+
+               if (RExC_flags & RXf_PMf_EXTENDED)
+                   p = regwhite( pRExC_state, p );
+               switch ((U8)*p) {
+               case '^':
+               case '$':
+               case '.':
+               case '[':
+               case '(':
+               case ')':
+               case '|':
+                   goto loopdone;
+               case '\\':
+                   /* Literal Escapes Switch
+
+                      This switch is meant to handle escape sequences that
+                      resolve to a literal character.
+
+                      Every escape sequence that represents something
+                      else, like an assertion or a char class, is handled
+                      in the switch marked 'Special Escapes' above in this
+                      routine, but also has an entry here as anything that
+                      isn't explicitly mentioned here will be treated as
+                      an unescaped equivalent literal.
+                   */
+
+                   switch ((U8)*++p) {
+                   /* These are all the special escapes. */
+                   case 'A':             /* Start assertion */
+                   case 'b': case 'B':   /* Word-boundary assertion*/
+                   case 'C':             /* Single char !DANGEROUS! */
+                   case 'd': case 'D':   /* digit class */
+                   case 'g': case 'G':   /* generic-backref, pos assertion */
+                   case 'h': case 'H':   /* HORIZWS */
+                   case 'k': case 'K':   /* named backref, keep marker */
+                   case 'p': case 'P':   /* Unicode property */
+                             case 'R':   /* LNBREAK */
+                   case 's': case 'S':   /* space class */
+                   case 'v': case 'V':   /* VERTWS */
+                   case 'w': case 'W':   /* word class */
+                   case 'X':             /* eXtended Unicode "combining character sequence" */
+                   case 'z': case 'Z':   /* End of line/string assertion */
+                       --p;
+                       goto loopdone;
+
+                   /* Anything after here is an escape that resolves to a
+                      literal. (Except digits, which may or may not)
+                    */
+                   case 'n':
+                       ender = '\n';
+                       p++;
+                       break;
+                   case 'N': /* Handle a single-code point named character. */
+                        /* The options cause it to fail if a multiple code
+                         * point sequence.  Handle those in the switch() above
+                         * */
+                        RExC_parse = p + 1;
+                        if (! grok_bslash_N(pRExC_state, NULL, &ender,
+                                            flagp, depth, FALSE,
+                                            FALSE /* not strict */ ))
+                        {
+                            if (*flagp & RESTART_UTF8)
+                                FAIL("panic: grok_bslash_N set RESTART_UTF8");
+                            RExC_parse = p = oldp;
+                            goto loopdone;
+                        }
+                        p = RExC_parse;
+                        if (ender > 0xff) {
+                            REQUIRE_UTF8;
+                        }
+                        break;
+                   case 'r':
+                       ender = '\r';
+                       p++;
+                       break;
+                   case 't':
+                       ender = '\t';
+                       p++;
+                       break;
+                   case 'f':
+                       ender = '\f';
+                       p++;
+                       break;
+                   case 'e':
+                         ender = ASCII_TO_NATIVE('\033');
+                       p++;
+                       break;
+                   case 'a':
+                         ender = ASCII_TO_NATIVE('\007');
+                       p++;
+                       break;
+                   case 'o':
+                       {
+                           UV result;
+                           const char* error_msg;
+
+                           bool valid = grok_bslash_o(&p,
+                                                      &result,
+                                                      &error_msg,
+                                                      TRUE, /* out warnings */
+                                                       FALSE, /* not strict */
+                                                       TRUE, /* Output warnings
+                                                                for non-
+                                                                portables */
+                                                       UTF);
+                           if (! valid) {
+                               RExC_parse = p; /* going to die anyway; point
+                                                  to exact spot of failure */
+                               vFAIL(error_msg);
+                           }
+                            ender = result;
+                           if (PL_encoding && ender < 0x100) {
+                               goto recode_encoding;
+                           }
+                           if (ender > 0xff) {
+                               REQUIRE_UTF8;
+                           }
+                           break;
+                       }
+                   case 'x':
+                       {
+                            UV result = UV_MAX; /* initialize to erroneous
+                                                   value */
+                           const char* error_msg;
+
+                           bool valid = grok_bslash_x(&p,
+                                                      &result,
+                                                      &error_msg,
+                                                      TRUE, /* out warnings */
+                                                       FALSE, /* not strict */
+                                                       TRUE, /* Output warnings
+                                                                for non-
+                                                                portables */
+                                                       UTF);
+                           if (! valid) {
+                               RExC_parse = p; /* going to die anyway; point
+                                                  to exact spot of failure */
+                               vFAIL(error_msg);
+                           }
+                            ender = result;
+
+                           if (PL_encoding && ender < 0x100) {
+                               goto recode_encoding;
+                           }
+                           if (ender > 0xff) {
+                               REQUIRE_UTF8;
+                           }
+                           break;
+                       }
+                   case 'c':
+                       p++;
+                       ender = grok_bslash_c(*p++, UTF, SIZE_ONLY);
+                       break;
+                    case '8': case '9': /* must be a backreference */
+                        --p;
+                        goto loopdone;
+                    case '1': case '2': case '3':case '4':
+                   case '5': case '6': case '7':
+                        /* When we parse backslash escapes there is ambiguity between
+                         * backreferences and octal escapes. Any escape from \1 - \9 is
+                         * a backreference, any multi-digit escape which does not start with
+                         * 0 and which when evaluated as decimal could refer to an already
+                         * parsed capture buffer is a backslash. Anything else is octal.
+                         *
+                         * Note this implies that \118 could be interpreted as 118 OR as
+                         * "\11" . "8" depending on whether there were 118 capture buffers
+                         * defined already in the pattern.
+                         */
+                        if ( !isDIGIT(p[1]) || atoi(p) <= RExC_npar )
+                        {  /* Not to be treated as an octal constant, go
+                                   find backref */
+                            --p;
+                            goto loopdone;
+                        }
+                    case '0':
+                       {
+                           I32 flags = PERL_SCAN_SILENT_ILLDIGIT;
+                           STRLEN numlen = 3;
+                           ender = grok_oct(p, &numlen, &flags, NULL);
+                           if (ender > 0xff) {
+                               REQUIRE_UTF8;
+                           }
+                           p += numlen;
+                            if (SIZE_ONLY   /* like \08, \178 */
+                                && numlen < 3
+                                && p < RExC_end
+                                && isDIGIT(*p) && ckWARN(WARN_REGEXP))
+                            {
+                               reg_warn_non_literal_string(
+                                         p + 1,
+                                         form_short_octal_warning(p, numlen));
+                            }
+                       }
+                       if (PL_encoding && ender < 0x100)
+                           goto recode_encoding;
+                       break;
+                   recode_encoding:
+                       if (! RExC_override_recoding) {
+                           SV* enc = PL_encoding;
+                           ender = reg_recode((const char)(U8)ender, &enc);
+                           if (!enc && SIZE_ONLY)
+                               ckWARNreg(p, "Invalid escape in the specified encoding");
+                           REQUIRE_UTF8;
+                       }
+                       break;
+                   case '\0':
+                       if (p >= RExC_end)
+                           FAIL("Trailing \\");
+                       /* FALL THROUGH */
+                   default:
+                       if (!SIZE_ONLY&& isALPHANUMERIC(*p)) {
+                           /* Include any { following the alpha to emphasize
+                            * that it could be part of an escape at some point
+                            * in the future */
+                           int len = (isALPHA(*p) && *(p + 1) == '{') ? 2 : 1;
+                           ckWARN3reg(p + len, "Unrecognized escape \\%.*s passed through", len, p);
+                       }
+                       goto normal_default;
+                   } /* End of switch on '\' */
+                   break;
+               default:    /* A literal character */
+
+                    if (! SIZE_ONLY
+                        && RExC_flags & RXf_PMf_EXTENDED
+                        && ckWARN_d(WARN_DEPRECATED)
+                        && is_PATWS_non_low(p, UTF))
+                    {
+                        vWARN_dep(p + ((UTF) ? UTF8SKIP(p) : 1),
+                                "Escape literal pattern white space under /x");
+                    }
+
+                 normal_default:
+                   if (UTF8_IS_START(*p) && UTF) {
+                       STRLEN numlen;
+                       ender = utf8n_to_uvchr((U8*)p, RExC_end - p,
+                                              &numlen, UTF8_ALLOW_DEFAULT);
+                       p += numlen;
+                   }
+                   else
+                       ender = (U8) *p++;
+                   break;
+               } /* End of switch on the literal */
+
+               /* Here, have looked at the literal character and <ender>
+                * contains its ordinal, <p> points to the character after it
+                */
+
+               if ( RExC_flags & RXf_PMf_EXTENDED)
+                   p = regwhite( pRExC_state, p );
+
+                /* If the next thing is a quantifier, it applies to this
+                 * character only, which means that this character has to be in
+                 * its own node and can't just be appended to the string in an
+                 * existing node, so if there are already other characters in
+                 * the node, close the node with just them, and set up to do
+                 * this character again next time through, when it will be the
+                 * only thing in its new node */
+                if ((next_is_quantifier = (p < RExC_end && ISMULT2(p))) && len)
+               {
+                    p = oldp;
+                    goto loopdone;
+                }
+
+                if (! FOLD) {
+                    if (UTF) {
+                        const STRLEN unilen = reguni(pRExC_state, ender, s);
+                        if (unilen > 0) {
+                           s   += unilen;
+                           len += unilen;
+                        }
+
+                        /* The loop increments <len> each time, as all but this
+                         * path (and one other) through it add a single byte to
+                         * the EXACTish node.  But this one has changed len to
+                         * be the correct final value, so subtract one to
+                         * cancel out the increment that follows */
+                        len--;
+                    }
+                    else {
+                        REGC((char)ender, s++);
+                    }
+                }
+                else /* FOLD */
+                     if (! ( UTF
+                        /* See comments for join_exact() as to why we fold this
+                         * non-UTF at compile time */
+                        || (node_type == EXACTFU
+                            && ender == LATIN_SMALL_LETTER_SHARP_S)))
+                {
+                    *(s++) = (char) ender;
+                    maybe_exact &= ! IS_IN_SOME_FOLD_L1(ender);
+                }
+                else {  /* UTF */
+
+                    /* Prime the casefolded buffer.  Locale rules, which apply
+                     * only to code points < 256, aren't known until execution,
+                     * so for them, just output the original character using
+                     * utf8.  If we start to fold non-UTF patterns, be sure to
+                     * update join_exact() */
+                    if (LOC && ender < 256) {
+                        if (UNI_IS_INVARIANT(ender)) {
+                            *s = (U8) ender;
+                            foldlen = 1;
+                        } else {
+                            *s = UTF8_TWO_BYTE_HI(ender);
+                            *(s + 1) = UTF8_TWO_BYTE_LO(ender);
+                            foldlen = 2;
+                        }
+                    }
+                    else {
+                        UV folded = _to_uni_fold_flags(
+                                       ender,
+                                       (U8 *) s,
+                                       &foldlen,
+                                       FOLD_FLAGS_FULL
+                                       | ((LOC) ?  FOLD_FLAGS_LOCALE
+                                                : (ASCII_FOLD_RESTRICTED)
+                                                  ? FOLD_FLAGS_NOMIX_ASCII
+                                                  : 0)
+                                        );
+
+                        /* If this node only contains non-folding code points
+                         * so far, see if this new one is also non-folding */
+                        if (maybe_exact) {
+                            if (folded != ender) {
+                                maybe_exact = FALSE;
+                            }
+                            else {
+                                /* Here the fold is the original; we have
+                                 * to check further to see if anything
+                                 * folds to it */
+                                if (! PL_utf8_foldable) {
+                                    SV* swash = swash_init("utf8",
+                                                       "_Perl_Any_Folds",
+                                                       &PL_sv_undef, 1, 0);
+                                    PL_utf8_foldable =
+                                                _get_swash_invlist(swash);
+                                    SvREFCNT_dec_NN(swash);
+                                }
+                                if (_invlist_contains_cp(PL_utf8_foldable,
+                                                         ender))
+                                {
+                                    maybe_exact = FALSE;
+                                }
+                            }
+                        }
+                        ender = folded;
+                    }
+                    s += foldlen;
+
+                    /* The loop increments <len> each time, as all but this
+                     * path (and one other) through it add a single byte to the
+                     * EXACTish node.  But this one has changed len to be the
+                     * correct final value, so subtract one to cancel out the
+                     * increment that follows */
+                    len += foldlen - 1;
+               }
+
+               if (next_is_quantifier) {
+
+                    /* Here, the next input is a quantifier, and to get here,
+                     * the current character is the only one in the node.
+                     * Also, here <len> doesn't include the final byte for this
+                     * character */
+                    len++;
+                    goto loopdone;
+               }
+
+           } /* End of loop through literal characters */
+
+            /* Here we have either exhausted the input or ran out of room in
+             * the node.  (If we encountered a character that can't be in the
+             * node, transfer is made directly to <loopdone>, and so we
+             * wouldn't have fallen off the end of the loop.)  In the latter
+             * case, we artificially have to split the node into two, because
+             * we just don't have enough space to hold everything.  This
+             * creates a problem if the final character participates in a
+             * multi-character fold in the non-final position, as a match that
+             * should have occurred won't, due to the way nodes are matched,
+             * and our artificial boundary.  So back off until we find a non-
+             * problematic character -- one that isn't at the beginning or
+             * middle of such a fold.  (Either it doesn't participate in any
+             * folds, or appears only in the final position of all the folds it
+             * does participate in.)  A better solution with far fewer false
+             * positives, and that would fill the nodes more completely, would
+             * be to actually have available all the multi-character folds to
+             * test against, and to back-off only far enough to be sure that
+             * this node isn't ending with a partial one.  <upper_parse> is set
+             * further below (if we need to reparse the node) to include just
+             * up through that final non-problematic character that this code
+             * identifies, so when it is set to less than the full node, we can
+             * skip the rest of this */
+            if (FOLD && p < RExC_end && upper_parse == MAX_NODE_STRING_SIZE) {
+
+                const STRLEN full_len = len;
+
+               assert(len >= MAX_NODE_STRING_SIZE);
+
+                /* Here, <s> points to the final byte of the final character.
+                 * Look backwards through the string until find a non-
+                 * problematic character */
+
+               if (! UTF) {
+
+                    /* These two have no multi-char folds to non-UTF characters
+                     */
+                    if (ASCII_FOLD_RESTRICTED || LOC) {
+                        goto loopdone;
+                    }
+
+                    while (--s >= s0 && IS_NON_FINAL_FOLD(*s)) { }
+                    len = s - s0 + 1;
+               }
+                else {
+                    if (!  PL_NonL1NonFinalFold) {
+                        PL_NonL1NonFinalFold = _new_invlist_C_array(
+                                        NonL1_Perl_Non_Final_Folds_invlist);
+                    }
+
+                    /* Point to the first byte of the final character */
+                    s = (char *) utf8_hop((U8 *) s, -1);
+
+                    while (s >= s0) {   /* Search backwards until find
+                                           non-problematic char */
+                        if (UTF8_IS_INVARIANT(*s)) {
+
+                            /* There are no ascii characters that participate
+                             * in multi-char folds under /aa.  In EBCDIC, the
+                             * non-ascii invariants are all control characters,
+                             * so don't ever participate in any folds. */
+                            if (ASCII_FOLD_RESTRICTED
+                                || ! IS_NON_FINAL_FOLD(*s))
+                            {
+                                break;
+                            }
+                        }
+                        else if (UTF8_IS_DOWNGRADEABLE_START(*s)) {
+
+                            /* No Latin1 characters participate in multi-char
+                             * folds under /l */
+                            if (LOC
+                                || ! IS_NON_FINAL_FOLD(TWO_BYTE_UTF8_TO_UNI(
+                                                                *s, *(s+1))))
+                            {
+                                break;
+                            }
+                        }
+                        else if (! _invlist_contains_cp(
+                                        PL_NonL1NonFinalFold,
+                                        valid_utf8_to_uvchr((U8 *) s, NULL)))
+                        {
+                            break;
+                        }
+
+                        /* Here, the current character is problematic in that
+                         * it does occur in the non-final position of some
+                         * fold, so try the character before it, but have to
+                         * special case the very first byte in the string, so
+                         * we don't read outside the string */
+                        s = (s == s0) ? s -1 : (char *) utf8_hop((U8 *) s, -1);
+                    } /* End of loop backwards through the string */
+
+                    /* If there were only problematic characters in the string,
+                     * <s> will point to before s0, in which case the length
+                     * should be 0, otherwise include the length of the
+                     * non-problematic character just found */
+                    len = (s < s0) ? 0 : s - s0 + UTF8SKIP(s);
+               }
+
+                /* Here, have found the final character, if any, that is
+                 * non-problematic as far as ending the node without splitting
+                 * it across a potential multi-char fold.  <len> contains the
+                 * number of bytes in the node up-to and including that
+                 * character, or is 0 if there is no such character, meaning
+                 * the whole node contains only problematic characters.  In
+                 * this case, give up and just take the node as-is.  We can't
+                 * do any better */
+                if (len == 0) {
+                    len = full_len;
+                } else {
+
+                    /* Here, the node does contain some characters that aren't
+                     * problematic.  If one such is the final character in the
+                     * node, we are done */
+                    if (len == full_len) {
+                        goto loopdone;
+                    }
+                    else if (len + ((UTF) ? UTF8SKIP(s) : 1) == full_len) {
+
+                        /* If the final character is problematic, but the
+                         * penultimate is not, back-off that last character to
+                         * later start a new node with it */
+                        p = oldp;
+                        goto loopdone;
+                    }
+
+                    /* Here, the final non-problematic character is earlier
+                     * in the input than the penultimate character.  What we do
+                     * is reparse from the beginning, going up only as far as
+                     * this final ok one, thus guaranteeing that the node ends
+                     * in an acceptable character.  The reason we reparse is
+                     * that we know how far in the character is, but we don't
+                     * know how to correlate its position with the input parse.
+                     * An alternate implementation would be to build that
+                     * correlation as we go along during the original parse,
+                     * but that would entail extra work for every node, whereas
+                     * this code gets executed only when the string is too
+                     * large for the node, and the final two characters are
+                     * problematic, an infrequent occurrence.  Yet another
+                     * possible strategy would be to save the tail of the
+                     * string, and the next time regatom is called, initialize
+                     * with that.  The problem with this is that unless you
+                     * back off one more character, you won't be guaranteed
+                     * regatom will get called again, unless regbranch,
+                     * regpiece ... are also changed.  If you do back off that
+                     * extra character, so that there is input guaranteed to
+                     * force calling regatom, you can't handle the case where
+                     * just the first character in the node is acceptable.  I
+                     * (khw) decided to try this method which doesn't have that
+                     * pitfall; if performance issues are found, we can do a
+                     * combination of the current approach plus that one */
+                    upper_parse = len;
+                    len = 0;
+                    s = s0;
+                    goto reparse;
+                }
+           }   /* End of verifying node ends with an appropriate char */
+
+       loopdone:   /* Jumped to when encounters something that shouldn't be in
+                      the node */
+
+            /* I (khw) don't know if you can get here with zero length, but the
+             * old code handled this situation by creating a zero-length EXACT
+             * node.  Might as well be NOTHING instead */
+            if (len == 0) {
+                OP(ret) = NOTHING;
+            }
+            else{
+
+                /* If 'maybe_exact' is still set here, means there are no
+                 * code points in the node that participate in folds */
+                if (FOLD && maybe_exact) {
+                    OP(ret) = EXACT;
+                }
+                alloc_maybe_populate_EXACT(pRExC_state, ret, flagp, len, ender);
+            }
+
+           RExC_parse = p - 1;
+            Set_Node_Cur_Length(ret, parse_start);
+           nextchar(pRExC_state);
+           {
+               /* len is STRLEN which is unsigned, need to copy to signed */
+               IV iv = len;
+               if (iv < 0)
+                   vFAIL("Internal disaster");
+           }
+
+       } /* End of label 'defchar:' */
+       break;
+    } /* End of giant switch on input character */
+
+    return(ret);
+}
+
+STATIC char *
+S_regwhite( RExC_state_t *pRExC_state, char *p )
+{
+    const char *e = RExC_end;
+
+    PERL_ARGS_ASSERT_REGWHITE;
+
+    while (p < e) {
+       if (isSPACE(*p))
+           ++p;
+       else if (*p == '#') {
+            bool ended = 0;
+           do {
+               if (*p++ == '\n') {
+                   ended = 1;
+                   break;
+               }
+           } while (p < e);
+           if (!ended)
+               RExC_seen |= REG_SEEN_RUN_ON_COMMENT;
+       }
+       else
+           break;
+    }
+    return p;
+}
+
+STATIC char *
+S_regpatws( RExC_state_t *pRExC_state, char *p , const bool recognize_comment )
+{
+    /* Returns the next non-pattern-white space, non-comment character (the
+     * latter only if 'recognize_comment is true) in the string p, which is
+     * ended by RExC_end.  If there is no line break ending a comment,
+     * RExC_seen has added the REG_SEEN_RUN_ON_COMMENT flag; */
+    const char *e = RExC_end;
+
+    PERL_ARGS_ASSERT_REGPATWS;
+
+    while (p < e) {
+        STRLEN len;
+       if ((len = is_PATWS_safe(p, e, UTF))) {
+           p += len;
+        }
+       else if (recognize_comment && *p == '#') {
+            bool ended = 0;
+           do {
+                p++;
+                if (is_LNBREAK_safe(p, e, UTF)) {
+                   ended = 1;
+                   break;
+               }
+           } while (p < e);
+           if (!ended)
+               RExC_seen |= REG_SEEN_RUN_ON_COMMENT;
+       }
+       else
+           break;
+    }
+    return p;
+}
+
+/* Parse POSIX character classes: [[:foo:]], [[=foo=]], [[.foo.]].
+   Character classes ([:foo:]) can also be negated ([:^foo:]).
+   Returns a named class id (ANYOF_XXX) if successful, -1 otherwise.
+   Equivalence classes ([=foo=]) and composites ([.foo.]) are parsed,
+   but trigger failures because they are currently unimplemented. */
+
+#define POSIXCC_DONE(c)   ((c) == ':')
+#define POSIXCC_NOTYET(c) ((c) == '=' || (c) == '.')
+#define POSIXCC(c) (POSIXCC_DONE(c) || POSIXCC_NOTYET(c))
+
+PERL_STATIC_INLINE I32
+S_regpposixcc(pTHX_ RExC_state_t *pRExC_state, I32 value, const bool strict)
+{
+    dVAR;
+    I32 namedclass = OOB_NAMEDCLASS;
+
+    PERL_ARGS_ASSERT_REGPPOSIXCC;
+
+    if (value == '[' && RExC_parse + 1 < RExC_end &&
+       /* I smell either [: or [= or [. -- POSIX has been here, right? */
+       POSIXCC(UCHARAT(RExC_parse)))
+    {
+       const char c = UCHARAT(RExC_parse);
+       char* const s = RExC_parse++;
+
+       while (RExC_parse < RExC_end && UCHARAT(RExC_parse) != c)
+           RExC_parse++;
+       if (RExC_parse == RExC_end) {
+            if (strict) {
+
+                /* Try to give a better location for the error (than the end of
+                 * the string) by looking for the matching ']' */
+                RExC_parse = s;
+                while (RExC_parse < RExC_end && UCHARAT(RExC_parse) != ']') {
+                    RExC_parse++;
+                }
+                vFAIL2("Unmatched '%c' in POSIX class", c);
+            }
+           /* Grandfather lone [:, [=, [. */
+           RExC_parse = s;
+        }
+       else {
+           const char* const t = RExC_parse++; /* skip over the c */
+           assert(*t == c);
+
+           if (UCHARAT(RExC_parse) == ']') {
+               const char *posixcc = s + 1;
+               RExC_parse++; /* skip over the ending ] */
+
+               if (*s == ':') {
+                   const I32 complement = *posixcc == '^' ? *posixcc++ : 0;
+                   const I32 skip = t - posixcc;
+
+                   /* Initially switch on the length of the name.  */
+                   switch (skip) {
+                   case 4:
+                        if (memEQ(posixcc, "word", 4)) /* this is not POSIX,
+                                                          this is the Perl \w
+                                                        */
+                           namedclass = ANYOF_WORDCHAR;
+                       break;
+                   case 5:
+                       /* Names all of length 5.  */
+                       /* alnum alpha ascii blank cntrl digit graph lower
+                          print punct space upper  */
+                       /* Offset 4 gives the best switch position.  */
+                       switch (posixcc[4]) {
+                       case 'a':
+                           if (memEQ(posixcc, "alph", 4)) /* alpha */
+                               namedclass = ANYOF_ALPHA;
+                           break;
+                       case 'e':
+                           if (memEQ(posixcc, "spac", 4)) /* space */
+                               namedclass = ANYOF_PSXSPC;
+                           break;
+                       case 'h':
+                           if (memEQ(posixcc, "grap", 4)) /* graph */
+                               namedclass = ANYOF_GRAPH;
+                           break;
+                       case 'i':
+                           if (memEQ(posixcc, "asci", 4)) /* ascii */
+                               namedclass = ANYOF_ASCII;
+                           break;
+                       case 'k':
+                           if (memEQ(posixcc, "blan", 4)) /* blank */
+                               namedclass = ANYOF_BLANK;
+                           break;
+                       case 'l':
+                           if (memEQ(posixcc, "cntr", 4)) /* cntrl */
+                               namedclass = ANYOF_CNTRL;
+                           break;
+                       case 'm':
+                           if (memEQ(posixcc, "alnu", 4)) /* alnum */
+                               namedclass = ANYOF_ALPHANUMERIC;
+                           break;
+                       case 'r':
+                           if (memEQ(posixcc, "lowe", 4)) /* lower */
+                               namedclass = (FOLD) ? ANYOF_CASED : ANYOF_LOWER;
+                           else if (memEQ(posixcc, "uppe", 4)) /* upper */
+                               namedclass = (FOLD) ? ANYOF_CASED : ANYOF_UPPER;
+                           break;
+                       case 't':
+                           if (memEQ(posixcc, "digi", 4)) /* digit */
+                               namedclass = ANYOF_DIGIT;
+                           else if (memEQ(posixcc, "prin", 4)) /* print */
+                               namedclass = ANYOF_PRINT;
+                           else if (memEQ(posixcc, "punc", 4)) /* punct */
+                               namedclass = ANYOF_PUNCT;
+                           break;
+                       }
+                       break;
+                   case 6:
+                       if (memEQ(posixcc, "xdigit", 6))
+                           namedclass = ANYOF_XDIGIT;
+                       break;
+                   }
+
+                   if (namedclass == OOB_NAMEDCLASS)
+                       Simple_vFAIL3("POSIX class [:%.*s:] unknown",
+                                     t - s - 1, s + 1);
+
+                    /* The #defines are structured so each complement is +1 to
+                     * the normal one */
+                    if (complement) {
+                        namedclass++;
+                    }
+                   assert (posixcc[skip] == ':');
+                   assert (posixcc[skip+1] == ']');
+               } else if (!SIZE_ONLY) {
+                   /* [[=foo=]] and [[.foo.]] are still future. */
+
+                   /* adjust RExC_parse so the warning shows after
+                      the class closes */
+                   while (UCHARAT(RExC_parse) && UCHARAT(RExC_parse) != ']')
+                       RExC_parse++;
+                   vFAIL3("POSIX syntax [%c %c] is reserved for future extensions", c, c);
+               }
+           } else {
+               /* Maternal grandfather:
+                * "[:" ending in ":" but not in ":]" */
+                if (strict) {
+                    vFAIL("Unmatched '[' in POSIX class");
+                }
+
+                /* Grandfather lone [:, [=, [. */
+               RExC_parse = s;
+           }
+       }
+    }
+
+    return namedclass;
+}
+
+STATIC bool
+S_could_it_be_a_POSIX_class(pTHX_ RExC_state_t *pRExC_state)
+{
+    /* This applies some heuristics at the current parse position (which should
+     * be at a '[') to see if what follows might be intended to be a [:posix:]
+     * class.  It returns true if it really is a posix class, of course, but it
+     * also can return true if it thinks that what was intended was a posix
+     * class that didn't quite make it.
+     *
+     * It will return true for
+     *      [:alphanumerics:
+     *      [:alphanumerics]  (as long as the ] isn't followed immediately by a
+     *                         ')' indicating the end of the (?[
+     *      [:any garbage including %^&$ punctuation:]
+     *
+     * This is designed to be called only from S_handle_regex_sets; it could be
+     * easily adapted to be called from the spot at the beginning of regclass()
+     * that checks to see in a normal bracketed class if the surrounding []
+     * have been omitted ([:word:] instead of [[:word:]]).  But doing so would
+     * change long-standing behavior, so I (khw) didn't do that */
+    char* p = RExC_parse + 1;
+    char first_char = *p;
+
+    PERL_ARGS_ASSERT_COULD_IT_BE_A_POSIX_CLASS;
+
+    assert(*(p - 1) == '[');
+
+    if (! POSIXCC(first_char)) {
+        return FALSE;
+    }
+
+    p++;
+    while (p < RExC_end && isWORDCHAR(*p)) p++;
+
+    if (p >= RExC_end) {
+        return FALSE;
+    }
+
+    if (p - RExC_parse > 2    /* Got at least 1 word character */
+        && (*p == first_char
+            || (*p == ']' && p + 1 < RExC_end && *(p + 1) != ')')))
+    {
+        return TRUE;
+    }
+
+    p = (char *) memchr(RExC_parse, ']', RExC_end - RExC_parse);
+
+    return (p
+            && p - RExC_parse > 2 /* [:] evaluates to colon;
+                                      [::] is a bad posix class. */
+            && first_char == *(p - 1));
+}
+
+STATIC regnode *
+S_handle_regex_sets(pTHX_ RExC_state_t *pRExC_state, SV** return_invlist, I32 *flagp, U32 depth,
+                   char * const oregcomp_parse)
+{
+    /* Handle the (?[...]) construct to do set operations */
+
+    U8 curchar;
+    UV start, end;     /* End points of code point ranges */
+    SV* result_string;
+    char *save_end, *save_parse;
+    SV* final;
+    STRLEN len;
+    regnode* node;
+    AV* stack;
+    const bool save_fold = FOLD;
+
+    GET_RE_DEBUG_FLAGS_DECL;
+
+    PERL_ARGS_ASSERT_HANDLE_REGEX_SETS;
+
+    if (LOC) {
+        vFAIL("(?[...]) not valid in locale");
+    }
+    RExC_uni_semantics = 1;
+
+    /* This will return only an ANYOF regnode, or (unlikely) something smaller
+     * (such as EXACT).  Thus we can skip most everything if just sizing.  We
+     * call regclass to handle '[]' so as to not have to reinvent its parsing
+     * rules here (throwing away the size it computes each time).  And, we exit
+     * upon an unescaped ']' that isn't one ending a regclass.  To do both
+     * these things, we need to realize that something preceded by a backslash
+     * is escaped, so we have to keep track of backslashes */
+    if (SIZE_ONLY) {
+        UV depth = 0; /* how many nested (?[...]) constructs */
+
+        Perl_ck_warner_d(aTHX_
+            packWARN(WARN_EXPERIMENTAL__REGEX_SETS),
+            "The regex_sets feature is experimental" REPORT_LOCATION,
+            (int) (RExC_parse - RExC_precomp) , RExC_precomp, RExC_parse);
+
+        while (RExC_parse < RExC_end) {
+            SV* current = NULL;
+            RExC_parse = regpatws(pRExC_state, RExC_parse,
+                                TRUE); /* means recognize comments */
+            switch (*RExC_parse) {
+                case '?':
+                    if (RExC_parse[1] == '[') depth++, RExC_parse++;
+                    /* FALL THROUGH */
+                default:
+                    break;
+                case '\\':
+                    /* Skip the next byte (which could cause us to end up in
+                     * the middle of a UTF-8 character, but since none of those
+                     * are confusable with anything we currently handle in this
+                     * switch (invariants all), it's safe.  We'll just hit the
+                     * default: case next time and keep on incrementing until
+                     * we find one of the invariants we do handle. */
+                    RExC_parse++;
+                    break;
+                case '[':
+                {
+                    /* If this looks like it is a [:posix:] class, leave the
+                     * parse pointer at the '[' to fool regclass() into
+                     * thinking it is part of a '[[:posix:]]'.  That function
+                     * will use strict checking to force a syntax error if it
+                     * doesn't work out to a legitimate class */
+                    bool is_posix_class
+                                    = could_it_be_a_POSIX_class(pRExC_state);
+                    if (! is_posix_class) {
+                        RExC_parse++;
+                    }
+
+                    /* regclass() can only return RESTART_UTF8 if multi-char
+                       folds are allowed.  */
+                    if (!regclass(pRExC_state, flagp,depth+1,
+                                  is_posix_class, /* parse the whole char
+                                                     class only if not a
+                                                     posix class */
+                                  FALSE, /* don't allow multi-char folds */
+                                  TRUE, /* silence non-portable warnings. */
+                                  &current))
+                        FAIL2("panic: regclass returned NULL to handle_sets, flags=%#"UVxf"",
+                              (UV) *flagp);
+
+                    /* function call leaves parse pointing to the ']', except
+                     * if we faked it */
+                    if (is_posix_class) {
+                        RExC_parse--;
+                    }
+
+                    SvREFCNT_dec(current);   /* In case it returned something */
+                    break;
+                }
+
+                case ']':
+                    if (depth--) break;
+                    RExC_parse++;
+                    if (RExC_parse < RExC_end
+                        && *RExC_parse == ')')
+                    {
+                        node = reganode(pRExC_state, ANYOF, 0);
+                        RExC_size += ANYOF_SKIP;
+                        nextchar(pRExC_state);
+                        Set_Node_Length(node,
+                                RExC_parse - oregcomp_parse + 1); /* MJD */
+                        return node;
+                    }
+                    goto no_close;
+            }
+            RExC_parse++;
+        }
+
+        no_close:
+        FAIL("Syntax error in (?[...])");
+    }
+
+    /* Pass 2 only after this.  Everything in this construct is a
+     * metacharacter.  Operands begin with either a '\' (for an escape
+     * sequence), or a '[' for a bracketed character class.  Any other
+     * character should be an operator, or parenthesis for grouping.  Both
+     * types of operands are handled by calling regclass() to parse them.  It
+     * is called with a parameter to indicate to return the computed inversion
+     * list.  The parsing here is implemented via a stack.  Each entry on the
+     * stack is a single character representing one of the operators, or the
+     * '('; or else a pointer to an operand inversion list. */
+
+#define IS_OPERAND(a)  (! SvIOK(a))
+
+    /* The stack starts empty.  It is a syntax error if the first thing parsed
+     * is a binary operator; everything else is pushed on the stack.  When an
+     * operand is parsed, the top of the stack is examined.  If it is a binary
+     * operator, the item before it should be an operand, and both are replaced
+     * by the result of doing that operation on the new operand and the one on
+     * the stack.   Thus a sequence of binary operands is reduced to a single
+     * one before the next one is parsed.
+     *
+     * A unary operator may immediately follow a binary in the input, for
+     * example
+     *      [a] + ! [b]
+     * When an operand is parsed and the top of the stack is a unary operator,
+     * the operation is performed, and then the stack is rechecked to see if
+     * this new operand is part of a binary operation; if so, it is handled as
+     * above.
+     *
+     * A '(' is simply pushed on the stack; it is valid only if the stack is
+     * empty, or the top element of the stack is an operator or another '('
+     * (for which the parenthesized expression will become an operand).  By the
+     * time the corresponding ')' is parsed everything in between should have
+     * been parsed and evaluated to a single operand (or else is a syntax
+     * error), and is handled as a regular operand */
+
+    sv_2mortal((SV *)(stack = newAV()));
+
+    while (RExC_parse < RExC_end) {
+        I32 top_index = av_tindex(stack);
+        SV** top_ptr;
+        SV* current = NULL;
+
+        /* Skip white space */
+        RExC_parse = regpatws(pRExC_state, RExC_parse,
+                                TRUE); /* means recognize comments */
+        if (RExC_parse >= RExC_end) {
+            Perl_croak(aTHX_ "panic: Read past end of '(?[ ])'");
+        }
+        if ((curchar = UCHARAT(RExC_parse)) == ']') {
+            break;
+        }
+
+        switch (curchar) {
+
+            case '?':
+                if (av_tindex(stack) >= 0   /* This makes sure that we can
+                                               safely subtract 1 from
+                                               RExC_parse in the next clause.
+                                               If we have something on the
+                                               stack, we have parsed something
+                                             */
+                    && UCHARAT(RExC_parse - 1) == '('
+                    && RExC_parse < RExC_end)
+                {
+                    /* If is a '(?', could be an embedded '(?flags:(?[...])'.
+                     * This happens when we have some thing like
+                     *
+                     *   my $thai_or_lao = qr/(?[ \p{Thai} + \p{Lao} ])/;
+                     *   ...
+                     *   qr/(?[ \p{Digit} & $thai_or_lao ])/;
+                     *
+                     * Here we would be handling the interpolated
+                     * '$thai_or_lao'.  We handle this by a recursive call to
+                     * ourselves which returns the inversion list the
+                     * interpolated expression evaluates to.  We use the flags
+                     * from the interpolated pattern. */
+                    U32 save_flags = RExC_flags;
+                    const char * const save_parse = ++RExC_parse;
+
+                    parse_lparen_question_flags(pRExC_state);
+
+                    if (RExC_parse == save_parse  /* Makes sure there was at
+                                                     least one flag (or this
+                                                     embedding wasn't compiled)
+                                                   */
+                        || RExC_parse >= RExC_end - 4
+                        || UCHARAT(RExC_parse) != ':'
+                        || UCHARAT(++RExC_parse) != '('
+                        || UCHARAT(++RExC_parse) != '?'
+                        || UCHARAT(++RExC_parse) != '[')
+                    {
+
+                        /* In combination with the above, this moves the
+                         * pointer to the point just after the first erroneous
+                         * character (or if there are no flags, to where they
+                         * should have been) */
+                        if (RExC_parse >= RExC_end - 4) {
+                            RExC_parse = RExC_end;
+                        }
+                        else if (RExC_parse != save_parse) {
+                            RExC_parse += (UTF) ? UTF8SKIP(RExC_parse) : 1;
+                        }
+                        vFAIL("Expecting '(?flags:(?[...'");
+                    }
+                    RExC_parse++;
+                    (void) handle_regex_sets(pRExC_state, &current, flagp,
+                                                    depth+1, oregcomp_parse);
+
+                    /* Here, 'current' contains the embedded expression's
+                     * inversion list, and RExC_parse points to the trailing
+                     * ']'; the next character should be the ')' which will be
+                     * paired with the '(' that has been put on the stack, so
+                     * the whole embedded expression reduces to '(operand)' */
+                    RExC_parse++;
+
+                    RExC_flags = save_flags;
+                    goto handle_operand;
+                }
+                /* FALL THROUGH */
+
+            default:
+                RExC_parse += (UTF) ? UTF8SKIP(RExC_parse) : 1;
+                vFAIL("Unexpected character");
+
+            case '\\':
+                /* regclass() can only return RESTART_UTF8 if multi-char
+                   folds are allowed.  */
+                if (!regclass(pRExC_state, flagp,depth+1,
+                              TRUE, /* means parse just the next thing */
+                              FALSE, /* don't allow multi-char folds */
+                              FALSE, /* don't silence non-portable warnings.  */
+                              &current))
+                    FAIL2("panic: regclass returned NULL to handle_sets, flags=%#"UVxf"",
+                          (UV) *flagp);
+                /* regclass() will return with parsing just the \ sequence,
+                 * leaving the parse pointer at the next thing to parse */
+                RExC_parse--;
+                goto handle_operand;
+
+            case '[':   /* Is a bracketed character class */
+            {
+                bool is_posix_class = could_it_be_a_POSIX_class(pRExC_state);
+
+                if (! is_posix_class) {
+                    RExC_parse++;
+                }
+
+                /* regclass() can only return RESTART_UTF8 if multi-char
+                   folds are allowed.  */
+                if(!regclass(pRExC_state, flagp,depth+1,
+                             is_posix_class, /* parse the whole char class
+                                                only if not a posix class */
+                             FALSE, /* don't allow multi-char folds */
+                             FALSE, /* don't silence non-portable warnings.  */
+                             &current))
+                    FAIL2("panic: regclass returned NULL to handle_sets, flags=%#"UVxf"",
+                          (UV) *flagp);
+                /* function call leaves parse pointing to the ']', except if we
+                 * faked it */
+                if (is_posix_class) {
+                    RExC_parse--;
+                }
+
+                goto handle_operand;
+            }
+
+            case '&':
+            case '|':
+            case '+':
+            case '-':
+            case '^':
+                if (top_index < 0
+                    || ( ! (top_ptr = av_fetch(stack, top_index, FALSE)))
+                    || ! IS_OPERAND(*top_ptr))
+                {
+                    RExC_parse++;
+                    vFAIL2("Unexpected binary operator '%c' with no preceding operand", curchar);
+                }
+                av_push(stack, newSVuv(curchar));
+                break;
+
+            case '!':
+                av_push(stack, newSVuv(curchar));
+                break;
+
+            case '(':
+                if (top_index >= 0) {
+                    top_ptr = av_fetch(stack, top_index, FALSE);
+                    assert(top_ptr);
+                    if (IS_OPERAND(*top_ptr)) {
+                        RExC_parse++;
+                        vFAIL("Unexpected '(' with no preceding operator");
+                    }
+                }
+                av_push(stack, newSVuv(curchar));
+                break;
+
+            case ')':
+            {
+                SV* lparen;
+                if (top_index < 1
+                    || ! (current = av_pop(stack))
+                    || ! IS_OPERAND(current)
+                    || ! (lparen = av_pop(stack))
+                    || IS_OPERAND(lparen)
+                    || SvUV(lparen) != '(')
+                {
+                    SvREFCNT_dec(current);
+                    RExC_parse++;
+                    vFAIL("Unexpected ')'");
+                }
+                top_index -= 2;
+                SvREFCNT_dec_NN(lparen);
+
+                /* FALL THROUGH */
+            }
+
+              handle_operand:
+
+                /* Here, we have an operand to process, in 'current' */
+
+                if (top_index < 0) {    /* Just push if stack is empty */
+                    av_push(stack, current);
+                }
+                else {
+                    SV* top = av_pop(stack);
+                    SV *prev = NULL;
+                    char current_operator;
+
+                    if (IS_OPERAND(top)) {
+                        SvREFCNT_dec_NN(top);
+                        SvREFCNT_dec_NN(current);
+                        vFAIL("Operand with no preceding operator");
+                    }
+                    current_operator = (char) SvUV(top);
+                    switch (current_operator) {
+                        case '(':   /* Push the '(' back on followed by the new
+                                       operand */
+                            av_push(stack, top);
+                            av_push(stack, current);
+                            SvREFCNT_inc(top);  /* Counters the '_dec' done
+                                                   just after the 'break', so
+                                                   it doesn't get wrongly freed
+                                                 */
+                            break;
+
+                        case '!':
+                            _invlist_invert(current);
+
+                            /* Unlike binary operators, the top of the stack,
+                             * now that this unary one has been popped off, may
+                             * legally be an operator, and we now have operand
+                             * for it. */
+                            top_index--;
+                            SvREFCNT_dec_NN(top);
+                            goto handle_operand;
+
+                        case '&':
+                            prev = av_pop(stack);
+                            _invlist_intersection(prev,
+                                                   current,
+                                                   &current);
+                            av_push(stack, current);
+                            break;
+
+                        case '|':
+                        case '+':
+                            prev = av_pop(stack);
+                            _invlist_union(prev, current, &current);
+                            av_push(stack, current);
+                            break;
+
+                        case '-':
+                            prev = av_pop(stack);;
+                            _invlist_subtract(prev, current, &current);
+                            av_push(stack, current);
+                            break;
+
+                        case '^':   /* The union minus the intersection */
+                        {
+                            SV* i = NULL;
+                            SV* u = NULL;
+                            SV* element;
+
+                            prev = av_pop(stack);
+                            _invlist_union(prev, current, &u);
+                            _invlist_intersection(prev, current, &i);
+                            /* _invlist_subtract will overwrite current
+                                without freeing what it already contains */
+                            element = current;
+                            _invlist_subtract(u, i, &current);
+                            av_push(stack, current);
+                            SvREFCNT_dec_NN(i);
+                            SvREFCNT_dec_NN(u);
+                            SvREFCNT_dec_NN(element);
+                            break;
+                        }
+
+                        default:
+                            Perl_croak(aTHX_ "panic: Unexpected item on '(?[ ])' stack");
+                }
+                SvREFCNT_dec_NN(top);
+                SvREFCNT_dec(prev);
+            }
+        }
+
+        RExC_parse += (UTF) ? UTF8SKIP(RExC_parse) : 1;
+    }
+
+    if (av_tindex(stack) < 0   /* Was empty */
+        || ((final = av_pop(stack)) == NULL)
+        || ! IS_OPERAND(final)
+        || av_tindex(stack) >= 0)  /* More left on stack */
+    {
+        vFAIL("Incomplete expression within '(?[ ])'");
+    }
+
+    /* Here, 'final' is the resultant inversion list from evaluating the
+     * expression.  Return it if so requested */
+    if (return_invlist) {
+        *return_invlist = final;
+        return END;
+    }
+
+    /* Otherwise generate a resultant node, based on 'final'.  regclass() is
+     * expecting a string of ranges and individual code points */
+    invlist_iterinit(final);
+    result_string = newSVpvs("");
+    while (invlist_iternext(final, &start, &end)) {
+        if (start == end) {
+            Perl_sv_catpvf(aTHX_ result_string, "\\x{%"UVXf"}", start);
+        }
+        else {
+            Perl_sv_catpvf(aTHX_ result_string, "\\x{%"UVXf"}-\\x{%"UVXf"}",
+                                                     start,          end);
+        }
+    }
+
+    save_parse = RExC_parse;
+    RExC_parse = SvPV(result_string, len);
+    save_end = RExC_end;
+    RExC_end = RExC_parse + len;
+
+    /* We turn off folding around the call, as the class we have constructed
+     * already has all folding taken into consideration, and we don't want
+     * regclass() to add to that */
+    RExC_flags &= ~RXf_PMf_FOLD;
+    /* regclass() can only return RESTART_UTF8 if multi-char folds are allowed.
+     */
+    node = regclass(pRExC_state, flagp,depth+1,
+                    FALSE, /* means parse the whole char class */
+                    FALSE, /* don't allow multi-char folds */
+                    TRUE, /* silence non-portable warnings.  The above may very
+                             well have generated non-portable code points, but
+                             they're valid on this machine */
+                    NULL);
+    if (!node)
+        FAIL2("panic: regclass returned NULL to handle_sets, flags=%#"UVxf,
+                    PTR2UV(flagp));
+    if (save_fold) {
+        RExC_flags |= RXf_PMf_FOLD;
+    }
+    RExC_parse = save_parse + 1;
+    RExC_end = save_end;
+    SvREFCNT_dec_NN(final);
+    SvREFCNT_dec_NN(result_string);
+
+    nextchar(pRExC_state);
+    Set_Node_Length(node, RExC_parse - oregcomp_parse + 1); /* MJD */
+    return node;
+}
+#undef IS_OPERAND
+
+/* The names of properties whose definitions are not known at compile time are
+ * stored in this SV, after a constant heading.  So if the length has been
+ * changed since initialization, then there is a run-time definition. */
+#define HAS_NONLOCALE_RUNTIME_PROPERTY_DEFINITION (SvCUR(listsv) != initial_listsv_len)
+
+STATIC regnode *
+S_regclass(pTHX_ RExC_state_t *pRExC_state, I32 *flagp, U32 depth,
+                 const bool stop_at_1,  /* Just parse the next thing, don't
+                                           look for a full character class */
+                 bool allow_multi_folds,
+                 const bool silence_non_portable,   /* Don't output warnings
+                                                       about too large
+                                                       characters */
+                 SV** ret_invlist)  /* Return an inversion list, not a node */
+{
+    /* parse a bracketed class specification.  Most of these will produce an
+     * ANYOF node; but something like [a] will produce an EXACT node; [aA], an
+     * EXACTFish node; [[:ascii:]], a POSIXA node; etc.  It is more complex
+     * under /i with multi-character folds: it will be rewritten following the
+     * paradigm of this example, where the <multi-fold>s are characters which
+     * fold to multiple character sequences:
+     *      /[abc\x{multi-fold1}def\x{multi-fold2}ghi]/i
+     * gets effectively rewritten as:
+     *      /(?:\x{multi-fold1}|\x{multi-fold2}|[abcdefghi]/i
+     * reg() gets called (recursively) on the rewritten version, and this
+     * function will return what it constructs.  (Actually the <multi-fold>s
+     * aren't physically removed from the [abcdefghi], it's just that they are
+     * ignored in the recursion by means of a flag:
+     * <RExC_in_multi_char_class>.)
+     *
+     * ANYOF nodes contain a bit map for the first 256 characters, with the
+     * corresponding bit set if that character is in the list.  For characters
+     * above 255, a range list or swash is used.  There are extra bits for \w,
+     * etc. in locale ANYOFs, as what these match is not determinable at
+     * compile time
+     *
+     * Returns NULL, setting *flagp to RESTART_UTF8 if the sizing scan needs
+     * to be restarted.  This can only happen if ret_invlist is non-NULL.
+     */
+
+    dVAR;
+    UV prevvalue = OOB_UNICODE, save_prevvalue = OOB_UNICODE;
+    IV range = 0;
+    UV value = OOB_UNICODE, save_value = OOB_UNICODE;
+    regnode *ret;
+    STRLEN numlen;
+    IV namedclass = OOB_NAMEDCLASS;
+    char *rangebegin = NULL;
+    bool need_class = 0;
+    SV *listsv = NULL;
+    STRLEN initial_listsv_len = 0; /* Kind of a kludge to see if it is more
+                                     than just initialized.  */
+    SV* properties = NULL;    /* Code points that match \p{} \P{} */
+    SV* posixes = NULL;     /* Code points that match classes like, [:word:],
+                               extended beyond the Latin1 range */
+    UV element_count = 0;   /* Number of distinct elements in the class.
+                              Optimizations may be possible if this is tiny */
+    AV * multi_char_matches = NULL; /* Code points that fold to more than one
+                                       character; used under /i */
+    UV n;
+    char * stop_ptr = RExC_end;    /* where to stop parsing */
+    const bool skip_white = cBOOL(ret_invlist); /* ignore unescaped white
+                                                   space? */
+    const bool strict = cBOOL(ret_invlist); /* Apply strict parsing rules? */
+
+    /* Unicode properties are stored in a swash; this holds the current one
+     * being parsed.  If this swash is the only above-latin1 component of the
+     * character class, an optimization is to pass it directly on to the
+     * execution engine.  Otherwise, it is set to NULL to indicate that there
+     * are other things in the class that have to be dealt with at execution
+     * time */
+    SV* swash = NULL;          /* Code points that match \p{} \P{} */
+
+    /* Set if a component of this character class is user-defined; just passed
+     * on to the engine */
+    bool has_user_defined_property = FALSE;
+
+    /* inversion list of code points this node matches only when the target
+     * string is in UTF-8.  (Because is under /d) */
+    SV* depends_list = NULL;
+
+    /* inversion list of code points this node matches.  For much of the
+     * function, it includes only those that match regardless of the utf8ness
+     * of the target string */
+    SV* cp_list = NULL;
+
+#ifdef EBCDIC
+    /* In a range, counts how many 0-2 of the ends of it came from literals,
+     * not escapes.  Thus we can tell if 'A' was input vs \x{C1} */
+    UV literal_endpoint = 0;
+#endif
+    bool invert = FALSE;    /* Is this class to be complemented */
+
+    /* Is there any thing like \W or [:^digit:] that matches above the legal
+     * Unicode range? */
+    bool runtime_posix_matches_above_Unicode = FALSE;
+
+    regnode * const orig_emit = RExC_emit; /* Save the original RExC_emit in
+        case we need to change the emitted regop to an EXACT. */
+    const char * orig_parse = RExC_parse;
+    const I32 orig_size = RExC_size;
+    GET_RE_DEBUG_FLAGS_DECL;
+
+    PERL_ARGS_ASSERT_REGCLASS;
+#ifndef DEBUGGING
+    PERL_UNUSED_ARG(depth);
+#endif
+
+    DEBUG_PARSE("clas");
+
+    /* Assume we are going to generate an ANYOF node. */
+    ret = reganode(pRExC_state, ANYOF, 0);
+
+    if (SIZE_ONLY) {
+       RExC_size += ANYOF_SKIP;
+       listsv = &PL_sv_undef; /* For code scanners: listsv always non-NULL. */
+    }
+    else {
+        ANYOF_FLAGS(ret) = 0;
+
+       RExC_emit += ANYOF_SKIP;
+       if (LOC) {
+           ANYOF_FLAGS(ret) |= ANYOF_LOCALE;
+       }
+       listsv = newSVpvs_flags("# comment\n", SVs_TEMP);
+       initial_listsv_len = SvCUR(listsv);
+        SvTEMP_off(listsv); /* Grr, TEMPs and mortals are conflated.  */
+    }
+
+    if (skip_white) {
+        RExC_parse = regpatws(pRExC_state, RExC_parse,
+                              FALSE /* means don't recognize comments */);
+    }
+
+    if (UCHARAT(RExC_parse) == '^') {  /* Complement of range. */
+       RExC_parse++;
+        invert = TRUE;
+        allow_multi_folds = FALSE;
+        RExC_naughty++;
+        if (skip_white) {
+            RExC_parse = regpatws(pRExC_state, RExC_parse,
+                                  FALSE /* means don't recognize comments */);
+        }
+    }
+
+    /* Check that they didn't say [:posix:] instead of [[:posix:]] */
+    if (!SIZE_ONLY && RExC_parse < RExC_end && POSIXCC(UCHARAT(RExC_parse))) {
+       const char *s = RExC_parse;
+       const char  c = *s++;
+
+       while (isWORDCHAR(*s))
+           s++;
+       if (*s && c == *s && s[1] == ']') {
+           SAVEFREESV(RExC_rx_sv);
+           ckWARN3reg(s+2,
+                      "POSIX syntax [%c %c] belongs inside character classes",
+                      c, c);
+           (void)ReREFCNT_inc(RExC_rx_sv);
+       }
+    }
+
+    /* If the caller wants us to just parse a single element, accomplish this
+     * by faking the loop ending condition */
+    if (stop_at_1 && RExC_end > RExC_parse) {
+        stop_ptr = RExC_parse + 1;
+    }
+
+    /* allow 1st char to be ']' (allowing it to be '-' is dealt with later) */
+    if (UCHARAT(RExC_parse) == ']')
+       goto charclassloop;
+
+parseit:
+    while (1) {
+        if  (RExC_parse >= stop_ptr) {
+            break;
+        }
+
+        if (skip_white) {
+            RExC_parse = regpatws(pRExC_state, RExC_parse,
+                                  FALSE /* means don't recognize comments */);
+        }
+
+        if  (UCHARAT(RExC_parse) == ']') {
+            break;
+        }
+
+    charclassloop:
+
+       namedclass = OOB_NAMEDCLASS; /* initialize as illegal */
+        save_value = value;
+        save_prevvalue = prevvalue;
+
+       if (!range) {
+           rangebegin = RExC_parse;
+           element_count++;
+       }
+       if (UTF) {
+           value = utf8n_to_uvchr((U8*)RExC_parse,
+                                  RExC_end - RExC_parse,
+                                  &numlen, UTF8_ALLOW_DEFAULT);
+           RExC_parse += numlen;
+       }
+       else
+           value = UCHARAT(RExC_parse++);
+
+        if (value == '['
+            && RExC_parse < RExC_end
+            && POSIXCC(UCHARAT(RExC_parse)))
+        {
+            namedclass = regpposixcc(pRExC_state, value, strict);
+        }
+        else if (value == '\\') {
+           if (UTF) {
+               value = utf8n_to_uvchr((U8*)RExC_parse,
+                                  RExC_end - RExC_parse,
+                                  &numlen, UTF8_ALLOW_DEFAULT);
+               RExC_parse += numlen;
+           }
+           else
+               value = UCHARAT(RExC_parse++);
+
+           /* Some compilers cannot handle switching on 64-bit integer
+            * values, therefore value cannot be an UV.  Yes, this will
+            * be a problem later if we want switch on Unicode.
+            * A similar issue a little bit later when switching on
+            * namedclass. --jhi */
+
+            /* If the \ is escaping white space when white space is being
+             * skipped, it means that that white space is wanted literally, and
+             * is already in 'value'.  Otherwise, need to translate the escape
+             * into what it signifies. */
+            if (! skip_white || ! is_PATWS_cp(value)) switch ((I32)value) {
+
+           case 'w':   namedclass = ANYOF_WORDCHAR;    break;
+           case 'W':   namedclass = ANYOF_NWORDCHAR;   break;
+           case 's':   namedclass = ANYOF_SPACE;       break;
+           case 'S':   namedclass = ANYOF_NSPACE;      break;
+           case 'd':   namedclass = ANYOF_DIGIT;       break;
+           case 'D':   namedclass = ANYOF_NDIGIT;      break;
+           case 'v':   namedclass = ANYOF_VERTWS;      break;
+           case 'V':   namedclass = ANYOF_NVERTWS;     break;
+           case 'h':   namedclass = ANYOF_HORIZWS;     break;
+           case 'H':   namedclass = ANYOF_NHORIZWS;    break;
+            case 'N':  /* Handle \N{NAME} in class */
+                {
+                    /* We only pay attention to the first char of 
+                    multichar strings being returned. I kinda wonder
+                    if this makes sense as it does change the behaviour
+                    from earlier versions, OTOH that behaviour was broken
+                    as well. */
+                    if (! grok_bslash_N(pRExC_state, NULL, &value, flagp, depth,
+                                      TRUE, /* => charclass */
+                                      strict))
+                    {
+                        if (*flagp & RESTART_UTF8)
+                            FAIL("panic: grok_bslash_N set RESTART_UTF8");
+                        goto parseit;
+                    }
+                }
+                break;
+           case 'p':
+           case 'P':
+               {
+               char *e;
+
+                /* We will handle any undefined properties ourselves */
+                U8 swash_init_flags = _CORE_SWASH_INIT_RETURN_IF_UNDEF;
+
+               if (RExC_parse >= RExC_end)
+                   vFAIL2("Empty \\%c{}", (U8)value);
+               if (*RExC_parse == '{') {
+                   const U8 c = (U8)value;
+                   e = strchr(RExC_parse++, '}');
+                    if (!e)
+                        vFAIL2("Missing right brace on \\%c{}", c);
+                   while (isSPACE(UCHARAT(RExC_parse)))
+                       RExC_parse++;
+                    if (e == RExC_parse)
+                        vFAIL2("Empty \\%c{}", c);
+                   n = e - RExC_parse;
+                   while (isSPACE(UCHARAT(RExC_parse + n - 1)))
+                       n--;
+               }
+               else {
+                   e = RExC_parse;
+                   n = 1;
+               }
+               if (!SIZE_ONLY) {
+                    SV* invlist;
+                    char* name;
+
+                   if (UCHARAT(RExC_parse) == '^') {
+                        RExC_parse++;
+                        n--;
+                         /* toggle.  (The rhs xor gets the single bit that
+                          * differs between P and p; the other xor inverts just
+                          * that bit) */
+                         value ^= 'P' ^ 'p';
+
+                        while (isSPACE(UCHARAT(RExC_parse))) {
+                             RExC_parse++;
+                             n--;
+                        }
+                   }
+                    /* Try to get the definition of the property into
+                     * <invlist>.  If /i is in effect, the effective property
+                     * will have its name be <__NAME_i>.  The design is
+                     * discussed in commit
+                     * 2f833f5208e26b208886e51e09e2c072b5eabb46 */
+                    Newx(name, n + sizeof("_i__\n"), char);
+
+                    sprintf(name, "%s%.*s%s\n",
+                                    (FOLD) ? "__" : "",
+                                    (int)n,
+                                    RExC_parse,
+                                    (FOLD) ? "_i" : ""
+                    );
+
+                    /* Look up the property name, and get its swash and
+                     * inversion list, if the property is found  */
+                    if (swash) {
+                        SvREFCNT_dec_NN(swash);
+                    }
+                    swash = _core_swash_init("utf8", name, &PL_sv_undef,
+                                             1, /* binary */
+                                             0, /* not tr/// */
+                                             NULL, /* No inversion list */
+                                             &swash_init_flags
+                                            );
+                    if (! swash || ! (invlist = _get_swash_invlist(swash))) {
+                        if (swash) {
+                            SvREFCNT_dec_NN(swash);
+                            swash = NULL;
+                        }
+
+                        /* Here didn't find it.  It could be a user-defined
+                         * property that will be available at run-time.  If we
+                         * accept only compile-time properties, is an error;
+                         * otherwise add it to the list for run-time look up */
+                        if (ret_invlist) {
+                            RExC_parse = e + 1;
+                            vFAIL3("Property '%.*s' is unknown", (int) n, name);
+                        }
+                        Perl_sv_catpvf(aTHX_ listsv, "%cutf8::%s\n",
+                                        (value == 'p' ? '+' : '!'),
+                                        name);
+                        has_user_defined_property = TRUE;
+
+                        /* We don't know yet, so have to assume that the
+                         * property could match something in the Latin1 range,
+                         * hence something that isn't utf8.  Note that this
+                         * would cause things in <depends_list> to match
+                         * inappropriately, except that any \p{}, including
+                         * this one forces Unicode semantics, which means there
+                         * is <no depends_list> */
+                        ANYOF_FLAGS(ret) |= ANYOF_NONBITMAP_NON_UTF8;
+                    }
+                    else {
+
+                        /* Here, did get the swash and its inversion list.  If
+                         * the swash is from a user-defined property, then this
+                         * whole character class should be regarded as such */
+                        has_user_defined_property =
+                                    (swash_init_flags
+                                     & _CORE_SWASH_INIT_USER_DEFINED_PROPERTY);
+
+                        /* Invert if asking for the complement */
+                        if (value == 'P') {
+                           _invlist_union_complement_2nd(properties,
+                                                          invlist,
+                                                          &properties);
+
+                            /* The swash can't be used as-is, because we've
+                            * inverted things; delay removing it to here after
+                            * have copied its invlist above */
+                            SvREFCNT_dec_NN(swash);
+                            swash = NULL;
+                        }
+                        else {
+                            _invlist_union(properties, invlist, &properties);
+                       }
+                   }
+                   Safefree(name);
+               }
+               RExC_parse = e + 1;
+                namedclass = ANYOF_UNIPROP;  /* no official name, but it's
+                                                named */
+
+               /* \p means they want Unicode semantics */
+               RExC_uni_semantics = 1;
+               }
+               break;
+           case 'n':   value = '\n';                   break;
+           case 'r':   value = '\r';                   break;
+           case 't':   value = '\t';                   break;
+           case 'f':   value = '\f';                   break;
+           case 'b':   value = '\b';                   break;
+           case 'e':   value = ASCII_TO_NATIVE('\033');break;
+           case 'a':   value = ASCII_TO_NATIVE('\007');break;
+           case 'o':
+               RExC_parse--;   /* function expects to be pointed at the 'o' */
+               {
+                   const char* error_msg;
+                   bool valid = grok_bslash_o(&RExC_parse,
+                                              &value,
+                                              &error_msg,
+                                               SIZE_ONLY,   /* warnings in pass
+                                                               1 only */
+                                               strict,
+                                               silence_non_portable,
+                                               UTF);
+                   if (! valid) {
+                       vFAIL(error_msg);
+                   }
+               }
+               if (PL_encoding && value < 0x100) {
+                   goto recode_encoding;
+               }
+               break;
+           case 'x':
+               RExC_parse--;   /* function expects to be pointed at the 'x' */
+               {
+                   const char* error_msg;
+                   bool valid = grok_bslash_x(&RExC_parse,
+                                              &value,
+                                              &error_msg,
+                                              TRUE, /* Output warnings */
+                                               strict,
+                                               silence_non_portable,
+                                               UTF);
+                    if (! valid) {
+                       vFAIL(error_msg);
+                   }
+               }
+               if (PL_encoding && value < 0x100)
+                   goto recode_encoding;
+               break;
+           case 'c':
+               value = grok_bslash_c(*RExC_parse++, UTF, SIZE_ONLY);
+               break;
+           case '0': case '1': case '2': case '3': case '4':
+           case '5': case '6': case '7':
+               {
+                   /* Take 1-3 octal digits */
+                   I32 flags = PERL_SCAN_SILENT_ILLDIGIT;
+                    numlen = (strict) ? 4 : 3;
+                    value = grok_oct(--RExC_parse, &numlen, &flags, NULL);
+                   RExC_parse += numlen;
+                    if (numlen != 3) {
+                        if (strict) {
+                            RExC_parse += (UTF) ? UTF8SKIP(RExC_parse) : 1;
+                            vFAIL("Need exactly 3 octal digits");
+                        }
+                        else if (! SIZE_ONLY /* like \08, \178 */
+                                 && numlen < 3
+                                 && RExC_parse < RExC_end
+                                 && isDIGIT(*RExC_parse)
+                                 && ckWARN(WARN_REGEXP))
+                        {
+                            SAVEFREESV(RExC_rx_sv);
+                            reg_warn_non_literal_string(
+                                 RExC_parse + 1,
+                                 form_short_octal_warning(RExC_parse, numlen));
+                            (void)ReREFCNT_inc(RExC_rx_sv);
+                        }
+                    }
+                   if (PL_encoding && value < 0x100)
+                       goto recode_encoding;
+                   break;
+               }
+           recode_encoding:
+               if (! RExC_override_recoding) {
+                   SV* enc = PL_encoding;
+                   value = reg_recode((const char)(U8)value, &enc);
+                   if (!enc) {
+                        if (strict) {
+                            vFAIL("Invalid escape in the specified encoding");
+                        }
+                        else if (SIZE_ONLY) {
+                            ckWARNreg(RExC_parse,
+                                 "Invalid escape in the specified encoding");
+                        }
+                    }
+                   break;
+               }
+           default:
+               /* Allow \_ to not give an error */
+               if (!SIZE_ONLY && isWORDCHAR(value) && value != '_') {
+                    if (strict) {
+                        vFAIL2("Unrecognized escape \\%c in character class",
+                               (int)value);
+                    }
+                    else {
+                        SAVEFREESV(RExC_rx_sv);
+                        ckWARN2reg(RExC_parse,
+                            "Unrecognized escape \\%c in character class passed through",
+                            (int)value);
+                        (void)ReREFCNT_inc(RExC_rx_sv);
+                    }
+               }
+               break;
+           }   /* End of switch on char following backslash */
+       } /* end of handling backslash escape sequences */
+#ifdef EBCDIC
+        else
+            literal_endpoint++;
+#endif
+
+        /* Here, we have the current token in 'value' */
+
+        /* What matches in a locale is not known until runtime.  This includes
+         * what the Posix classes (like \w, [:space:]) match.  Room must be
+         * reserved (one time per class) to store such classes, either if Perl
+         * is compiled so that locale nodes always should have this space, or
+         * if there is such class info to be stored.  The space will contain a
+         * bit for each named class that is to be matched against.  This isn't
+         * needed for \p{} and pseudo-classes, as they are not affected by
+         * locale, and hence are dealt with separately */
+        if (LOC
+            && ! need_class
+            && (ANYOF_LOCALE == ANYOF_CLASS
+                || (namedclass > OOB_NAMEDCLASS && namedclass < ANYOF_MAX)))
+        {
+            need_class = 1;
+            if (SIZE_ONLY) {
+                RExC_size += ANYOF_CLASS_SKIP - ANYOF_SKIP;
+            }
+            else {
+                RExC_emit += ANYOF_CLASS_SKIP - ANYOF_SKIP;
+                ANYOF_CLASS_ZERO(ret);
+            }
+            ANYOF_FLAGS(ret) |= ANYOF_CLASS;
+        }
+
+       if (namedclass > OOB_NAMEDCLASS) { /* this is a named class \blah */
+
+           /* a bad range like a-\d, a-[:digit:].  The '-' is taken as a
+            * literal, as is the character that began the false range, i.e.
+            * the 'a' in the examples */
+           if (range) {
+               if (!SIZE_ONLY) {
+                   const int w = (RExC_parse >= rangebegin)
+                                  ? RExC_parse - rangebegin
+                                  : 0;
+                    if (strict) {
+                        vFAIL4("False [] range \"%*.*s\"", w, w, rangebegin);
+                    }
+                    else {
+                        SAVEFREESV(RExC_rx_sv); /* in case of fatal warnings */
+                        ckWARN4reg(RExC_parse,
+                                "False [] range \"%*.*s\"",
+                                w, w, rangebegin);
+                        (void)ReREFCNT_inc(RExC_rx_sv);
+                        cp_list = add_cp_to_invlist(cp_list, '-');
+                        cp_list = add_cp_to_invlist(cp_list, prevvalue);
+                    }
+               }
+
+               range = 0; /* this was not a true range */
+                element_count += 2; /* So counts for three values */
+           }
+
+           if (! SIZE_ONLY) {
+                U8 classnum = namedclass_to_classnum(namedclass);
+                if (namedclass >= ANYOF_MAX) {  /* If a special class */
+                    if (namedclass != ANYOF_UNIPROP) { /* UNIPROP = \p and \P */
+
+                        /* Here, should be \h, \H, \v, or \V.  Neither /d nor
+                         * /l make a difference in what these match.  There
+                         * would be problems if these characters had folds
+                         * other than themselves, as cp_list is subject to
+                         * folding. */
+                        if (classnum != _CC_VERTSPACE) {
+                            assert(   namedclass == ANYOF_HORIZWS
+                                   || namedclass == ANYOF_NHORIZWS);
+
+                            /* It turns out that \h is just a synonym for
+                             * XPosixBlank */
+                            classnum = _CC_BLANK;
+                        }
+
+                        _invlist_union_maybe_complement_2nd(
+                                cp_list,
+                                PL_XPosix_ptrs[classnum],
+                                cBOOL(namedclass % 2), /* Complement if odd
+                                                          (NHORIZWS, NVERTWS)
+                                                        */
+                                &cp_list);
+                    }
+                }
+                else if (classnum == _CC_ASCII) {
+#ifdef HAS_ISASCII
+                    if (LOC) {
+                        ANYOF_CLASS_SET(ret, namedclass);
+                    }
+                    else
+#endif  /* Not isascii(); just use the hard-coded definition for it */
+                        _invlist_union_maybe_complement_2nd(
+                                posixes,
+                                PL_ASCII,
+                                cBOOL(namedclass % 2), /* Complement if odd
+                                                          (NASCII) */
+                                &posixes);
+                }
+                else {  /* Garden variety class */
+
+                    /* The ascii range inversion list */
+                    SV* ascii_source = PL_Posix_ptrs[classnum];
+
+                    /* The full Latin1 range inversion list */
+                    SV* l1_source = PL_L1Posix_ptrs[classnum];
+
+                    /* This code is structured into two major clauses.  The
+                     * first is for classes whose complete definitions may not
+                     * already be known.  It not, the Latin1 definition
+                     * (guaranteed to already known) is used plus code is
+                     * generated to load the rest at run-time (only if needed).
+                     * If the complete definition is known, it drops down to
+                     * the second clause, where the complete definition is
+                     * known */
+
+                    if (classnum < _FIRST_NON_SWASH_CC) {
+
+                        /* Here, the class has a swash, which may or not
+                         * already be loaded */
+
+                        /* The name of the property to use to match the full
+                         * eXtended Unicode range swash for this character
+                         * class */
+                        const char *Xname = swash_property_names[classnum];
+
+                        /* If returning the inversion list, we can't defer
+                         * getting this until runtime */
+                        if (ret_invlist && !  PL_utf8_swash_ptrs[classnum]) {
+                            PL_utf8_swash_ptrs[classnum] =
+                                _core_swash_init("utf8", Xname, &PL_sv_undef,
+                                             1, /* binary */
+                                             0, /* not tr/// */
+                                             NULL, /* No inversion list */
+                                             NULL  /* No flags */
+                                            );
+                            assert(PL_utf8_swash_ptrs[classnum]);
+                        }
+                        if ( !  PL_utf8_swash_ptrs[classnum]) {
+                            if (namedclass % 2 == 0) { /* A non-complemented
+                                                          class */
+                                /* If not /a matching, there are code points we
+                                 * don't know at compile time.  Arrange for the
+                                 * unknown matches to be loaded at run-time, if
+                                 * needed */
+                                if (! AT_LEAST_ASCII_RESTRICTED) {
+                                    Perl_sv_catpvf(aTHX_ listsv, "+utf8::%s\n",
+                                                                 Xname);
+                                }
+                                if (LOC) {  /* Under locale, set run-time
+                                               lookup */
+                                    ANYOF_CLASS_SET(ret, namedclass);
+                                }
+                                else {
+                                    /* Add the current class's code points to
+                                     * the running total */
+                                    _invlist_union(posixes,
+                                                   (AT_LEAST_ASCII_RESTRICTED)
+                                                        ? ascii_source
+                                                        : l1_source,
+                                                   &posixes);
+                                }
+                            }
+                            else {  /* A complemented class */
+                                if (AT_LEAST_ASCII_RESTRICTED) {
+                                    /* Under /a should match everything above
+                                     * ASCII, plus the complement of the set's
+                                     * ASCII matches */
+                                    _invlist_union_complement_2nd(posixes,
+                                                                  ascii_source,
+                                                                  &posixes);
+                                }
+                                else {
+                                    /* Arrange for the unknown matches to be
+                                     * loaded at run-time, if needed */
+                                    Perl_sv_catpvf(aTHX_ listsv, "!utf8::%s\n",
+                                                                 Xname);
+                                    runtime_posix_matches_above_Unicode = TRUE;
+                                    if (LOC) {
+                                        ANYOF_CLASS_SET(ret, namedclass);
+                                    }
+                                    else {
+
+                                        /* We want to match everything in
+                                         * Latin1, except those things that
+                                         * l1_source matches */
+                                        SV* scratch_list = NULL;
+                                        _invlist_subtract(PL_Latin1, l1_source,
+                                                          &scratch_list);
+
+                                        /* Add the list from this class to the
+                                         * running total */
+                                        if (! posixes) {
+                                            posixes = scratch_list;
+                                        }
+                                        else {
+                                            _invlist_union(posixes,
+                                                           scratch_list,
+                                                           &posixes);
+                                            SvREFCNT_dec_NN(scratch_list);
+                                        }
+                                        if (DEPENDS_SEMANTICS) {
+                                            ANYOF_FLAGS(ret)
+                                                  |= ANYOF_NON_UTF8_LATIN1_ALL;
+                                        }
+                                    }
+                                }
+                            }
+                            goto namedclass_done;
+                        }
+
+                        /* Here, there is a swash loaded for the class.  If no
+                         * inversion list for it yet, get it */
+                        if (! PL_XPosix_ptrs[classnum]) {
+                            PL_XPosix_ptrs[classnum]
+                             = _swash_to_invlist(PL_utf8_swash_ptrs[classnum]);
+                        }
+                    }
+
+                    /* Here there is an inversion list already loaded for the
+                     * entire class */
+
+                    if (namedclass % 2 == 0) {  /* A non-complemented class,
+                                                   like ANYOF_PUNCT */
+                        if (! LOC) {
+                            /* For non-locale, just add it to any existing list
+                             * */
+                            _invlist_union(posixes,
+                                           (AT_LEAST_ASCII_RESTRICTED)
+                                               ? ascii_source
+                                               : PL_XPosix_ptrs[classnum],
+                                           &posixes);
+                        }
+                        else {  /* Locale */
+                            SV* scratch_list = NULL;
+
+                            /* For above Latin1 code points, we use the full
+                             * Unicode range */
+                            _invlist_intersection(PL_AboveLatin1,
+                                                  PL_XPosix_ptrs[classnum],
+                                                  &scratch_list);
+                            /* And set the output to it, adding instead if
+                             * there already is an output.  Checking if
+                             * 'posixes' is NULL first saves an extra clone.
+                             * Its reference count will be decremented at the
+                             * next union, etc, or if this is the only
+                             * instance, at the end of the routine */
+                            if (! posixes) {
+                                posixes = scratch_list;
+                            }
+                            else {
+                                _invlist_union(posixes, scratch_list, &posixes);
+                                SvREFCNT_dec_NN(scratch_list);
+                            }
+
+#ifndef HAS_ISBLANK
+                            if (namedclass != ANYOF_BLANK) {
+#endif
+                                /* Set this class in the node for runtime
+                                 * matching */
+                                ANYOF_CLASS_SET(ret, namedclass);
+#ifndef HAS_ISBLANK
+                            }
+                            else {
+                                /* No isblank(), use the hard-coded ASCII-range
+                                 * blanks, adding them to the running total. */
+
+                                _invlist_union(posixes, ascii_source, &posixes);
+                            }
+#endif
+                        }
+                    }
+                    else {  /* A complemented class, like ANYOF_NPUNCT */
+                        if (! LOC) {
+                            _invlist_union_complement_2nd(
+                                                posixes,
+                                                (AT_LEAST_ASCII_RESTRICTED)
+                                                    ? ascii_source
+                                                    : PL_XPosix_ptrs[classnum],
+                                                &posixes);
+                            /* Under /d, everything in the upper half of the
+                             * Latin1 range matches this complement */
+                            if (DEPENDS_SEMANTICS) {
+                                ANYOF_FLAGS(ret) |= ANYOF_NON_UTF8_LATIN1_ALL;
+                            }
+                        }
+                        else {  /* Locale */
+                            SV* scratch_list = NULL;
+                            _invlist_subtract(PL_AboveLatin1,
+                                              PL_XPosix_ptrs[classnum],
+                                              &scratch_list);
+                            if (! posixes) {
+                                posixes = scratch_list;
+                            }
+                            else {
+                                _invlist_union(posixes, scratch_list, &posixes);
+                                SvREFCNT_dec_NN(scratch_list);
+                            }
+#ifndef HAS_ISBLANK
+                            if (namedclass != ANYOF_NBLANK) {
+#endif
+                                ANYOF_CLASS_SET(ret, namedclass);
+#ifndef HAS_ISBLANK
+                            }
+                            else {
+                                /* Get the list of all code points in Latin1
+                                 * that are not ASCII blanks, and add them to
+                                 * the running total */
+                                _invlist_subtract(PL_Latin1, ascii_source,
+                                                  &scratch_list);
+                                _invlist_union(posixes, scratch_list, &posixes);
+                                SvREFCNT_dec_NN(scratch_list);
+                            }
+#endif
+                        }
+                    }
+                }
+              namedclass_done:
+               continue;   /* Go get next character */
+           }
+       } /* end of namedclass \blah */
+
+        /* Here, we have a single value.  If 'range' is set, it is the ending
+         * of a range--check its validity.  Later, we will handle each
+         * individual code point in the range.  If 'range' isn't set, this
+         * could be the beginning of a range, so check for that by looking
+         * ahead to see if the next real character to be processed is the range
+         * indicator--the minus sign */
+
+        if (skip_white) {
+            RExC_parse = regpatws(pRExC_state, RExC_parse,
+                                FALSE /* means don't recognize comments */);
+        }
+
+       if (range) {
+           if (prevvalue > value) /* b-a */ {
+               const int w = RExC_parse - rangebegin;
+               Simple_vFAIL4("Invalid [] range \"%*.*s\"", w, w, rangebegin);
+               range = 0; /* not a valid range */
+           }
+       }
+       else {
+            prevvalue = value; /* save the beginning of the potential range */
+            if (! stop_at_1     /* Can't be a range if parsing just one thing */
+                && *RExC_parse == '-')
+            {
+                char* next_char_ptr = RExC_parse + 1;
+                if (skip_white) {   /* Get the next real char after the '-' */
+                    next_char_ptr = regpatws(pRExC_state,
+                                             RExC_parse + 1,
+                                             FALSE); /* means don't recognize
+                                                        comments */
+                }
+
+                /* If the '-' is at the end of the class (just before the ']',
+                 * it is a literal minus; otherwise it is a range */
+                if (next_char_ptr < RExC_end && *next_char_ptr != ']') {
+                    RExC_parse = next_char_ptr;
+
+                    /* a bad range like \w-, [:word:]- ? */
+                    if (namedclass > OOB_NAMEDCLASS) {
+                        if (strict || ckWARN(WARN_REGEXP)) {
+                            const int w =
+                                RExC_parse >= rangebegin ?
+                                RExC_parse - rangebegin : 0;
+                            if (strict) {
+                                vFAIL4("False [] range \"%*.*s\"",
+                                    w, w, rangebegin);
+                            }
+                            else {
+                                vWARN4(RExC_parse,
+                                    "False [] range \"%*.*s\"",
+                                    w, w, rangebegin);
+                            }
+                        }
+                        if (!SIZE_ONLY) {
+                            cp_list = add_cp_to_invlist(cp_list, '-');
+                        }
+                        element_count++;
+                    } else
+                        range = 1;     /* yeah, it's a range! */
+                    continue;  /* but do it the next time */
+                }
+           }
+       }
+
+        /* Here, <prevvalue> is the beginning of the range, if any; or <value>
+         * if not */
+
+       /* non-Latin1 code point implies unicode semantics.  Must be set in
+        * pass1 so is there for the whole of pass 2 */
+       if (value > 255) {
+           RExC_uni_semantics = 1;
+       }
+
+        /* Ready to process either the single value, or the completed range.
+         * For single-valued non-inverted ranges, we consider the possibility
+         * of multi-char folds.  (We made a conscious decision to not do this
+         * for the other cases because it can often lead to non-intuitive
+         * results.  For example, you have the peculiar case that:
+         *  "s s" =~ /^[^\xDF]+$/i => Y
+         *  "ss"  =~ /^[^\xDF]+$/i => N
+         *
+         * See [perl #89750] */
+        if (FOLD && allow_multi_folds && value == prevvalue) {
+            if (value == LATIN_SMALL_LETTER_SHARP_S
+                || (value > 255 && _invlist_contains_cp(PL_HasMultiCharFold,
+                                                        value)))
+            {
+                /* Here <value> is indeed a multi-char fold.  Get what it is */
+
+                U8 foldbuf[UTF8_MAXBYTES_CASE];
+                STRLEN foldlen;
+
+                UV folded = _to_uni_fold_flags(
+                                value,
+                                foldbuf,
+                                &foldlen,
+                                FOLD_FLAGS_FULL
+                                | ((LOC) ?  FOLD_FLAGS_LOCALE
+                                            : (ASCII_FOLD_RESTRICTED)
+                                              ? FOLD_FLAGS_NOMIX_ASCII
+                                              : 0)
+                                );
+
+                /* Here, <folded> should be the first character of the
+                 * multi-char fold of <value>, with <foldbuf> containing the
+                 * whole thing.  But, if this fold is not allowed (because of
+                 * the flags), <fold> will be the same as <value>, and should
+                 * be processed like any other character, so skip the special
+                 * handling */
+                if (folded != value) {
+
+                    /* Skip if we are recursed, currently parsing the class
+                     * again.  Otherwise add this character to the list of
+                     * multi-char folds. */
+                    if (! RExC_in_multi_char_class) {
+                        AV** this_array_ptr;
+                        AV* this_array;
+                        STRLEN cp_count = utf8_length(foldbuf,
+                                                      foldbuf + foldlen);
+                        SV* multi_fold = sv_2mortal(newSVpvn("", 0));
+
+                        Perl_sv_catpvf(aTHX_ multi_fold, "\\x{%"UVXf"}", value);
+
+
+                        if (! multi_char_matches) {
+                            multi_char_matches = newAV();
+                        }
+
+                        /* <multi_char_matches> is actually an array of arrays.
+                         * There will be one or two top-level elements: [2],
+                         * and/or [3].  The [2] element is an array, each
+                         * element thereof is a character which folds to TWO
+                         * characters; [3] is for folds to THREE characters.
+                         * (Unicode guarantees a maximum of 3 characters in any
+                         * fold.)  When we rewrite the character class below,
+                         * we will do so such that the longest folds are
+                         * written first, so that it prefers the longest
+                         * matching strings first.  This is done even if it
+                         * turns out that any quantifier is non-greedy, out of
+                         * programmer laziness.  Tom Christiansen has agreed
+                         * that this is ok.  This makes the test for the
+                         * ligature 'ffi' come before the test for 'ff' */
+                        if (av_exists(multi_char_matches, cp_count)) {
+                            this_array_ptr = (AV**) av_fetch(multi_char_matches,
+                                                             cp_count, FALSE);
+                            this_array = *this_array_ptr;
+                        }
+                        else {
+                            this_array = newAV();
+                            av_store(multi_char_matches, cp_count,
+                                     (SV*) this_array);
+                        }
+                        av_push(this_array, multi_fold);
+                    }
+
+                    /* This element should not be processed further in this
+                     * class */
+                    element_count--;
+                    value = save_value;
+                    prevvalue = save_prevvalue;
+                    continue;
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        /* Deal with this element of the class */
+       if (! SIZE_ONLY) {
+#ifndef EBCDIC
+            cp_list = _add_range_to_invlist(cp_list, prevvalue, value);
+#else
+            SV* this_range = _new_invlist(1);
+            _append_range_to_invlist(this_range, prevvalue, value);
+
+            /* In EBCDIC, the ranges 'A-Z' and 'a-z' are each not contiguous.
+             * If this range was specified using something like 'i-j', we want
+             * to include only the 'i' and the 'j', and not anything in
+             * between, so exclude non-ASCII, non-alphabetics from it.
+             * However, if the range was specified with something like
+             * [\x89-\x91] or [\x89-j], all code points within it should be
+             * included.  literal_endpoint==2 means both ends of the range used
+             * a literal character, not \x{foo} */
+           if (literal_endpoint == 2
+                && (prevvalue >= 'a' && value <= 'z')
+                    || (prevvalue >= 'A' && value <= 'Z'))
+            {
+                _invlist_intersection(this_range, PL_Posix_ptrs[_CC_ALPHA],
+                                      &this_range);
+            }
+            _invlist_union(cp_list, this_range, &cp_list);
+            literal_endpoint = 0;
+#endif
+        }
+
+       range = 0; /* this range (if it was one) is done now */
+    } /* End of loop through all the text within the brackets */
+
+    /* If anything in the class expands to more than one character, we have to
+     * deal with them by building up a substitute parse string, and recursively
+     * calling reg() on it, instead of proceeding */
+    if (multi_char_matches) {
+       SV * substitute_parse = newSVpvn_flags("?:", 2, SVs_TEMP);
+        I32 cp_count;
+       STRLEN len;
+       char *save_end = RExC_end;
+       char *save_parse = RExC_parse;
+        bool first_time = TRUE;     /* First multi-char occurrence doesn't get
+                                       a "|" */
+        I32 reg_flags;
+
+        assert(! invert);
+#if 0   /* Have decided not to deal with multi-char folds in inverted classes,
+           because too confusing */
+        if (invert) {
+            sv_catpv(substitute_parse, "(?:");
+        }
+#endif
+
+        /* Look at the longest folds first */
+        for (cp_count = av_len(multi_char_matches); cp_count > 0; cp_count--) {
+
+            if (av_exists(multi_char_matches, cp_count)) {
+                AV** this_array_ptr;
+                SV* this_sequence;
+
+                this_array_ptr = (AV**) av_fetch(multi_char_matches,
+                                                 cp_count, FALSE);
+                while ((this_sequence = av_pop(*this_array_ptr)) !=
+                                                                &PL_sv_undef)
+                {
+                    if (! first_time) {
+                        sv_catpv(substitute_parse, "|");
+                    }
+                    first_time = FALSE;
+
+                    sv_catpv(substitute_parse, SvPVX(this_sequence));
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        /* If the character class contains anything else besides these
+         * multi-character folds, have to include it in recursive parsing */
+        if (element_count) {
+            sv_catpv(substitute_parse, "|[");
+            sv_catpvn(substitute_parse, orig_parse, RExC_parse - orig_parse);
+            sv_catpv(substitute_parse, "]");
+        }
+
+        sv_catpv(substitute_parse, ")");
+#if 0
+        if (invert) {
+            /* This is a way to get the parse to skip forward a whole named
+             * sequence instead of matching the 2nd character when it fails the
+             * first */
+            sv_catpv(substitute_parse, "(*THEN)(*SKIP)(*FAIL)|.)");
+        }
+#endif
+
+       RExC_parse = SvPV(substitute_parse, len);
+       RExC_end = RExC_parse + len;
+        RExC_in_multi_char_class = 1;
+        RExC_emit = (regnode *)orig_emit;
+
+       ret = reg(pRExC_state, 1, &reg_flags, depth+1);
+
+       *flagp |= reg_flags&(HASWIDTH|SIMPLE|SPSTART|POSTPONED|RESTART_UTF8);
+
+       RExC_parse = save_parse;
+       RExC_end = save_end;
+       RExC_in_multi_char_class = 0;
+        SvREFCNT_dec_NN(multi_char_matches);
+        return ret;
+    }
+
+    /* If the character class contains only a single element, it may be
+     * optimizable into another node type which is smaller and runs faster.
+     * Check if this is the case for this class */
+    if (element_count == 1 && ! ret_invlist) {
+        U8 op = END;
+        U8 arg = 0;
+
+        if (namedclass > OOB_NAMEDCLASS) { /* this is a named class, like \w or
+                                              [:digit:] or \p{foo} */
+
+            /* All named classes are mapped into POSIXish nodes, with its FLAG
+             * argument giving which class it is */
+            switch ((I32)namedclass) {
+                case ANYOF_UNIPROP:
+                    break;
+
+                /* These don't depend on the charset modifiers.  They always
+                 * match under /u rules */
+                case ANYOF_NHORIZWS:
+                case ANYOF_HORIZWS:
+                    namedclass = ANYOF_BLANK + namedclass - ANYOF_HORIZWS;
+                    /* FALLTHROUGH */
+
+                case ANYOF_NVERTWS:
+                case ANYOF_VERTWS:
+                    op = POSIXU;
+                    goto join_posix;
+
+                /* The actual POSIXish node for all the rest depends on the
+                 * charset modifier.  The ones in the first set depend only on
+                 * ASCII or, if available on this platform, locale */
+                case ANYOF_ASCII:
+                case ANYOF_NASCII:
+#ifdef HAS_ISASCII
+                    op = (LOC) ? POSIXL : POSIXA;
+#else
+                    op = POSIXA;
+#endif
+                    goto join_posix;
+
+                case ANYOF_NCASED:
+                case ANYOF_LOWER:
+                case ANYOF_NLOWER:
+                case ANYOF_UPPER:
+                case ANYOF_NUPPER:
+                    /* under /a could be alpha */
+                    if (FOLD) {
+                        if (ASCII_RESTRICTED) {
+                            namedclass = ANYOF_ALPHA + (namedclass % 2);
+                        }
+                        else if (! LOC) {
+                            break;
+                        }
+                    }
+                    /* FALLTHROUGH */
+
+                /* The rest have more possibilities depending on the charset.
+                 * We take advantage of the enum ordering of the charset
+                 * modifiers to get the exact node type, */
+                default:
+                    op = POSIXD + get_regex_charset(RExC_flags);
+                    if (op > POSIXA) { /* /aa is same as /a */
+                        op = POSIXA;
+                    }
+#ifndef HAS_ISBLANK
+                    if (op == POSIXL
+                        && (namedclass == ANYOF_BLANK
+                            || namedclass == ANYOF_NBLANK))
+                    {
+                        op = POSIXA;
+                    }
+#endif
+
+                join_posix:
+                    /* The odd numbered ones are the complements of the
+                     * next-lower even number one */
+                    if (namedclass % 2 == 1) {
+                        invert = ! invert;
+                        namedclass--;
+                    }
+                    arg = namedclass_to_classnum(namedclass);
+                    break;
+            }
+        }
+        else if (value == prevvalue) {
+
+            /* Here, the class consists of just a single code point */
+
+            if (invert) {
+                if (! LOC && value == '\n') {
+                    op = REG_ANY; /* Optimize [^\n] */
+                    *flagp |= HASWIDTH|SIMPLE;
+                    RExC_naughty++;
+                }
+            }
+            else if (value < 256 || UTF) {
+
+                /* Optimize a single value into an EXACTish node, but not if it
+                 * would require converting the pattern to UTF-8. */
+                op = compute_EXACTish(pRExC_state);
+            }
+        } /* Otherwise is a range */
+        else if (! LOC) {   /* locale could vary these */
+            if (prevvalue == '0') {
+                if (value == '9') {
+                    arg = _CC_DIGIT;
+                    op = POSIXA;
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        /* Here, we have changed <op> away from its initial value iff we found
+         * an optimization */
+        if (op != END) {
+
+            /* Throw away this ANYOF regnode, and emit the calculated one,
+             * which should correspond to the beginning, not current, state of
+             * the parse */
+            const char * cur_parse = RExC_parse;
+            RExC_parse = (char *)orig_parse;
+            if ( SIZE_ONLY) {
+                if (! LOC) {
+
+                    /* To get locale nodes to not use the full ANYOF size would
+                     * require moving the code above that writes the portions
+                     * of it that aren't in other nodes to after this point.
+                     * e.g.  ANYOF_CLASS_SET */
+                    RExC_size = orig_size;
+                }
+            }
+            else {
+                RExC_emit = (regnode *)orig_emit;
+                if (PL_regkind[op] == POSIXD) {
+                    if (invert) {
+                        op += NPOSIXD - POSIXD;
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+
+            ret = reg_node(pRExC_state, op);
+
+            if (PL_regkind[op] == POSIXD || PL_regkind[op] == NPOSIXD) {
+                if (! SIZE_ONLY) {
+                    FLAGS(ret) = arg;
+                }
+                *flagp |= HASWIDTH|SIMPLE;
+            }
+            else if (PL_regkind[op] == EXACT) {
+                alloc_maybe_populate_EXACT(pRExC_state, ret, flagp, 0, value);
+            }
+
+            RExC_parse = (char *) cur_parse;
+
+            SvREFCNT_dec(posixes);
+            SvREFCNT_dec(cp_list);
+            return ret;
+        }
+    }
+
+    if (SIZE_ONLY)
+        return ret;
+    /****** !SIZE_ONLY (Pass 2) AFTER HERE *********/
+
+    /* If folding, we calculate all characters that could fold to or from the
+     * ones already on the list */
+    if (FOLD && cp_list) {
+       UV start, end;  /* End points of code point ranges */
+
+       SV* fold_intersection = NULL;
+
+        /* If the highest code point is within Latin1, we can use the
+         * compiled-in Alphas list, and not have to go out to disk.  This
+         * yields two false positives, the masculine and feminine ordinal
+         * indicators, which are weeded out below using the
+         * IS_IN_SOME_FOLD_L1() macro */
+        if (invlist_highest(cp_list) < 256) {
+            _invlist_intersection(PL_L1Posix_ptrs[_CC_ALPHA], cp_list,
+                                                           &fold_intersection);
+        }
+        else {
+
+            /* Here, there are non-Latin1 code points, so we will have to go
+             * fetch the list of all the characters that participate in folds
+             */
+            if (! PL_utf8_foldable) {
+                SV* swash = swash_init("utf8", "_Perl_Any_Folds",
+                                       &PL_sv_undef, 1, 0);
+                PL_utf8_foldable = _get_swash_invlist(swash);
+                SvREFCNT_dec_NN(swash);
+            }
+
+            /* This is a hash that for a particular fold gives all characters
+             * that are involved in it */
+            if (! PL_utf8_foldclosures) {
+
+                /* If we were unable to find any folds, then we likely won't be
+                 * able to find the closures.  So just create an empty list.
+                 * Folding will effectively be restricted to the non-Unicode
+                 * rules hard-coded into Perl.  (This case happens legitimately
+                 * during compilation of Perl itself before the Unicode tables
+                 * are generated) */
+                if (_invlist_len(PL_utf8_foldable) == 0) {
+                    PL_utf8_foldclosures = newHV();
+                }
+                else {
+                    /* If the folds haven't been read in, call a fold function
+                     * to force that */
+                    if (! PL_utf8_tofold) {
+                        U8 dummy[UTF8_MAXBYTES+1];
+
+                        /* This string is just a short named one above \xff */
+                        to_utf8_fold((U8*) HYPHEN_UTF8, dummy, NULL);
+                        assert(PL_utf8_tofold); /* Verify that worked */
+                    }
+                    PL_utf8_foldclosures =
+                                    _swash_inversion_hash(PL_utf8_tofold);
+                }
+            }
+
+            /* Only the characters in this class that participate in folds need
+             * be checked.  Get the intersection of this class and all the
+             * possible characters that are foldable.  This can quickly narrow
+             * down a large class */
+            _invlist_intersection(PL_utf8_foldable, cp_list,
+                                  &fold_intersection);
+        }
+
+       /* Now look at the foldable characters in this class individually */
+       invlist_iterinit(fold_intersection);
+       while (invlist_iternext(fold_intersection, &start, &end)) {
+           UV j;
+
+            /* Locale folding for Latin1 characters is deferred until runtime */
+            if (LOC && start < 256) {
+                start = 256;
+            }
+
+           /* Look at every character in the range */
+           for (j = start; j <= end; j++) {
+
+               U8 foldbuf[UTF8_MAXBYTES_CASE+1];
+               STRLEN foldlen;
+                SV** listp;
+
+                if (j < 256) {
+
+                    /* We have the latin1 folding rules hard-coded here so that
+                     * an innocent-looking character class, like /[ks]/i won't
+                     * have to go out to disk to find the possible matches.
+                     * XXX It would be better to generate these via regen, in
+                     * case a new version of the Unicode standard adds new
+                     * mappings, though that is not really likely, and may be
+                     * caught by the default: case of the switch below. */
+
+                    if (IS_IN_SOME_FOLD_L1(j)) {
+
+                        /* ASCII is always matched; non-ASCII is matched only
+                         * under Unicode rules */
+                        if (isASCII(j) || AT_LEAST_UNI_SEMANTICS) {
+                            cp_list =
+                                add_cp_to_invlist(cp_list, PL_fold_latin1[j]);
+                        }
+                        else {
+                            depends_list =
+                             add_cp_to_invlist(depends_list, PL_fold_latin1[j]);
+                        }
+                    }
+
+                    if (HAS_NONLATIN1_FOLD_CLOSURE(j)
+                        && (! isASCII(j) || ! ASCII_FOLD_RESTRICTED))
+                    {
+                        /* Certain Latin1 characters have matches outside
+                         * Latin1.  To get here, <j> is one of those
+                         * characters.   None of these matches is valid for
+                         * ASCII characters under /aa, which is why the 'if'
+                         * just above excludes those.  These matches only
+                         * happen when the target string is utf8.  The code
+                         * below adds the single fold closures for <j> to the
+                         * inversion list. */
+                        switch (j) {
+                            case 'k':
+                            case 'K':
+                                cp_list =
+                                    add_cp_to_invlist(cp_list, KELVIN_SIGN);
+                                break;
+                            case 's':
+                            case 'S':
+                                cp_list = add_cp_to_invlist(cp_list,
+                                                    LATIN_SMALL_LETTER_LONG_S);
+                                break;
+                            case MICRO_SIGN:
+                                cp_list = add_cp_to_invlist(cp_list,
+                                                    GREEK_CAPITAL_LETTER_MU);
+                                cp_list = add_cp_to_invlist(cp_list,
+                                                    GREEK_SMALL_LETTER_MU);
+                                break;
+                            case LATIN_CAPITAL_LETTER_A_WITH_RING_ABOVE:
+                            case LATIN_SMALL_LETTER_A_WITH_RING_ABOVE:
+                                cp_list =
+                                    add_cp_to_invlist(cp_list, ANGSTROM_SIGN);
+                                break;
+                            case LATIN_SMALL_LETTER_Y_WITH_DIAERESIS:
+                                cp_list = add_cp_to_invlist(cp_list,
+                                        LATIN_CAPITAL_LETTER_Y_WITH_DIAERESIS);
+                                break;
+                            case LATIN_SMALL_LETTER_SHARP_S:
+                                cp_list = add_cp_to_invlist(cp_list,
+                                                LATIN_CAPITAL_LETTER_SHARP_S);
+                                break;
+                            case 'F': case 'f':
+                            case 'I': case 'i':
+                            case 'L': case 'l':
+                            case 'T': case 't':
+                            case 'A': case 'a':
+                            case 'H': case 'h':
+                            case 'J': case 'j':
+                            case 'N': case 'n':
+                            case 'W': case 'w':
+                            case 'Y': case 'y':
+                                /* These all are targets of multi-character
+                                 * folds from code points that require UTF8 to
+                                 * express, so they can't match unless the
+                                 * target string is in UTF-8, so no action here
+                                 * is necessary, as regexec.c properly handles
+                                 * the general case for UTF-8 matching and
+                                 * multi-char folds */
+                                break;
+                            default:
+                                /* Use deprecated warning to increase the
+                                 * chances of this being output */
+                                ckWARN2reg_d(RExC_parse, "Perl folding rules are not up-to-date for 0x%"UVXf"; please use the perlbug utility to report;", j);
+                                break;
+                        }
+                    }
+                    continue;
+                }
+
+                /* Here is an above Latin1 character.  We don't have the rules
+                 * hard-coded for it.  First, get its fold.  This is the simple
+                 * fold, as the multi-character folds have been handled earlier
+                 * and separated out */
+               _to_uni_fold_flags(j, foldbuf, &foldlen,
+                                               ((LOC)
+                                               ? FOLD_FLAGS_LOCALE
+                                               : (ASCII_FOLD_RESTRICTED)
+                                                  ? FOLD_FLAGS_NOMIX_ASCII
+                                                  : 0));
+
+                /* Single character fold of above Latin1.  Add everything in
+                 * its fold closure to the list that this node should match.
+                 * The fold closures data structure is a hash with the keys
+                 * being the UTF-8 of every character that is folded to, like
+                 * 'k', and the values each an array of all code points that
+                 * fold to its key.  e.g. [ 'k', 'K', KELVIN_SIGN ].
+                 * Multi-character folds are not included */
+                if ((listp = hv_fetch(PL_utf8_foldclosures,
+                                      (char *) foldbuf, foldlen, FALSE)))
+                {
+                    AV* list = (AV*) *listp;
+                    IV k;
+                    for (k = 0; k <= av_len(list); k++) {
+                        SV** c_p = av_fetch(list, k, FALSE);
+                        UV c;
+                        if (c_p == NULL) {
+                            Perl_croak(aTHX_ "panic: invalid PL_utf8_foldclosures structure");
+                        }
+                        c = SvUV(*c_p);
+
+                        /* /aa doesn't allow folds between ASCII and non-; /l
+                         * doesn't allow them between above and below 256 */
+                        if ((ASCII_FOLD_RESTRICTED
+                                  && (isASCII(c) != isASCII(j)))
+                            || (LOC && c < 256)) {
+                            continue;
+                        }
+
+                        /* Folds involving non-ascii Latin1 characters
+                         * under /d are added to a separate list */
+                        if (isASCII(c) || c > 255 || AT_LEAST_UNI_SEMANTICS)
+                        {
+                            cp_list = add_cp_to_invlist(cp_list, c);
+                        }
+                        else {
+                          depends_list = add_cp_to_invlist(depends_list, c);
+                        }
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+       }
+       SvREFCNT_dec_NN(fold_intersection);
+    }
+
+    /* And combine the result (if any) with any inversion list from posix
+     * classes.  The lists are kept separate up to now because we don't want to
+     * fold the classes (folding of those is automatically handled by the swash
+     * fetching code) */
+    if (posixes) {
+        if (! DEPENDS_SEMANTICS) {
+            if (cp_list) {
+                _invlist_union(cp_list, posixes, &cp_list);
+                SvREFCNT_dec_NN(posixes);
+            }
+            else {
+                cp_list = posixes;
+            }
+        }
+        else {
+            /* Under /d, we put into a separate list the Latin1 things that
+             * match only when the target string is utf8 */
+            SV* nonascii_but_latin1_properties = NULL;
+            _invlist_intersection(posixes, PL_Latin1,
+                                  &nonascii_but_latin1_properties);
+            _invlist_subtract(nonascii_but_latin1_properties, PL_ASCII,
+                              &nonascii_but_latin1_properties);
+            _invlist_subtract(posixes, nonascii_but_latin1_properties,
+                              &posixes);
+            if (cp_list) {
+                _invlist_union(cp_list, posixes, &cp_list);
+                SvREFCNT_dec_NN(posixes);
+            }
+            else {
+                cp_list = posixes;
+            }
+
+            if (depends_list) {
+                _invlist_union(depends_list, nonascii_but_latin1_properties,
+                               &depends_list);
+                SvREFCNT_dec_NN(nonascii_but_latin1_properties);
+            }
+            else {
+                depends_list = nonascii_but_latin1_properties;
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    /* And combine the result (if any) with any inversion list from properties.
+     * The lists are kept separate up to now so that we can distinguish the two
+     * in regards to matching above-Unicode.  A run-time warning is generated
+     * if a Unicode property is matched against a non-Unicode code point. But,
+     * we allow user-defined properties to match anything, without any warning,
+     * and we also suppress the warning if there is a portion of the character
+     * class that isn't a Unicode property, and which matches above Unicode, \W
+     * or [\x{110000}] for example.
+     * (Note that in this case, unlike the Posix one above, there is no
+     * <depends_list>, because having a Unicode property forces Unicode
+     * semantics */
+    if (properties) {
+        bool warn_super = ! has_user_defined_property;
+        if (cp_list) {
+
+            /* If it matters to the final outcome, see if a non-property
+             * component of the class matches above Unicode.  If so, the
+             * warning gets suppressed.  This is true even if just a single
+             * such code point is specified, as though not strictly correct if
+             * another such code point is matched against, the fact that they
+             * are using above-Unicode code points indicates they should know
+             * the issues involved */
+            if (warn_super) {
+                bool non_prop_matches_above_Unicode =
+                            runtime_posix_matches_above_Unicode
+                            | (invlist_highest(cp_list) > PERL_UNICODE_MAX);
+                if (invert) {
+                    non_prop_matches_above_Unicode =
+                                            !  non_prop_matches_above_Unicode;
+                }
+                warn_super = ! non_prop_matches_above_Unicode;
+            }
+
+            _invlist_union(properties, cp_list, &cp_list);
+            SvREFCNT_dec_NN(properties);
+        }
+        else {
+            cp_list = properties;
+        }
+
+        if (warn_super) {
+            OP(ret) = ANYOF_WARN_SUPER;
+        }
+    }
+
+    /* Here, we have calculated what code points should be in the character
+     * class.
+     *
+     * Now we can see about various optimizations.  Fold calculation (which we
+     * did above) needs to take place before inversion.  Otherwise /[^k]/i
+     * would invert to include K, which under /i would match k, which it
+     * shouldn't.  Therefore we can't invert folded locale now, as it won't be
+     * folded until runtime */
+
+    /* Optimize inverted simple patterns (e.g. [^a-z]) when everything is known
+     * at compile time.  Besides not inverting folded locale now, we can't
+     * invert if there are things such as \w, which aren't known until runtime
+     * */
+    if (invert
+        && ! (LOC && (FOLD || (ANYOF_FLAGS(ret) & ANYOF_CLASS)))
+       && ! depends_list
+       && ! HAS_NONLOCALE_RUNTIME_PROPERTY_DEFINITION)
+    {
+        _invlist_invert(cp_list);
+
+        /* Any swash can't be used as-is, because we've inverted things */
+        if (swash) {
+            SvREFCNT_dec_NN(swash);
+            swash = NULL;
+        }
+
+       /* Clear the invert flag since have just done it here */
+       invert = FALSE;
+    }
+
+    if (ret_invlist) {
+        *ret_invlist = cp_list;
+        SvREFCNT_dec(swash);
+
+        /* Discard the generated node */
+        if (SIZE_ONLY) {
+            RExC_size = orig_size;
+        }
+        else {
+            RExC_emit = orig_emit;
+        }
+        return orig_emit;
+    }
+
+    /* If we didn't do folding, it's because some information isn't available
+     * until runtime; set the run-time fold flag for these.  (We don't have to
+     * worry about properties folding, as that is taken care of by the swash
+     * fetching) */
+    if (FOLD && LOC)
+    {
+       ANYOF_FLAGS(ret) |= ANYOF_LOC_FOLD;
+    }
+
+    /* Some character classes are equivalent to other nodes.  Such nodes take
+     * up less room and generally fewer operations to execute than ANYOF nodes.
+     * Above, we checked for and optimized into some such equivalents for
+     * certain common classes that are easy to test.  Getting to this point in
+     * the code means that the class didn't get optimized there.  Since this
+     * code is only executed in Pass 2, it is too late to save space--it has
+     * been allocated in Pass 1, and currently isn't given back.  But turning
+     * things into an EXACTish node can allow the optimizer to join it to any
+     * adjacent such nodes.  And if the class is equivalent to things like /./,
+     * expensive run-time swashes can be avoided.  Now that we have more
+     * complete information, we can find things necessarily missed by the
+     * earlier code.  I (khw) am not sure how much to look for here.  It would
+     * be easy, but perhaps too slow, to check any candidates against all the
+     * node types they could possibly match using _invlistEQ(). */
+
+    if (cp_list
+        && ! invert
+        && ! depends_list
+        && ! (ANYOF_FLAGS(ret) & ANYOF_CLASS)
+        && ! HAS_NONLOCALE_RUNTIME_PROPERTY_DEFINITION)
+    {
+        UV start, end;
+        U8 op = END;  /* The optimzation node-type */
+        const char * cur_parse= RExC_parse;
+
+        invlist_iterinit(cp_list);
+        if (! invlist_iternext(cp_list, &start, &end)) {
+
+            /* Here, the list is empty.  This happens, for example, when a
+             * Unicode property is the only thing in the character class, and
+             * it doesn't match anything.  (perluniprops.pod notes such
+             * properties) */
+            op = OPFAIL;
+            *flagp |= HASWIDTH|SIMPLE;
+        }
+        else if (start == end) {    /* The range is a single code point */
+            if (! invlist_iternext(cp_list, &start, &end)
+
+                    /* Don't do this optimization if it would require changing
+                     * the pattern to UTF-8 */
+                && (start < 256 || UTF))
+            {
+                /* Here, the list contains a single code point.  Can optimize
+                 * into an EXACT node */
+
+                value = start;
+
+                if (! FOLD) {
+                    op = EXACT;
+                }
+                else if (LOC) {
+
+                    /* A locale node under folding with one code point can be
+                     * an EXACTFL, as its fold won't be calculated until
+                     * runtime */
+                    op = EXACTFL;
+                }
+                else {
+
+                    /* Here, we are generally folding, but there is only one
+                     * code point to match.  If we have to, we use an EXACT
+                     * node, but it would be better for joining with adjacent
+                     * nodes in the optimization pass if we used the same
+                     * EXACTFish node that any such are likely to be.  We can
+                     * do this iff the code point doesn't participate in any
+                     * folds.  For example, an EXACTF of a colon is the same as
+                     * an EXACT one, since nothing folds to or from a colon. */
+                    if (value < 256) {
+                        if (IS_IN_SOME_FOLD_L1(value)) {
+                            op = EXACT;
+                        }
+                    }
+                    else {
+                        if (! PL_utf8_foldable) {
+                            SV* swash = swash_init("utf8", "_Perl_Any_Folds",
+                                                &PL_sv_undef, 1, 0);
+                            PL_utf8_foldable = _get_swash_invlist(swash);
+                            SvREFCNT_dec_NN(swash);
+                        }
+                        if (_invlist_contains_cp(PL_utf8_foldable, value)) {
+                            op = EXACT;
+                        }
+                    }
+
+                    /* If we haven't found the node type, above, it means we
+                     * can use the prevailing one */
+                    if (op == END) {
+                        op = compute_EXACTish(pRExC_state);
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        else if (start == 0) {
+            if (end == UV_MAX) {
+                op = SANY;
+                *flagp |= HASWIDTH|SIMPLE;
+                RExC_naughty++;
+            }
+            else if (end == '\n' - 1
+                    && invlist_iternext(cp_list, &start, &end)
+                    && start == '\n' + 1 && end == UV_MAX)
+            {
+                op = REG_ANY;
+                *flagp |= HASWIDTH|SIMPLE;
+                RExC_naughty++;
+            }
+        }
+        invlist_iterfinish(cp_list);
+
+        if (op != END) {
+            RExC_parse = (char *)orig_parse;
+            RExC_emit = (regnode *)orig_emit;
+
+            ret = reg_node(pRExC_state, op);
+
+            RExC_parse = (char *)cur_parse;
+
+            if (PL_regkind[op] == EXACT) {
+                alloc_maybe_populate_EXACT(pRExC_state, ret, flagp, 0, value);
+            }
+
+            SvREFCNT_dec_NN(cp_list);
+            return ret;
+        }
+    }
+
+    /* Here, <cp_list> contains all the code points we can determine at
+     * compile time that match under all conditions.  Go through it, and
+     * for things that belong in the bitmap, put them there, and delete from
+     * <cp_list>.  While we are at it, see if everything above 255 is in the
+     * list, and if so, set a flag to speed up execution */
+    ANYOF_BITMAP_ZERO(ret);
+    if (cp_list) {
+
+       /* This gets set if we actually need to modify things */
+       bool change_invlist = FALSE;
+
+       UV start, end;
+
+       /* Start looking through <cp_list> */
+       invlist_iterinit(cp_list);
+       while (invlist_iternext(cp_list, &start, &end)) {
+           UV high;
+           int i;
+
+            if (end == UV_MAX && start <= 256) {
+                ANYOF_FLAGS(ret) |= ANYOF_UNICODE_ALL;
+            }
+
+           /* Quit if are above what we should change */
+           if (start > 255) {
+               break;
+           }
+
+           change_invlist = TRUE;
+
+           /* Set all the bits in the range, up to the max that we are doing */
+           high = (end < 255) ? end : 255;
+           for (i = start; i <= (int) high; i++) {
+               if (! ANYOF_BITMAP_TEST(ret, i)) {
+                   ANYOF_BITMAP_SET(ret, i);
+                   prevvalue = value;
+                   value = i;
+               }
+           }
+       }
+       invlist_iterfinish(cp_list);
+
+        /* Done with loop; remove any code points that are in the bitmap from
+         * <cp_list> */
+       if (change_invlist) {
+           _invlist_subtract(cp_list, PL_Latin1, &cp_list);
+       }
+
+       /* If have completely emptied it, remove it completely */
+       if (_invlist_len(cp_list) == 0) {
+           SvREFCNT_dec_NN(cp_list);
+           cp_list = NULL;
+       }
+    }
+
+    if (invert) {
+        ANYOF_FLAGS(ret) |= ANYOF_INVERT;
+    }
+
+    /* Here, the bitmap has been populated with all the Latin1 code points that
+     * always match.  Can now add to the overall list those that match only
+     * when the target string is UTF-8 (<depends_list>). */
+    if (depends_list) {
+       if (cp_list) {
+           _invlist_union(cp_list, depends_list, &cp_list);
+           SvREFCNT_dec_NN(depends_list);
+       }
+       else {
+           cp_list = depends_list;
+       }
+    }
+
+    /* If there is a swash and more than one element, we can't use the swash in
+     * the optimization below. */
+    if (swash && element_count > 1) {
+       SvREFCNT_dec_NN(swash);
+       swash = NULL;
+    }
+
+    if (! cp_list
+       && ! HAS_NONLOCALE_RUNTIME_PROPERTY_DEFINITION)
+    {
+       ARG_SET(ret, ANYOF_NONBITMAP_EMPTY);
+    }
+    else {
+       /* av[0] stores the character class description in its textual form:
+        *       used later (regexec.c:Perl_regclass_swash()) to initialize the
+        *       appropriate swash, and is also useful for dumping the regnode.
+        * av[1] if NULL, is a placeholder to later contain the swash computed
+        *       from av[0].  But if no further computation need be done, the
+        *       swash is stored there now.
+        * av[2] stores the cp_list inversion list for use in addition or
+        *       instead of av[0]; used only if av[1] is NULL
+        * av[3] is set if any component of the class is from a user-defined
+        *       property; used only if av[1] is NULL */
+       AV * const av = newAV();
+       SV *rv;
+
+       av_store(av, 0, (HAS_NONLOCALE_RUNTIME_PROPERTY_DEFINITION)
+                       ? SvREFCNT_inc(listsv) : &PL_sv_undef);
+       if (swash) {
+           av_store(av, 1, swash);
+           SvREFCNT_dec_NN(cp_list);
+       }
+       else {
+           av_store(av, 1, NULL);
+           if (cp_list) {
+               av_store(av, 2, cp_list);
+               av_store(av, 3, newSVuv(has_user_defined_property));
+           }
+       }
+
+       rv = newRV_noinc(MUTABLE_SV(av));
+       n = add_data(pRExC_state, 1, "s");
+       RExC_rxi->data->data[n] = (void*)rv;
+       ARG_SET(ret, n);
+    }
+
+    *flagp |= HASWIDTH|SIMPLE;
+    return ret;
+}
+#undef HAS_NONLOCALE_RUNTIME_PROPERTY_DEFINITION
+
+
+/* reg_skipcomment()
+
+   Absorbs an /x style # comments from the input stream.
+   Returns true if there is more text remaining in the stream.
+   Will set the REG_SEEN_RUN_ON_COMMENT flag if the comment
+   terminates the pattern without including a newline.
+
+   Note its the callers responsibility to ensure that we are
+   actually in /x mode
+
+*/
+
+STATIC bool
+S_reg_skipcomment(pTHX_ RExC_state_t *pRExC_state)
+{
+    bool ended = 0;
+
+    PERL_ARGS_ASSERT_REG_SKIPCOMMENT;
+
+    while (RExC_parse < RExC_end)
+        if (*RExC_parse++ == '\n') {
+            ended = 1;
+            break;
+        }
+    if (!ended) {
+        /* we ran off the end of the pattern without ending
+           the comment, so we have to add an \n when wrapping */
+        RExC_seen |= REG_SEEN_RUN_ON_COMMENT;
+        return 0;
+    } else
+        return 1;
+}
+
+/* nextchar()
+
+   Advances the parse position, and optionally absorbs
+   "whitespace" from the inputstream.
+
+   Without /x "whitespace" means (?#...) style comments only,
+   with /x this means (?#...) and # comments and whitespace proper.
+
+   Returns the RExC_parse point from BEFORE the scan occurs.
+
+   This is the /x friendly way of saying RExC_parse++.
+*/
+
+STATIC char*
+S_nextchar(pTHX_ RExC_state_t *pRExC_state)
+{
+    char* const retval = RExC_parse++;
+
+    PERL_ARGS_ASSERT_NEXTCHAR;
+
+    for (;;) {
+       if (RExC_end - RExC_parse >= 3
+           && *RExC_parse == '('
+           && RExC_parse[1] == '?'
+           && RExC_parse[2] == '#')
+       {
+           while (*RExC_parse != ')') {
+               if (RExC_parse == RExC_end)
+                   FAIL("Sequence (?#... not terminated");
+               RExC_parse++;
+           }
+           RExC_parse++;
+           continue;
+       }
+       if (RExC_flags & RXf_PMf_EXTENDED) {
+           if (isSPACE(*RExC_parse)) {
+               RExC_parse++;
+               continue;
+           }
+           else if (*RExC_parse == '#') {
+               if ( reg_skipcomment( pRExC_state ) )
+                   continue;
+           }
+       }
+       return retval;
+    }
+}
+
+/*
+- reg_node - emit a node
+*/
+STATIC regnode *                       /* Location. */
+S_reg_node(pTHX_ RExC_state_t *pRExC_state, U8 op)
+{
+    dVAR;
+    regnode *ptr;
+    regnode * const ret = RExC_emit;
+    GET_RE_DEBUG_FLAGS_DECL;
+
+    PERL_ARGS_ASSERT_REG_NODE;
+
+    if (SIZE_ONLY) {
+       SIZE_ALIGN(RExC_size);
+       RExC_size += 1;
+       return(ret);
+    }
+    if (RExC_emit >= RExC_emit_bound)
+        Perl_croak(aTHX_ "panic: reg_node overrun trying to emit %d, %p>=%p",
+                  op, RExC_emit, RExC_emit_bound);
+
+    NODE_ALIGN_FILL(ret);
+    ptr = ret;
+    FILL_ADVANCE_NODE(ptr, op);
+#ifdef RE_TRACK_PATTERN_OFFSETS
+    if (RExC_offsets) {         /* MJD */
+       MJD_OFFSET_DEBUG(("%s:%d: (op %s) %s %"UVuf" (len %"UVuf") (max %"UVuf").\n", 
+              "reg_node", __LINE__, 
+              PL_reg_name[op],
+              (UV)(RExC_emit - RExC_emit_start) > RExC_offsets[0] 
+               ? "Overwriting end of array!\n" : "OK",
+              (UV)(RExC_emit - RExC_emit_start),
+              (UV)(RExC_parse - RExC_start),
+              (UV)RExC_offsets[0])); 
+       Set_Node_Offset(RExC_emit, RExC_parse + (op == END));
+    }
+#endif
+    RExC_emit = ptr;
+    return(ret);
+}
+
+/*
+- reganode - emit a node with an argument
+*/
+STATIC regnode *                       /* Location. */
+S_reganode(pTHX_ RExC_state_t *pRExC_state, U8 op, U32 arg)
+{
+    dVAR;
+    regnode *ptr;
+    regnode * const ret = RExC_emit;
+    GET_RE_DEBUG_FLAGS_DECL;
+
+    PERL_ARGS_ASSERT_REGANODE;
+
+    if (SIZE_ONLY) {
+       SIZE_ALIGN(RExC_size);
+       RExC_size += 2;
+       /* 
+          We can't do this:
+          
+          assert(2==regarglen[op]+1); 
+
+          Anything larger than this has to allocate the extra amount.
+          If we changed this to be:
+          
+          RExC_size += (1 + regarglen[op]);
+          
+          then it wouldn't matter. Its not clear what side effect
+          might come from that so its not done so far.
+          -- dmq
+       */
+       return(ret);
+    }
+    if (RExC_emit >= RExC_emit_bound)
+        Perl_croak(aTHX_ "panic: reg_node overrun trying to emit %d, %p>=%p",
+                  op, RExC_emit, RExC_emit_bound);
+
+    NODE_ALIGN_FILL(ret);
+    ptr = ret;
+    FILL_ADVANCE_NODE_ARG(ptr, op, arg);
+#ifdef RE_TRACK_PATTERN_OFFSETS
+    if (RExC_offsets) {         /* MJD */
+       MJD_OFFSET_DEBUG(("%s(%d): (op %s) %s %"UVuf" <- %"UVuf" (max %"UVuf").\n", 
+              "reganode",
+             __LINE__,
+             PL_reg_name[op],
+              (UV)(RExC_emit - RExC_emit_start) > RExC_offsets[0] ? 
+              "Overwriting end of array!\n" : "OK",
+              (UV)(RExC_emit - RExC_emit_start),
+              (UV)(RExC_parse - RExC_start),
+              (UV)RExC_offsets[0])); 
+       Set_Cur_Node_Offset;
+    }
+#endif            
+    RExC_emit = ptr;
+    return(ret);
+}
+
+/*
+- reguni - emit (if appropriate) a Unicode character
+*/
+STATIC STRLEN
+S_reguni(pTHX_ const RExC_state_t *pRExC_state, UV uv, char* s)
+{
+    dVAR;
+
+    PERL_ARGS_ASSERT_REGUNI;
+
+    return SIZE_ONLY ? UNISKIP(uv) : (uvchr_to_utf8((U8*)s, uv) - (U8*)s);
+}
+
+/*
+- reginsert - insert an operator in front of already-emitted operand
+*
+* Means relocating the operand.
+*/
+STATIC void
+S_reginsert(pTHX_ RExC_state_t *pRExC_state, U8 op, regnode *opnd, U32 depth)
+{
+    dVAR;
+    regnode *src;
+    regnode *dst;
+    regnode *place;
+    const int offset = regarglen[(U8)op];
+    const int size = NODE_STEP_REGNODE + offset;
+    GET_RE_DEBUG_FLAGS_DECL;
+
+    PERL_ARGS_ASSERT_REGINSERT;
+    PERL_UNUSED_ARG(depth);
+/* (PL_regkind[(U8)op] == CURLY ? EXTRA_STEP_2ARGS : 0); */
+    DEBUG_PARSE_FMT("inst"," - %s",PL_reg_name[op]);
+    if (SIZE_ONLY) {
+       RExC_size += size;
+       return;
+    }
+
+    src = RExC_emit;
+    RExC_emit += size;
+    dst = RExC_emit;
+    if (RExC_open_parens) {
+        int paren;
+        /*DEBUG_PARSE_FMT("inst"," - %"IVdf, (IV)RExC_npar);*/
+        for ( paren=0 ; paren < RExC_npar ; paren++ ) {
+            if ( RExC_open_parens[paren] >= opnd ) {
+                /*DEBUG_PARSE_FMT("open"," - %d",size);*/
+                RExC_open_parens[paren] += size;
+            } else {
+                /*DEBUG_PARSE_FMT("open"," - %s","ok");*/
+            }
+            if ( RExC_close_parens[paren] >= opnd ) {
+                /*DEBUG_PARSE_FMT("close"," - %d",size);*/
+                RExC_close_parens[paren] += size;
+            } else {
+                /*DEBUG_PARSE_FMT("close"," - %s","ok");*/
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    while (src > opnd) {
+       StructCopy(--src, --dst, regnode);
+#ifdef RE_TRACK_PATTERN_OFFSETS
+        if (RExC_offsets) {     /* MJD 20010112 */
+           MJD_OFFSET_DEBUG(("%s(%d): (op %s) %s copy %"UVuf" -> %"UVuf" (max %"UVuf").\n",
+                  "reg_insert",
+                 __LINE__,
+                 PL_reg_name[op],
+                  (UV)(dst - RExC_emit_start) > RExC_offsets[0] 
+                   ? "Overwriting end of array!\n" : "OK",
+                  (UV)(src - RExC_emit_start),
+                  (UV)(dst - RExC_emit_start),
+                  (UV)RExC_offsets[0])); 
+           Set_Node_Offset_To_R(dst-RExC_emit_start, Node_Offset(src));
+           Set_Node_Length_To_R(dst-RExC_emit_start, Node_Length(src));
+        }
+#endif
+    }
+    
+
+    place = opnd;              /* Op node, where operand used to be. */
+#ifdef RE_TRACK_PATTERN_OFFSETS
+    if (RExC_offsets) {         /* MJD */
+       MJD_OFFSET_DEBUG(("%s(%d): (op %s) %s %"UVuf" <- %"UVuf" (max %"UVuf").\n", 
+              "reginsert",
+             __LINE__,
+             PL_reg_name[op],
+              (UV)(place - RExC_emit_start) > RExC_offsets[0] 
+              ? "Overwriting end of array!\n" : "OK",
+              (UV)(place - RExC_emit_start),
+              (UV)(RExC_parse - RExC_start),
+              (UV)RExC_offsets[0]));
+       Set_Node_Offset(place, RExC_parse);
+       Set_Node_Length(place, 1);
+    }
+#endif    
+    src = NEXTOPER(place);
+    FILL_ADVANCE_NODE(place, op);
+    Zero(src, offset, regnode);
+}
+
+/*
+- regtail - set the next-pointer at the end of a node chain of p to val.
+- SEE ALSO: regtail_study
+*/
+/* TODO: All three parms should be const */
+STATIC void
+S_regtail(pTHX_ RExC_state_t *pRExC_state, regnode *p, const regnode *val,U32 depth)
+{
+    dVAR;
+    regnode *scan;
+    GET_RE_DEBUG_FLAGS_DECL;
+
+    PERL_ARGS_ASSERT_REGTAIL;
+#ifndef DEBUGGING
+    PERL_UNUSED_ARG(depth);
+#endif
+
+    if (SIZE_ONLY)
+       return;
+
+    /* Find last node. */
+    scan = p;
+    for (;;) {
+       regnode * const temp = regnext(scan);
+        DEBUG_PARSE_r({
+            SV * const mysv=sv_newmortal();
+            DEBUG_PARSE_MSG((scan==p ? "tail" : ""));
+            regprop(RExC_rx, mysv, scan);
+            PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log, "~ %s (%d) %s %s\n",
+                SvPV_nolen_const(mysv), REG_NODE_NUM(scan),
+                    (temp == NULL ? "->" : ""),
+                    (temp == NULL ? PL_reg_name[OP(val)] : "")
+            );
+        });
+        if (temp == NULL)
+            break;
+        scan = temp;
+    }
+
+    if (reg_off_by_arg[OP(scan)]) {
+        ARG_SET(scan, val - scan);
+    }
+    else {
+        NEXT_OFF(scan) = val - scan;
+    }
+}
+
+#ifdef DEBUGGING
+/*
+- regtail_study - set the next-pointer at the end of a node chain of p to val.
+- Look for optimizable sequences at the same time.
+- currently only looks for EXACT chains.
+
+This is experimental code. The idea is to use this routine to perform 
+in place optimizations on branches and groups as they are constructed,
+with the long term intention of removing optimization from study_chunk so
+that it is purely analytical.
+
+Currently only used when in DEBUG mode. The macro REGTAIL_STUDY() is used
+to control which is which.
+
+*/
+/* TODO: All four parms should be const */
+
+STATIC U8
+S_regtail_study(pTHX_ RExC_state_t *pRExC_state, regnode *p, const regnode *val,U32 depth)
+{
+    dVAR;
+    regnode *scan;
+    U8 exact = PSEUDO;
+#ifdef EXPERIMENTAL_INPLACESCAN
+    I32 min = 0;
+#endif
+    GET_RE_DEBUG_FLAGS_DECL;
+
+    PERL_ARGS_ASSERT_REGTAIL_STUDY;
+
+
+    if (SIZE_ONLY)
+        return exact;
+
+    /* Find last node. */
+
+    scan = p;
+    for (;;) {
+        regnode * const temp = regnext(scan);
+#ifdef EXPERIMENTAL_INPLACESCAN
+        if (PL_regkind[OP(scan)] == EXACT) {
+           bool has_exactf_sharp_s;    /* Unexamined in this routine */
+            if (join_exact(pRExC_state,scan,&min, &has_exactf_sharp_s, 1,val,depth+1))
+                return EXACT;
+       }
+#endif
+        if ( exact ) {
+            switch (OP(scan)) {
+                case EXACT:
+                case EXACTF:
+                case EXACTFA:
+                case EXACTFU:
+                case EXACTFU_SS:
+                case EXACTFU_TRICKYFOLD:
+                case EXACTFL:
+                        if( exact == PSEUDO )
+                            exact= OP(scan);
+                        else if ( exact != OP(scan) )
+                            exact= 0;
+                case NOTHING:
+                    break;
+                default:
+                    exact= 0;
+            }
+        }
+        DEBUG_PARSE_r({
+            SV * const mysv=sv_newmortal();
+            DEBUG_PARSE_MSG((scan==p ? "tsdy" : ""));
+            regprop(RExC_rx, mysv, scan);
+            PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log, "~ %s (%d) -> %s\n",
+                SvPV_nolen_const(mysv),
+                REG_NODE_NUM(scan),
+                PL_reg_name[exact]);
+        });
+       if (temp == NULL)
+           break;
+       scan = temp;
+    }
+    DEBUG_PARSE_r({
+        SV * const mysv_val=sv_newmortal();
+        DEBUG_PARSE_MSG("");
+        regprop(RExC_rx, mysv_val, val);
+        PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log, "~ attach to %s (%"IVdf") offset to %"IVdf"\n",
+                     SvPV_nolen_const(mysv_val),
+                     (IV)REG_NODE_NUM(val),
+                     (IV)(val - scan)
+        );
+    });
+    if (reg_off_by_arg[OP(scan)]) {
+       ARG_SET(scan, val - scan);
+    }
+    else {
+       NEXT_OFF(scan) = val - scan;
+    }
+
+    return exact;
+}
+#endif
+
+/*
+ - regdump - dump a regexp onto Perl_debug_log in vaguely comprehensible form
+ */
+#ifdef DEBUGGING
+
+static void
+S_regdump_intflags(pTHX_ const char *lead, const U32 flags)
+{
+    int bit;
+    int set=0;
+
+    for (bit=0; bit<32; bit++) {
+        if (flags & (1<<bit)) {
+            if (!set++ && lead)
+                PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log, "%s",lead);
+            PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log, "%s ",PL_reg_intflags_name[bit]);
+        }
+    }
+    if (lead)  {
+        if (set)
+            PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log, "\n");
+        else
+            PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log, "%s[none-set]\n",lead);
+    }
+}
+
+static void 
+S_regdump_extflags(pTHX_ const char *lead, const U32 flags)
+{
+    int bit;
+    int set=0;
+    regex_charset cs;
+
+    for (bit=0; bit<32; bit++) {
+        if (flags & (1<<bit)) {
+           if ((1<<bit) & RXf_PMf_CHARSET) {   /* Output separately, below */
+               continue;
+           }
+            if (!set++ && lead) 
+                PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log, "%s",lead);
+            PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log, "%s ",PL_reg_extflags_name[bit]);
+        }              
+    }     
+    if ((cs = get_regex_charset(flags)) != REGEX_DEPENDS_CHARSET) {
+            if (!set++ && lead) {
+                PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log, "%s",lead);
+            }
+            switch (cs) {
+                case REGEX_UNICODE_CHARSET:
+                    PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log, "UNICODE");
+                    break;
+                case REGEX_LOCALE_CHARSET:
+                    PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log, "LOCALE");
+                    break;
+                case REGEX_ASCII_RESTRICTED_CHARSET:
+                    PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log, "ASCII-RESTRICTED");
+                    break;
+                case REGEX_ASCII_MORE_RESTRICTED_CHARSET:
+                    PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log, "ASCII-MORE_RESTRICTED");
+                    break;
+                default:
+                    PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log, "UNKNOWN CHARACTER SET");
+                    break;
+            }
+    }
+    if (lead)  {
+        if (set) 
+            PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log, "\n");
+        else 
+            PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log, "%s[none-set]\n",lead);
+    }            
+}   
+#endif
+
+void
+Perl_regdump(pTHX_ const regexp *r)
+{
+#ifdef DEBUGGING
+    dVAR;
+    SV * const sv = sv_newmortal();
+    SV *dsv= sv_newmortal();
+    RXi_GET_DECL(r,ri);
+    GET_RE_DEBUG_FLAGS_DECL;
+
+    PERL_ARGS_ASSERT_REGDUMP;
+
+    (void)dumpuntil(r, ri->program, ri->program + 1, NULL, NULL, sv, 0, 0);
+
+    /* Header fields of interest. */
+    if (r->anchored_substr) {
+       RE_PV_QUOTED_DECL(s, 0, dsv, SvPVX_const(r->anchored_substr), 
+           RE_SV_DUMPLEN(r->anchored_substr), 30);
+       PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log,
+                     "anchored %s%s at %"IVdf" ",
+                     s, RE_SV_TAIL(r->anchored_substr),
+                     (IV)r->anchored_offset);
+    } else if (r->anchored_utf8) {
+       RE_PV_QUOTED_DECL(s, 1, dsv, SvPVX_const(r->anchored_utf8), 
+           RE_SV_DUMPLEN(r->anchored_utf8), 30);
+       PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log,
+                     "anchored utf8 %s%s at %"IVdf" ",
+                     s, RE_SV_TAIL(r->anchored_utf8),
+                     (IV)r->anchored_offset);
+    }                
+    if (r->float_substr) {
+       RE_PV_QUOTED_DECL(s, 0, dsv, SvPVX_const(r->float_substr), 
+           RE_SV_DUMPLEN(r->float_substr), 30);
+       PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log,
+                     "floating %s%s at %"IVdf"..%"UVuf" ",
+                     s, RE_SV_TAIL(r->float_substr),
+                     (IV)r->float_min_offset, (UV)r->float_max_offset);
+    } else if (r->float_utf8) {
+       RE_PV_QUOTED_DECL(s, 1, dsv, SvPVX_const(r->float_utf8), 
+           RE_SV_DUMPLEN(r->float_utf8), 30);
+       PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log,
+                     "floating utf8 %s%s at %"IVdf"..%"UVuf" ",
+                     s, RE_SV_TAIL(r->float_utf8),
+                     (IV)r->float_min_offset, (UV)r->float_max_offset);
+    }
+    if (r->check_substr || r->check_utf8)
+       PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log,
+                     (const char *)
+                     (r->check_substr == r->float_substr
+                      && r->check_utf8 == r->float_utf8
+                      ? "(checking floating" : "(checking anchored"));
+    if (r->extflags & RXf_NOSCAN)
+       PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log, " noscan");
+    if (r->extflags & RXf_CHECK_ALL)
+       PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log, " isall");
+    if (r->check_substr || r->check_utf8)
+       PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log, ") ");
+
+    if (ri->regstclass) {
+       regprop(r, sv, ri->regstclass);
+       PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log, "stclass %s ", SvPVX_const(sv));
+    }
+    if (r->extflags & RXf_ANCH) {
+       PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log, "anchored");
+       if (r->extflags & RXf_ANCH_BOL)
+           PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log, "(BOL)");
+       if (r->extflags & RXf_ANCH_MBOL)
+           PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log, "(MBOL)");
+       if (r->extflags & RXf_ANCH_SBOL)
+           PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log, "(SBOL)");
+       if (r->extflags & RXf_ANCH_GPOS)
+           PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log, "(GPOS)");
+       PerlIO_putc(Perl_debug_log, ' ');
+    }
+    if (r->extflags & RXf_GPOS_SEEN)
+       PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log, "GPOS:%"UVuf" ", (UV)r->gofs);
+    if (r->intflags & PREGf_SKIP)
+       PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log, "plus ");
+    if (r->intflags & PREGf_IMPLICIT)
+       PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log, "implicit ");
+    PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log, "minlen %"IVdf" ", (IV)r->minlen);
+    if (r->extflags & RXf_EVAL_SEEN)
+       PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log, "with eval ");
+    PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log, "\n");
+    DEBUG_FLAGS_r({
+        regdump_extflags("r->extflags: ",r->extflags);
+        regdump_intflags("r->intflags: ",r->intflags);
+    });
+#else
+    PERL_ARGS_ASSERT_REGDUMP;
+    PERL_UNUSED_CONTEXT;
+    PERL_UNUSED_ARG(r);
+#endif /* DEBUGGING */
+}
+
+/*
+- regprop - printable representation of opcode
+*/
+#define EMIT_ANYOF_TEST_SEPARATOR(do_sep,sv,flags) \
+STMT_START { \
+        if (do_sep) {                           \
+            Perl_sv_catpvf(aTHX_ sv,"%s][%s",PL_colors[1],PL_colors[0]); \
+            if (flags & ANYOF_INVERT)           \
+                /*make sure the invert info is in each */ \
+                sv_catpvs(sv, "^");             \
+            do_sep = 0;                         \
+        }                                       \
+} STMT_END
+
+void
+Perl_regprop(pTHX_ const regexp *prog, SV *sv, const regnode *o)
+{
+#ifdef DEBUGGING
+    dVAR;
+    int k;
+
+    /* Should be synchronized with * ANYOF_ #xdefines in regcomp.h */
+    static const char * const anyofs[] = {
+#if _CC_WORDCHAR != 0 || _CC_DIGIT != 1 || _CC_ALPHA != 2 || _CC_LOWER != 3 \
+    || _CC_UPPER != 4 || _CC_PUNCT != 5 || _CC_PRINT != 6                   \
+    || _CC_ALPHANUMERIC != 7 || _CC_GRAPH != 8 || _CC_CASED != 9            \
+    || _CC_SPACE != 10 || _CC_BLANK != 11 || _CC_XDIGIT != 12               \
+    || _CC_PSXSPC != 13 || _CC_CNTRL != 14 || _CC_ASCII != 15               \
+    || _CC_VERTSPACE != 16
+  #error Need to adjust order of anyofs[]
+#endif
+        "[\\w]",
+        "[\\W]",
+        "[\\d]",
+        "[\\D]",
+        "[:alpha:]",
+        "[:^alpha:]",
+        "[:lower:]",
+        "[:^lower:]",
+        "[:upper:]",
+        "[:^upper:]",
+        "[:punct:]",
+        "[:^punct:]",
+        "[:print:]",
+        "[:^print:]",
+        "[:alnum:]",
+        "[:^alnum:]",
+        "[:graph:]",
+        "[:^graph:]",
+        "[:cased:]",
+        "[:^cased:]",
+        "[\\s]",
+        "[\\S]",
+        "[:blank:]",
+        "[:^blank:]",
+        "[:xdigit:]",
+        "[:^xdigit:]",
+        "[:space:]",
+        "[:^space:]",
+        "[:cntrl:]",
+        "[:^cntrl:]",
+        "[:ascii:]",
+        "[:^ascii:]",
+        "[\\v]",
+        "[\\V]"
+    };
+    RXi_GET_DECL(prog,progi);
+    GET_RE_DEBUG_FLAGS_DECL;
+    
+    PERL_ARGS_ASSERT_REGPROP;
+
+    sv_setpvs(sv, "");
+
+    if (OP(o) > REGNODE_MAX)           /* regnode.type is unsigned */
+       /* It would be nice to FAIL() here, but this may be called from
+          regexec.c, and it would be hard to supply pRExC_state. */
+       Perl_croak(aTHX_ "Corrupted regexp opcode %d > %d", (int)OP(o), (int)REGNODE_MAX);
+    sv_catpv(sv, PL_reg_name[OP(o)]); /* Take off const! */
+
+    k = PL_regkind[OP(o)];
+
+    if (k == EXACT) {
+       sv_catpvs(sv, " ");
+       /* Using is_utf8_string() (via PERL_PV_UNI_DETECT) 
+        * is a crude hack but it may be the best for now since 
+        * we have no flag "this EXACTish node was UTF-8" 
+        * --jhi */
+       pv_pretty(sv, STRING(o), STR_LEN(o), 60, PL_colors[0], PL_colors[1],
+                 PERL_PV_ESCAPE_UNI_DETECT |
+                 PERL_PV_ESCAPE_NONASCII   |
+                 PERL_PV_PRETTY_ELLIPSES   |
+                 PERL_PV_PRETTY_LTGT       |
+                 PERL_PV_PRETTY_NOCLEAR
+                 );
+    } else if (k == TRIE) {
+       /* print the details of the trie in dumpuntil instead, as
+        * progi->data isn't available here */
+        const char op = OP(o);
+        const U32 n = ARG(o);
+        const reg_ac_data * const ac = IS_TRIE_AC(op) ?
+               (reg_ac_data *)progi->data->data[n] :
+               NULL;
+        const reg_trie_data * const trie
+           = (reg_trie_data*)progi->data->data[!IS_TRIE_AC(op) ? n : ac->trie];
+        
+        Perl_sv_catpvf(aTHX_ sv, "-%s",PL_reg_name[o->flags]);
+        DEBUG_TRIE_COMPILE_r(
+            Perl_sv_catpvf(aTHX_ sv,
+                "<S:%"UVuf"/%"IVdf" W:%"UVuf" L:%"UVuf"/%"UVuf" C:%"UVuf"/%"UVuf">",
+                (UV)trie->startstate,
+                (IV)trie->statecount-1, /* -1 because of the unused 0 element */
+                (UV)trie->wordcount,
+                (UV)trie->minlen,
+                (UV)trie->maxlen,
+                (UV)TRIE_CHARCOUNT(trie),
+                (UV)trie->uniquecharcount
+            )
+        );
+        if ( IS_ANYOF_TRIE(op) || trie->bitmap ) {
+            int i;
+            int rangestart = -1;
+            U8* bitmap = IS_ANYOF_TRIE(op) ? (U8*)ANYOF_BITMAP(o) : (U8*)TRIE_BITMAP(trie);
+            sv_catpvs(sv, "[");
+            for (i = 0; i <= 256; i++) {
+                if (i < 256 && BITMAP_TEST(bitmap,i)) {
+                    if (rangestart == -1)
+                        rangestart = i;
+                } else if (rangestart != -1) {
+                    if (i <= rangestart + 3)
+                        for (; rangestart < i; rangestart++)
+                            put_byte(sv, rangestart);
+                    else {
+                        put_byte(sv, rangestart);
+                        sv_catpvs(sv, "-");
+                        put_byte(sv, i - 1);
+                    }
+                    rangestart = -1;
+                }
+            }
+            sv_catpvs(sv, "]");
+        } 
+        
+    } else if (k == CURLY) {
+       if (OP(o) == CURLYM || OP(o) == CURLYN || OP(o) == CURLYX)
+           Perl_sv_catpvf(aTHX_ sv, "[%d]", o->flags); /* Parenth number */
+       Perl_sv_catpvf(aTHX_ sv, " {%d,%d}", ARG1(o), ARG2(o));
+    }
+    else if (k == WHILEM && o->flags)                  /* Ordinal/of */
+       Perl_sv_catpvf(aTHX_ sv, "[%d/%d]", o->flags & 0xf, o->flags>>4);
+    else if (k == REF || k == OPEN || k == CLOSE || k == GROUPP || OP(o)==ACCEPT) {
+       Perl_sv_catpvf(aTHX_ sv, "%d", (int)ARG(o));    /* Parenth number */
+       if ( RXp_PAREN_NAMES(prog) ) {
+            if ( k != REF || (OP(o) < NREF)) {
+               AV *list= MUTABLE_AV(progi->data->data[progi->name_list_idx]);
+               SV **name= av_fetch(list, ARG(o), 0 );
+               if (name)
+                   Perl_sv_catpvf(aTHX_ sv, " '%"SVf"'", SVfARG(*name));
+            }      
+            else {
+                AV *list= MUTABLE_AV(progi->data->data[ progi->name_list_idx ]);
+                SV *sv_dat= MUTABLE_SV(progi->data->data[ ARG( o ) ]);
+                I32 *nums=(I32*)SvPVX(sv_dat);
+                SV **name= av_fetch(list, nums[0], 0 );
+                I32 n;
+                if (name) {
+                    for ( n=0; n<SvIVX(sv_dat); n++ ) {
+                        Perl_sv_catpvf(aTHX_ sv, "%s%"IVdf,
+                                   (n ? "," : ""), (IV)nums[n]);
+                    }
+                    Perl_sv_catpvf(aTHX_ sv, " '%"SVf"'", SVfARG(*name));
+                }
+            }
+        }            
+    } else if (k == GOSUB) 
+       Perl_sv_catpvf(aTHX_ sv, "%d[%+d]", (int)ARG(o),(int)ARG2L(o)); /* Paren and offset */
+    else if (k == VERB) {
+        if (!o->flags) 
+            Perl_sv_catpvf(aTHX_ sv, ":%"SVf, 
+                          SVfARG((MUTABLE_SV(progi->data->data[ ARG( o ) ]))));
+    } else if (k == LOGICAL)
+       Perl_sv_catpvf(aTHX_ sv, "[%d]", o->flags);     /* 2: embedded, otherwise 1 */
+    else if (k == ANYOF) {
+       int i, rangestart = -1;
+       const U8 flags = ANYOF_FLAGS(o);
+       int do_sep = 0;
+
+
+       if (flags & ANYOF_LOCALE)
+           sv_catpvs(sv, "{loc}");
+       if (flags & ANYOF_LOC_FOLD)
+           sv_catpvs(sv, "{i}");
+       Perl_sv_catpvf(aTHX_ sv, "[%s", PL_colors[0]);
+       if (flags & ANYOF_INVERT)
+           sv_catpvs(sv, "^");
+
+       /* output what the standard cp 0-255 bitmap matches */
+       for (i = 0; i <= 256; i++) {
+           if (i < 256 && ANYOF_BITMAP_TEST(o,i)) {
+               if (rangestart == -1)
+                   rangestart = i;
+           } else if (rangestart != -1) {
+               if (i <= rangestart + 3)
+                   for (; rangestart < i; rangestart++)
+                       put_byte(sv, rangestart);
+               else {
+                   put_byte(sv, rangestart);
+                   sv_catpvs(sv, "-");
+                   put_byte(sv, i - 1);
+               }
+               do_sep = 1;
+               rangestart = -1;
+           }
+       }
+        
+        EMIT_ANYOF_TEST_SEPARATOR(do_sep,sv,flags);
+        /* output any special charclass tests (used entirely under use locale) */
+       if (ANYOF_CLASS_TEST_ANY_SET(o))
+           for (i = 0; i < (int)(sizeof(anyofs)/sizeof(char*)); i++)
+               if (ANYOF_CLASS_TEST(o,i)) {
+                   sv_catpv(sv, anyofs[i]);
+                   do_sep = 1;
+               }
+        
+        EMIT_ANYOF_TEST_SEPARATOR(do_sep,sv,flags);
+        
+       if (flags & ANYOF_NON_UTF8_LATIN1_ALL) {
+           sv_catpvs(sv, "{non-utf8-latin1-all}");
+       }
+
+        /* output information about the unicode matching */
+       if (flags & ANYOF_UNICODE_ALL)
+           sv_catpvs(sv, "{unicode_all}");
+       else if (ANYOF_NONBITMAP(o))
+           sv_catpvs(sv, "{unicode}");
+       if (flags & ANYOF_NONBITMAP_NON_UTF8)
+           sv_catpvs(sv, "{outside bitmap}");
+
+       if (ANYOF_NONBITMAP(o)) {
+           SV *lv; /* Set if there is something outside the bit map */
+           SV * const sw = regclass_swash(prog, o, FALSE, &lv, NULL);
+            bool byte_output = FALSE;   /* If something in the bitmap has been
+                                           output */
+
+           if (lv && lv != &PL_sv_undef) {
+               if (sw) {
+                   U8 s[UTF8_MAXBYTES_CASE+1];
+
+                   for (i = 0; i <= 256; i++) { /* Look at chars in bitmap */
+                       uvchr_to_utf8(s, i);
+
+                       if (i < 256
+                            && ! ANYOF_BITMAP_TEST(o, i)    /* Don't duplicate
+                                                               things already
+                                                               output as part
+                                                               of the bitmap */
+                            && swash_fetch(sw, s, TRUE))
+                        {
+                           if (rangestart == -1)
+                               rangestart = i;
+                       } else if (rangestart != -1) {
+                            byte_output = TRUE;
+                           if (i <= rangestart + 3)
+                               for (; rangestart < i; rangestart++) {
+                                   put_byte(sv, rangestart);
+                               }
+                           else {
+                               put_byte(sv, rangestart);
+                               sv_catpvs(sv, "-");
+                               put_byte(sv, i-1);
+                           }
+                           rangestart = -1;
+                       }
+                   }
+               }
+
+               {
+                   char *s = savesvpv(lv);
+                   char * const origs = s;
+
+                   while (*s && *s != '\n')
+                       s++;
+
+                   if (*s == '\n') {
+                       const char * const t = ++s;
+
+                        if (byte_output) {
+                            sv_catpvs(sv, " ");
+                        }
+
+                       while (*s) {
+                           if (*s == '\n') {
+
+                                /* Truncate very long output */
+                               if (s - origs > 256) {
+                                   Perl_sv_catpvf(aTHX_ sv,
+                                                  "%.*s...",
+                                                  (int) (s - origs - 1),
+                                                  t);
+                                   goto out_dump;
+                               }
+                               *s = ' ';
+                           }
+                           else if (*s == '\t') {
+                               *s = '-';
+                           }
+                           s++;
+                       }
+                       if (s[-1] == ' ')
+                           s[-1] = 0;
+
+                       sv_catpv(sv, t);
+                   }
+
+               out_dump:
+
+                   Safefree(origs);
+               }
+               SvREFCNT_dec_NN(lv);
+           }
+       }
+
+       Perl_sv_catpvf(aTHX_ sv, "%s]", PL_colors[1]);
+    }
+    else if (k == POSIXD || k == NPOSIXD) {
+        U8 index = FLAGS(o) * 2;
+        if (index > (sizeof(anyofs) / sizeof(anyofs[0]))) {
+            Perl_sv_catpvf(aTHX_ sv, "[illegal type=%d])", index);
+        }
+        else {
+            sv_catpv(sv, anyofs[index]);
+        }
+    }
+    else if (k == BRANCHJ && (OP(o) == UNLESSM || OP(o) == IFMATCH))
+       Perl_sv_catpvf(aTHX_ sv, "[%d]", -(o->flags));
+#else
+    PERL_UNUSED_CONTEXT;
+    PERL_UNUSED_ARG(sv);
+    PERL_UNUSED_ARG(o);
+    PERL_UNUSED_ARG(prog);
+#endif /* DEBUGGING */
+}
+
+SV *
+Perl_re_intuit_string(pTHX_ REGEXP * const r)
+{                              /* Assume that RE_INTUIT is set */
+    dVAR;
+    struct regexp *const prog = ReANY(r);
+    GET_RE_DEBUG_FLAGS_DECL;
+
+    PERL_ARGS_ASSERT_RE_INTUIT_STRING;
+    PERL_UNUSED_CONTEXT;
+
+    DEBUG_COMPILE_r(
+       {
+           const char * const s = SvPV_nolen_const(prog->check_substr
+                     ? prog->check_substr : prog->check_utf8);
+
+           if (!PL_colorset) reginitcolors();
+           PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log,
+                     "%sUsing REx %ssubstr:%s \"%s%.60s%s%s\"\n",
+                     PL_colors[4],
+                     prog->check_substr ? "" : "utf8 ",
+                     PL_colors[5],PL_colors[0],
+                     s,
+                     PL_colors[1],
+                     (strlen(s) > 60 ? "..." : ""));
+       } );
+
+    return prog->check_substr ? prog->check_substr : prog->check_utf8;
+}
+
+/* 
+   pregfree() 
+   
+   handles refcounting and freeing the perl core regexp structure. When 
+   it is necessary to actually free the structure the first thing it 
+   does is call the 'free' method of the regexp_engine associated to
+   the regexp, allowing the handling of the void *pprivate; member 
+   first. (This routine is not overridable by extensions, which is why 
+   the extensions free is called first.)
+   
+   See regdupe and regdupe_internal if you change anything here. 
+*/
+#ifndef PERL_IN_XSUB_RE
+void
+Perl_pregfree(pTHX_ REGEXP *r)
+{
+    SvREFCNT_dec(r);
+}
+
+void
+Perl_pregfree2(pTHX_ REGEXP *rx)
+{
+    dVAR;
+    struct regexp *const r = ReANY(rx);
+    GET_RE_DEBUG_FLAGS_DECL;
+
+    PERL_ARGS_ASSERT_PREGFREE2;
+
+    if (r->mother_re) {
+        ReREFCNT_dec(r->mother_re);
+    } else {
+        CALLREGFREE_PVT(rx); /* free the private data */
+        SvREFCNT_dec(RXp_PAREN_NAMES(r));
+       Safefree(r->xpv_len_u.xpvlenu_pv);
+    }        
+    if (r->substrs) {
+        SvREFCNT_dec(r->anchored_substr);
+        SvREFCNT_dec(r->anchored_utf8);
+        SvREFCNT_dec(r->float_substr);
+        SvREFCNT_dec(r->float_utf8);
+       Safefree(r->substrs);
+    }
+    RX_MATCH_COPY_FREE(rx);
+#ifdef PERL_ANY_COW
+    SvREFCNT_dec(r->saved_copy);
+#endif
+    Safefree(r->offs);
+    SvREFCNT_dec(r->qr_anoncv);
+    rx->sv_u.svu_rx = 0;
+}
+
+/*  reg_temp_copy()
+    
+    This is a hacky workaround to the structural issue of match results
+    being stored in the regexp structure which is in turn stored in
+    PL_curpm/PL_reg_curpm. The problem is that due to qr// the pattern
+    could be PL_curpm in multiple contexts, and could require multiple
+    result sets being associated with the pattern simultaneously, such
+    as when doing a recursive match with (??{$qr})
+    
+    The solution is to make a lightweight copy of the regexp structure 
+    when a qr// is returned from the code executed by (??{$qr}) this
+    lightweight copy doesn't actually own any of its data except for
+    the starp/end and the actual regexp structure itself. 
+    
+*/    
+    
+    
+REGEXP *
+Perl_reg_temp_copy (pTHX_ REGEXP *ret_x, REGEXP *rx)
+{
+    struct regexp *ret;
+    struct regexp *const r = ReANY(rx);
+    const bool islv = ret_x && SvTYPE(ret_x) == SVt_PVLV;
+
+    PERL_ARGS_ASSERT_REG_TEMP_COPY;
+
+    if (!ret_x)
+       ret_x = (REGEXP*) newSV_type(SVt_REGEXP);
+    else {
+       SvOK_off((SV *)ret_x);
+       if (islv) {
+           /* For PVLVs, SvANY points to the xpvlv body while sv_u points
+              to the regexp.  (For SVt_REGEXPs, sv_upgrade has already
+              made both spots point to the same regexp body.) */
+           REGEXP *temp = (REGEXP *)newSV_type(SVt_REGEXP);
+           assert(!SvPVX(ret_x));
+           ret_x->sv_u.svu_rx = temp->sv_any;
+           temp->sv_any = NULL;
+           SvFLAGS(temp) = (SvFLAGS(temp) & ~SVTYPEMASK) | SVt_NULL;
+           SvREFCNT_dec_NN(temp);
+           /* SvCUR still resides in the xpvlv struct, so the regexp copy-
+              ing below will not set it. */
+           SvCUR_set(ret_x, SvCUR(rx));
+       }
+    }
+    /* This ensures that SvTHINKFIRST(sv) is true, and hence that
+       sv_force_normal(sv) is called.  */
+    SvFAKE_on(ret_x);
+    ret = ReANY(ret_x);
+    
+    SvFLAGS(ret_x) |= SvUTF8(rx);
+    /* We share the same string buffer as the original regexp, on which we
+       hold a reference count, incremented when mother_re is set below.
+       The string pointer is copied here, being part of the regexp struct.
+     */
+    memcpy(&(ret->xpv_cur), &(r->xpv_cur),
+          sizeof(regexp) - STRUCT_OFFSET(regexp, xpv_cur));
+    if (r->offs) {
+        const I32 npar = r->nparens+1;
+        Newx(ret->offs, npar, regexp_paren_pair);
+        Copy(r->offs, ret->offs, npar, regexp_paren_pair);
+    }
+    if (r->substrs) {
+        Newx(ret->substrs, 1, struct reg_substr_data);
+       StructCopy(r->substrs, ret->substrs, struct reg_substr_data);
+
+       SvREFCNT_inc_void(ret->anchored_substr);
+       SvREFCNT_inc_void(ret->anchored_utf8);
+       SvREFCNT_inc_void(ret->float_substr);
+       SvREFCNT_inc_void(ret->float_utf8);
+
+       /* check_substr and check_utf8, if non-NULL, point to either their
+          anchored or float namesakes, and don't hold a second reference.  */
+    }
+    RX_MATCH_COPIED_off(ret_x);
+#ifdef PERL_ANY_COW
+    ret->saved_copy = NULL;
+#endif
+    ret->mother_re = ReREFCNT_inc(r->mother_re ? r->mother_re : rx);
+    SvREFCNT_inc_void(ret->qr_anoncv);
+    
+    return ret_x;
+}
+#endif
+
+/* regfree_internal() 
+
+   Free the private data in a regexp. This is overloadable by 
+   extensions. Perl takes care of the regexp structure in pregfree(), 
+   this covers the *pprivate pointer which technically perl doesn't 
+   know about, however of course we have to handle the 
+   regexp_internal structure when no extension is in use. 
+   
+   Note this is called before freeing anything in the regexp 
+   structure. 
+ */
+void
+Perl_regfree_internal(pTHX_ REGEXP * const rx)
+{
+    dVAR;
+    struct regexp *const r = ReANY(rx);
+    RXi_GET_DECL(r,ri);
+    GET_RE_DEBUG_FLAGS_DECL;
+
+    PERL_ARGS_ASSERT_REGFREE_INTERNAL;
+
+    DEBUG_COMPILE_r({
+       if (!PL_colorset)
+           reginitcolors();
+       {
+           SV *dsv= sv_newmortal();
+            RE_PV_QUOTED_DECL(s, RX_UTF8(rx),
+                dsv, RX_PRECOMP(rx), RX_PRELEN(rx), 60);
+            PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log,"%sFreeing REx:%s %s\n", 
+                PL_colors[4],PL_colors[5],s);
+        }
+    });
+#ifdef RE_TRACK_PATTERN_OFFSETS
+    if (ri->u.offsets)
+        Safefree(ri->u.offsets);             /* 20010421 MJD */
+#endif
+    if (ri->code_blocks) {
+       int n;
+       for (n = 0; n < ri->num_code_blocks; n++)
+           SvREFCNT_dec(ri->code_blocks[n].src_regex);
+       Safefree(ri->code_blocks);
+    }
+
+    if (ri->data) {
+       int n = ri->data->count;
+
+       while (--n >= 0) {
+          /* If you add a ->what type here, update the comment in regcomp.h */
+           switch (ri->data->what[n]) {
+           case 'a':
+           case 'r':
+           case 's':
+           case 'S':
+           case 'u':
+               SvREFCNT_dec(MUTABLE_SV(ri->data->data[n]));
+               break;
+           case 'f':
+               Safefree(ri->data->data[n]);
+               break;
+           case 'l':
+           case 'L':
+               break;
+            case 'T':          
+                { /* Aho Corasick add-on structure for a trie node.
+                     Used in stclass optimization only */
+                    U32 refcount;
+                    reg_ac_data *aho=(reg_ac_data*)ri->data->data[n];
+                    OP_REFCNT_LOCK;
+                    refcount = --aho->refcount;
+                    OP_REFCNT_UNLOCK;
+                    if ( !refcount ) {
+                        PerlMemShared_free(aho->states);
+                        PerlMemShared_free(aho->fail);
+                        /* do this last!!!! */
+                        PerlMemShared_free(ri->data->data[n]);
+                        PerlMemShared_free(ri->regstclass);
+                    }
+                }
+                break;
+           case 't':
+               {
+                   /* trie structure. */
+                   U32 refcount;
+                   reg_trie_data *trie=(reg_trie_data*)ri->data->data[n];
+                    OP_REFCNT_LOCK;
+                    refcount = --trie->refcount;
+                    OP_REFCNT_UNLOCK;
+                    if ( !refcount ) {
+                        PerlMemShared_free(trie->charmap);
+                        PerlMemShared_free(trie->states);
+                        PerlMemShared_free(trie->trans);
+                        if (trie->bitmap)
+                            PerlMemShared_free(trie->bitmap);
+                        if (trie->jump)
+                            PerlMemShared_free(trie->jump);
+                       PerlMemShared_free(trie->wordinfo);
+                        /* do this last!!!! */
+                        PerlMemShared_free(ri->data->data[n]);
+                   }
+               }
+               break;
+           default:
+               Perl_croak(aTHX_ "panic: regfree data code '%c'", ri->data->what[n]);
+           }
+       }
+       Safefree(ri->data->what);
+       Safefree(ri->data);
+    }
+
+    Safefree(ri);
+}
+
+#define av_dup_inc(s,t)        MUTABLE_AV(sv_dup_inc((const SV *)s,t))
+#define hv_dup_inc(s,t)        MUTABLE_HV(sv_dup_inc((const SV *)s,t))
+#define SAVEPVN(p,n)   ((p) ? savepvn(p,n) : NULL)
+
+/* 
+   re_dup - duplicate a regexp. 
+   
+   This routine is expected to clone a given regexp structure. It is only
+   compiled under USE_ITHREADS.
+
+   After all of the core data stored in struct regexp is duplicated
+   the regexp_engine.dupe method is used to copy any private data
+   stored in the *pprivate pointer. This allows extensions to handle
+   any duplication it needs to do.
+
+   See pregfree() and regfree_internal() if you change anything here. 
+*/
+#if defined(USE_ITHREADS)
+#ifndef PERL_IN_XSUB_RE
+void
+Perl_re_dup_guts(pTHX_ const REGEXP *sstr, REGEXP *dstr, CLONE_PARAMS *param)
+{
+    dVAR;
+    I32 npar;
+    const struct regexp *r = ReANY(sstr);
+    struct regexp *ret = ReANY(dstr);
+    
+    PERL_ARGS_ASSERT_RE_DUP_GUTS;
+
+    npar = r->nparens+1;
+    Newx(ret->offs, npar, regexp_paren_pair);
+    Copy(r->offs, ret->offs, npar, regexp_paren_pair);
+
+    if (ret->substrs) {
+       /* Do it this way to avoid reading from *r after the StructCopy().
+          That way, if any of the sv_dup_inc()s dislodge *r from the L1
+          cache, it doesn't matter.  */
+       const bool anchored = r->check_substr
+           ? r->check_substr == r->anchored_substr
+           : r->check_utf8 == r->anchored_utf8;
+        Newx(ret->substrs, 1, struct reg_substr_data);
+       StructCopy(r->substrs, ret->substrs, struct reg_substr_data);
+
+       ret->anchored_substr = sv_dup_inc(ret->anchored_substr, param);
+       ret->anchored_utf8 = sv_dup_inc(ret->anchored_utf8, param);
+       ret->float_substr = sv_dup_inc(ret->float_substr, param);
+       ret->float_utf8 = sv_dup_inc(ret->float_utf8, param);
+
+       /* check_substr and check_utf8, if non-NULL, point to either their
+          anchored or float namesakes, and don't hold a second reference.  */
+
+       if (ret->check_substr) {
+           if (anchored) {
+               assert(r->check_utf8 == r->anchored_utf8);
+               ret->check_substr = ret->anchored_substr;
+               ret->check_utf8 = ret->anchored_utf8;
+           } else {
+               assert(r->check_substr == r->float_substr);
+               assert(r->check_utf8 == r->float_utf8);
+               ret->check_substr = ret->float_substr;
+               ret->check_utf8 = ret->float_utf8;
+           }
+       } else if (ret->check_utf8) {
+           if (anchored) {
+               ret->check_utf8 = ret->anchored_utf8;
+           } else {
+               ret->check_utf8 = ret->float_utf8;
+           }
+       }
+    }
+
+    RXp_PAREN_NAMES(ret) = hv_dup_inc(RXp_PAREN_NAMES(ret), param);
+    ret->qr_anoncv = MUTABLE_CV(sv_dup_inc((const SV *)ret->qr_anoncv, param));
+
+    if (ret->pprivate)
+       RXi_SET(ret,CALLREGDUPE_PVT(dstr,param));
+
+    if (RX_MATCH_COPIED(dstr))
+       ret->subbeg  = SAVEPVN(ret->subbeg, ret->sublen);
+    else
+       ret->subbeg = NULL;
+#ifdef PERL_ANY_COW
+    ret->saved_copy = NULL;
+#endif
+
+    /* Whether mother_re be set or no, we need to copy the string.  We
+       cannot refrain from copying it when the storage points directly to
+       our mother regexp, because that's
+              1: a buffer in a different thread
+              2: something we no longer hold a reference on
+              so we need to copy it locally.  */
+    RX_WRAPPED(dstr) = SAVEPVN(RX_WRAPPED(sstr), SvCUR(sstr)+1);
+    ret->mother_re   = NULL;
+    ret->gofs = 0;
+}
+#endif /* PERL_IN_XSUB_RE */
+
+/*
+   regdupe_internal()
+   
+   This is the internal complement to regdupe() which is used to copy
+   the structure pointed to by the *pprivate pointer in the regexp.
+   This is the core version of the extension overridable cloning hook.
+   The regexp structure being duplicated will be copied by perl prior
+   to this and will be provided as the regexp *r argument, however 
+   with the /old/ structures pprivate pointer value. Thus this routine
+   may override any copying normally done by perl.
+   
+   It returns a pointer to the new regexp_internal structure.
+*/
+
+void *
+Perl_regdupe_internal(pTHX_ REGEXP * const rx, CLONE_PARAMS *param)
+{
+    dVAR;
+    struct regexp *const r = ReANY(rx);
+    regexp_internal *reti;
+    int len;
+    RXi_GET_DECL(r,ri);
+
+    PERL_ARGS_ASSERT_REGDUPE_INTERNAL;
+    
+    len = ProgLen(ri);
+    
+    Newxc(reti, sizeof(regexp_internal) + len*sizeof(regnode), char, regexp_internal);
+    Copy(ri->program, reti->program, len+1, regnode);
+
+    reti->num_code_blocks = ri->num_code_blocks;
+    if (ri->code_blocks) {
+       int n;
+       Newxc(reti->code_blocks, ri->num_code_blocks, struct reg_code_block,
+               struct reg_code_block);
+       Copy(ri->code_blocks, reti->code_blocks, ri->num_code_blocks,
+               struct reg_code_block);
+       for (n = 0; n < ri->num_code_blocks; n++)
+            reti->code_blocks[n].src_regex = (REGEXP*)
+                   sv_dup_inc((SV*)(ri->code_blocks[n].src_regex), param);
+    }
+    else
+       reti->code_blocks = NULL;
+
+    reti->regstclass = NULL;
+
+    if (ri->data) {
+       struct reg_data *d;
+        const int count = ri->data->count;
+       int i;
+
+       Newxc(d, sizeof(struct reg_data) + count*sizeof(void *),
+               char, struct reg_data);
+       Newx(d->what, count, U8);
+
+       d->count = count;
+       for (i = 0; i < count; i++) {
+           d->what[i] = ri->data->what[i];
+           switch (d->what[i]) {
+               /* see also regcomp.h and regfree_internal() */
+           case 'a': /* actually an AV, but the dup function is identical.  */
+           case 'r':
+           case 's':
+           case 'S':
+           case 'u': /* actually an HV, but the dup function is identical.  */
+               d->data[i] = sv_dup_inc((const SV *)ri->data->data[i], param);
+               break;
+           case 'f':
+               /* This is cheating. */
+               Newx(d->data[i], 1, struct regnode_charclass_class);
+               StructCopy(ri->data->data[i], d->data[i],
+                           struct regnode_charclass_class);
+               reti->regstclass = (regnode*)d->data[i];
+               break;
+           case 'T':
+               /* Trie stclasses are readonly and can thus be shared
+                * without duplication. We free the stclass in pregfree
+                * when the corresponding reg_ac_data struct is freed.
+                */
+               reti->regstclass= ri->regstclass;
+               /* Fall through */
+           case 't':
+               OP_REFCNT_LOCK;
+               ((reg_trie_data*)ri->data->data[i])->refcount++;
+               OP_REFCNT_UNLOCK;
+               /* Fall through */
+           case 'l':
+           case 'L':
+               d->data[i] = ri->data->data[i];
+               break;
+            default:
+               Perl_croak(aTHX_ "panic: re_dup unknown data code '%c'", ri->data->what[i]);
+           }
+       }
+
+       reti->data = d;
+    }
+    else
+       reti->data = NULL;
+
+    reti->name_list_idx = ri->name_list_idx;
+
+#ifdef RE_TRACK_PATTERN_OFFSETS
+    if (ri->u.offsets) {
+        Newx(reti->u.offsets, 2*len+1, U32);
+        Copy(ri->u.offsets, reti->u.offsets, 2*len+1, U32);
+    }
+#else
+    SetProgLen(reti,len);
+#endif
+
+    return (void*)reti;
+}
+
+#endif    /* USE_ITHREADS */
+
+#ifndef PERL_IN_XSUB_RE
+
+/*
+ - regnext - dig the "next" pointer out of a node
+ */
+regnode *
+Perl_regnext(pTHX_ regnode *p)
+{
+    dVAR;
+    I32 offset;
+
+    if (!p)
+       return(NULL);
+
+    if (OP(p) > REGNODE_MAX) {         /* regnode.type is unsigned */
+       Perl_croak(aTHX_ "Corrupted regexp opcode %d > %d", (int)OP(p), (int)REGNODE_MAX);
+    }
+
+    offset = (reg_off_by_arg[OP(p)] ? ARG(p) : NEXT_OFF(p));
+    if (offset == 0)
+       return(NULL);
+
+    return(p+offset);
+}
+#endif
+
+STATIC void
+S_re_croak2(pTHX_ const char* pat1,const char* pat2,...)
+{
+    va_list args;
+    STRLEN l1 = strlen(pat1);
+    STRLEN l2 = strlen(pat2);
+    char buf[512];
+    SV *msv;
+    const char *message;
+
+    PERL_ARGS_ASSERT_RE_CROAK2;
+
+    if (l1 > 510)
+       l1 = 510;
+    if (l1 + l2 > 510)
+       l2 = 510 - l1;
+    Copy(pat1, buf, l1 , char);
+    Copy(pat2, buf + l1, l2 , char);
+    buf[l1 + l2] = '\n';
+    buf[l1 + l2 + 1] = '\0';
+#ifdef I_STDARG
+    /* ANSI variant takes additional second argument */
+    va_start(args, pat2);
+#else
+    va_start(args);
+#endif
+    msv = vmess(buf, &args);
+    va_end(args);
+    message = SvPV_const(msv,l1);
+    if (l1 > 512)
+       l1 = 512;
+    Copy(message, buf, l1 , char);
+    buf[l1-1] = '\0';                  /* Overwrite \n */
+    Perl_croak(aTHX_ "%s", buf);
+}
+
+/* XXX Here's a total kludge.  But we need to re-enter for swash routines. */
+
+#ifndef PERL_IN_XSUB_RE
+void
+Perl_save_re_context(pTHX)
+{
+    dVAR;
+
+    /* Save $1..$n (#18107: UTF-8 s/(\w+)/uc($1)/e); AMS 20021106. */
+    if (PL_curpm) {
+       const REGEXP * const rx = PM_GETRE(PL_curpm);
+       if (rx) {
+           U32 i;
+           for (i = 1; i <= RX_NPARENS(rx); i++) {
+               char digits[TYPE_CHARS(long)];
+               const STRLEN len = my_snprintf(digits, sizeof(digits), "%lu", (long)i);
+               GV *const *const gvp
+                   = (GV**)hv_fetch(PL_defstash, digits, len, 0);
+
+               if (gvp) {
+                   GV * const gv = *gvp;
+                   if (SvTYPE(gv) == SVt_PVGV && GvSV(gv))
+                       save_scalar(gv);
+               }
+           }
+       }
+    }
+}
+#endif
+
+#ifdef DEBUGGING
+
+STATIC void
+S_put_byte(pTHX_ SV *sv, int c)
+{
+    PERL_ARGS_ASSERT_PUT_BYTE;
+
+    /* Our definition of isPRINT() ignores locales, so only bytes that are
+       not part of UTF-8 are considered printable. I assume that the same
+       holds for UTF-EBCDIC.
+       Also, code point 255 is not printable in either (it's E0 in EBCDIC,
+       which Wikipedia says:
+
+       EO, or Eight Ones, is an 8-bit EBCDIC character code represented as all
+       ones (binary 1111 1111, hexadecimal FF). It is similar, but not
+       identical, to the ASCII delete (DEL) or rubout control character. ...
+       it is typically mapped to hexadecimal code 9F, in order to provide a
+       unique character mapping in both directions)
+
+       So the old condition can be simplified to !isPRINT(c)  */
+    if (!isPRINT(c)) {
+       if (c < 256) {
+           Perl_sv_catpvf(aTHX_ sv, "\\x%02x", c);
+       }
+       else {
+           Perl_sv_catpvf(aTHX_ sv, "\\x{%x}", c);
+       }
+    }
+    else {
+       const char string = c;
+       if (c == '-' || c == ']' || c == '\\' || c == '^')
+           sv_catpvs(sv, "\\");
+       sv_catpvn(sv, &string, 1);
+    }
+}
+
+
+#define CLEAR_OPTSTART \
+    if (optstart) STMT_START { \
+           DEBUG_OPTIMISE_r(PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log, " (%"IVdf" nodes)\n", (IV)(node - optstart))); \
+           optstart=NULL; \
+    } STMT_END
+
+#define DUMPUNTIL(b,e) CLEAR_OPTSTART; node=dumpuntil(r,start,(b),(e),last,sv,indent+1,depth+1);
+
+STATIC const regnode *
+S_dumpuntil(pTHX_ const regexp *r, const regnode *start, const regnode *node,
+           const regnode *last, const regnode *plast, 
+           SV* sv, I32 indent, U32 depth)
+{
+    dVAR;
+    U8 op = PSEUDO;    /* Arbitrary non-END op. */
+    const regnode *next;
+    const regnode *optstart= NULL;
+    
+    RXi_GET_DECL(r,ri);
+    GET_RE_DEBUG_FLAGS_DECL;
+
+    PERL_ARGS_ASSERT_DUMPUNTIL;
+
+#ifdef DEBUG_DUMPUNTIL
+    PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log, "--- %d : %d - %d - %d\n",indent,node-start,
+        last ? last-start : 0,plast ? plast-start : 0);
+#endif
+            
+    if (plast && plast < last) 
+        last= plast;
+
+    while (PL_regkind[op] != END && (!last || node < last)) {
+       /* While that wasn't END last time... */
+       NODE_ALIGN(node);
+       op = OP(node);
+       if (op == CLOSE || op == WHILEM)
+           indent--;
+       next = regnext((regnode *)node);
+
+       /* Where, what. */
+       if (OP(node) == OPTIMIZED) {
+           if (!optstart && RE_DEBUG_FLAG(RE_DEBUG_COMPILE_OPTIMISE))
+               optstart = node;
+           else
+               goto after_print;
+       } else
+           CLEAR_OPTSTART;
+
+       regprop(r, sv, node);
+       PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log, "%4"IVdf":%*s%s", (IV)(node - start),
+                     (int)(2*indent + 1), "", SvPVX_const(sv));
+        
+        if (OP(node) != OPTIMIZED) {                 
+            if (next == NULL)          /* Next ptr. */
+                PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log, " (0)");
+            else if (PL_regkind[(U8)op] == BRANCH && PL_regkind[OP(next)] != BRANCH )
+                PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log, " (FAIL)");
+            else 
+                PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log, " (%"IVdf")", (IV)(next - start));
+            (void)PerlIO_putc(Perl_debug_log, '\n'); 
+        }
+        
+      after_print:
+       if (PL_regkind[(U8)op] == BRANCHJ) {
+           assert(next);
+           {
+                const regnode *nnode = (OP(next) == LONGJMP
+                                       ? regnext((regnode *)next)
+                                       : next);
+                if (last && nnode > last)
+                    nnode = last;
+                DUMPUNTIL(NEXTOPER(NEXTOPER(node)), nnode);
+           }
+       }
+       else if (PL_regkind[(U8)op] == BRANCH) {
+           assert(next);
+           DUMPUNTIL(NEXTOPER(node), next);
+       }
+       else if ( PL_regkind[(U8)op]  == TRIE ) {
+           const regnode *this_trie = node;
+           const char op = OP(node);
+            const U32 n = ARG(node);
+           const reg_ac_data * const ac = op>=AHOCORASICK ?
+               (reg_ac_data *)ri->data->data[n] :
+               NULL;
+           const reg_trie_data * const trie =
+               (reg_trie_data*)ri->data->data[op<AHOCORASICK ? n : ac->trie];
+#ifdef DEBUGGING
+           AV *const trie_words = MUTABLE_AV(ri->data->data[n + TRIE_WORDS_OFFSET]);
+#endif
+           const regnode *nextbranch= NULL;
+           I32 word_idx;
+            sv_setpvs(sv, "");
+           for (word_idx= 0; word_idx < (I32)trie->wordcount; word_idx++) {
+               SV ** const elem_ptr = av_fetch(trie_words,word_idx,0);
+
+                PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log, "%*s%s ",
+                   (int)(2*(indent+3)), "",
+                    elem_ptr ? pv_pretty(sv, SvPV_nolen_const(*elem_ptr), SvCUR(*elem_ptr), 60,
+                           PL_colors[0], PL_colors[1],
+                           (SvUTF8(*elem_ptr) ? PERL_PV_ESCAPE_UNI : 0) |
+                           PERL_PV_PRETTY_ELLIPSES    |
+                           PERL_PV_PRETTY_LTGT
+                            )
+                            : "???"
+                );
+                if (trie->jump) {
+                    U16 dist= trie->jump[word_idx+1];
+                   PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log, "(%"UVuf")\n",
+                                 (UV)((dist ? this_trie + dist : next) - start));
+                    if (dist) {
+                        if (!nextbranch)
+                            nextbranch= this_trie + trie->jump[0];    
+                       DUMPUNTIL(this_trie + dist, nextbranch);
+                    }
+                    if (nextbranch && PL_regkind[OP(nextbranch)]==BRANCH)
+                        nextbranch= regnext((regnode *)nextbranch);
+                } else {
+                    PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log, "\n");
+               }
+           }
+           if (last && next > last)
+               node= last;
+           else
+               node= next;
+       }
+       else if ( op == CURLY ) {   /* "next" might be very big: optimizer */
+           DUMPUNTIL(NEXTOPER(node) + EXTRA_STEP_2ARGS,
+                    NEXTOPER(node) + EXTRA_STEP_2ARGS + 1);
+       }
+       else if (PL_regkind[(U8)op] == CURLY && op != CURLYX) {
+           assert(next);
+           DUMPUNTIL(NEXTOPER(node) + EXTRA_STEP_2ARGS, next);
+       }
+       else if ( op == PLUS || op == STAR) {
+           DUMPUNTIL(NEXTOPER(node), NEXTOPER(node) + 1);
+       }
+       else if (PL_regkind[(U8)op] == ANYOF) {
+           /* arglen 1 + class block */
+           node += 1 + ((ANYOF_FLAGS(node) & ANYOF_CLASS)
+                   ? ANYOF_CLASS_SKIP : ANYOF_SKIP);
+           node = NEXTOPER(node);
+       }
+       else if (PL_regkind[(U8)op] == EXACT) {
+            /* Literal string, where present. */
+           node += NODE_SZ_STR(node) - 1;
+           node = NEXTOPER(node);
+       }
+       else {
+           node = NEXTOPER(node);
+           node += regarglen[(U8)op];
+       }
+       if (op == CURLYX || op == OPEN)
+           indent++;
+    }
+    CLEAR_OPTSTART;
+#ifdef DEBUG_DUMPUNTIL    
+    PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log, "--- %d\n", (int)indent);
+#endif
+    return node;
+}
+
+#endif /* DEBUGGING */
+
+/*
+ * Local variables:
+ * c-indentation-style: bsd
+ * c-basic-offset: 4
+ * indent-tabs-mode: nil
+ * End:
+ *
+ * ex: set ts=8 sts=4 sw=4 et:
+ */
diff --git a/src/5019002/orig/regexec.c b/src/5019002/orig/regexec.c
new file mode 100644 (file)
index 0000000..3869d04
--- /dev/null
@@ -0,0 +1,7717 @@
+/*    regexec.c
+ */
+
+/*
+ *     One Ring to rule them all, One Ring to find them
+ &
+ *     [p.v of _The Lord of the Rings_, opening poem]
+ *     [p.50 of _The Lord of the Rings_, I/iii: "The Shadow of the Past"]
+ *     [p.254 of _The Lord of the Rings_, II/ii: "The Council of Elrond"]
+ */
+
+/* This file contains functions for executing a regular expression.  See
+ * also regcomp.c which funnily enough, contains functions for compiling
+ * a regular expression.
+ *
+ * This file is also copied at build time to ext/re/re_exec.c, where
+ * it's built with -DPERL_EXT_RE_BUILD -DPERL_EXT_RE_DEBUG -DPERL_EXT.
+ * This causes the main functions to be compiled under new names and with
+ * debugging support added, which makes "use re 'debug'" work.
+ */
+
+/* NOTE: this is derived from Henry Spencer's regexp code, and should not
+ * confused with the original package (see point 3 below).  Thanks, Henry!
+ */
+
+/* Additional note: this code is very heavily munged from Henry's version
+ * in places.  In some spots I've traded clarity for efficiency, so don't
+ * blame Henry for some of the lack of readability.
+ */
+
+/* The names of the functions have been changed from regcomp and
+ * regexec to  pregcomp and pregexec in order to avoid conflicts
+ * with the POSIX routines of the same names.
+*/
+
+#ifdef PERL_EXT_RE_BUILD
+#include "re_top.h"
+#endif
+
+/* At least one required character in the target string is expressible only in
+ * UTF-8. */
+static const char* const non_utf8_target_but_utf8_required
+                = "Can't match, because target string needs to be in UTF-8\n";
+
+#define NON_UTF8_TARGET_BUT_UTF8_REQUIRED(target) STMT_START { \
+    DEBUG_EXECUTE_r(PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log, "%s", non_utf8_target_but_utf8_required));\
+    goto target; \
+} STMT_END
+
+/*
+ * pregcomp and pregexec -- regsub and regerror are not used in perl
+ *
+ *     Copyright (c) 1986 by University of Toronto.
+ *     Written by Henry Spencer.  Not derived from licensed software.
+ *
+ *     Permission is granted to anyone to use this software for any
+ *     purpose on any computer system, and to redistribute it freely,
+ *     subject to the following restrictions:
+ *
+ *     1. The author is not responsible for the consequences of use of
+ *             this software, no matter how awful, even if they arise
+ *             from defects in it.
+ *
+ *     2. The origin of this software must not be misrepresented, either
+ *             by explicit claim or by omission.
+ *
+ *     3. Altered versions must be plainly marked as such, and must not
+ *             be misrepresented as being the original software.
+ *
+ ****    Alterations to Henry's code are...
+ ****
+ ****    Copyright (C) 1991, 1992, 1993, 1994, 1995, 1996, 1997, 1998, 1999,
+ ****    2000, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2008
+ ****    by Larry Wall and others
+ ****
+ ****    You may distribute under the terms of either the GNU General Public
+ ****    License or the Artistic License, as specified in the README file.
+ *
+ * Beware that some of this code is subtly aware of the way operator
+ * precedence is structured in regular expressions.  Serious changes in
+ * regular-expression syntax might require a total rethink.
+ */
+#include "EXTERN.h"
+#define PERL_IN_REGEXEC_C
+#include "perl.h"
+
+#ifdef PERL_IN_XSUB_RE
+#  include "re_comp.h"
+#else
+#  include "regcomp.h"
+#endif
+
+#include "inline_invlist.c"
+#include "unicode_constants.h"
+
+#define HAS_NONLATIN1_FOLD_CLOSURE(i) _HAS_NONLATIN1_FOLD_CLOSURE_ONLY_FOR_USE_BY_REGCOMP_DOT_C_AND_REGEXEC_DOT_C(i)
+
+#ifndef STATIC
+#define        STATIC  static
+#endif
+
+/* Valid for non-utf8 strings: avoids the reginclass
+ * call if there are no complications: i.e., if everything matchable is
+ * straight forward in the bitmap */
+#define REGINCLASS(prog,p,c)  (ANYOF_FLAGS(p) ? reginclass(prog,p,c,0)   \
+                                             : ANYOF_BITMAP_TEST(p,*(c)))
+
+/*
+ * Forwards.
+ */
+
+#define CHR_SVLEN(sv) (utf8_target ? sv_len_utf8(sv) : SvCUR(sv))
+#define CHR_DIST(a,b) (reginfo->is_utf8_target ? utf8_distance(a,b) : a - b)
+
+#define HOPc(pos,off) \
+       (char *)(reginfo->is_utf8_target \
+           ? reghop3((U8*)pos, off, \
+                    (U8*)(off >= 0 ? reginfo->strend : reginfo->strbeg)) \
+           : (U8*)(pos + off))
+#define HOPBACKc(pos, off) \
+       (char*)(reginfo->is_utf8_target \
+           ? reghopmaybe3((U8*)pos, -off, (U8*)(reginfo->strbeg)) \
+           : (pos - off >= reginfo->strbeg)    \
+               ? (U8*)pos - off                \
+               : NULL)
+
+#define HOP3(pos,off,lim) (reginfo->is_utf8_target  ? reghop3((U8*)(pos), off, (U8*)(lim)) : (U8*)(pos + off))
+#define HOP3c(pos,off,lim) ((char*)HOP3(pos,off,lim))
+
+
+#define NEXTCHR_EOS -10 /* nextchr has fallen off the end */
+#define NEXTCHR_IS_EOS (nextchr < 0)
+
+#define SET_nextchr \
+    nextchr = ((locinput < reginfo->strend) ? UCHARAT(locinput) : NEXTCHR_EOS)
+
+#define SET_locinput(p) \
+    locinput = (p);  \
+    SET_nextchr
+
+
+#define LOAD_UTF8_CHARCLASS(swash_ptr, property_name) STMT_START {            \
+        if (!swash_ptr) {                                                     \
+            U8 flags = _CORE_SWASH_INIT_ACCEPT_INVLIST;                       \
+            swash_ptr = _core_swash_init("utf8", property_name, &PL_sv_undef, \
+                                         1, 0, NULL, &flags);                 \
+            assert(swash_ptr);                                                \
+        }                                                                     \
+    } STMT_END
+
+/* If in debug mode, we test that a known character properly matches */
+#ifdef DEBUGGING
+#   define LOAD_UTF8_CHARCLASS_DEBUG_TEST(swash_ptr,                          \
+                                          property_name,                      \
+                                          utf8_char_in_property)              \
+        LOAD_UTF8_CHARCLASS(swash_ptr, property_name);                        \
+        assert(swash_fetch(swash_ptr, (U8 *) utf8_char_in_property, TRUE));
+#else
+#   define LOAD_UTF8_CHARCLASS_DEBUG_TEST(swash_ptr,                          \
+                                          property_name,                      \
+                                          utf8_char_in_property)              \
+        LOAD_UTF8_CHARCLASS(swash_ptr, property_name)
+#endif
+
+#define LOAD_UTF8_CHARCLASS_ALNUM() LOAD_UTF8_CHARCLASS_DEBUG_TEST(           \
+                                        PL_utf8_swash_ptrs[_CC_WORDCHAR],     \
+                                        swash_property_names[_CC_WORDCHAR],   \
+                                        GREEK_SMALL_LETTER_IOTA_UTF8)
+
+#define LOAD_UTF8_CHARCLASS_GCB()  /* Grapheme cluster boundaries */          \
+    STMT_START {                                                              \
+       LOAD_UTF8_CHARCLASS_DEBUG_TEST(PL_utf8_X_regular_begin,               \
+                                       "_X_regular_begin",                    \
+                                       GREEK_SMALL_LETTER_IOTA_UTF8);         \
+       LOAD_UTF8_CHARCLASS_DEBUG_TEST(PL_utf8_X_extend,                      \
+                                       "_X_extend",                           \
+                                       COMBINING_GRAVE_ACCENT_UTF8);          \
+    } STMT_END
+
+#define PLACEHOLDER    /* Something for the preprocessor to grab onto */
+/* TODO: Combine JUMPABLE and HAS_TEXT to cache OP(rn) */
+
+/* for use after a quantifier and before an EXACT-like node -- japhy */
+/* it would be nice to rework regcomp.sym to generate this stuff. sigh
+ *
+ * NOTE that *nothing* that affects backtracking should be in here, specifically
+ * VERBS must NOT be included. JUMPABLE is used to determine  if we can ignore a
+ * node that is in between two EXACT like nodes when ascertaining what the required
+ * "follow" character is. This should probably be moved to regex compile time
+ * although it may be done at run time beause of the REF possibility - more
+ * investigation required. -- demerphq
+*/
+#define JUMPABLE(rn) (      \
+    OP(rn) == OPEN ||       \
+    (OP(rn) == CLOSE && (!cur_eval || cur_eval->u.eval.close_paren != ARG(rn))) || \
+    OP(rn) == EVAL ||   \
+    OP(rn) == SUSPEND || OP(rn) == IFMATCH || \
+    OP(rn) == PLUS || OP(rn) == MINMOD || \
+    OP(rn) == KEEPS || \
+    (PL_regkind[OP(rn)] == CURLY && ARG1(rn) > 0) \
+)
+#define IS_EXACT(rn) (PL_regkind[OP(rn)] == EXACT)
+
+#define HAS_TEXT(rn) ( IS_EXACT(rn) || PL_regkind[OP(rn)] == REF )
+
+#if 0 
+/* Currently these are only used when PL_regkind[OP(rn)] == EXACT so
+   we don't need this definition. */
+#define IS_TEXT(rn)   ( OP(rn)==EXACT   || OP(rn)==REF   || OP(rn)==NREF   )
+#define IS_TEXTF(rn)  ( OP(rn)==EXACTFU || OP(rn)==EXACTFU_SS || OP(rn)==EXACTFU_TRICKYFOLD || OP(rn)==EXACTFA || OP(rn)==EXACTF || OP(rn)==REFF  || OP(rn)==NREFF )
+#define IS_TEXTFL(rn) ( OP(rn)==EXACTFL || OP(rn)==REFFL || OP(rn)==NREFFL )
+
+#else
+/* ... so we use this as its faster. */
+#define IS_TEXT(rn)   ( OP(rn)==EXACT   )
+#define IS_TEXTFU(rn)  ( OP(rn)==EXACTFU || OP(rn)==EXACTFU_SS || OP(rn)==EXACTFU_TRICKYFOLD || OP(rn) == EXACTFA)
+#define IS_TEXTF(rn)  ( OP(rn)==EXACTF  )
+#define IS_TEXTFL(rn) ( OP(rn)==EXACTFL )
+
+#endif
+
+/*
+  Search for mandatory following text node; for lookahead, the text must
+  follow but for lookbehind (rn->flags != 0) we skip to the next step.
+*/
+#define FIND_NEXT_IMPT(rn) STMT_START { \
+    while (JUMPABLE(rn)) { \
+       const OPCODE type = OP(rn); \
+       if (type == SUSPEND || PL_regkind[type] == CURLY) \
+           rn = NEXTOPER(NEXTOPER(rn)); \
+       else if (type == PLUS) \
+           rn = NEXTOPER(rn); \
+       else if (type == IFMATCH) \
+           rn = (rn->flags == 0) ? NEXTOPER(NEXTOPER(rn)) : rn + ARG(rn); \
+       else rn += NEXT_OFF(rn); \
+    } \
+} STMT_END 
+
+/* These constants are for finding GCB=LV and GCB=LVT in the CLUMP regnode.
+ * These are for the pre-composed Hangul syllables, which are all in a
+ * contiguous block and arranged there in such a way so as to facilitate
+ * alorithmic determination of their characteristics.  As such, they don't need
+ * a swash, but can be determined by simple arithmetic.  Almost all are
+ * GCB=LVT, but every 28th one is a GCB=LV */
+#define SBASE 0xAC00    /* Start of block */
+#define SCount 11172    /* Length of block */
+#define TCount 28
+
+#define SLAB_FIRST(s) (&(s)->states[0])
+#define SLAB_LAST(s)  (&(s)->states[PERL_REGMATCH_SLAB_SLOTS-1])
+
+static void S_setup_eval_state(pTHX_ regmatch_info *const reginfo);
+static void S_cleanup_regmatch_info_aux(pTHX_ void *arg);
+static regmatch_state * S_push_slab(pTHX);
+
+#define REGCP_PAREN_ELEMS 3
+#define REGCP_OTHER_ELEMS 3
+#define REGCP_FRAME_ELEMS 1
+/* REGCP_FRAME_ELEMS are not part of the REGCP_OTHER_ELEMS and
+ * are needed for the regexp context stack bookkeeping. */
+
+STATIC CHECKPOINT
+S_regcppush(pTHX_ const regexp *rex, I32 parenfloor, U32 maxopenparen)
+{
+    dVAR;
+    const int retval = PL_savestack_ix;
+    const int paren_elems_to_push =
+                (maxopenparen - parenfloor) * REGCP_PAREN_ELEMS;
+    const UV total_elems = paren_elems_to_push + REGCP_OTHER_ELEMS;
+    const UV elems_shifted = total_elems << SAVE_TIGHT_SHIFT;
+    I32 p;
+    GET_RE_DEBUG_FLAGS_DECL;
+
+    PERL_ARGS_ASSERT_REGCPPUSH;
+
+    if (paren_elems_to_push < 0)
+       Perl_croak(aTHX_ "panic: paren_elems_to_push, %i < 0",
+                  paren_elems_to_push);
+
+    if ((elems_shifted >> SAVE_TIGHT_SHIFT) != total_elems)
+       Perl_croak(aTHX_ "panic: paren_elems_to_push offset %"UVuf
+                  " out of range (%lu-%ld)",
+                  total_elems,
+                   (unsigned long)maxopenparen,
+                   (long)parenfloor);
+
+    SSGROW(total_elems + REGCP_FRAME_ELEMS);
+    
+    DEBUG_BUFFERS_r(
+       if ((int)maxopenparen > (int)parenfloor)
+           PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log,
+               "rex=0x%"UVxf" offs=0x%"UVxf": saving capture indices:\n",
+               PTR2UV(rex),
+               PTR2UV(rex->offs)
+           );
+    );
+    for (p = parenfloor+1; p <= (I32)maxopenparen;  p++) {
+/* REGCP_PARENS_ELEMS are pushed per pairs of parentheses. */
+       SSPUSHINT(rex->offs[p].end);
+       SSPUSHINT(rex->offs[p].start);
+       SSPUSHINT(rex->offs[p].start_tmp);
+       DEBUG_BUFFERS_r(PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log,
+           "    \\%"UVuf": %"IVdf"(%"IVdf")..%"IVdf"\n",
+           (UV)p,
+           (IV)rex->offs[p].start,
+           (IV)rex->offs[p].start_tmp,
+           (IV)rex->offs[p].end
+       ));
+    }
+/* REGCP_OTHER_ELEMS are pushed in any case, parentheses or no. */
+    SSPUSHINT(maxopenparen);
+    SSPUSHINT(rex->lastparen);
+    SSPUSHINT(rex->lastcloseparen);
+    SSPUSHUV(SAVEt_REGCONTEXT | elems_shifted); /* Magic cookie. */
+
+    return retval;
+}
+
+/* These are needed since we do not localize EVAL nodes: */
+#define REGCP_SET(cp)                                           \
+    DEBUG_STATE_r(                                              \
+            PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log,                      \
+               "  Setting an EVAL scope, savestack=%"IVdf"\n", \
+               (IV)PL_savestack_ix));                          \
+    cp = PL_savestack_ix
+
+#define REGCP_UNWIND(cp)                                        \
+    DEBUG_STATE_r(                                              \
+        if (cp != PL_savestack_ix)                             \
+           PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log,                       \
+               "  Clearing an EVAL scope, savestack=%"IVdf"..%"IVdf"\n", \
+               (IV)(cp), (IV)PL_savestack_ix));                \
+    regcpblow(cp)
+
+#define UNWIND_PAREN(lp, lcp)               \
+    for (n = rex->lastparen; n > lp; n--)   \
+        rex->offs[n].end = -1;              \
+    rex->lastparen = n;                     \
+    rex->lastcloseparen = lcp;
+
+
+STATIC void
+S_regcppop(pTHX_ regexp *rex, U32 *maxopenparen_p)
+{
+    dVAR;
+    UV i;
+    U32 paren;
+    GET_RE_DEBUG_FLAGS_DECL;
+
+    PERL_ARGS_ASSERT_REGCPPOP;
+
+    /* Pop REGCP_OTHER_ELEMS before the parentheses loop starts. */
+    i = SSPOPUV;
+    assert((i & SAVE_MASK) == SAVEt_REGCONTEXT); /* Check that the magic cookie is there. */
+    i >>= SAVE_TIGHT_SHIFT; /* Parentheses elements to pop. */
+    rex->lastcloseparen = SSPOPINT;
+    rex->lastparen = SSPOPINT;
+    *maxopenparen_p = SSPOPINT;
+
+    i -= REGCP_OTHER_ELEMS;
+    /* Now restore the parentheses context. */
+    DEBUG_BUFFERS_r(
+       if (i || rex->lastparen + 1 <= rex->nparens)
+           PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log,
+               "rex=0x%"UVxf" offs=0x%"UVxf": restoring capture indices to:\n",
+               PTR2UV(rex),
+               PTR2UV(rex->offs)
+           );
+    );
+    paren = *maxopenparen_p;
+    for ( ; i > 0; i -= REGCP_PAREN_ELEMS) {
+       I32 tmps;
+       rex->offs[paren].start_tmp = SSPOPINT;
+       rex->offs[paren].start = SSPOPINT;
+       tmps = SSPOPINT;
+       if (paren <= rex->lastparen)
+           rex->offs[paren].end = tmps;
+       DEBUG_BUFFERS_r( PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log,
+           "    \\%"UVuf": %"IVdf"(%"IVdf")..%"IVdf"%s\n",
+           (UV)paren,
+           (IV)rex->offs[paren].start,
+           (IV)rex->offs[paren].start_tmp,
+           (IV)rex->offs[paren].end,
+           (paren > rex->lastparen ? "(skipped)" : ""));
+       );
+       paren--;
+    }
+#if 1
+    /* It would seem that the similar code in regtry()
+     * already takes care of this, and in fact it is in
+     * a better location to since this code can #if 0-ed out
+     * but the code in regtry() is needed or otherwise tests
+     * requiring null fields (pat.t#187 and split.t#{13,14}
+     * (as of patchlevel 7877)  will fail.  Then again,
+     * this code seems to be necessary or otherwise
+     * this erroneously leaves $1 defined: "1" =~ /^(?:(\d)x)?\d$/
+     * --jhi updated by dapm */
+    for (i = rex->lastparen + 1; i <= rex->nparens; i++) {
+       if (i > *maxopenparen_p)
+           rex->offs[i].start = -1;
+       rex->offs[i].end = -1;
+       DEBUG_BUFFERS_r( PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log,
+           "    \\%"UVuf": %s   ..-1 undeffing\n",
+           (UV)i,
+           (i > *maxopenparen_p) ? "-1" : "  "
+       ));
+    }
+#endif
+}
+
+/* restore the parens and associated vars at savestack position ix,
+ * but without popping the stack */
+
+STATIC void
+S_regcp_restore(pTHX_ regexp *rex, I32 ix, U32 *maxopenparen_p)
+{
+    I32 tmpix = PL_savestack_ix;
+    PL_savestack_ix = ix;
+    regcppop(rex, maxopenparen_p);
+    PL_savestack_ix = tmpix;
+}
+
+#define regcpblow(cp) LEAVE_SCOPE(cp)  /* Ignores regcppush()ed data. */
+
+STATIC bool
+S_isFOO_lc(pTHX_ const U8 classnum, const U8 character)
+{
+    /* Returns a boolean as to whether or not 'character' is a member of the
+     * Posix character class given by 'classnum' that should be equivalent to a
+     * value in the typedef '_char_class_number'.
+     *
+     * Ideally this could be replaced by a just an array of function pointers
+     * to the C library functions that implement the macros this calls.
+     * However, to compile, the precise function signatures are required, and
+     * these may vary from platform to to platform.  To avoid having to figure
+     * out what those all are on each platform, I (khw) am using this method,
+     * which adds an extra layer of function call overhead (unless the C
+     * optimizer strips it away).  But we don't particularly care about
+     * performance with locales anyway. */
+
+    switch ((_char_class_number) classnum) {
+        case _CC_ENUM_ALPHANUMERIC: return isALPHANUMERIC_LC(character);
+        case _CC_ENUM_ALPHA:     return isALPHA_LC(character);
+        case _CC_ENUM_ASCII:     return isASCII_LC(character);
+        case _CC_ENUM_BLANK:     return isBLANK_LC(character);
+        case _CC_ENUM_CASED:     return isLOWER_LC(character)
+                                        || isUPPER_LC(character);
+        case _CC_ENUM_CNTRL:     return isCNTRL_LC(character);
+        case _CC_ENUM_DIGIT:     return isDIGIT_LC(character);
+        case _CC_ENUM_GRAPH:     return isGRAPH_LC(character);
+        case _CC_ENUM_LOWER:     return isLOWER_LC(character);
+        case _CC_ENUM_PRINT:     return isPRINT_LC(character);
+        case _CC_ENUM_PSXSPC:    return isPSXSPC_LC(character);
+        case _CC_ENUM_PUNCT:     return isPUNCT_LC(character);
+        case _CC_ENUM_SPACE:     return isSPACE_LC(character);
+        case _CC_ENUM_UPPER:     return isUPPER_LC(character);
+        case _CC_ENUM_WORDCHAR:  return isWORDCHAR_LC(character);
+        case _CC_ENUM_XDIGIT:    return isXDIGIT_LC(character);
+        default:    /* VERTSPACE should never occur in locales */
+            Perl_croak(aTHX_ "panic: isFOO_lc() has an unexpected character class '%d'", classnum);
+    }
+
+    assert(0); /* NOTREACHED */
+    return FALSE;
+}
+
+STATIC bool
+S_isFOO_utf8_lc(pTHX_ const U8 classnum, const U8* character)
+{
+    /* Returns a boolean as to whether or not the (well-formed) UTF-8-encoded
+     * 'character' is a member of the Posix character class given by 'classnum'
+     * that should be equivalent to a value in the typedef
+     * '_char_class_number'.
+     *
+     * This just calls isFOO_lc on the code point for the character if it is in
+     * the range 0-255.  Outside that range, all characters avoid Unicode
+     * rules, ignoring any locale.  So use the Unicode function if this class
+     * requires a swash, and use the Unicode macro otherwise. */
+
+    PERL_ARGS_ASSERT_ISFOO_UTF8_LC;
+
+    if (UTF8_IS_INVARIANT(*character)) {
+        return isFOO_lc(classnum, *character);
+    }
+    else if (UTF8_IS_DOWNGRADEABLE_START(*character)) {
+        return isFOO_lc(classnum,
+                        TWO_BYTE_UTF8_TO_UNI(*character, *(character + 1)));
+    }
+
+    if (classnum < _FIRST_NON_SWASH_CC) {
+
+        /* Initialize the swash unless done already */
+        if (! PL_utf8_swash_ptrs[classnum]) {
+            U8 flags = _CORE_SWASH_INIT_ACCEPT_INVLIST;
+            PL_utf8_swash_ptrs[classnum] = _core_swash_init("utf8",
+                swash_property_names[classnum], &PL_sv_undef, 1, 0, NULL, &flags);
+        }
+
+        return cBOOL(swash_fetch(PL_utf8_swash_ptrs[classnum], (U8 *)
+                                 character,
+                                 TRUE /* is UTF */ ));
+    }
+
+    switch ((_char_class_number) classnum) {
+        case _CC_ENUM_SPACE:
+        case _CC_ENUM_PSXSPC:    return is_XPERLSPACE_high(character);
+
+        case _CC_ENUM_BLANK:     return is_HORIZWS_high(character);
+        case _CC_ENUM_XDIGIT:    return is_XDIGIT_high(character);
+        case _CC_ENUM_VERTSPACE: return is_VERTWS_high(character);
+        default:                 return 0;  /* Things like CNTRL are always
+                                               below 256 */
+    }
+
+    assert(0); /* NOTREACHED */
+    return FALSE;
+}
+
+/*
+ * pregexec and friends
+ */
+
+#ifndef PERL_IN_XSUB_RE
+/*
+ - pregexec - match a regexp against a string
+ */
+I32
+Perl_pregexec(pTHX_ REGEXP * const prog, char* stringarg, char *strend,
+        char *strbeg, I32 minend, SV *screamer, U32 nosave)
+/* stringarg: the point in the string at which to begin matching */
+/* strend:    pointer to null at end of string */
+/* strbeg:    real beginning of string */
+/* minend:    end of match must be >= minend bytes after stringarg. */
+/* screamer:  SV being matched: only used for utf8 flag, pos() etc; string
+ *            itself is accessed via the pointers above */
+/* nosave:    For optimizations. */
+{
+    PERL_ARGS_ASSERT_PREGEXEC;
+
+    return
+       regexec_flags(prog, stringarg, strend, strbeg, minend, screamer, NULL,
+                     nosave ? 0 : REXEC_COPY_STR);
+}
+#endif
+
+/*
+ * Need to implement the following flags for reg_anch:
+ *
+ * USE_INTUIT_NOML             - Useful to call re_intuit_start() first
+ * USE_INTUIT_ML
+ * INTUIT_AUTORITATIVE_NOML    - Can trust a positive answer
+ * INTUIT_AUTORITATIVE_ML
+ * INTUIT_ONCE_NOML            - Intuit can match in one location only.
+ * INTUIT_ONCE_ML
+ *
+ * Another flag for this function: SECOND_TIME (so that float substrs
+ * with giant delta may be not rechecked).
+ */
+
+/* Assumptions: if ANCH_GPOS, then strpos is anchored. XXXX Check GPOS logic */
+
+/* If SCREAM, then SvPVX_const(sv) should be compatible with strpos and strend.
+   Otherwise, only SvCUR(sv) is used to get strbeg. */
+
+/* XXXX We assume that strpos is strbeg unless sv. */
+
+/* XXXX Some places assume that there is a fixed substring.
+       An update may be needed if optimizer marks as "INTUITable"
+       RExen without fixed substrings.  Similarly, it is assumed that
+       lengths of all the strings are no more than minlen, thus they
+       cannot come from lookahead.
+       (Or minlen should take into account lookahead.) 
+  NOTE: Some of this comment is not correct. minlen does now take account
+  of lookahead/behind. Further research is required. -- demerphq
+
+*/
+
+/* A failure to find a constant substring means that there is no need to make
+   an expensive call to REx engine, thus we celebrate a failure.  Similarly,
+   finding a substring too deep into the string means that fewer calls to
+   regtry() should be needed.
+
+   REx compiler's optimizer found 4 possible hints:
+       a) Anchored substring;
+       b) Fixed substring;
+       c) Whether we are anchored (beginning-of-line or \G);
+       d) First node (of those at offset 0) which may distinguish positions;
+   We use a)b)d) and multiline-part of c), and try to find a position in the
+   string which does not contradict any of them.
+ */
+
+/* Most of decisions we do here should have been done at compile time.
+   The nodes of the REx which we used for the search should have been
+   deleted from the finite automaton. */
+
+/* args:
+ * rx:     the regex to match against
+ * sv:     the SV being matched: only used for utf8 flag; the string
+ *         itself is accessed via the pointers below. Note that on
+ *         something like an overloaded SV, SvPOK(sv) may be false
+ *         and the string pointers may point to something unrelated to
+ *         the SV itself.
+ * strbeg: real beginning of string
+ * strpos: the point in the string at which to begin matching
+ * strend: pointer to the byte following the last char of the string
+ * flags   currently unused; set to 0
+ * data:   currently unused; set to NULL
+ */
+
+char *
+Perl_re_intuit_start(pTHX_
+                    REGEXP * const rx,
+                    SV *sv,
+                    const char * const strbeg,
+                    char *strpos,
+                    char *strend,
+                    const U32 flags,
+                    re_scream_pos_data *data)
+{
+    dVAR;
+    struct regexp *const prog = ReANY(rx);
+    I32 start_shift = 0;
+    /* Should be nonnegative! */
+    I32 end_shift   = 0;
+    char *s;
+    SV *check;
+    char *t;
+    const bool utf8_target = (sv && SvUTF8(sv)) ? 1 : 0; /* if no sv we have to assume bytes */
+    I32 ml_anch;
+    char *other_last = NULL;   /* other substr checked before this */
+    char *check_at = NULL;             /* check substr found at this pos */
+    char *checked_upto = NULL;          /* how far into the string we have already checked using find_byclass*/
+    const I32 multiline = prog->extflags & RXf_PMf_MULTILINE;
+    RXi_GET_DECL(prog,progi);
+    regmatch_info reginfo_buf;  /* create some info to pass to find_byclass */
+    regmatch_info *const reginfo = &reginfo_buf;
+#ifdef DEBUGGING
+    const char * const i_strpos = strpos;
+#endif
+    GET_RE_DEBUG_FLAGS_DECL;
+
+    PERL_ARGS_ASSERT_RE_INTUIT_START;
+    PERL_UNUSED_ARG(flags);
+    PERL_UNUSED_ARG(data);
+
+    /* CHR_DIST() would be more correct here but it makes things slow. */
+    if (prog->minlen > strend - strpos) {
+       DEBUG_EXECUTE_r(PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log,
+                             "String too short... [re_intuit_start]\n"));
+       goto fail;
+    }
+
+    reginfo->is_utf8_target = cBOOL(utf8_target);
+    reginfo->info_aux = NULL;
+    reginfo->strbeg = strbeg;
+    reginfo->strend = strend;
+    reginfo->is_utf8_pat = cBOOL(RX_UTF8(rx));
+    reginfo->intuit = 1;
+    /* not actually used within intuit, but zero for safety anyway */
+    reginfo->poscache_maxiter = 0;
+
+    if (utf8_target) {
+       if (!prog->check_utf8 && prog->check_substr)
+           to_utf8_substr(prog);
+       check = prog->check_utf8;
+    } else {
+       if (!prog->check_substr && prog->check_utf8) {
+           if (! to_byte_substr(prog)) {
+                NON_UTF8_TARGET_BUT_UTF8_REQUIRED(fail);
+            }
+        }
+       check = prog->check_substr;
+    }
+    if (prog->extflags & RXf_ANCH) {   /* Match at beg-of-str or after \n */
+       ml_anch = !( (prog->extflags & RXf_ANCH_SINGLE)
+                    || ( (prog->extflags & RXf_ANCH_BOL)
+                         && !multiline ) );    /* Check after \n? */
+
+       if (!ml_anch) {
+         if ( !(prog->extflags & RXf_ANCH_GPOS) /* Checked by the caller */
+               && !(prog->intflags & PREGf_IMPLICIT) /* not a real BOL */
+              && (strpos != strbeg)) {
+             DEBUG_EXECUTE_r(PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log, "Not at start...\n"));
+             goto fail;
+         }
+         if (prog->check_offset_min == prog->check_offset_max
+              && !(prog->extflags & RXf_CANY_SEEN)
+              && ! multiline)   /* /m can cause \n's to match that aren't
+                                   accounted for in the string max length.
+                                   See [perl #115242] */
+          {
+           /* Substring at constant offset from beg-of-str... */
+           I32 slen;
+
+           s = HOP3c(strpos, prog->check_offset_min, strend);
+           
+           if (SvTAIL(check)) {
+               slen = SvCUR(check);    /* >= 1 */
+
+               if ( strend - s > slen || strend - s < slen - 1
+                    || (strend - s == slen && strend[-1] != '\n')) {
+                   DEBUG_EXECUTE_r(PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log, "String too long...\n"));
+                   goto fail_finish;
+               }
+               /* Now should match s[0..slen-2] */
+               slen--;
+               if (slen && (*SvPVX_const(check) != *s
+                            || (slen > 1
+                                && memNE(SvPVX_const(check), s, slen)))) {
+                 report_neq:
+                   DEBUG_EXECUTE_r(PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log, "String not equal...\n"));
+                   goto fail_finish;
+               }
+           }
+           else if (*SvPVX_const(check) != *s
+                    || ((slen = SvCUR(check)) > 1
+                        && memNE(SvPVX_const(check), s, slen)))
+               goto report_neq;
+           check_at = s;
+           goto success_at_start;
+         }
+       }
+       /* Match is anchored, but substr is not anchored wrt beg-of-str. */
+       s = strpos;
+       start_shift = prog->check_offset_min; /* okay to underestimate on CC */
+       end_shift = prog->check_end_shift;
+       
+       if (!ml_anch) {
+           const I32 end = prog->check_offset_max + CHR_SVLEN(check)
+                                        - (SvTAIL(check) != 0);
+           const I32 eshift = CHR_DIST((U8*)strend, (U8*)s) - end;
+
+           if (end_shift < eshift)
+               end_shift = eshift;
+       }
+    }
+    else {                             /* Can match at random position */
+       ml_anch = 0;
+       s = strpos;
+       start_shift = prog->check_offset_min;  /* okay to underestimate on CC */
+       end_shift = prog->check_end_shift;
+       
+       /* end shift should be non negative here */
+    }
+
+#ifdef QDEBUGGING      /* 7/99: reports of failure (with the older version) */
+    if (end_shift < 0)
+       Perl_croak(aTHX_ "panic: end_shift: %"IVdf" pattern:\n%s\n ",
+                  (IV)end_shift, RX_PRECOMP(prog));
+#endif
+
+  restart:
+    /* Find a possible match in the region s..strend by looking for
+       the "check" substring in the region corrected by start/end_shift. */
+    
+    {
+        I32 srch_start_shift = start_shift;
+        I32 srch_end_shift = end_shift;
+        U8* start_point;
+        U8* end_point;
+        if (srch_start_shift < 0 && strbeg - s > srch_start_shift) {
+           srch_end_shift -= ((strbeg - s) - srch_start_shift); 
+           srch_start_shift = strbeg - s;
+       }
+    DEBUG_OPTIMISE_MORE_r({
+        PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log, "Check offset min: %"IVdf" Start shift: %"IVdf" End shift %"IVdf" Real End Shift: %"IVdf"\n",
+            (IV)prog->check_offset_min,
+            (IV)srch_start_shift,
+            (IV)srch_end_shift, 
+            (IV)prog->check_end_shift);
+    });       
+        
+        if (prog->extflags & RXf_CANY_SEEN) {
+            start_point= (U8*)(s + srch_start_shift);
+            end_point= (U8*)(strend - srch_end_shift);
+        } else {
+           start_point= HOP3(s, srch_start_shift, srch_start_shift < 0 ? strbeg : strend);
+            end_point= HOP3(strend, -srch_end_shift, strbeg);
+       }
+       DEBUG_OPTIMISE_MORE_r({
+            PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log, "fbm_instr len=%d str=<%.*s>\n", 
+                (int)(end_point - start_point),
+                (int)(end_point - start_point) > 20 ? 20 : (int)(end_point - start_point), 
+                start_point);
+        });
+
+       s = fbm_instr( start_point, end_point,
+                     check, multiline ? FBMrf_MULTILINE : 0);
+    }
+    /* Update the count-of-usability, remove useless subpatterns,
+       unshift s.  */
+
+    DEBUG_EXECUTE_r({
+        RE_PV_QUOTED_DECL(quoted, utf8_target, PERL_DEBUG_PAD_ZERO(0),
+            SvPVX_const(check), RE_SV_DUMPLEN(check), 30);
+        PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log, "%s %s substr %s%s%s",
+                         (s ? "Found" : "Did not find"),
+           (check == (utf8_target ? prog->anchored_utf8 : prog->anchored_substr)
+               ? "anchored" : "floating"),
+           quoted,
+           RE_SV_TAIL(check),
+           (s ? " at offset " : "...\n") ); 
+    });
+
+    if (!s)
+       goto fail_finish;
+    /* Finish the diagnostic message */
+    DEBUG_EXECUTE_r(PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log, "%ld...\n", (long)(s - i_strpos)) );
+
+    /* XXX dmq: first branch is for positive lookbehind...
+       Our check string is offset from the beginning of the pattern.
+       So we need to do any stclass tests offset forward from that 
+       point. I think. :-(
+     */
+    
+        
+    
+    check_at=s;
+     
+
+    /* Got a candidate.  Check MBOL anchoring, and the *other* substr.
+       Start with the other substr.
+       XXXX no SCREAM optimization yet - and a very coarse implementation
+       XXXX /ttx+/ results in anchored="ttx", floating="x".  floating will
+               *always* match.  Probably should be marked during compile...
+       Probably it is right to do no SCREAM here...
+     */
+
+    if (utf8_target ? (prog->float_utf8 && prog->anchored_utf8)
+                : (prog->float_substr && prog->anchored_substr)) 
+    {
+       /* Take into account the "other" substring. */
+       /* XXXX May be hopelessly wrong for UTF... */
+       if (!other_last)
+           other_last = strpos;
+       if (check == (utf8_target ? prog->float_utf8 : prog->float_substr)) {
+         do_other_anchored:
+           {
+               char * const last = HOP3c(s, -start_shift, strbeg);
+               char *last1, *last2;
+               char * const saved_s = s;
+               SV* must;
+
+               t = s - prog->check_offset_max;
+               if (s - strpos > prog->check_offset_max  /* signed-corrected t > strpos */
+                   && (!utf8_target
+                       || ((t = (char*)reghopmaybe3((U8*)s, -(prog->check_offset_max), (U8*)strpos))
+                           && t > strpos)))
+                   NOOP;
+               else
+                   t = strpos;
+               t = HOP3c(t, prog->anchored_offset, strend);
+               if (t < other_last)     /* These positions already checked */
+                   t = other_last;
+               last2 = last1 = HOP3c(strend, -prog->minlen, strbeg);
+               if (last < last1)
+                   last1 = last;
+                /* XXXX It is not documented what units *_offsets are in.  
+                   We assume bytes, but this is clearly wrong. 
+                   Meaning this code needs to be carefully reviewed for errors.
+                   dmq.
+                  */
+               /* On end-of-str: see comment below. */
+               must = utf8_target ? prog->anchored_utf8 : prog->anchored_substr;
+               if (must == &PL_sv_undef) {
+                   s = (char*)NULL;
+                   DEBUG_r(must = prog->anchored_utf8);        /* for debug */
+               }
+               else
+                   s = fbm_instr(
+                       (unsigned char*)t,
+                       HOP3(HOP3(last1, prog->anchored_offset, strend)
+                               + SvCUR(must), -(SvTAIL(must)!=0), strbeg),
+                       must,
+                       multiline ? FBMrf_MULTILINE : 0
+                   );
+                DEBUG_EXECUTE_r({
+                    RE_PV_QUOTED_DECL(quoted, utf8_target, PERL_DEBUG_PAD_ZERO(0),
+                        SvPVX_const(must), RE_SV_DUMPLEN(must), 30);
+                    PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log, "%s anchored substr %s%s",
+                       (s ? "Found" : "Contradicts"),
+                        quoted, RE_SV_TAIL(must));
+                });                
+               
+                           
+               if (!s) {
+                   if (last1 >= last2) {
+                       DEBUG_EXECUTE_r(PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log,
+                                               ", giving up...\n"));
+                       goto fail_finish;
+                   }
+                   DEBUG_EXECUTE_r(PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log,
+                       ", trying floating at offset %ld...\n",
+                       (long)(HOP3c(saved_s, 1, strend) - i_strpos)));
+                   other_last = HOP3c(last1, prog->anchored_offset+1, strend);
+                   s = HOP3c(last, 1, strend);
+                   goto restart;
+               }
+               else {
+                   DEBUG_EXECUTE_r(PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log, " at offset %ld...\n",
+                         (long)(s - i_strpos)));
+                   t = HOP3c(s, -prog->anchored_offset, strbeg);
+                   other_last = HOP3c(s, 1, strend);
+                   s = saved_s;
+                   if (t == strpos)
+                       goto try_at_start;
+                   goto try_at_offset;
+               }
+           }
+       }
+       else {          /* Take into account the floating substring. */
+           char *last, *last1;
+           char * const saved_s = s;
+           SV* must;
+
+           t = HOP3c(s, -start_shift, strbeg);
+           last1 = last =
+               HOP3c(strend, -prog->minlen + prog->float_min_offset, strbeg);
+           if (CHR_DIST((U8*)last, (U8*)t) > prog->float_max_offset)
+               last = HOP3c(t, prog->float_max_offset, strend);
+           s = HOP3c(t, prog->float_min_offset, strend);
+           if (s < other_last)
+               s = other_last;
+ /* XXXX It is not documented what units *_offsets are in.  Assume bytes.  */
+           must = utf8_target ? prog->float_utf8 : prog->float_substr;
+           /* fbm_instr() takes into account exact value of end-of-str
+              if the check is SvTAIL(ed).  Since false positives are OK,
+              and end-of-str is not later than strend we are OK. */
+           if (must == &PL_sv_undef) {
+               s = (char*)NULL;
+               DEBUG_r(must = prog->float_utf8);       /* for debug message */
+           }
+           else
+               s = fbm_instr((unsigned char*)s,
+                             (unsigned char*)last + SvCUR(must)
+                                 - (SvTAIL(must)!=0),
+                             must, multiline ? FBMrf_MULTILINE : 0);
+           DEBUG_EXECUTE_r({
+               RE_PV_QUOTED_DECL(quoted, utf8_target, PERL_DEBUG_PAD_ZERO(0),
+                   SvPVX_const(must), RE_SV_DUMPLEN(must), 30);
+               PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log, "%s floating substr %s%s",
+                   (s ? "Found" : "Contradicts"),
+                   quoted, RE_SV_TAIL(must));
+            });
+           if (!s) {
+               if (last1 == last) {
+                   DEBUG_EXECUTE_r(PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log,
+                                           ", giving up...\n"));
+                   goto fail_finish;
+               }
+               DEBUG_EXECUTE_r(PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log,
+                   ", trying anchored starting at offset %ld...\n",
+                   (long)(saved_s + 1 - i_strpos)));
+               other_last = last;
+               s = HOP3c(t, 1, strend);
+               goto restart;
+           }
+           else {
+               DEBUG_EXECUTE_r(PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log, " at offset %ld...\n",
+                     (long)(s - i_strpos)));
+               other_last = s; /* Fix this later. --Hugo */
+               s = saved_s;
+               if (t == strpos)
+                   goto try_at_start;
+               goto try_at_offset;
+           }
+       }
+    }
+
+    
+    t= (char*)HOP3( s, -prog->check_offset_max, (prog->check_offset_max<0) ? strend : strpos);
+        
+    DEBUG_OPTIMISE_MORE_r(
+        PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log, 
+            "Check offset min:%"IVdf" max:%"IVdf" S:%"IVdf" t:%"IVdf" D:%"IVdf" end:%"IVdf"\n",
+            (IV)prog->check_offset_min,
+            (IV)prog->check_offset_max,
+            (IV)(s-strpos),
+            (IV)(t-strpos),
+            (IV)(t-s),
+            (IV)(strend-strpos)
+        )
+    );
+
+    if (s - strpos > prog->check_offset_max  /* signed-corrected t > strpos */
+        && (!utf8_target
+           || ((t = (char*)reghopmaybe3((U8*)s, -prog->check_offset_max, (U8*) ((prog->check_offset_max<0) ? strend : strpos)))
+                && t > strpos))) 
+    {
+       /* Fixed substring is found far enough so that the match
+          cannot start at strpos. */
+      try_at_offset:
+       if (ml_anch && t[-1] != '\n') {
+           /* Eventually fbm_*() should handle this, but often
+              anchored_offset is not 0, so this check will not be wasted. */
+           /* XXXX In the code below we prefer to look for "^" even in
+              presence of anchored substrings.  And we search even
+              beyond the found float position.  These pessimizations
+              are historical artefacts only.  */
+         find_anchor:
+           while (t < strend - prog->minlen) {
+               if (*t == '\n') {
+                   if (t < check_at - prog->check_offset_min) {
+                       if (utf8_target ? prog->anchored_utf8 : prog->anchored_substr) {
+                           /* Since we moved from the found position,
+                              we definitely contradict the found anchored
+                              substr.  Due to the above check we do not
+                              contradict "check" substr.
+                              Thus we can arrive here only if check substr
+                              is float.  Redo checking for "other"=="fixed".
+                            */
+                           strpos = t + 1;                     
+                           DEBUG_EXECUTE_r(PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log, "Found /%s^%s/m at offset %ld, rescanning for anchored from offset %ld...\n",
+                               PL_colors[0], PL_colors[1], (long)(strpos - i_strpos), (long)(strpos - i_strpos + prog->anchored_offset)));
+                           goto do_other_anchored;
+                       }
+                       /* We don't contradict the found floating substring. */
+                       /* XXXX Why not check for STCLASS? */
+                       s = t + 1;
+                       DEBUG_EXECUTE_r(PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log, "Found /%s^%s/m at offset %ld...\n",
+                           PL_colors[0], PL_colors[1], (long)(s - i_strpos)));
+                       goto set_useful;
+                   }
+                   /* Position contradicts check-string */
+                   /* XXXX probably better to look for check-string
+                      than for "\n", so one should lower the limit for t? */
+                   DEBUG_EXECUTE_r(PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log, "Found /%s^%s/m, restarting lookup for check-string at offset %ld...\n",
+                       PL_colors[0], PL_colors[1], (long)(t + 1 - i_strpos)));
+                   other_last = strpos = s = t + 1;
+                   goto restart;
+               }
+               t++;
+           }
+           DEBUG_EXECUTE_r(PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log, "Did not find /%s^%s/m...\n",
+                       PL_colors[0], PL_colors[1]));
+           goto fail_finish;
+       }
+       else {
+           DEBUG_EXECUTE_r(PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log, "Starting position does not contradict /%s^%s/m...\n",
+                       PL_colors[0], PL_colors[1]));
+       }
+       s = t;
+      set_useful:
+       ++BmUSEFUL(utf8_target ? prog->check_utf8 : prog->check_substr);        /* hooray/5 */
+    }
+    else {
+       /* The found string does not prohibit matching at strpos,
+          - no optimization of calling REx engine can be performed,
+          unless it was an MBOL and we are not after MBOL,
+          or a future STCLASS check will fail this. */
+      try_at_start:
+       /* Even in this situation we may use MBOL flag if strpos is offset
+          wrt the start of the string. */
+       if (ml_anch && (strpos != strbeg) && strpos[-1] != '\n'
+           /* May be due to an implicit anchor of m{.*foo}  */
+           && !(prog->intflags & PREGf_IMPLICIT))
+       {
+           t = strpos;
+           goto find_anchor;
+       }
+       DEBUG_EXECUTE_r( if (ml_anch)
+           PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log, "Position at offset %ld does not contradict /%s^%s/m...\n",
+                         (long)(strpos - i_strpos), PL_colors[0], PL_colors[1]);
+       );
+      success_at_start:
+       if (!(prog->intflags & PREGf_NAUGHTY)   /* XXXX If strpos moved? */
+           && (utf8_target ? (
+               prog->check_utf8                /* Could be deleted already */
+               && --BmUSEFUL(prog->check_utf8) < 0
+               && (prog->check_utf8 == prog->float_utf8)
+           ) : (
+               prog->check_substr              /* Could be deleted already */
+               && --BmUSEFUL(prog->check_substr) < 0
+               && (prog->check_substr == prog->float_substr)
+           )))
+       {
+           /* If flags & SOMETHING - do not do it many times on the same match */
+           DEBUG_EXECUTE_r(PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log, "... Disabling check substring...\n"));
+           /* XXX Does the destruction order has to change with utf8_target? */
+           SvREFCNT_dec(utf8_target ? prog->check_utf8 : prog->check_substr);
+           SvREFCNT_dec(utf8_target ? prog->check_substr : prog->check_utf8);
+           prog->check_substr = prog->check_utf8 = NULL;       /* disable */
+           prog->float_substr = prog->float_utf8 = NULL;       /* clear */
+           check = NULL;                       /* abort */
+           s = strpos;
+           /* XXXX If the check string was an implicit check MBOL, then we need to unset the relevant flag
+                   see http://bugs.activestate.com/show_bug.cgi?id=87173 */
+           if (prog->intflags & PREGf_IMPLICIT)
+               prog->extflags &= ~RXf_ANCH_MBOL;
+           /* XXXX This is a remnant of the old implementation.  It
+                   looks wasteful, since now INTUIT can use many
+                   other heuristics. */
+           prog->extflags &= ~RXf_USE_INTUIT;
+           /* XXXX What other flags might need to be cleared in this branch? */
+       }
+       else
+           s = strpos;
+    }
+
+    /* Last resort... */
+    /* XXXX BmUSEFUL already changed, maybe multiple change is meaningful... */
+    /* trie stclasses are too expensive to use here, we are better off to
+       leave it to regmatch itself */
+    if (progi->regstclass && PL_regkind[OP(progi->regstclass)]!=TRIE) {
+       /* minlen == 0 is possible if regstclass is \b or \B,
+          and the fixed substr is ''$.
+          Since minlen is already taken into account, s+1 is before strend;
+          accidentally, minlen >= 1 guaranties no false positives at s + 1
+          even for \b or \B.  But (minlen? 1 : 0) below assumes that
+          regstclass does not come from lookahead...  */
+       /* If regstclass takes bytelength more than 1: If charlength==1, OK.
+          This leaves EXACTF-ish only, which are dealt with in find_byclass().  */
+        const U8* const str = (U8*)STRING(progi->regstclass);
+        const int cl_l = (PL_regkind[OP(progi->regstclass)] == EXACT
+                   ? CHR_DIST(str+STR_LEN(progi->regstclass), str)
+                   : 1);
+       char * endpos;
+       if (prog->anchored_substr || prog->anchored_utf8 || ml_anch)
+            endpos= HOP3c(s, (prog->minlen ? cl_l : 0), strend);
+        else if (prog->float_substr || prog->float_utf8)
+           endpos= HOP3c(HOP3c(check_at, -start_shift, strbeg), cl_l, strend);
+        else 
+            endpos= strend;
+                   
+        if (checked_upto < s)
+           checked_upto = s;
+        DEBUG_EXECUTE_r(PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log, "start_shift: %"IVdf" check_at: %"IVdf" s: %"IVdf" endpos: %"IVdf" checked_upto: %"IVdf"\n",
+                                      (IV)start_shift, (IV)(check_at - strbeg), (IV)(s - strbeg), (IV)(endpos - strbeg), (IV)(checked_upto- strbeg)));
+
+       t = s;
+        s = find_byclass(prog, progi->regstclass, checked_upto, endpos,
+                            reginfo);
+       if (s) {
+           checked_upto = s;
+       } else {
+#ifdef DEBUGGING
+           const char *what = NULL;
+#endif
+           if (endpos == strend) {
+               DEBUG_EXECUTE_r( PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log,
+                               "Could not match STCLASS...\n") );
+               goto fail;
+           }
+           DEBUG_EXECUTE_r( PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log,
+                                  "This position contradicts STCLASS...\n") );
+           if ((prog->extflags & RXf_ANCH) && !ml_anch)
+               goto fail;
+           checked_upto = HOPBACKc(endpos, start_shift);
+           DEBUG_EXECUTE_r(PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log, "start_shift: %"IVdf" check_at: %"IVdf" endpos: %"IVdf" checked_upto: %"IVdf"\n",
+                                      (IV)start_shift, (IV)(check_at - strbeg), (IV)(endpos - strbeg), (IV)(checked_upto- strbeg)));
+           /* Contradict one of substrings */
+           if (prog->anchored_substr || prog->anchored_utf8) {
+               if ((utf8_target ? prog->anchored_utf8 : prog->anchored_substr) == check) {
+                   DEBUG_EXECUTE_r( what = "anchored" );
+                 hop_and_restart:
+                   s = HOP3c(t, 1, strend);
+                   if (s + start_shift + end_shift > strend) {
+                       /* XXXX Should be taken into account earlier? */
+                       DEBUG_EXECUTE_r( PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log,
+                                              "Could not match STCLASS...\n") );
+                       goto fail;
+                   }
+                   if (!check)
+                       goto giveup;
+                   DEBUG_EXECUTE_r( PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log,
+                               "Looking for %s substr starting at offset %ld...\n",
+                                what, (long)(s + start_shift - i_strpos)) );
+                   goto restart;
+               }
+               /* Have both, check_string is floating */
+               if (t + start_shift >= check_at) /* Contradicts floating=check */
+                   goto retry_floating_check;
+               /* Recheck anchored substring, but not floating... */
+               s = check_at;
+               if (!check)
+                   goto giveup;
+               DEBUG_EXECUTE_r( PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log,
+                         "Looking for anchored substr starting at offset %ld...\n",
+                         (long)(other_last - i_strpos)) );
+               goto do_other_anchored;
+           }
+           /* Another way we could have checked stclass at the
+               current position only: */
+           if (ml_anch) {
+               s = t = t + 1;
+               if (!check)
+                   goto giveup;
+               DEBUG_EXECUTE_r( PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log,
+                         "Looking for /%s^%s/m starting at offset %ld...\n",
+                         PL_colors[0], PL_colors[1], (long)(t - i_strpos)) );
+               goto try_at_offset;
+           }
+           if (!(utf8_target ? prog->float_utf8 : prog->float_substr)) /* Could have been deleted */
+               goto fail;
+           /* Check is floating substring. */
+         retry_floating_check:
+           t = check_at - start_shift;
+           DEBUG_EXECUTE_r( what = "floating" );
+           goto hop_and_restart;
+       }
+       if (t != s) {
+            DEBUG_EXECUTE_r(PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log,
+                       "By STCLASS: moving %ld --> %ld\n",
+                                  (long)(t - i_strpos), (long)(s - i_strpos))
+                   );
+        }
+        else {
+            DEBUG_EXECUTE_r(PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log,
+                                  "Does not contradict STCLASS...\n"); 
+                   );
+        }
+    }
+  giveup:
+    DEBUG_EXECUTE_r(PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log, "%s%s:%s match at offset %ld\n",
+                         PL_colors[4], (check ? "Guessed" : "Giving up"),
+                         PL_colors[5], (long)(s - i_strpos)) );
+    return s;
+
+  fail_finish:                         /* Substring not found */
+    if (prog->check_substr || prog->check_utf8)                /* could be removed already */
+       BmUSEFUL(utf8_target ? prog->check_utf8 : prog->check_substr) += 5; /* hooray */
+  fail:
+    DEBUG_EXECUTE_r(PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log, "%sMatch rejected by optimizer%s\n",
+                         PL_colors[4], PL_colors[5]));
+    return NULL;
+}
+
+#define DECL_TRIE_TYPE(scan) \
+    const enum { trie_plain, trie_utf8, trie_utf8_fold, trie_latin_utf8_fold } \
+                    trie_type = ((scan->flags == EXACT) \
+                              ? (utf8_target ? trie_utf8 : trie_plain) \
+                              : (utf8_target ? trie_utf8_fold : trie_latin_utf8_fold))
+
+#define REXEC_TRIE_READ_CHAR(trie_type, trie, widecharmap, uc, uscan, len, uvc, charid, foldlen, foldbuf, uniflags) \
+STMT_START {                               \
+    STRLEN skiplen;                                                                 \
+    switch (trie_type) {                                                            \
+    case trie_utf8_fold:                                                            \
+        if ( foldlen>0 ) {                                                          \
+            uvc = utf8n_to_uvuni( (const U8*) uscan, UTF8_MAXLEN, &len, uniflags ); \
+            foldlen -= len;                                                         \
+            uscan += len;                                                           \
+            len=0;                                                                  \
+        } else {                                                                    \
+            uvc = to_utf8_fold( (const U8*) uc, foldbuf, &foldlen );                \
+            len = UTF8SKIP(uc);                                                     \
+            skiplen = UNISKIP( uvc );                                               \
+            foldlen -= skiplen;                                                     \
+            uscan = foldbuf + skiplen;                                              \
+        }                                                                           \
+        break;                                                                      \
+    case trie_latin_utf8_fold:                                                      \
+        if ( foldlen>0 ) {                                                          \
+            uvc = utf8n_to_uvuni( (const U8*) uscan, UTF8_MAXLEN, &len, uniflags ); \
+            foldlen -= len;                                                         \
+            uscan += len;                                                           \
+            len=0;                                                                  \
+        } else {                                                                    \
+            len = 1;                                                                \
+            uvc = _to_fold_latin1( (U8) *uc, foldbuf, &foldlen, FOLD_FLAGS_FULL);   \
+            skiplen = UNISKIP( uvc );                                               \
+            foldlen -= skiplen;                                                     \
+            uscan = foldbuf + skiplen;                                              \
+        }                                                                           \
+        break;                                                                      \
+    case trie_utf8:                                                                 \
+        uvc = utf8n_to_uvuni( (const U8*) uc, UTF8_MAXLEN, &len, uniflags );        \
+        break;                                                                      \
+    case trie_plain:                                                                \
+        uvc = (UV)*uc;                                                              \
+        len = 1;                                                                    \
+    }                                                                               \
+    if (uvc < 256) {                                                                \
+        charid = trie->charmap[ uvc ];                                              \
+    }                                                                               \
+    else {                                                                          \
+        charid = 0;                                                                 \
+        if (widecharmap) {                                                          \
+            SV** const svpp = hv_fetch(widecharmap,                                 \
+                        (char*)&uvc, sizeof(UV), 0);                                \
+            if (svpp)                                                               \
+                charid = (U16)SvIV(*svpp);                                          \
+        }                                                                           \
+    }                                                                               \
+} STMT_END
+
+#define REXEC_FBC_EXACTISH_SCAN(CoNd)                     \
+STMT_START {                                              \
+    while (s <= e) {                                      \
+       if ( (CoNd)                                       \
+            && (ln == 1 || folder(s, pat_string, ln))    \
+            && (reginfo->intuit || regtry(reginfo, &s)) )\
+           goto got_it;                                  \
+       s++;                                              \
+    }                                                     \
+} STMT_END
+
+#define REXEC_FBC_UTF8_SCAN(CoDe)                     \
+STMT_START {                                          \
+    while (s < strend) {                              \
+       CoDe                                          \
+       s += UTF8SKIP(s);                             \
+    }                                                 \
+} STMT_END
+
+#define REXEC_FBC_SCAN(CoDe)                          \
+STMT_START {                                          \
+    while (s < strend) {                              \
+       CoDe                                          \
+       s++;                                          \
+    }                                                 \
+} STMT_END
+
+#define REXEC_FBC_UTF8_CLASS_SCAN(CoNd)               \
+REXEC_FBC_UTF8_SCAN(                                  \
+    if (CoNd) {                                       \
+       if (tmp && (reginfo->intuit || regtry(reginfo, &s))) \
+           goto got_it;                              \
+       else                                          \
+           tmp = doevery;                            \
+    }                                                 \
+    else                                              \
+       tmp = 1;                                      \
+)
+
+#define REXEC_FBC_CLASS_SCAN(CoNd)                    \
+REXEC_FBC_SCAN(                                       \
+    if (CoNd) {                                       \
+       if (tmp && (reginfo->intuit || regtry(reginfo, &s)))  \
+           goto got_it;                              \
+       else                                          \
+           tmp = doevery;                            \
+    }                                                 \
+    else                                              \
+       tmp = 1;                                      \
+)
+
+#define REXEC_FBC_TRYIT               \
+if ((reginfo->intuit || regtry(reginfo, &s))) \
+    goto got_it
+
+#define REXEC_FBC_CSCAN(CoNdUtF8,CoNd)                         \
+    if (utf8_target) {                                             \
+       REXEC_FBC_UTF8_CLASS_SCAN(CoNdUtF8);                   \
+    }                                                          \
+    else {                                                     \
+       REXEC_FBC_CLASS_SCAN(CoNd);                            \
+    }
+    
+#define DUMP_EXEC_POS(li,s,doutf8) \
+    dump_exec_pos(li,s,(reginfo->strend),(reginfo->strbeg), \
+                startpos, doutf8)
+
+
+#define UTF8_NOLOAD(TEST_NON_UTF8, IF_SUCCESS, IF_FAIL) \
+       tmp = (s != reginfo->strbeg) ? UCHARAT(s - 1) : '\n';                  \
+       tmp = TEST_NON_UTF8(tmp);                                              \
+       REXEC_FBC_UTF8_SCAN(                                                   \
+           if (tmp == ! TEST_NON_UTF8((U8) *s)) { \
+               tmp = !tmp;                                                    \
+               IF_SUCCESS;                                                    \
+           }                                                                  \
+           else {                                                             \
+               IF_FAIL;                                                       \
+           }                                                                  \
+       );                                                                     \
+
+#define UTF8_LOAD(TeSt1_UtF8, TeSt2_UtF8, IF_SUCCESS, IF_FAIL) \
+       if (s == reginfo->strbeg) {                                            \
+           tmp = '\n';                                                        \
+       }                                                                      \
+       else {                                                                 \
+           U8 * const r = reghop3((U8*)s, -1, (U8*)reginfo->strbeg);          \
+           tmp = utf8n_to_uvchr(r, UTF8SKIP(r), 0, UTF8_ALLOW_DEFAULT);       \
+       }                                                                      \
+       tmp = TeSt1_UtF8;                                                      \
+       LOAD_UTF8_CHARCLASS_ALNUM();                                                                \
+       REXEC_FBC_UTF8_SCAN(                                                   \
+           if (tmp == ! (TeSt2_UtF8)) { \
+               tmp = !tmp;                                                    \
+               IF_SUCCESS;                                                    \
+           }                                                                  \
+           else {                                                             \
+               IF_FAIL;                                                       \
+           }                                                                  \
+       );                                                                     \
+
+/* The only difference between the BOUND and NBOUND cases is that
+ * REXEC_FBC_TRYIT is called when matched in BOUND, and when non-matched in
+ * NBOUND.  This is accomplished by passing it in either the if or else clause,
+ * with the other one being empty */
+#define FBC_BOUND(TEST_NON_UTF8, TEST1_UTF8, TEST2_UTF8) \
+    FBC_BOUND_COMMON(UTF8_LOAD(TEST1_UTF8, TEST2_UTF8, REXEC_FBC_TRYIT, PLACEHOLDER), TEST_NON_UTF8, REXEC_FBC_TRYIT, PLACEHOLDER)
+
+#define FBC_BOUND_NOLOAD(TEST_NON_UTF8, TEST1_UTF8, TEST2_UTF8) \
+    FBC_BOUND_COMMON(UTF8_NOLOAD(TEST_NON_UTF8, REXEC_FBC_TRYIT, PLACEHOLDER), TEST_NON_UTF8, REXEC_FBC_TRYIT, PLACEHOLDER)
+
+#define FBC_NBOUND(TEST_NON_UTF8, TEST1_UTF8, TEST2_UTF8) \
+    FBC_BOUND_COMMON(UTF8_LOAD(TEST1_UTF8, TEST2_UTF8, PLACEHOLDER, REXEC_FBC_TRYIT), TEST_NON_UTF8, PLACEHOLDER, REXEC_FBC_TRYIT)
+
+#define FBC_NBOUND_NOLOAD(TEST_NON_UTF8, TEST1_UTF8, TEST2_UTF8) \
+    FBC_BOUND_COMMON(UTF8_NOLOAD(TEST_NON_UTF8, PLACEHOLDER, REXEC_FBC_TRYIT), TEST_NON_UTF8, PLACEHOLDER, REXEC_FBC_TRYIT)
+
+
+/* Common to the BOUND and NBOUND cases.  Unfortunately the UTF8 tests need to
+ * be passed in completely with the variable name being tested, which isn't
+ * such a clean interface, but this is easier to read than it was before.  We
+ * are looking for the boundary (or non-boundary between a word and non-word
+ * character.  The utf8 and non-utf8 cases have the same logic, but the details
+ * must be different.  Find the "wordness" of the character just prior to this
+ * one, and compare it with the wordness of this one.  If they differ, we have
+ * a boundary.  At the beginning of the string, pretend that the previous
+ * character was a new-line */
+#define FBC_BOUND_COMMON(UTF8_CODE, TEST_NON_UTF8, IF_SUCCESS, IF_FAIL) \
+    if (utf8_target) {                                                         \
+               UTF8_CODE \
+    }                                                                          \
+    else {  /* Not utf8 */                                                     \
+       tmp = (s != reginfo->strbeg) ? UCHARAT(s - 1) : '\n';                  \
+       tmp = TEST_NON_UTF8(tmp);                                              \
+       REXEC_FBC_SCAN(                                                        \
+           if (tmp == ! TEST_NON_UTF8((U8) *s)) {                             \
+               tmp = !tmp;                                                    \
+               IF_SUCCESS;                                                    \
+           }                                                                  \
+           else {                                                             \
+               IF_FAIL;                                                       \
+           }                                                                  \
+       );                                                                     \
+    }                                                                          \
+    if ((!prog->minlen && tmp) && (reginfo->intuit || regtry(reginfo, &s)))           \
+       goto got_it;
+
+/* We know what class REx starts with.  Try to find this position... */
+/* if reginfo->intuit, its a dryrun */
+/* annoyingly all the vars in this routine have different names from their counterparts
+   in regmatch. /grrr */
+
+STATIC char *
+S_find_byclass(pTHX_ regexp * prog, const regnode *c, char *s, 
+    const char *strend, regmatch_info *reginfo)
+{
+    dVAR;
+    const I32 doevery = (prog->intflags & PREGf_SKIP) == 0;
+    char *pat_string;   /* The pattern's exactish string */
+    char *pat_end;         /* ptr to end char of pat_string */
+    re_fold_t folder;  /* Function for computing non-utf8 folds */
+    const U8 *fold_array;   /* array for folding ords < 256 */
+    STRLEN ln;
+    STRLEN lnc;
+    U8 c1;
+    U8 c2;
+    char *e;
+    I32 tmp = 1;       /* Scratch variable? */
+    const bool utf8_target = reginfo->is_utf8_target;
+    UV utf8_fold_flags = 0;
+    const bool is_utf8_pat = reginfo->is_utf8_pat;
+    bool to_complement = FALSE; /* Invert the result?  Taking the xor of this
+                                   with a result inverts that result, as 0^1 =
+                                   1 and 1^1 = 0 */
+    _char_class_number classnum;
+
+    RXi_GET_DECL(prog,progi);
+
+    PERL_ARGS_ASSERT_FIND_BYCLASS;
+
+    /* We know what class it must start with. */
+    switch (OP(c)) {
+    case ANYOF:
+    case ANYOF_SYNTHETIC:
+    case ANYOF_WARN_SUPER:
+        if (utf8_target) {
+            REXEC_FBC_UTF8_CLASS_SCAN(
+                      reginclass(prog, c, (U8*)s, utf8_target));
+        }
+        else {
+            REXEC_FBC_CLASS_SCAN(REGINCLASS(prog, c, (U8*)s));
+        }
+        break;
+    case CANY:
+        REXEC_FBC_SCAN(
+            if (tmp && (reginfo->intuit || regtry(reginfo, &s)))
+                goto got_it;
+            else
+                tmp = doevery;
+        );
+        break;
+
+    case EXACTFA:
+        if (is_utf8_pat || utf8_target) {
+            utf8_fold_flags = FOLDEQ_UTF8_NOMIX_ASCII;
+            goto do_exactf_utf8;
+        }
+        fold_array = PL_fold_latin1;    /* Latin1 folds are not affected by */
+        folder = foldEQ_latin1;                /* /a, except the sharp s one which */
+        goto do_exactf_non_utf8;       /* isn't dealt with by these */
+
+    case EXACTF:
+        if (utf8_target) {
+
+            /* regcomp.c already folded this if pattern is in UTF-8 */
+            utf8_fold_flags = 0;
+            goto do_exactf_utf8;
+        }
+        fold_array = PL_fold;
+        folder = foldEQ;
+        goto do_exactf_non_utf8;
+
+    case EXACTFL:
+        if (is_utf8_pat || utf8_target) {
+            utf8_fold_flags = FOLDEQ_UTF8_LOCALE;
+            goto do_exactf_utf8;
+        }
+        fold_array = PL_fold_locale;
+        folder = foldEQ_locale;
+        goto do_exactf_non_utf8;
+
+    case EXACTFU_SS:
+        if (is_utf8_pat) {
+            utf8_fold_flags = FOLDEQ_S2_ALREADY_FOLDED;
+        }
+        goto do_exactf_utf8;
+
+    case EXACTFU_TRICKYFOLD:
+    case EXACTFU:
+        if (is_utf8_pat || utf8_target) {
+            utf8_fold_flags = is_utf8_pat ? FOLDEQ_S2_ALREADY_FOLDED : 0;
+            goto do_exactf_utf8;
+        }
+
+        /* Any 'ss' in the pattern should have been replaced by regcomp,
+         * so we don't have to worry here about this single special case
+         * in the Latin1 range */
+        fold_array = PL_fold_latin1;
+        folder = foldEQ_latin1;
+
+        /* FALL THROUGH */
+
+    do_exactf_non_utf8: /* Neither pattern nor string are UTF8, and there
+                           are no glitches with fold-length differences
+                           between the target string and pattern */
+
+        /* The idea in the non-utf8 EXACTF* cases is to first find the
+         * first character of the EXACTF* node and then, if necessary,
+         * case-insensitively compare the full text of the node.  c1 is the
+         * first character.  c2 is its fold.  This logic will not work for
+         * Unicode semantics and the german sharp ss, which hence should
+         * not be compiled into a node that gets here. */
+        pat_string = STRING(c);
+        ln  = STR_LEN(c);      /* length to match in octets/bytes */
+
+        /* We know that we have to match at least 'ln' bytes (which is the
+         * same as characters, since not utf8).  If we have to match 3
+         * characters, and there are only 2 availabe, we know without
+         * trying that it will fail; so don't start a match past the
+         * required minimum number from the far end */
+        e = HOP3c(strend, -((I32)ln), s);
+
+        if (reginfo->intuit && e < s) {
+            e = s;                     /* Due to minlen logic of intuit() */
+        }
+
+        c1 = *pat_string;
+        c2 = fold_array[c1];
+        if (c1 == c2) { /* If char and fold are the same */
+            REXEC_FBC_EXACTISH_SCAN(*(U8*)s == c1);
+        }
+        else {
+            REXEC_FBC_EXACTISH_SCAN(*(U8*)s == c1 || *(U8*)s == c2);
+        }
+        break;
+
+    do_exactf_utf8:
+    {
+        unsigned expansion;
+
+        /* If one of the operands is in utf8, we can't use the simpler folding
+         * above, due to the fact that many different characters can have the
+         * same fold, or portion of a fold, or different- length fold */
+        pat_string = STRING(c);
+        ln  = STR_LEN(c);      /* length to match in octets/bytes */
+        pat_end = pat_string + ln;
+        lnc = is_utf8_pat       /* length to match in characters */
+                ? utf8_length((U8 *) pat_string, (U8 *) pat_end)
+                : ln;
+
+        /* We have 'lnc' characters to match in the pattern, but because of
+         * multi-character folding, each character in the target can match
+         * up to 3 characters (Unicode guarantees it will never exceed
+         * this) if it is utf8-encoded; and up to 2 if not (based on the
+         * fact that the Latin 1 folds are already determined, and the
+         * only multi-char fold in that range is the sharp-s folding to
+         * 'ss'.  Thus, a pattern character can match as little as 1/3 of a
+         * string character.  Adjust lnc accordingly, rounding up, so that
+         * if we need to match at least 4+1/3 chars, that really is 5. */
+        expansion = (utf8_target) ? UTF8_MAX_FOLD_CHAR_EXPAND : 2;
+        lnc = (lnc + expansion - 1) / expansion;
+
+        /* As in the non-UTF8 case, if we have to match 3 characters, and
+         * only 2 are left, it's guaranteed to fail, so don't start a
+         * match that would require us to go beyond the end of the string
+         */
+        e = HOP3c(strend, -((I32)lnc), s);
+
+        if (reginfo->intuit && e < s) {
+            e = s;                     /* Due to minlen logic of intuit() */
+        }
+
+        /* XXX Note that we could recalculate e to stop the loop earlier,
+         * as the worst case expansion above will rarely be met, and as we
+         * go along we would usually find that e moves further to the left.
+         * This would happen only after we reached the point in the loop
+         * where if there were no expansion we should fail.  Unclear if
+         * worth the expense */
+
+        while (s <= e) {
+            char *my_strend= (char *)strend;
+            if (foldEQ_utf8_flags(s, &my_strend, 0,  utf8_target,
+                  pat_string, NULL, ln, is_utf8_pat, utf8_fold_flags)
+                && (reginfo->intuit || regtry(reginfo, &s)) )
+            {
+                goto got_it;
+            }
+            s += (utf8_target) ? UTF8SKIP(s) : 1;
+        }
+        break;
+    }
+    case BOUNDL:
+        RXp_MATCH_TAINTED_on(prog);
+        FBC_BOUND(isWORDCHAR_LC,
+                  isWORDCHAR_LC_uvchr(UNI_TO_NATIVE(tmp)),
+                  isWORDCHAR_LC_utf8((U8*)s));
+        break;
+    case NBOUNDL:
+        RXp_MATCH_TAINTED_on(prog);
+        FBC_NBOUND(isWORDCHAR_LC,
+                   isWORDCHAR_LC_uvchr(UNI_TO_NATIVE(tmp)),
+                   isWORDCHAR_LC_utf8((U8*)s));
+        break;
+    case BOUND:
+        FBC_BOUND(isWORDCHAR,
+                  isWORDCHAR_uni(tmp),
+                  cBOOL(swash_fetch(PL_utf8_swash_ptrs[_CC_WORDCHAR], (U8*)s, utf8_target)));
+        break;
+    case BOUNDA:
+        FBC_BOUND_NOLOAD(isWORDCHAR_A,
+                         isWORDCHAR_A(tmp),
+                         isWORDCHAR_A((U8*)s));
+        break;
+    case NBOUND:
+        FBC_NBOUND(isWORDCHAR,
+                   isWORDCHAR_uni(tmp),
+                   cBOOL(swash_fetch(PL_utf8_swash_ptrs[_CC_WORDCHAR], (U8*)s, utf8_target)));
+        break;
+    case NBOUNDA:
+        FBC_NBOUND_NOLOAD(isWORDCHAR_A,
+                          isWORDCHAR_A(tmp),
+                          isWORDCHAR_A((U8*)s));
+        break;
+    case BOUNDU:
+        FBC_BOUND(isWORDCHAR_L1,
+                  isWORDCHAR_uni(tmp),
+                  cBOOL(swash_fetch(PL_utf8_swash_ptrs[_CC_WORDCHAR], (U8*)s, utf8_target)));
+        break;
+    case NBOUNDU:
+        FBC_NBOUND(isWORDCHAR_L1,
+                   isWORDCHAR_uni(tmp),
+                   cBOOL(swash_fetch(PL_utf8_swash_ptrs[_CC_WORDCHAR], (U8*)s, utf8_target)));
+        break;
+    case LNBREAK:
+        REXEC_FBC_CSCAN(is_LNBREAK_utf8_safe(s, strend),
+                        is_LNBREAK_latin1_safe(s, strend)
+        );
+        break;
+
+    /* The argument to all the POSIX node types is the class number to pass to
+     * _generic_isCC() to build a mask for searching in PL_charclass[] */
+
+    case NPOSIXL:
+        to_complement = 1;
+        /* FALLTHROUGH */
+
+    case POSIXL:
+        RXp_MATCH_TAINTED_on(prog);
+        REXEC_FBC_CSCAN(to_complement ^ cBOOL(isFOO_utf8_lc(FLAGS(c), (U8 *) s)),
+                        to_complement ^ cBOOL(isFOO_lc(FLAGS(c), *s)));
+        break;
+
+    case NPOSIXD:
+        to_complement = 1;
+        /* FALLTHROUGH */
+
+    case POSIXD:
+        if (utf8_target) {
+            goto posix_utf8;
+        }
+        goto posixa;
+
+    case NPOSIXA:
+        if (utf8_target) {
+            /* The complement of something that matches only ASCII matches all
+             * UTF-8 variant code points, plus everything in ASCII that isn't
+             * in the class */
+            REXEC_FBC_UTF8_CLASS_SCAN(! UTF8_IS_INVARIANT(*s)
+                                      || ! _generic_isCC_A(*s, FLAGS(c)));
+            break;
+        }
+
+        to_complement = 1;
+        /* FALLTHROUGH */
+
+    case POSIXA:
+      posixa:
+        /* Don't need to worry about utf8, as it can match only a single
+         * byte invariant character. */
+        REXEC_FBC_CLASS_SCAN(
+                        to_complement ^ cBOOL(_generic_isCC_A(*s, FLAGS(c))));
+        break;
+
+    case NPOSIXU:
+        to_complement = 1;
+        /* FALLTHROUGH */
+
+    case POSIXU:
+        if (! utf8_target) {
+            REXEC_FBC_CLASS_SCAN(to_complement ^ cBOOL(_generic_isCC(*s,
+                                                                    FLAGS(c))));
+        }
+        else {
+
+      posix_utf8:
+            classnum = (_char_class_number) FLAGS(c);
+            if (classnum < _FIRST_NON_SWASH_CC) {
+                while (s < strend) {
+
+                    /* We avoid loading in the swash as long as possible, but
+                     * should we have to, we jump to a separate loop.  This
+                     * extra 'if' statement is what keeps this code from being
+                     * just a call to REXEC_FBC_UTF8_CLASS_SCAN() */
+                    if (UTF8_IS_ABOVE_LATIN1(*s)) {
+                        goto found_above_latin1;
+                    }
+                    if ((UTF8_IS_INVARIANT(*s)
+                         && to_complement ^ cBOOL(_generic_isCC((U8) *s,
+                                                                classnum)))
+                        || (UTF8_IS_DOWNGRADEABLE_START(*s)
+                            && to_complement ^ cBOOL(
+                                _generic_isCC(TWO_BYTE_UTF8_TO_UNI(*s, *(s + 1)),
+                                              classnum))))
+                    {
+                        if (tmp && (reginfo->intuit || regtry(reginfo, &s)))
+                            goto got_it;
+                        else {
+                            tmp = doevery;
+                        }
+                    }
+                    else {
+                        tmp = 1;
+                    }
+                    s += UTF8SKIP(s);
+                }
+            }
+            else switch (classnum) {    /* These classes are implemented as
+                                           macros */
+                case _CC_ENUM_SPACE: /* XXX would require separate code if we
+                                        revert the change of \v matching this */
+                    /* FALL THROUGH */
+
+                case _CC_ENUM_PSXSPC:
+                    REXEC_FBC_UTF8_CLASS_SCAN(
+                                        to_complement ^ cBOOL(isSPACE_utf8(s)));
+                    break;
+
+                case _CC_ENUM_BLANK:
+                    REXEC_FBC_UTF8_CLASS_SCAN(
+                                        to_complement ^ cBOOL(isBLANK_utf8(s)));
+                    break;
+
+                case _CC_ENUM_XDIGIT:
+                    REXEC_FBC_UTF8_CLASS_SCAN(
+                                       to_complement ^ cBOOL(isXDIGIT_utf8(s)));
+                    break;
+
+                case _CC_ENUM_VERTSPACE:
+                    REXEC_FBC_UTF8_CLASS_SCAN(
+                                       to_complement ^ cBOOL(isVERTWS_utf8(s)));
+                    break;
+
+                case _CC_ENUM_CNTRL:
+                    REXEC_FBC_UTF8_CLASS_SCAN(
+                                        to_complement ^ cBOOL(isCNTRL_utf8(s)));
+                    break;
+
+                default:
+                    Perl_croak(aTHX_ "panic: find_byclass() node %d='%s' has an unexpected character class '%d'", OP(c), PL_reg_name[OP(c)], classnum);
+                    assert(0); /* NOTREACHED */
+            }
+        }
+        break;
+
+      found_above_latin1:   /* Here we have to load a swash to get the result
+                               for the current code point */
+        if (! PL_utf8_swash_ptrs[classnum]) {
+            U8 flags = _CORE_SWASH_INIT_ACCEPT_INVLIST;
+            PL_utf8_swash_ptrs[classnum] =
+                    _core_swash_init("utf8", swash_property_names[classnum],
+                                     &PL_sv_undef, 1, 0, NULL, &flags);
+        }
+
+        /* This is a copy of the loop above for swash classes, though using the
+         * FBC macro instead of being expanded out.  Since we've loaded the
+         * swash, we don't have to check for that each time through the loop */
+        REXEC_FBC_UTF8_CLASS_SCAN(
+                to_complement ^ cBOOL(_generic_utf8(
+                                      classnum,
+                                      s,
+                                      swash_fetch(PL_utf8_swash_ptrs[classnum],
+                                                  (U8 *) s, TRUE))));
+        break;
+
+    case AHOCORASICKC:
+    case AHOCORASICK:
+        {
+            DECL_TRIE_TYPE(c);
+            /* what trie are we using right now */
+            reg_ac_data *aho = (reg_ac_data*)progi->data->data[ ARG( c ) ];
+            reg_trie_data *trie = (reg_trie_data*)progi->data->data[ aho->trie ];
+            HV *widecharmap = MUTABLE_HV(progi->data->data[ aho->trie + 1 ]);
+
+            const char *last_start = strend - trie->minlen;
+#ifdef DEBUGGING
+            const char *real_start = s;
+#endif
+            STRLEN maxlen = trie->maxlen;
+            SV *sv_points;
+            U8 **points; /* map of where we were in the input string
+                            when reading a given char. For ASCII this
+                            is unnecessary overhead as the relationship
+                            is always 1:1, but for Unicode, especially
+                            case folded Unicode this is not true. */
+            U8 foldbuf[ UTF8_MAXBYTES_CASE + 1 ];
+            U8 *bitmap=NULL;
+
+
+            GET_RE_DEBUG_FLAGS_DECL;
+
+            /* We can't just allocate points here. We need to wrap it in
+             * an SV so it gets freed properly if there is a croak while
+             * running the match */
+            ENTER;
+            SAVETMPS;
+            sv_points=newSV(maxlen * sizeof(U8 *));
+            SvCUR_set(sv_points,
+                maxlen * sizeof(U8 *));
+            SvPOK_on(sv_points);
+            sv_2mortal(sv_points);
+            points=(U8**)SvPV_nolen(sv_points );
+            if ( trie_type != trie_utf8_fold
+                 && (trie->bitmap || OP(c)==AHOCORASICKC) )
+            {
+                if (trie->bitmap)
+                    bitmap=(U8*)trie->bitmap;
+                else
+                    bitmap=(U8*)ANYOF_BITMAP(c);
+            }
+            /* this is the Aho-Corasick algorithm modified a touch
+               to include special handling for long "unknown char" sequences.
+               The basic idea being that we use AC as long as we are dealing
+               with a possible matching char, when we encounter an unknown char
+               (and we have not encountered an accepting state) we scan forward
+               until we find a legal starting char.
+               AC matching is basically that of trie matching, except that when
+               we encounter a failing transition, we fall back to the current
+               states "fail state", and try the current char again, a process
+               we repeat until we reach the root state, state 1, or a legal
+               transition. If we fail on the root state then we can either
+               terminate if we have reached an accepting state previously, or
+               restart the entire process from the beginning if we have not.
+
+             */
+            while (s <= last_start) {
+                const U32 uniflags = UTF8_ALLOW_DEFAULT;
+                U8 *uc = (U8*)s;
+                U16 charid = 0;
+                U32 base = 1;
+                U32 state = 1;
+                UV uvc = 0;
+                STRLEN len = 0;
+                STRLEN foldlen = 0;
+                U8 *uscan = (U8*)NULL;
+                U8 *leftmost = NULL;
+#ifdef DEBUGGING
+                U32 accepted_word= 0;
+#endif
+                U32 pointpos = 0;
+
+                while ( state && uc <= (U8*)strend ) {
+                    int failed=0;
+                    U32 word = aho->states[ state ].wordnum;
+
+                    if( state==1 ) {
+                        if ( bitmap ) {
+                            DEBUG_TRIE_EXECUTE_r(
+                                if ( uc <= (U8*)last_start && !BITMAP_TEST(bitmap,*uc) ) {
+                                    dump_exec_pos( (char *)uc, c, strend, real_start,
+                                        (char *)uc, utf8_target );
+                                    PerlIO_printf( Perl_debug_log,
+                                        " Scanning for legal start char...\n");
+                                }
+                            );
+                            if (utf8_target) {
+                                while ( uc <= (U8*)last_start && !BITMAP_TEST(bitmap,*uc) ) {
+                                    uc += UTF8SKIP(uc);
+                                }
+                            } else {
+                                while ( uc <= (U8*)last_start  && !BITMAP_TEST(bitmap,*uc) ) {
+                                    uc++;
+                                }
+                            }
+                            s= (char *)uc;
+                        }
+                        if (uc >(U8*)last_start) break;
+                    }
+
+                    if ( word ) {
+                        U8 *lpos= points[ (pointpos - trie->wordinfo[word].len) % maxlen ];
+                        if (!leftmost || lpos < leftmost) {
+                            DEBUG_r(accepted_word=word);
+                            leftmost= lpos;
+                        }
+                        if (base==0) break;
+
+                    }
+                    points[pointpos++ % maxlen]= uc;
+                    if (foldlen || uc < (U8*)strend) {
+                        REXEC_TRIE_READ_CHAR(trie_type, trie,
+                                         widecharmap, uc,
+                                         uscan, len, uvc, charid, foldlen,
+                                         foldbuf, uniflags);
+                        DEBUG_TRIE_EXECUTE_r({
+                            dump_exec_pos( (char *)uc, c, strend,
+                                        real_start, s, utf8_target);
+                            PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log,
+                                " Charid:%3u CP:%4"UVxf" ",
+                                 charid, uvc);
+                        });
+                    }
+                    else {
+                        len = 0;
+                        charid = 0;
+                    }
+
+
+                    do {
+#ifdef DEBUGGING
+                        word = aho->states[ state ].wordnum;
+#endif
+                        base = aho->states[ state ].trans.base;
+
+                        DEBUG_TRIE_EXECUTE_r({
+                            if (failed)
+                                dump_exec_pos( (char *)uc, c, strend, real_start,
+                                    s,   utf8_target );
+                            PerlIO_printf( Perl_debug_log,
+                                "%sState: %4"UVxf", word=%"UVxf,
+                                failed ? " Fail transition to " : "",
+                                (UV)state, (UV)word);
+                        });
+                        if ( base ) {
+                            U32 tmp;
+                            I32 offset;
+                            if (charid &&
+                                 ( ((offset = base + charid
+                                    - 1 - trie->uniquecharcount)) >= 0)
+                                 && ((U32)offset < trie->lasttrans)
+                                 && trie->trans[offset].check == state
+                                 && (tmp=trie->trans[offset].next))
+                            {
+                                DEBUG_TRIE_EXECUTE_r(
+                                    PerlIO_printf( Perl_debug_log," - legal\n"));
+                                state = tmp;
+                                break;
+                            }
+                            else {
+                                DEBUG_TRIE_EXECUTE_r(
+                                    PerlIO_printf( Perl_debug_log," - fail\n"));
+                                failed = 1;
+                                state = aho->fail[state];
+                            }
+                        }
+                        else {
+                            /* we must be accepting here */
+                            DEBUG_TRIE_EXECUTE_r(
+                                    PerlIO_printf( Perl_debug_log," - accepting\n"));
+                            failed = 1;
+                            break;
+                        }
+                    } while(state);
+                    uc += len;
+                    if (failed) {
+                        if (leftmost)
+                            break;
+                        if (!state) state = 1;
+                    }
+                }
+                if ( aho->states[ state ].wordnum ) {
+                    U8 *lpos = points[ (pointpos - trie->wordinfo[aho->states[ state ].wordnum].len) % maxlen ];
+                    if (!leftmost || lpos < leftmost) {
+                        DEBUG_r(accepted_word=aho->states[ state ].wordnum);
+                        leftmost = lpos;
+                    }
+                }
+                if (leftmost) {
+                    s = (char*)leftmost;
+                    DEBUG_TRIE_EXECUTE_r({
+                        PerlIO_printf(
+                            Perl_debug_log,"Matches word #%"UVxf" at position %"IVdf". Trying full pattern...\n",
+                            (UV)accepted_word, (IV)(s - real_start)
+                        );
+                    });
+                    if (reginfo->intuit || regtry(reginfo, &s)) {
+                        FREETMPS;
+                        LEAVE;
+                        goto got_it;
+                    }
+                    s = HOPc(s,1);
+                    DEBUG_TRIE_EXECUTE_r({
+                        PerlIO_printf( Perl_debug_log,"Pattern failed. Looking for new start point...\n");
+                    });
+                } else {
+                    DEBUG_TRIE_EXECUTE_r(
+                        PerlIO_printf( Perl_debug_log,"No match.\n"));
+                    break;
+                }
+            }
+            FREETMPS;
+            LEAVE;
+        }
+        break;
+    default:
+        Perl_croak(aTHX_ "panic: unknown regstclass %d", (int)OP(c));
+        break;
+    }
+    return 0;
+  got_it:
+    return s;
+}
+
+
+/*
+ - regexec_flags - match a regexp against a string
+ */
+I32
+Perl_regexec_flags(pTHX_ REGEXP * const rx, char *stringarg, char *strend,
+             char *strbeg, I32 minend, SV *sv, void *data, U32 flags)
+/* stringarg: the point in the string at which to begin matching */
+/* strend:    pointer to null at end of string */
+/* strbeg:    real beginning of string */
+/* minend:    end of match must be >= minend bytes after stringarg. */
+/* sv:        SV being matched: only used for utf8 flag, pos() etc; string
+ *            itself is accessed via the pointers above */
+/* data:      May be used for some additional optimizations.
+              Currently its only used, with a U32 cast, for transmitting
+              the ganch offset when doing a /g match. This will change */
+/* nosave:    For optimizations. */
+
+{
+    dVAR;
+    struct regexp *const prog = ReANY(rx);
+    char *s;
+    regnode *c;
+    char *startpos = stringarg;
+    I32 minlen;                /* must match at least this many chars */
+    I32 dontbother = 0;        /* how many characters not to try at end */
+    I32 end_shift = 0;                 /* Same for the end. */         /* CC */
+    I32 scream_pos = -1;               /* Internal iterator of scream. */
+    char *scream_olds = NULL;
+    const bool utf8_target = cBOOL(DO_UTF8(sv));
+    I32 multiline;
+    RXi_GET_DECL(prog,progi);
+    regmatch_info reginfo_buf;  /* create some info to pass to regtry etc */
+    regmatch_info *const reginfo = &reginfo_buf;
+    regexp_paren_pair *swap = NULL;
+    I32 oldsave;
+    GET_RE_DEBUG_FLAGS_DECL;
+
+    PERL_ARGS_ASSERT_REGEXEC_FLAGS;
+    PERL_UNUSED_ARG(data);
+
+    /* Be paranoid... */
+    if (prog == NULL || startpos == NULL) {
+       Perl_croak(aTHX_ "NULL regexp parameter");
+       return 0;
+    }
+
+    DEBUG_EXECUTE_r(
+        debug_start_match(rx, utf8_target, startpos, strend,
+        "Matching");
+    );
+
+
+    /* at the end of this function, we'll do a LEAVE_SCOPE(oldsave),
+     * which will call destuctors to reset PL_regmatch_state, free higher
+     * PL_regmatch_slabs, and clean up regmatch_info_aux and
+     * regmatch_info_aux_eval */
+
+    oldsave = PL_savestack_ix;
+
+    multiline = prog->extflags & RXf_PMf_MULTILINE;
+    minlen = prog->minlen;
+    
+    if (strend - startpos < (minlen+(prog->check_offset_min<0?prog->check_offset_min:0))) {
+        DEBUG_EXECUTE_r(PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log,
+                             "String too short [regexec_flags]...\n"));
+       goto phooey;
+    }
+    
+    /* Check validity of program. */
+    if (UCHARAT(progi->program) != REG_MAGIC) {
+       Perl_croak(aTHX_ "corrupted regexp program");
+    }
+
+    RX_MATCH_TAINTED_off(rx);
+
+    reginfo->prog = rx;         /* Yes, sorry that this is confusing.  */
+    reginfo->intuit = 0;
+    reginfo->is_utf8_target = cBOOL(utf8_target);
+    reginfo->is_utf8_pat = cBOOL(RX_UTF8(rx));
+    reginfo->warned = FALSE;
+    reginfo->strbeg  = strbeg;
+    reginfo->sv = sv;
+    reginfo->poscache_maxiter = 0; /* not yet started a countdown */
+    reginfo->strend = strend;
+    /* see how far we have to get to not match where we matched before */
+    reginfo->till = startpos+minend;
+
+    /* reserve next 2 or 3 slots in PL_regmatch_state:
+     * slot N+0: may currently be in use: skip it
+     * slot N+1: use for regmatch_info_aux struct
+     * slot N+2: use for regmatch_info_aux_eval struct if we have (?{})'s
+     * slot N+3: ready for use by regmatch()
+     */
+
+    {
+        regmatch_state *old_regmatch_state;
+        regmatch_slab  *old_regmatch_slab;
+        int i, max = (prog->extflags & RXf_EVAL_SEEN) ? 2 : 1;
+
+        /* on first ever match, allocate first slab */
+        if (!PL_regmatch_slab) {
+            Newx(PL_regmatch_slab, 1, regmatch_slab);
+            PL_regmatch_slab->prev = NULL;
+            PL_regmatch_slab->next = NULL;
+            PL_regmatch_state = SLAB_FIRST(PL_regmatch_slab);
+        }
+
+        old_regmatch_state = PL_regmatch_state;
+        old_regmatch_slab  = PL_regmatch_slab;
+
+        for (i=0; i <= max; i++) {
+            if (i == 1)
+                reginfo->info_aux = &(PL_regmatch_state->u.info_aux);
+            else if (i ==2)
+                reginfo->info_aux_eval =
+                reginfo->info_aux->info_aux_eval =
+                            &(PL_regmatch_state->u.info_aux_eval);
+
+            if (++PL_regmatch_state >  SLAB_LAST(PL_regmatch_slab))
+                PL_regmatch_state = S_push_slab(aTHX);
+        }
+
+        /* note initial PL_regmatch_state position; at end of match we'll
+         * pop back to there and free any higher slabs */
+
+        reginfo->info_aux->old_regmatch_state = old_regmatch_state;
+        reginfo->info_aux->old_regmatch_slab  = old_regmatch_slab;
+        reginfo->info_aux->poscache = NULL;
+
+        SAVEDESTRUCTOR_X(S_cleanup_regmatch_info_aux, reginfo->info_aux);
+
+        if ((prog->extflags & RXf_EVAL_SEEN))
+            S_setup_eval_state(aTHX_ reginfo);
+        else
+            reginfo->info_aux_eval = reginfo->info_aux->info_aux_eval = NULL;
+    }
+
+    /* If there is a "must appear" string, look for it. */
+    s = startpos;
+
+    if (prog->extflags & RXf_GPOS_SEEN) { /* Need to set reginfo->ganch */
+       MAGIC *mg;
+       if (flags & REXEC_IGNOREPOS){   /* Means: check only at start */
+           reginfo->ganch = startpos + prog->gofs;
+           DEBUG_GPOS_r(PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log,
+             "GPOS IGNOREPOS: reginfo->ganch = startpos + %"UVxf"\n",(UV)prog->gofs));
+       } else if (sv && (mg = mg_find_mglob(sv))
+                 && mg->mg_len >= 0) {
+           reginfo->ganch = strbeg + mg->mg_len;       /* Defined pos() */
+           DEBUG_GPOS_r(PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log,
+               "GPOS MAGIC: reginfo->ganch = strbeg + %"IVdf"\n",(IV)mg->mg_len));
+
+           if (prog->extflags & RXf_ANCH_GPOS) {
+               if (s > reginfo->ganch)
+                   goto phooey;
+               s = reginfo->ganch - prog->gofs;
+               DEBUG_GPOS_r(PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log,
+                    "GPOS ANCH_GPOS: s = ganch - %"UVxf"\n",(UV)prog->gofs));
+               if (s < strbeg)
+                   goto phooey;
+           }
+       }
+       else if (data) {
+           reginfo->ganch = strbeg + PTR2UV(data);
+            DEBUG_GPOS_r(PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log,
+                "GPOS DATA: reginfo->ganch= strbeg + %"UVxf"\n",PTR2UV(data)));
+
+       } else {                                /* pos() not defined */
+           reginfo->ganch = strbeg;
+            DEBUG_GPOS_r(PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log,
+                "GPOS: reginfo->ganch = strbeg\n"));
+       }
+    }
+    if (PL_curpm && (PM_GETRE(PL_curpm) == rx)) {
+        /* We have to be careful. If the previous successful match
+           was from this regex we don't want a subsequent partially
+           successful match to clobber the old results.
+           So when we detect this possibility we add a swap buffer
+           to the re, and switch the buffer each match. If we fail,
+           we switch it back; otherwise we leave it swapped.
+        */
+        swap = prog->offs;
+        /* do we need a save destructor here for eval dies? */
+        Newxz(prog->offs, (prog->nparens + 1), regexp_paren_pair);
+       DEBUG_BUFFERS_r(PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log,
+           "rex=0x%"UVxf" saving  offs: orig=0x%"UVxf" new=0x%"UVxf"\n",
+           PTR2UV(prog),
+           PTR2UV(swap),
+           PTR2UV(prog->offs)
+       ));
+    }
+    if (!(flags & REXEC_CHECKED) && (prog->check_substr != NULL || prog->check_utf8 != NULL)) {
+       re_scream_pos_data d;
+
+       d.scream_olds = &scream_olds;
+       d.scream_pos = &scream_pos;
+       s = re_intuit_start(rx, sv, strbeg, s, strend, flags, &d);
+       if (!s) {
+           DEBUG_EXECUTE_r(PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log, "Not present...\n"));
+           goto phooey;        /* not present */
+       }
+    }
+
+
+
+    /* Simplest case:  anchored match need be tried only once. */
+    /*  [unless only anchor is BOL and multiline is set] */
+    if (prog->extflags & (RXf_ANCH & ~RXf_ANCH_GPOS)) {
+       if (s == startpos && regtry(reginfo, &startpos))
+           goto got_it;
+       else if (multiline || (prog->intflags & PREGf_IMPLICIT)
+                || (prog->extflags & RXf_ANCH_MBOL)) /* XXXX SBOL? */
+       {
+           char *end;
+
+           if (minlen)
+               dontbother = minlen - 1;
+           end = HOP3c(strend, -dontbother, strbeg) - 1;
+           /* for multiline we only have to try after newlines */
+           if (prog->check_substr || prog->check_utf8) {
+                /* because of the goto we can not easily reuse the macros for bifurcating the
+                   unicode/non-unicode match modes here like we do elsewhere - demerphq */
+                if (utf8_target) {
+                    if (s == startpos)
+                        goto after_try_utf8;
+                    while (1) {
+                        if (regtry(reginfo, &s)) {
+                            goto got_it;
+                        }
+                      after_try_utf8:
+                        if (s > end) {
+                            goto phooey;
+                        }
+                        if (prog->extflags & RXf_USE_INTUIT) {
+                            s = re_intuit_start(rx, sv, strbeg,
+                                    s + UTF8SKIP(s), strend, flags, NULL);
+                            if (!s) {
+                                goto phooey;
+                            }
+                        }
+                        else {
+                            s += UTF8SKIP(s);
+                        }
+                    }
+                } /* end search for check string in unicode */
+                else {
+                    if (s == startpos) {
+                        goto after_try_latin;
+                    }
+                    while (1) {
+                        if (regtry(reginfo, &s)) {
+                            goto got_it;
+                        }
+                      after_try_latin:
+                        if (s > end) {
+                            goto phooey;
+                        }
+                        if (prog->extflags & RXf_USE_INTUIT) {
+                            s = re_intuit_start(rx, sv, strbeg,
+                                        s + 1, strend, flags, NULL);
+                            if (!s) {
+                                goto phooey;
+                            }
+                        }
+                        else {
+                            s++;
+                        }
+                    }
+                } /* end search for check string in latin*/
+           } /* end search for check string */
+           else { /* search for newline */
+               if (s > startpos) {
+                    /*XXX: The s-- is almost definitely wrong here under unicode - demeprhq*/
+                   s--;
+               }
+               /* We can use a more efficient search as newlines are the same in unicode as they are in latin */
+               while (s <= end) { /* note it could be possible to match at the end of the string */
+                   if (*s++ == '\n') { /* don't need PL_utf8skip here */
+                       if (regtry(reginfo, &s))
+                           goto got_it;
+                   }
+               }
+           } /* end search for newline */
+       } /* end anchored/multiline check string search */
+       goto phooey;
+    } else if (RXf_GPOS_CHECK == (prog->extflags & RXf_GPOS_CHECK)) 
+    {
+        /* the warning about reginfo->ganch being used without initialization
+           is bogus -- we set it above, when prog->extflags & RXf_GPOS_SEEN 
+           and we only enter this block when the same bit is set. */
+        char *tmp_s = reginfo->ganch - prog->gofs;
+
+       if (tmp_s >= strbeg && regtry(reginfo, &tmp_s))
+           goto got_it;
+       goto phooey;
+    }
+
+    /* Messy cases:  unanchored match. */
+    if ((prog->anchored_substr || prog->anchored_utf8) && prog->intflags & PREGf_SKIP) {
+       /* we have /x+whatever/ */
+       /* it must be a one character string (XXXX Except is_utf8_pat?) */
+       char ch;
+#ifdef DEBUGGING
+       int did_match = 0;
+#endif
+       if (utf8_target) {
+            if (! prog->anchored_utf8) {
+                to_utf8_substr(prog);
+            }
+            ch = SvPVX_const(prog->anchored_utf8)[0];
+           REXEC_FBC_SCAN(
+               if (*s == ch) {
+                   DEBUG_EXECUTE_r( did_match = 1 );
+                   if (regtry(reginfo, &s)) goto got_it;
+                   s += UTF8SKIP(s);
+                   while (s < strend && *s == ch)
+                       s += UTF8SKIP(s);
+               }
+           );
+
+       }
+       else {
+            if (! prog->anchored_substr) {
+                if (! to_byte_substr(prog)) {
+                    NON_UTF8_TARGET_BUT_UTF8_REQUIRED(phooey);
+                }
+            }
+            ch = SvPVX_const(prog->anchored_substr)[0];
+           REXEC_FBC_SCAN(
+               if (*s == ch) {
+                   DEBUG_EXECUTE_r( did_match = 1 );
+                   if (regtry(reginfo, &s)) goto got_it;
+                   s++;
+                   while (s < strend && *s == ch)
+                       s++;
+               }
+           );
+       }
+       DEBUG_EXECUTE_r(if (!did_match)
+               PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log,
+                                  "Did not find anchored character...\n")
+               );
+    }
+    else if (prog->anchored_substr != NULL
+             || prog->anchored_utf8 != NULL
+             || ((prog->float_substr != NULL || prog->float_utf8 != NULL)
+                 && prog->float_max_offset < strend - s)) {
+       SV *must;
+       I32 back_max;
+       I32 back_min;
+       char *last;
+       char *last1;            /* Last position checked before */
+#ifdef DEBUGGING
+       int did_match = 0;
+#endif
+       if (prog->anchored_substr || prog->anchored_utf8) {
+           if (utf8_target) {
+                if (! prog->anchored_utf8) {
+                    to_utf8_substr(prog);
+                }
+                must = prog->anchored_utf8;
+            }
+            else {
+                if (! prog->anchored_substr) {
+                    if (! to_byte_substr(prog)) {
+                        NON_UTF8_TARGET_BUT_UTF8_REQUIRED(phooey);
+                    }
+                }
+                must = prog->anchored_substr;
+            }
+           back_max = back_min = prog->anchored_offset;
+       } else {
+           if (utf8_target) {
+                if (! prog->float_utf8) {
+                    to_utf8_substr(prog);
+                }
+                must = prog->float_utf8;
+            }
+            else {
+                if (! prog->float_substr) {
+                    if (! to_byte_substr(prog)) {
+                        NON_UTF8_TARGET_BUT_UTF8_REQUIRED(phooey);
+                    }
+                }
+                must = prog->float_substr;
+            }
+           back_max = prog->float_max_offset;
+           back_min = prog->float_min_offset;
+       }
+           
+        if (back_min<0) {
+           last = strend;
+       } else {
+            last = HOP3c(strend,       /* Cannot start after this */
+                 -(I32)(CHR_SVLEN(must)
+                        - (SvTAIL(must) != 0) + back_min), strbeg);
+        }
+       if (s > reginfo->strbeg)
+           last1 = HOPc(s, -1);
+       else
+           last1 = s - 1;      /* bogus */
+
+       /* XXXX check_substr already used to find "s", can optimize if
+          check_substr==must. */
+       scream_pos = -1;
+       dontbother = end_shift;
+       strend = HOPc(strend, -dontbother);
+       while ( (s <= last) &&
+               (s = fbm_instr((unsigned char*)HOP3(s, back_min, (back_min<0 ? strbeg : strend)),
+                                 (unsigned char*)strend, must,
+                                 multiline ? FBMrf_MULTILINE : 0)) ) {
+           DEBUG_EXECUTE_r( did_match = 1 );
+           if (HOPc(s, -back_max) > last1) {
+               last1 = HOPc(s, -back_min);
+               s = HOPc(s, -back_max);
+           }
+           else {
+               char * const t = (last1 >= reginfo->strbeg)
+                                    ? HOPc(last1, 1) : last1 + 1;
+
+               last1 = HOPc(s, -back_min);
+               s = t;
+           }
+           if (utf8_target) {
+               while (s <= last1) {
+                   if (regtry(reginfo, &s))
+                       goto got_it;
+                    if (s >= last1) {
+                        s++; /* to break out of outer loop */
+                        break;
+                    }
+                    s += UTF8SKIP(s);
+               }
+           }
+           else {
+               while (s <= last1) {
+                   if (regtry(reginfo, &s))
+                       goto got_it;
+                   s++;
+               }
+           }
+       }
+       DEBUG_EXECUTE_r(if (!did_match) {
+            RE_PV_QUOTED_DECL(quoted, utf8_target, PERL_DEBUG_PAD_ZERO(0),
+                SvPVX_const(must), RE_SV_DUMPLEN(must), 30);
+            PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log, "Did not find %s substr %s%s...\n",
+                             ((must == prog->anchored_substr || must == prog->anchored_utf8)
+                              ? "anchored" : "floating"),
+                quoted, RE_SV_TAIL(must));
+        });                
+       goto phooey;
+    }
+    else if ( (c = progi->regstclass) ) {
+       if (minlen) {
+           const OPCODE op = OP(progi->regstclass);
+           /* don't bother with what can't match */
+           if (PL_regkind[op] != EXACT && op != CANY && PL_regkind[op] != TRIE)
+               strend = HOPc(strend, -(minlen - 1));
+       }
+       DEBUG_EXECUTE_r({
+           SV * const prop = sv_newmortal();
+           regprop(prog, prop, c);
+           {
+               RE_PV_QUOTED_DECL(quoted,utf8_target,PERL_DEBUG_PAD_ZERO(1),
+                   s,strend-s,60);
+               PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log,
+                   "Matching stclass %.*s against %s (%d bytes)\n",
+                   (int)SvCUR(prop), SvPVX_const(prop),
+                    quoted, (int)(strend - s));
+           }
+       });
+        if (find_byclass(prog, c, s, strend, reginfo))
+           goto got_it;
+       DEBUG_EXECUTE_r(PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log, "Contradicts stclass... [regexec_flags]\n"));
+    }
+    else {
+       dontbother = 0;
+       if (prog->float_substr != NULL || prog->float_utf8 != NULL) {
+           /* Trim the end. */
+           char *last= NULL;
+           SV* float_real;
+           STRLEN len;
+           const char *little;
+
+           if (utf8_target) {
+                if (! prog->float_utf8) {
+                    to_utf8_substr(prog);
+                }
+                float_real = prog->float_utf8;
+            }
+            else {
+                if (! prog->float_substr) {
+                    if (! to_byte_substr(prog)) {
+                        NON_UTF8_TARGET_BUT_UTF8_REQUIRED(phooey);
+                    }
+                }
+                float_real = prog->float_substr;
+            }
+
+            little = SvPV_const(float_real, len);
+           if (SvTAIL(float_real)) {
+                    /* This means that float_real contains an artificial \n on
+                     * the end due to the presence of something like this:
+                     * /foo$/ where we can match both "foo" and "foo\n" at the
+                     * end of the string.  So we have to compare the end of the
+                     * string first against the float_real without the \n and
+                     * then against the full float_real with the string.  We
+                     * have to watch out for cases where the string might be
+                     * smaller than the float_real or the float_real without
+                     * the \n. */
+                   char *checkpos= strend - len;
+                   DEBUG_OPTIMISE_r(
+                       PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log,
+                           "%sChecking for float_real.%s\n",
+                           PL_colors[4], PL_colors[5]));
+                   if (checkpos + 1 < strbeg) {
+                        /* can't match, even if we remove the trailing \n
+                         * string is too short to match */
+                       DEBUG_EXECUTE_r(
+                           PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log,
+                               "%sString shorter than required trailing substring, cannot match.%s\n",
+                               PL_colors[4], PL_colors[5]));
+                       goto phooey;
+                   } else if (memEQ(checkpos + 1, little, len - 1)) {
+                        /* can match, the end of the string matches without the
+                         * "\n" */
+                       last = checkpos + 1;
+                   } else if (checkpos < strbeg) {
+                        /* cant match, string is too short when the "\n" is
+                         * included */
+                       DEBUG_EXECUTE_r(
+                           PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log,
+                               "%sString does not contain required trailing substring, cannot match.%s\n",
+                               PL_colors[4], PL_colors[5]));
+                       goto phooey;
+                   } else if (!multiline) {
+                        /* non multiline match, so compare with the "\n" at the
+                         * end of the string */
+                       if (memEQ(checkpos, little, len)) {
+                           last= checkpos;
+                       } else {
+                           DEBUG_EXECUTE_r(
+                               PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log,
+                                   "%sString does not contain required trailing substring, cannot match.%s\n",
+                                   PL_colors[4], PL_colors[5]));
+                           goto phooey;
+                       }
+                   } else {
+                        /* multiline match, so we have to search for a place
+                         * where the full string is located */
+                       goto find_last;
+                   }
+           } else {
+                 find_last:
+                   if (len)
+                       last = rninstr(s, strend, little, little + len);
+                   else
+                       last = strend;  /* matching "$" */
+           }
+           if (!last) {
+                /* at one point this block contained a comment which was
+                 * probably incorrect, which said that this was a "should not
+                 * happen" case.  Even if it was true when it was written I am
+                 * pretty sure it is not anymore, so I have removed the comment
+                 * and replaced it with this one. Yves */
+               DEBUG_EXECUTE_r(
+                   PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log,
+                       "String does not contain required substring, cannot match.\n"
+                   ));
+               goto phooey;
+           }
+           dontbother = strend - last + prog->float_min_offset;
+       }
+       if (minlen && (dontbother < minlen))
+           dontbother = minlen - 1;
+       strend -= dontbother;              /* this one's always in bytes! */
+       /* We don't know much -- general case. */
+       if (utf8_target) {
+           for (;;) {
+               if (regtry(reginfo, &s))
+                   goto got_it;
+               if (s >= strend)
+                   break;
+               s += UTF8SKIP(s);
+           };
+       }
+       else {
+           do {
+               if (regtry(reginfo, &s))
+                   goto got_it;
+           } while (s++ < strend);
+       }
+    }
+
+    /* Failure. */
+    goto phooey;
+
+got_it:
+    DEBUG_BUFFERS_r(
+       if (swap)
+           PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log,
+               "rex=0x%"UVxf" freeing offs: 0x%"UVxf"\n",
+               PTR2UV(prog),
+               PTR2UV(swap)
+           );
+    );
+    Safefree(swap);
+
+    /* clean up; this will trigger destructors that will free all slabs
+     * above the current one, and cleanup the regmatch_info_aux
+     * and regmatch_info_aux_eval sructs */
+
+    LEAVE_SCOPE(oldsave);
+
+    if (RXp_PAREN_NAMES(prog)) 
+        (void)hv_iterinit(RXp_PAREN_NAMES(prog));
+
+    RX_MATCH_UTF8_set(rx, utf8_target);
+
+    /* make sure $`, $&, $', and $digit will work later */
+    if ( !(flags & REXEC_NOT_FIRST) ) {
+       if (flags & REXEC_COPY_STR) {
+#ifdef PERL_ANY_COW
+           if (SvCANCOW(sv)) {
+               if (DEBUG_C_TEST) {
+                   PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log,
+                                 "Copy on write: regexp capture, type %d\n",
+                                 (int) SvTYPE(sv));
+               }
+                RX_MATCH_COPY_FREE(rx);
+               prog->saved_copy = sv_setsv_cow(prog->saved_copy, sv);
+               prog->subbeg = (char *)SvPVX_const(prog->saved_copy);
+               assert (SvPOKp(prog->saved_copy));
+                prog->sublen  = reginfo->strend - strbeg;
+                prog->suboffset = 0;
+                prog->subcoffset = 0;
+           } else
+#endif
+           {
+                I32 min = 0;
+                I32 max = reginfo->strend - strbeg;
+                I32 sublen;
+
+                if (    (flags & REXEC_COPY_SKIP_POST)
+                    && !(RX_EXTFLAGS(rx) & RXf_PMf_KEEPCOPY) /* //p */
+                    && !(PL_sawampersand & SAWAMPERSAND_RIGHT)
+                ) { /* don't copy $' part of string */
+                    U32 n = 0;
+                    max = -1;
+                    /* calculate the right-most part of the string covered
+                     * by a capture. Due to look-ahead, this may be to
+                     * the right of $&, so we have to scan all captures */
+                    while (n <= prog->lastparen) {
+                        if (prog->offs[n].end > max)
+                            max = prog->offs[n].end;
+                        n++;
+                    }
+                    if (max == -1)
+                        max = (PL_sawampersand & SAWAMPERSAND_LEFT)
+                                ? prog->offs[0].start
+                                : 0;
+                    assert(max >= 0 && max <= reginfo->strend - strbeg);
+                }
+
+                if (    (flags & REXEC_COPY_SKIP_PRE)
+                    && !(RX_EXTFLAGS(rx) & RXf_PMf_KEEPCOPY) /* //p */
+                    && !(PL_sawampersand & SAWAMPERSAND_LEFT)
+                ) { /* don't copy $` part of string */
+                    U32 n = 0;
+                    min = max;
+                    /* calculate the left-most part of the string covered
+                     * by a capture. Due to look-behind, this may be to
+                     * the left of $&, so we have to scan all captures */
+                    while (min && n <= prog->lastparen) {
+                        if (   prog->offs[n].start != -1
+                            && prog->offs[n].start < min)
+                        {
+                            min = prog->offs[n].start;
+                        }
+                        n++;
+                    }
+                    if ((PL_sawampersand & SAWAMPERSAND_RIGHT)
+                        && min >  prog->offs[0].end
+                    )
+                        min = prog->offs[0].end;
+
+                }
+
+                assert(min >= 0 && min <= max
+                    && min <= reginfo->strend - strbeg);
+                sublen = max - min;
+
+                if (RX_MATCH_COPIED(rx)) {
+                    if (sublen > prog->sublen)
+                        prog->subbeg =
+                                (char*)saferealloc(prog->subbeg, sublen+1);
+                }
+                else
+                    prog->subbeg = (char*)safemalloc(sublen+1);
+                Copy(strbeg + min, prog->subbeg, sublen, char);
+                prog->subbeg[sublen] = '\0';
+                prog->suboffset = min;
+                prog->sublen = sublen;
+                RX_MATCH_COPIED_on(rx);
+           }
+            prog->subcoffset = prog->suboffset;
+            if (prog->suboffset && utf8_target) {
+                /* Convert byte offset to chars.
+                 * XXX ideally should only compute this if @-/@+
+                 * has been seen, a la PL_sawampersand ??? */
+
+                /* If there's a direct correspondence between the
+                 * string which we're matching and the original SV,
+                 * then we can use the utf8 len cache associated with
+                 * the SV. In particular, it means that under //g,
+                 * sv_pos_b2u() will use the previously cached
+                 * position to speed up working out the new length of
+                 * subcoffset, rather than counting from the start of
+                 * the string each time. This stops
+                 *   $x = "\x{100}" x 1E6; 1 while $x =~ /(.)/g;
+                 * from going quadratic */
+                if (SvPOKp(sv) && SvPVX(sv) == strbeg)
+                    sv_pos_b2u(sv, &(prog->subcoffset));
+                else
+                    prog->subcoffset = utf8_length((U8*)strbeg,
+                                        (U8*)(strbeg+prog->suboffset));
+            }
+       }
+       else {
+            RX_MATCH_COPY_FREE(rx);
+           prog->subbeg = strbeg;
+           prog->suboffset = 0;
+           prog->subcoffset = 0;
+            /* use reginfo->strend, as strend may have been modified */
+           prog->sublen = reginfo->strend - strbeg;
+       }
+    }
+
+    return 1;
+
+phooey:
+    DEBUG_EXECUTE_r(PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log, "%sMatch failed%s\n",
+                         PL_colors[4], PL_colors[5]));
+
+    /* clean up; this will trigger destructors that will free all slabs
+     * above the current one, and cleanup the regmatch_info_aux
+     * and regmatch_info_aux_eval sructs */
+
+    LEAVE_SCOPE(oldsave);
+
+    if (swap) {
+        /* we failed :-( roll it back */
+       DEBUG_BUFFERS_r(PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log,
+           "rex=0x%"UVxf" rolling back offs: freeing=0x%"UVxf" restoring=0x%"UVxf"\n",
+           PTR2UV(prog),
+           PTR2UV(prog->offs),
+           PTR2UV(swap)
+       ));
+        Safefree(prog->offs);
+        prog->offs = swap;
+    }
+    return 0;
+}
+
+
+/* Set which rex is pointed to by PL_reg_curpm, handling ref counting.
+ * Do inc before dec, in case old and new rex are the same */
+#define SET_reg_curpm(Re2) \
+    if (reginfo->info_aux_eval) {                   \
+       (void)ReREFCNT_inc(Re2);                    \
+       ReREFCNT_dec(PM_GETRE(PL_reg_curpm));       \
+       PM_SETRE((PL_reg_curpm), (Re2));            \
+    }
+
+
+/*
+ - regtry - try match at specific point
+ */
+STATIC I32                     /* 0 failure, 1 success */
+S_regtry(pTHX_ regmatch_info *reginfo, char **startposp)
+{
+    dVAR;
+    CHECKPOINT lastcp;
+    REGEXP *const rx = reginfo->prog;
+    regexp *const prog = ReANY(rx);
+    I32 result;
+    RXi_GET_DECL(prog,progi);
+    GET_RE_DEBUG_FLAGS_DECL;
+
+    PERL_ARGS_ASSERT_REGTRY;
+
+    reginfo->cutpoint=NULL;
+
+    prog->offs[0].start = *startposp - reginfo->strbeg;
+    prog->lastparen = 0;
+    prog->lastcloseparen = 0;
+
+    /* XXXX What this code is doing here?!!!  There should be no need
+       to do this again and again, prog->lastparen should take care of
+       this!  --ilya*/
+
+    /* Tests pat.t#187 and split.t#{13,14} seem to depend on this code.
+     * Actually, the code in regcppop() (which Ilya may be meaning by
+     * prog->lastparen), is not needed at all by the test suite
+     * (op/regexp, op/pat, op/split), but that code is needed otherwise
+     * this erroneously leaves $1 defined: "1" =~ /^(?:(\d)x)?\d$/
+     * Meanwhile, this code *is* needed for the
+     * above-mentioned test suite tests to succeed.  The common theme
+     * on those tests seems to be returning null fields from matches.
+     * --jhi updated by dapm */
+#if 1
+    if (prog->nparens) {
+       regexp_paren_pair *pp = prog->offs;
+       I32 i;
+       for (i = prog->nparens; i > (I32)prog->lastparen; i--) {
+           ++pp;
+           pp->start = -1;
+           pp->end = -1;
+       }
+    }
+#endif
+    REGCP_SET(lastcp);
+    result = regmatch(reginfo, *startposp, progi->program + 1);
+    if (result != -1) {
+       prog->offs[0].end = result;
+       return 1;
+    }
+    if (reginfo->cutpoint)
+        *startposp= reginfo->cutpoint;
+    REGCP_UNWIND(lastcp);
+    return 0;
+}
+
+
+#define sayYES goto yes
+#define sayNO goto no
+#define sayNO_SILENT goto no_silent
+
+/* we dont use STMT_START/END here because it leads to 
+   "unreachable code" warnings, which are bogus, but distracting. */
+#define CACHEsayNO \
+    if (ST.cache_mask) \
+       reginfo->info_aux->poscache[ST.cache_offset] |= ST.cache_mask; \
+    sayNO
+
+/* this is used to determine how far from the left messages like
+   'failed...' are printed. It should be set such that messages 
+   are inline with the regop output that created them.
+*/
+#define REPORT_CODE_OFF 32
+
+
+#define CHRTEST_UNINIT -1001 /* c1/c2 haven't been calculated yet */
+#define CHRTEST_VOID   -1000 /* the c1/c2 "next char" test should be skipped */
+#define CHRTEST_NOT_A_CP_1 -999
+#define CHRTEST_NOT_A_CP_2 -998
+
+/* grab a new slab and return the first slot in it */
+
+STATIC regmatch_state *
+S_push_slab(pTHX)
+{
+#if PERL_VERSION < 9 && !defined(PERL_CORE)
+    dMY_CXT;
+#endif
+    regmatch_slab *s = PL_regmatch_slab->next;
+    if (!s) {
+       Newx(s, 1, regmatch_slab);
+       s->prev = PL_regmatch_slab;
+       s->next = NULL;
+       PL_regmatch_slab->next = s;
+    }
+    PL_regmatch_slab = s;
+    return SLAB_FIRST(s);
+}
+
+
+/* push a new state then goto it */
+
+#define PUSH_STATE_GOTO(state, node, input) \
+    pushinput = input; \
+    scan = node; \
+    st->resume_state = state; \
+    goto push_state;
+
+/* push a new state with success backtracking, then goto it */
+
+#define PUSH_YES_STATE_GOTO(state, node, input) \
+    pushinput = input; \
+    scan = node; \
+    st->resume_state = state; \
+    goto push_yes_state;
+
+
+
+
+/*
+
+regmatch() - main matching routine
+
+This is basically one big switch statement in a loop. We execute an op,
+set 'next' to point the next op, and continue. If we come to a point which
+we may need to backtrack to on failure such as (A|B|C), we push a
+backtrack state onto the backtrack stack. On failure, we pop the top
+state, and re-enter the loop at the state indicated. If there are no more
+states to pop, we return failure.
+
+Sometimes we also need to backtrack on success; for example /A+/, where
+after successfully matching one A, we need to go back and try to
+match another one; similarly for lookahead assertions: if the assertion
+completes successfully, we backtrack to the state just before the assertion
+and then carry on.  In these cases, the pushed state is marked as
+'backtrack on success too'. This marking is in fact done by a chain of
+pointers, each pointing to the previous 'yes' state. On success, we pop to
+the nearest yes state, discarding any intermediate failure-only states.
+Sometimes a yes state is pushed just to force some cleanup code to be
+called at the end of a successful match or submatch; e.g. (??{$re}) uses
+it to free the inner regex.
+
+Note that failure backtracking rewinds the cursor position, while
+success backtracking leaves it alone.
+
+A pattern is complete when the END op is executed, while a subpattern
+such as (?=foo) is complete when the SUCCESS op is executed. Both of these
+ops trigger the "pop to last yes state if any, otherwise return true"
+behaviour.
+
+A common convention in this function is to use A and B to refer to the two
+subpatterns (or to the first nodes thereof) in patterns like /A*B/: so A is
+the subpattern to be matched possibly multiple times, while B is the entire
+rest of the pattern. Variable and state names reflect this convention.
+
+The states in the main switch are the union of ops and failure/success of
+substates associated with with that op.  For example, IFMATCH is the op
+that does lookahead assertions /(?=A)B/ and so the IFMATCH state means
+'execute IFMATCH'; while IFMATCH_A is a state saying that we have just
+successfully matched A and IFMATCH_A_fail is a state saying that we have
+just failed to match A. Resume states always come in pairs. The backtrack
+state we push is marked as 'IFMATCH_A', but when that is popped, we resume
+at IFMATCH_A or IFMATCH_A_fail, depending on whether we are backtracking
+on success or failure.
+
+The struct that holds a backtracking state is actually a big union, with
+one variant for each major type of op. The variable st points to the
+top-most backtrack struct. To make the code clearer, within each
+block of code we #define ST to alias the relevant union.
+
+Here's a concrete example of a (vastly oversimplified) IFMATCH
+implementation:
+
+    switch (state) {
+    ....
+
+#define ST st->u.ifmatch
+
+    case IFMATCH: // we are executing the IFMATCH op, (?=A)B
+       ST.foo = ...; // some state we wish to save
+       ...
+       // push a yes backtrack state with a resume value of
+       // IFMATCH_A/IFMATCH_A_fail, then continue execution at the
+       // first node of A:
+       PUSH_YES_STATE_GOTO(IFMATCH_A, A, newinput);
+       // NOTREACHED
+
+    case IFMATCH_A: // we have successfully executed A; now continue with B
+       next = B;
+       bar = ST.foo; // do something with the preserved value
+       break;
+
+    case IFMATCH_A_fail: // A failed, so the assertion failed
+       ...;   // do some housekeeping, then ...
+       sayNO; // propagate the failure
+
+#undef ST
+
+    ...
+    }
+
+For any old-timers reading this who are familiar with the old recursive
+approach, the code above is equivalent to:
+
+    case IFMATCH: // we are executing the IFMATCH op, (?=A)B
+    {
+       int foo = ...
+       ...
+       if (regmatch(A)) {
+           next = B;
+           bar = foo;
+           break;
+       }
+       ...;   // do some housekeeping, then ...
+       sayNO; // propagate the failure
+    }
+
+The topmost backtrack state, pointed to by st, is usually free. If you
+want to claim it, populate any ST.foo fields in it with values you wish to
+save, then do one of
+
+       PUSH_STATE_GOTO(resume_state, node, newinput);
+       PUSH_YES_STATE_GOTO(resume_state, node, newinput);
+
+which sets that backtrack state's resume value to 'resume_state', pushes a
+new free entry to the top of the backtrack stack, then goes to 'node'.
+On backtracking, the free slot is popped, and the saved state becomes the
+new free state. An ST.foo field in this new top state can be temporarily
+accessed to retrieve values, but once the main loop is re-entered, it
+becomes available for reuse.
+
+Note that the depth of the backtrack stack constantly increases during the
+left-to-right execution of the pattern, rather than going up and down with
+the pattern nesting. For example the stack is at its maximum at Z at the
+end of the pattern, rather than at X in the following:
+
+    /(((X)+)+)+....(Y)+....Z/
+
+The only exceptions to this are lookahead/behind assertions and the cut,
+(?>A), which pop all the backtrack states associated with A before
+continuing.
+Backtrack state structs are allocated in slabs of about 4K in size.
+PL_regmatch_state and st always point to the currently active state,
+and PL_regmatch_slab points to the slab currently containing
+PL_regmatch_state.  The first time regmatch() is called, the first slab is
+allocated, and is never freed until interpreter destruction. When the slab
+is full, a new one is allocated and chained to the end. At exit from
+regmatch(), slabs allocated since entry are freed.
+
+*/
+
+#define DEBUG_STATE_pp(pp)                                 \
+    DEBUG_STATE_r({                                        \
+       DUMP_EXEC_POS(locinput, scan, utf8_target);                 \
+       PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log,                       \
+           "    %*s"pp" %s%s%s%s%s\n",                     \
+           depth*2, "",                                    \
+           PL_reg_name[st->resume_state],                     \
+           ((st==yes_state||st==mark_state) ? "[" : ""),   \
+           ((st==yes_state) ? "Y" : ""),                   \
+           ((st==mark_state) ? "M" : ""),                  \
+           ((st==yes_state||st==mark_state) ? "]" : "")    \
+       );                                                  \
+    });
+
+
+#define REG_NODE_NUM(x) ((x) ? (int)((x)-prog) : -1)
+
+#ifdef DEBUGGING
+
+STATIC void
+S_debug_start_match(pTHX_ const REGEXP *prog, const bool utf8_target,
+    const char *start, const char *end, const char *blurb)
+{
+    const bool utf8_pat = RX_UTF8(prog) ? 1 : 0;
+
+    PERL_ARGS_ASSERT_DEBUG_START_MATCH;
+
+    if (!PL_colorset)   
+            reginitcolors();    
+    {
+        RE_PV_QUOTED_DECL(s0, utf8_pat, PERL_DEBUG_PAD_ZERO(0), 
+            RX_PRECOMP_const(prog), RX_PRELEN(prog), 60);   
+        
+        RE_PV_QUOTED_DECL(s1, utf8_target, PERL_DEBUG_PAD_ZERO(1),
+            start, end - start, 60); 
+        
+        PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log, 
+            "%s%s REx%s %s against %s\n", 
+                      PL_colors[4], blurb, PL_colors[5], s0, s1); 
+        
+        if (utf8_target||utf8_pat)
+            PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log, "UTF-8 %s%s%s...\n",
+                utf8_pat ? "pattern" : "",
+                utf8_pat && utf8_target ? " and " : "",
+                utf8_target ? "string" : ""
+            ); 
+    }
+}
+
+STATIC void
+S_dump_exec_pos(pTHX_ const char *locinput, 
+                      const regnode *scan, 
+                      const char *loc_regeol, 
+                      const char *loc_bostr, 
+                      const char *loc_reg_starttry,
+                      const bool utf8_target)
+{
+    const int docolor = *PL_colors[0] || *PL_colors[2] || *PL_colors[4];
+    const int taill = (docolor ? 10 : 7); /* 3 chars for "> <" */
+    int l = (loc_regeol - locinput) > taill ? taill : (loc_regeol - locinput);
+    /* The part of the string before starttry has one color
+       (pref0_len chars), between starttry and current
+       position another one (pref_len - pref0_len chars),
+       after the current position the third one.
+       We assume that pref0_len <= pref_len, otherwise we
+       decrease pref0_len.  */
+    int pref_len = (locinput - loc_bostr) > (5 + taill) - l
+       ? (5 + taill) - l : locinput - loc_bostr;
+    int pref0_len;
+
+    PERL_ARGS_ASSERT_DUMP_EXEC_POS;
+
+    while (utf8_target && UTF8_IS_CONTINUATION(*(U8*)(locinput - pref_len)))
+       pref_len++;
+    pref0_len = pref_len  - (locinput - loc_reg_starttry);
+    if (l + pref_len < (5 + taill) && l < loc_regeol - locinput)
+       l = ( loc_regeol - locinput > (5 + taill) - pref_len
+             ? (5 + taill) - pref_len : loc_regeol - locinput);
+    while (utf8_target && UTF8_IS_CONTINUATION(*(U8*)(locinput + l)))
+       l--;
+    if (pref0_len < 0)
+       pref0_len = 0;
+    if (pref0_len > pref_len)
+       pref0_len = pref_len;
+    {
+       const int is_uni = (utf8_target && OP(scan) != CANY) ? 1 : 0;
+
+       RE_PV_COLOR_DECL(s0,len0,is_uni,PERL_DEBUG_PAD(0),
+           (locinput - pref_len),pref0_len, 60, 4, 5);
+       
+       RE_PV_COLOR_DECL(s1,len1,is_uni,PERL_DEBUG_PAD(1),
+                   (locinput - pref_len + pref0_len),
+                   pref_len - pref0_len, 60, 2, 3);
+       
+       RE_PV_COLOR_DECL(s2,len2,is_uni,PERL_DEBUG_PAD(2),
+                   locinput, loc_regeol - locinput, 10, 0, 1);
+
+       const STRLEN tlen=len0+len1+len2;
+       PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log,
+                   "%4"IVdf" <%.*s%.*s%s%.*s>%*s|",
+                   (IV)(locinput - loc_bostr),
+                   len0, s0,
+                   len1, s1,
+                   (docolor ? "" : "> <"),
+                   len2, s2,
+                   (int)(tlen > 19 ? 0 :  19 - tlen),
+                   "");
+    }
+}
+
+#endif
+
+/* reg_check_named_buff_matched()
+ * Checks to see if a named buffer has matched. The data array of 
+ * buffer numbers corresponding to the buffer is expected to reside
+ * in the regexp->data->data array in the slot stored in the ARG() of
+ * node involved. Note that this routine doesn't actually care about the
+ * name, that information is not preserved from compilation to execution.
+ * Returns the index of the leftmost defined buffer with the given name
+ * or 0 if non of the buffers matched.
+ */
+STATIC I32
+S_reg_check_named_buff_matched(pTHX_ const regexp *rex, const regnode *scan)
+{
+    I32 n;
+    RXi_GET_DECL(rex,rexi);
+    SV *sv_dat= MUTABLE_SV(rexi->data->data[ ARG( scan ) ]);
+    I32 *nums=(I32*)SvPVX(sv_dat);
+
+    PERL_ARGS_ASSERT_REG_CHECK_NAMED_BUFF_MATCHED;
+
+    for ( n=0; n<SvIVX(sv_dat); n++ ) {
+        if ((I32)rex->lastparen >= nums[n] &&
+            rex->offs[nums[n]].end != -1)
+        {
+            return nums[n];
+        }
+    }
+    return 0;
+}
+
+
+static bool
+S_setup_EXACTISH_ST_c1_c2(pTHX_ const regnode * const text_node, int *c1p,
+        U8* c1_utf8, int *c2p, U8* c2_utf8, regmatch_info *reginfo)
+{
+    /* This function determines if there are one or two characters that match
+     * the first character of the passed-in EXACTish node <text_node>, and if
+     * so, returns them in the passed-in pointers.
+     *
+     * If it determines that no possible character in the target string can
+     * match, it returns FALSE; otherwise TRUE.  (The FALSE situation occurs if
+     * the first character in <text_node> requires UTF-8 to represent, and the
+     * target string isn't in UTF-8.)
+     *
+     * If there are more than two characters that could match the beginning of
+     * <text_node>, or if more context is required to determine a match or not,
+     * it sets both *<c1p> and *<c2p> to CHRTEST_VOID.
+     *
+     * The motiviation behind this function is to allow the caller to set up
+     * tight loops for matching.  If <text_node> is of type EXACT, there is
+     * only one possible character that can match its first character, and so
+     * the situation is quite simple.  But things get much more complicated if
+     * folding is involved.  It may be that the first character of an EXACTFish
+     * node doesn't participate in any possible fold, e.g., punctuation, so it
+     * can be matched only by itself.  The vast majority of characters that are
+     * in folds match just two things, their lower and upper-case equivalents.
+     * But not all are like that; some have multiple possible matches, or match
+     * sequences of more than one character.  This function sorts all that out.
+     *
+     * Consider the patterns A*B or A*?B where A and B are arbitrary.  In a
+     * loop of trying to match A*, we know we can't exit where the thing
+     * following it isn't a B.  And something can't be a B unless it is the
+     * beginning of B.  By putting a quick test for that beginning in a tight
+     * loop, we can rule out things that can't possibly be B without having to
+     * break out of the loop, thus avoiding work.  Similarly, if A is a single
+     * character, we can make a tight loop matching A*, using the outputs of
+     * this function.
+     *
+     * If the target string to match isn't in UTF-8, and there aren't
+     * complications which require CHRTEST_VOID, *<c1p> and *<c2p> are set to
+     * the one or two possible octets (which are characters in this situation)
+     * that can match.  In all cases, if there is only one character that can
+     * match, *<c1p> and *<c2p> will be identical.
+     *
+     * If the target string is in UTF-8, the buffers pointed to by <c1_utf8>
+     * and <c2_utf8> will contain the one or two UTF-8 sequences of bytes that
+     * can match the beginning of <text_node>.  They should be declared with at
+     * least length UTF8_MAXBYTES+1.  (If the target string isn't in UTF-8, it is
+     * undefined what these contain.)  If one or both of the buffers are
+     * invariant under UTF-8, *<c1p>, and *<c2p> will also be set to the
+     * corresponding invariant.  If variant, the corresponding *<c1p> and/or
+     * *<c2p> will be set to a negative number(s) that shouldn't match any code
+     * point (unless inappropriately coerced to unsigned).   *<c1p> will equal
+     * *<c2p> if and only if <c1_utf8> and <c2_utf8> are the same. */
+
+    const bool utf8_target = reginfo->is_utf8_target;
+
+    UV c1 = CHRTEST_NOT_A_CP_1;
+    UV c2 = CHRTEST_NOT_A_CP_2;
+    bool use_chrtest_void = FALSE;
+    const bool is_utf8_pat = reginfo->is_utf8_pat;
+
+    /* Used when we have both utf8 input and utf8 output, to avoid converting
+     * to/from code points */
+    bool utf8_has_been_setup = FALSE;
+
+    dVAR;
+
+    U8 *pat = (U8*)STRING(text_node);
+
+    if (OP(text_node) == EXACT) {
+
+        /* In an exact node, only one thing can be matched, that first
+         * character.  If both the pat and the target are UTF-8, we can just
+         * copy the input to the output, avoiding finding the code point of
+         * that character */
+        if (!is_utf8_pat) {
+            c2 = c1 = *pat;
+        }
+        else if (utf8_target) {
+            Copy(pat, c1_utf8, UTF8SKIP(pat), U8);
+            Copy(pat, c2_utf8, UTF8SKIP(pat), U8);
+            utf8_has_been_setup = TRUE;
+        }
+        else {
+            c2 = c1 = valid_utf8_to_uvchr(pat, NULL);
+        }
+    }
+    else /* an EXACTFish node */
+         if ((is_utf8_pat
+                    && is_MULTI_CHAR_FOLD_utf8_safe(pat,
+                                                    pat + STR_LEN(text_node)))
+             || (!is_utf8_pat
+                    && is_MULTI_CHAR_FOLD_latin1_safe(pat,
+                                                    pat + STR_LEN(text_node))))
+    {
+        /* Multi-character folds require more context to sort out.  Also
+         * PL_utf8_foldclosures used below doesn't handle them, so have to be
+         * handled outside this routine */
+        use_chrtest_void = TRUE;
+    }
+    else { /* an EXACTFish node which doesn't begin with a multi-char fold */
+        c1 = is_utf8_pat ? valid_utf8_to_uvchr(pat, NULL) : *pat;
+        if (c1 > 256) {
+            /* Load the folds hash, if not already done */
+            SV** listp;
+            if (! PL_utf8_foldclosures) {
+                if (! PL_utf8_tofold) {
+                    U8 dummy[UTF8_MAXBYTES+1];
+
+                    /* Force loading this by folding an above-Latin1 char */
+                    to_utf8_fold((U8*) HYPHEN_UTF8, dummy, NULL);
+                    assert(PL_utf8_tofold); /* Verify that worked */
+                }
+                PL_utf8_foldclosures = _swash_inversion_hash(PL_utf8_tofold);
+            }
+
+            /* The fold closures data structure is a hash with the keys being
+             * the UTF-8 of every character that is folded to, like 'k', and
+             * the values each an array of all code points that fold to its
+             * key.  e.g. [ 'k', 'K', KELVIN_SIGN ].  Multi-character folds are
+             * not included */
+            if ((! (listp = hv_fetch(PL_utf8_foldclosures,
+                                     (char *) pat,
+                                     UTF8SKIP(pat),
+                                     FALSE))))
+            {
+                /* Not found in the hash, therefore there are no folds
+                 * containing it, so there is only a single character that
+                 * could match */
+                c2 = c1;
+            }
+            else {  /* Does participate in folds */
+                AV* list = (AV*) *listp;
+                if (av_len(list) != 1) {
+
+                    /* If there aren't exactly two folds to this, it is outside
+                     * the scope of this function */
+                    use_chrtest_void = TRUE;
+                }
+                else {  /* There are two.  Get them */
+                    SV** c_p = av_fetch(list, 0, FALSE);
+                    if (c_p == NULL) {
+                        Perl_croak(aTHX_ "panic: invalid PL_utf8_foldclosures structure");
+                    }
+                    c1 = SvUV(*c_p);
+
+                    c_p = av_fetch(list, 1, FALSE);
+                    if (c_p == NULL) {
+                        Perl_croak(aTHX_ "panic: invalid PL_utf8_foldclosures structure");
+                    }
+                    c2 = SvUV(*c_p);
+
+                    /* Folds that cross the 255/256 boundary are forbidden if
+                     * EXACTFL, or EXACTFA and one is ASCIII.  Since the
+                     * pattern character is above 256, and its only other match
+                     * is below 256, the only legal match will be to itself.
+                     * We have thrown away the original, so have to compute
+                     * which is the one above 255 */
+                    if ((c1 < 256) != (c2 < 256)) {
+                        if (OP(text_node) == EXACTFL
+                            || (OP(text_node) == EXACTFA
+                                && (isASCII(c1) || isASCII(c2))))
+                        {
+                            if (c1 < 256) {
+                                c1 = c2;
+                            }
+                            else {
+                                c2 = c1;
+                            }
+                        }
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        else /* Here, c1 is < 255 */
+             if (utf8_target
+                 && HAS_NONLATIN1_FOLD_CLOSURE(c1)
+                 && OP(text_node) != EXACTFL
+                 && (OP(text_node) != EXACTFA || ! isASCII(c1)))
+        {
+            /* Here, there could be something above Latin1 in the target which
+             * folds to this character in the pattern.  All such cases except
+             * LATIN SMALL LETTER Y WITH DIAERESIS have more than two characters
+             * involved in their folds, so are outside the scope of this
+             * function */
+            if (UNLIKELY(c1 == LATIN_SMALL_LETTER_Y_WITH_DIAERESIS)) {
+                c2 = LATIN_CAPITAL_LETTER_Y_WITH_DIAERESIS;
+            }
+            else {
+                use_chrtest_void = TRUE;
+            }
+        }
+        else { /* Here nothing above Latin1 can fold to the pattern character */
+            switch (OP(text_node)) {
+
+                case EXACTFL:   /* /l rules */
+                    c2 = PL_fold_locale[c1];
+                    break;
+
+                case EXACTF:
+                    if (! utf8_target) {    /* /d rules */
+                        c2 = PL_fold[c1];
+                        break;
+                    }
+                    /* FALLTHROUGH */
+                    /* /u rules for all these.  This happens to work for
+                     * EXACTFA as nothing in Latin1 folds to ASCII */
+                case EXACTFA:
+                case EXACTFU_TRICKYFOLD:
+                case EXACTFU_SS:
+                case EXACTFU:
+                    c2 = PL_fold_latin1[c1];
+                    break;
+
+               default:
+                    Perl_croak(aTHX_ "panic: Unexpected op %u", OP(text_node));
+                    assert(0); /* NOTREACHED */
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    /* Here have figured things out.  Set up the returns */
+    if (use_chrtest_void) {
+        *c2p = *c1p = CHRTEST_VOID;
+    }
+    else if (utf8_target) {
+        if (! utf8_has_been_setup) {    /* Don't have the utf8; must get it */
+            uvchr_to_utf8(c1_utf8, c1);
+            uvchr_to_utf8(c2_utf8, c2);
+        }
+
+        /* Invariants are stored in both the utf8 and byte outputs; Use
+         * negative numbers otherwise for the byte ones.  Make sure that the
+         * byte ones are the same iff the utf8 ones are the same */
+        *c1p = (UTF8_IS_INVARIANT(*c1_utf8)) ? *c1_utf8 : CHRTEST_NOT_A_CP_1;
+        *c2p = (UTF8_IS_INVARIANT(*c2_utf8))
+                ? *c2_utf8
+                : (c1 == c2)
+                  ? CHRTEST_NOT_A_CP_1
+                  : CHRTEST_NOT_A_CP_2;
+    }
+    else if (c1 > 255) {
+       if (c2 > 255) {  /* both possibilities are above what a non-utf8 string
+                           can represent */
+           return FALSE;
+       }
+
+       *c1p = *c2p = c2;    /* c2 is the only representable value */
+    }
+    else {  /* c1 is representable; see about c2 */
+       *c1p = c1;
+       *c2p = (c2 < 256) ? c2 : c1;
+    }
+
+    return TRUE;
+}
+
+/* returns -1 on failure, $+[0] on success */
+STATIC I32
+S_regmatch(pTHX_ regmatch_info *reginfo, char *startpos, regnode *prog)
+{
+#if PERL_VERSION < 9 && !defined(PERL_CORE)
+    dMY_CXT;
+#endif
+    dVAR;
+    const bool utf8_target = reginfo->is_utf8_target;
+    const U32 uniflags = UTF8_ALLOW_DEFAULT;
+    REGEXP *rex_sv = reginfo->prog;
+    regexp *rex = ReANY(rex_sv);
+    RXi_GET_DECL(rex,rexi);
+    /* the current state. This is a cached copy of PL_regmatch_state */
+    regmatch_state *st;
+    /* cache heavy used fields of st in registers */
+    regnode *scan;
+    regnode *next;
+    U32 n = 0; /* general value; init to avoid compiler warning */
+    I32 ln = 0; /* len or last;  init to avoid compiler warning */
+    char *locinput = startpos;
+    char *pushinput; /* where to continue after a PUSH */
+    I32 nextchr;   /* is always set to UCHARAT(locinput) */
+
+    bool result = 0;       /* return value of S_regmatch */
+    int depth = 0;         /* depth of backtrack stack */
+    U32 nochange_depth = 0; /* depth of GOSUB recursion with nochange */
+    const U32 max_nochange_depth =
+        (3 * rex->nparens > MAX_RECURSE_EVAL_NOCHANGE_DEPTH) ?
+        3 * rex->nparens : MAX_RECURSE_EVAL_NOCHANGE_DEPTH;
+    regmatch_state *yes_state = NULL; /* state to pop to on success of
+                                                           subpattern */
+    /* mark_state piggy backs on the yes_state logic so that when we unwind 
+       the stack on success we can update the mark_state as we go */
+    regmatch_state *mark_state = NULL; /* last mark state we have seen */
+    regmatch_state *cur_eval = NULL; /* most recent EVAL_AB state */
+    struct regmatch_state  *cur_curlyx = NULL; /* most recent curlyx */
+    U32 state_num;
+    bool no_final = 0;      /* prevent failure from backtracking? */
+    bool do_cutgroup = 0;   /* no_final only until next branch/trie entry */
+    char *startpoint = locinput;
+    SV *popmark = NULL;     /* are we looking for a mark? */
+    SV *sv_commit = NULL;   /* last mark name seen in failure */
+    SV *sv_yes_mark = NULL; /* last mark name we have seen 
+                               during a successful match */
+    U32 lastopen = 0;       /* last open we saw */
+    bool has_cutgroup = RX_HAS_CUTGROUP(rex) ? 1 : 0;   
+    SV* const oreplsv = GvSV(PL_replgv);
+    /* these three flags are set by various ops to signal information to
+     * the very next op. They have a useful lifetime of exactly one loop
+     * iteration, and are not preserved or restored by state pushes/pops
+     */
+    bool sw = 0;           /* the condition value in (?(cond)a|b) */
+    bool minmod = 0;       /* the next "{n,m}" is a "{n,m}?" */
+    int logical = 0;       /* the following EVAL is:
+                               0: (?{...})
+                               1: (?(?{...})X|Y)
+                               2: (??{...})
+                              or the following IFMATCH/UNLESSM is:
+                               false: plain (?=foo)
+                               true:  used as a condition: (?(?=foo))
+                           */
+    PAD* last_pad = NULL;
+    dMULTICALL;
+    I32 gimme = G_SCALAR;
+    CV *caller_cv = NULL;      /* who called us */
+    CV *last_pushed_cv = NULL; /* most recently called (?{}) CV */
+    CHECKPOINT runops_cp;      /* savestack position before executing EVAL */
+    U32 maxopenparen = 0;       /* max '(' index seen so far */
+    int to_complement;  /* Invert the result? */
+    _char_class_number classnum;
+    bool is_utf8_pat = reginfo->is_utf8_pat;
+
+#ifdef DEBUGGING
+    GET_RE_DEBUG_FLAGS_DECL;
+#endif
+
+    /* shut up 'may be used uninitialized' compiler warnings for dMULTICALL */
+    multicall_oldcatch = 0;
+    multicall_cv = NULL;
+    cx = NULL;
+    PERL_UNUSED_VAR(multicall_cop);
+    PERL_UNUSED_VAR(newsp);
+
+
+    PERL_ARGS_ASSERT_REGMATCH;
+
+    DEBUG_OPTIMISE_r( DEBUG_EXECUTE_r({
+           PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log,"regmatch start\n");
+    }));
+
+    st = PL_regmatch_state;
+
+    /* Note that nextchr is a byte even in UTF */
+    SET_nextchr;
+    scan = prog;
+    while (scan != NULL) {
+
+        DEBUG_EXECUTE_r( {
+           SV * const prop = sv_newmortal();
+           regnode *rnext=regnext(scan);
+           DUMP_EXEC_POS( locinput, scan, utf8_target );
+           regprop(rex, prop, scan);
+            
+           PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log,
+                   "%3"IVdf":%*s%s(%"IVdf")\n",
+                   (IV)(scan - rexi->program), depth*2, "",
+                   SvPVX_const(prop),
+                   (PL_regkind[OP(scan)] == END || !rnext) ? 
+                       0 : (IV)(rnext - rexi->program));
+       });
+
+       next = scan + NEXT_OFF(scan);
+       if (next == scan)
+           next = NULL;
+       state_num = OP(scan);
+
+      reenter_switch:
+        to_complement = 0;
+
+        SET_nextchr;
+        assert(nextchr < 256 && (nextchr >= 0 || nextchr == NEXTCHR_EOS));
+
+       switch (state_num) {
+       case BOL: /*  /^../  */
+           if (locinput == reginfo->strbeg)
+               break;
+           sayNO;
+
+       case MBOL: /*  /^../m  */
+           if (locinput == reginfo->strbeg ||
+               (!NEXTCHR_IS_EOS && locinput[-1] == '\n'))
+           {
+               break;
+           }
+           sayNO;
+
+       case SBOL: /*  /^../s  */
+           if (locinput == reginfo->strbeg)
+               break;
+           sayNO;
+
+       case GPOS: /*  \G  */
+           if (locinput == reginfo->ganch)
+               break;
+           sayNO;
+
+       case KEEPS: /*   \K  */
+           /* update the startpoint */
+           st->u.keeper.val = rex->offs[0].start;
+           rex->offs[0].start = locinput - reginfo->strbeg;
+           PUSH_STATE_GOTO(KEEPS_next, next, locinput);
+           assert(0); /*NOTREACHED*/
+       case KEEPS_next_fail:
+           /* rollback the start point change */
+           rex->offs[0].start = st->u.keeper.val;
+           sayNO_SILENT;
+           assert(0); /*NOTREACHED*/
+
+       case EOL: /* /..$/  */
+               goto seol;
+
+       case MEOL: /* /..$/m  */
+           if (!NEXTCHR_IS_EOS && nextchr != '\n')
+               sayNO;
+           break;
+
+       case SEOL: /* /..$/s  */
+         seol:
+           if (!NEXTCHR_IS_EOS && nextchr != '\n')
+               sayNO;
+           if (reginfo->strend - locinput > 1)
+               sayNO;
+           break;
+
+       case EOS: /*  \z  */
+           if (!NEXTCHR_IS_EOS)
+               sayNO;
+           break;
+
+       case SANY: /*  /./s  */
+           if (NEXTCHR_IS_EOS)
+               sayNO;
+            goto increment_locinput;
+
+       case CANY: /*  \C  */
+           if (NEXTCHR_IS_EOS)
+               sayNO;
+           locinput++;
+           break;
+
+       case REG_ANY: /*  /./  */
+           if ((NEXTCHR_IS_EOS) || nextchr == '\n')
+               sayNO;
+            goto increment_locinput;
+
+
+#undef  ST
+#define ST st->u.trie
+        case TRIEC: /* (ab|cd) with known charclass */
+            /* In this case the charclass data is available inline so
+               we can fail fast without a lot of extra overhead. 
+             */
+            if(!NEXTCHR_IS_EOS && !ANYOF_BITMAP_TEST(scan, nextchr)) {
+                DEBUG_EXECUTE_r(
+                    PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log,
+                              "%*s  %sfailed to match trie start class...%s\n",
+                              REPORT_CODE_OFF+depth*2, "", PL_colors[4], PL_colors[5])
+                );
+                sayNO_SILENT;
+                assert(0); /* NOTREACHED */
+            }
+            /* FALL THROUGH */
+       case TRIE:  /* (ab|cd)  */
+           /* the basic plan of execution of the trie is:
+            * At the beginning, run though all the states, and
+            * find the longest-matching word. Also remember the position
+            * of the shortest matching word. For example, this pattern:
+            *    1  2 3 4    5
+            *    ab|a|x|abcd|abc
+            * when matched against the string "abcde", will generate
+            * accept states for all words except 3, with the longest
+            * matching word being 4, and the shortest being 2 (with
+            * the position being after char 1 of the string).
+            *
+            * Then for each matching word, in word order (i.e. 1,2,4,5),
+            * we run the remainder of the pattern; on each try setting
+            * the current position to the character following the word,
+            * returning to try the next word on failure.
+            *
+            * We avoid having to build a list of words at runtime by
+            * using a compile-time structure, wordinfo[].prev, which
+            * gives, for each word, the previous accepting word (if any).
+            * In the case above it would contain the mappings 1->2, 2->0,
+            * 3->0, 4->5, 5->1.  We can use this table to generate, from
+            * the longest word (4 above), a list of all words, by
+            * following the list of prev pointers; this gives us the
+            * unordered list 4,5,1,2. Then given the current word we have
+            * just tried, we can go through the list and find the
+            * next-biggest word to try (so if we just failed on word 2,
+            * the next in the list is 4).
+            *
+            * Since at runtime we don't record the matching position in
+            * the string for each word, we have to work that out for
+            * each word we're about to process. The wordinfo table holds
+            * the character length of each word; given that we recorded
+            * at the start: the position of the shortest word and its
+            * length in chars, we just need to move the pointer the
+            * difference between the two char lengths. Depending on
+            * Unicode status and folding, that's cheap or expensive.
+            *
+            * This algorithm is optimised for the case where are only a
+            * small number of accept states, i.e. 0,1, or maybe 2.
+            * With lots of accepts states, and having to try all of them,
+            * it becomes quadratic on number of accept states to find all
+            * the next words.
+            */
+
+           {
+                /* what type of TRIE am I? (utf8 makes this contextual) */
+                DECL_TRIE_TYPE(scan);
+
+                /* what trie are we using right now */
+               reg_trie_data * const trie
+                   = (reg_trie_data*)rexi->data->data[ ARG( scan ) ];
+               HV * widecharmap = MUTABLE_HV(rexi->data->data[ ARG( scan ) + 1 ]);
+                U32 state = trie->startstate;
+
+                if (   trie->bitmap
+                    && (NEXTCHR_IS_EOS || !TRIE_BITMAP_TEST(trie, nextchr)))
+                {
+                   if (trie->states[ state ].wordnum) {
+                        DEBUG_EXECUTE_r(
+                            PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log,
+                                         "%*s  %smatched empty string...%s\n",
+                                         REPORT_CODE_OFF+depth*2, "", PL_colors[4], PL_colors[5])
+                        );
+                       if (!trie->jump)
+                           break;
+                   } else {
+                       DEBUG_EXECUTE_r(
+                            PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log,
+                                         "%*s  %sfailed to match trie start class...%s\n",
+                                         REPORT_CODE_OFF+depth*2, "", PL_colors[4], PL_colors[5])
+                        );
+                       sayNO_SILENT;
+                  }
+                }
+
+            { 
+               U8 *uc = ( U8* )locinput;
+
+               STRLEN len = 0;
+               STRLEN foldlen = 0;
+               U8 *uscan = (U8*)NULL;
+               U8 foldbuf[ UTF8_MAXBYTES_CASE + 1 ];
+               U32 charcount = 0; /* how many input chars we have matched */
+               U32 accepted = 0; /* have we seen any accepting states? */
+
+               ST.jump = trie->jump;
+               ST.me = scan;
+               ST.firstpos = NULL;
+               ST.longfold = FALSE; /* char longer if folded => it's harder */
+               ST.nextword = 0;
+
+               /* fully traverse the TRIE; note the position of the
+                  shortest accept state and the wordnum of the longest
+                  accept state */
+
+               while ( state && uc <= (U8*)(reginfo->strend) ) {
+                    U32 base = trie->states[ state ].trans.base;
+                    UV uvc = 0;
+                    U16 charid = 0;
+                   U16 wordnum;
+                    wordnum = trie->states[ state ].wordnum;
+
+                   if (wordnum) { /* it's an accept state */
+                       if (!accepted) {
+                           accepted = 1;
+                           /* record first match position */
+                           if (ST.longfold) {
+                               ST.firstpos = (U8*)locinput;
+                               ST.firstchars = 0;
+                           }
+                           else {
+                               ST.firstpos = uc;
+                               ST.firstchars = charcount;
+                           }
+                       }
+                       if (!ST.nextword || wordnum < ST.nextword)
+                           ST.nextword = wordnum;
+                       ST.topword = wordnum;
+                   }
+
+                   DEBUG_TRIE_EXECUTE_r({
+                               DUMP_EXEC_POS( (char *)uc, scan, utf8_target );
+                               PerlIO_printf( Perl_debug_log,
+                                   "%*s  %sState: %4"UVxf" Accepted: %c ",
+                                   2+depth * 2, "", PL_colors[4],
+                                   (UV)state, (accepted ? 'Y' : 'N'));
+                   });
+
+                   /* read a char and goto next state */
+                   if ( base && (foldlen || uc < (U8*)(reginfo->strend))) {
+                       I32 offset;
+                       REXEC_TRIE_READ_CHAR(trie_type, trie, widecharmap, uc,
+                                            uscan, len, uvc, charid, foldlen,
+                                            foldbuf, uniflags);
+                       charcount++;
+                       if (foldlen>0)
+                           ST.longfold = TRUE;
+                       if (charid &&
+                            ( ((offset =
+                             base + charid - 1 - trie->uniquecharcount)) >= 0)
+
+                            && ((U32)offset < trie->lasttrans)
+                            && trie->trans[offset].check == state)
+                       {
+                           state = trie->trans[offset].next;
+                       }
+                       else {
+                           state = 0;
+                       }
+                       uc += len;
+
+                   }
+                   else {
+                       state = 0;
+                   }
+                   DEBUG_TRIE_EXECUTE_r(
+                       PerlIO_printf( Perl_debug_log,
+                           "Charid:%3x CP:%4"UVxf" After State: %4"UVxf"%s\n",
+                           charid, uvc, (UV)state, PL_colors[5] );
+                   );
+               }
+               if (!accepted)
+                  sayNO;
+
+               /* calculate total number of accept states */
+               {
+                   U16 w = ST.topword;
+                   accepted = 0;
+                   while (w) {
+                       w = trie->wordinfo[w].prev;
+                       accepted++;
+                   }
+                   ST.accepted = accepted;
+               }
+
+               DEBUG_EXECUTE_r(
+                   PerlIO_printf( Perl_debug_log,
+                       "%*s  %sgot %"IVdf" possible matches%s\n",
+                       REPORT_CODE_OFF + depth * 2, "",
+                       PL_colors[4], (IV)ST.accepted, PL_colors[5] );
+               );
+               goto trie_first_try; /* jump into the fail handler */
+           }}
+           assert(0); /* NOTREACHED */
+
+       case TRIE_next_fail: /* we failed - try next alternative */
+        {
+            U8 *uc;
+            if ( ST.jump) {
+                REGCP_UNWIND(ST.cp);
+                UNWIND_PAREN(ST.lastparen, ST.lastcloseparen);
+           }
+           if (!--ST.accepted) {
+               DEBUG_EXECUTE_r({
+                   PerlIO_printf( Perl_debug_log,
+                       "%*s  %sTRIE failed...%s\n",
+                       REPORT_CODE_OFF+depth*2, "", 
+                       PL_colors[4],
+                       PL_colors[5] );
+               });
+               sayNO_SILENT;
+           }
+           {
+               /* Find next-highest word to process.  Note that this code
+                * is O(N^2) per trie run (O(N) per branch), so keep tight */
+               U16 min = 0;
+               U16 word;
+               U16 const nextword = ST.nextword;
+               reg_trie_wordinfo * const wordinfo
+                   = ((reg_trie_data*)rexi->data->data[ARG(ST.me)])->wordinfo;
+               for (word=ST.topword; word; word=wordinfo[word].prev) {
+                   if (word > nextword && (!min || word < min))
+                       min = word;
+               }
+               ST.nextword = min;
+           }
+
+          trie_first_try:
+            if (do_cutgroup) {
+                do_cutgroup = 0;
+                no_final = 0;
+            }
+
+            if ( ST.jump) {
+                ST.lastparen = rex->lastparen;
+                ST.lastcloseparen = rex->lastcloseparen;
+               REGCP_SET(ST.cp);
+            }
+
+           /* find start char of end of current word */
+           {
+               U32 chars; /* how many chars to skip */
+               reg_trie_data * const trie
+                   = (reg_trie_data*)rexi->data->data[ARG(ST.me)];
+
+               assert((trie->wordinfo[ST.nextword].len - trie->prefixlen)
+                           >=  ST.firstchars);
+               chars = (trie->wordinfo[ST.nextword].len - trie->prefixlen)
+                           - ST.firstchars;
+               uc = ST.firstpos;
+
+               if (ST.longfold) {
+                   /* the hard option - fold each char in turn and find
+                    * its folded length (which may be different */
+                   U8 foldbuf[UTF8_MAXBYTES_CASE + 1];
+                   STRLEN foldlen;
+                   STRLEN len;
+                   UV uvc;
+                   U8 *uscan;
+
+                   while (chars) {
+                       if (utf8_target) {
+                           uvc = utf8n_to_uvuni((U8*)uc, UTF8_MAXLEN, &len,
+                                                   uniflags);
+                           uc += len;
+                       }
+                       else {
+                           uvc = *uc;
+                           uc++;
+                       }
+                       uvc = to_uni_fold(uvc, foldbuf, &foldlen);
+                       uscan = foldbuf;
+                       while (foldlen) {
+                           if (!--chars)
+                               break;
+                           uvc = utf8n_to_uvuni(uscan, UTF8_MAXLEN, &len,
+                                           uniflags);
+                           uscan += len;
+                           foldlen -= len;
+                       }
+                   }
+               }
+               else {
+                   if (utf8_target)
+                       while (chars--)
+                           uc += UTF8SKIP(uc);
+                   else
+                       uc += chars;
+               }
+           }
+
+           scan = ST.me + ((ST.jump && ST.jump[ST.nextword])
+                           ? ST.jump[ST.nextword]
+                           : NEXT_OFF(ST.me));
+
+           DEBUG_EXECUTE_r({
+               PerlIO_printf( Perl_debug_log,
+                   "%*s  %sTRIE matched word #%d, continuing%s\n",
+                   REPORT_CODE_OFF+depth*2, "", 
+                   PL_colors[4],
+                   ST.nextword,
+                   PL_colors[5]
+                   );
+           });
+
+           if (ST.accepted > 1 || has_cutgroup) {
+               PUSH_STATE_GOTO(TRIE_next, scan, (char*)uc);
+               assert(0); /* NOTREACHED */
+           }
+           /* only one choice left - just continue */
+           DEBUG_EXECUTE_r({
+               AV *const trie_words
+                   = MUTABLE_AV(rexi->data->data[ARG(ST.me)+TRIE_WORDS_OFFSET]);
+               SV ** const tmp = av_fetch( trie_words,
+                   ST.nextword-1, 0 );
+               SV *sv= tmp ? sv_newmortal() : NULL;
+
+               PerlIO_printf( Perl_debug_log,
+                   "%*s  %sonly one match left, short-circuiting: #%d <%s>%s\n",
+                   REPORT_CODE_OFF+depth*2, "", PL_colors[4],
+                   ST.nextword,
+                   tmp ? pv_pretty(sv, SvPV_nolen_const(*tmp), SvCUR(*tmp), 0,
+                           PL_colors[0], PL_colors[1],
+                           (SvUTF8(*tmp) ? PERL_PV_ESCAPE_UNI : 0)|PERL_PV_ESCAPE_NONASCII
+                       ) 
+                   : "not compiled under -Dr",
+                   PL_colors[5] );
+           });
+
+           locinput = (char*)uc;
+           continue; /* execute rest of RE */
+           assert(0); /* NOTREACHED */
+        }
+#undef  ST
+
+       case EXACT: {            /*  /abc/        */
+           char *s = STRING(scan);
+           ln = STR_LEN(scan);
+           if (utf8_target != is_utf8_pat) {
+               /* The target and the pattern have differing utf8ness. */
+               char *l = locinput;
+               const char * const e = s + ln;
+
+               if (utf8_target) {
+                    /* The target is utf8, the pattern is not utf8.
+                     * Above-Latin1 code points can't match the pattern;
+                     * invariants match exactly, and the other Latin1 ones need
+                     * to be downgraded to a single byte in order to do the
+                     * comparison.  (If we could be confident that the target
+                     * is not malformed, this could be refactored to have fewer
+                     * tests by just assuming that if the first bytes match, it
+                     * is an invariant, but there are tests in the test suite
+                     * dealing with (??{...}) which violate this) */
+                   while (s < e) {
+                       if (l >= reginfo->strend
+                            || UTF8_IS_ABOVE_LATIN1(* (U8*) l))
+                        {
+                            sayNO;
+                        }
+                        if (UTF8_IS_INVARIANT(*(U8*)l)) {
+                           if (*l != *s) {
+                                sayNO;
+                            }
+                            l++;
+                        }
+                        else {
+                            if (TWO_BYTE_UTF8_TO_UNI(*l, *(l+1)) != * (U8*) s) {
+                                sayNO;
+                            }
+                            l += 2;
+                        }
+                       s++;
+                   }
+               }
+               else {
+                   /* The target is not utf8, the pattern is utf8. */
+                   while (s < e) {
+                        if (l >= reginfo->strend
+                            || UTF8_IS_ABOVE_LATIN1(* (U8*) s))
+                        {
+                            sayNO;
+                        }
+                        if (UTF8_IS_INVARIANT(*(U8*)s)) {
+                           if (*s != *l) {
+                                sayNO;
+                            }
+                            s++;
+                        }
+                        else {
+                            if (TWO_BYTE_UTF8_TO_UNI(*s, *(s+1)) != * (U8*) l) {
+                                sayNO;
+                            }
+                            s += 2;
+                        }
+                       l++;
+                   }
+               }
+               locinput = l;
+           }
+            else {
+                /* The target and the pattern have the same utf8ness. */
+                /* Inline the first character, for speed. */
+                if (reginfo->strend - locinput < ln
+                    || UCHARAT(s) != nextchr
+                    || (ln > 1 && memNE(s, locinput, ln)))
+                {
+                    sayNO;
+                }
+                locinput += ln;
+            }
+           break;
+           }
+
+       case EXACTFL: {          /*  /abc/il      */
+           re_fold_t folder;
+           const U8 * fold_array;
+           const char * s;
+           U32 fold_utf8_flags;
+
+            RX_MATCH_TAINTED_on(reginfo->prog);
+            folder = foldEQ_locale;
+            fold_array = PL_fold_locale;
+           fold_utf8_flags = FOLDEQ_UTF8_LOCALE;
+           goto do_exactf;
+
+       case EXACTFU_SS:         /*  /\x{df}/iu   */
+       case EXACTFU_TRICKYFOLD: /*  /\x{390}/iu  */
+       case EXACTFU:            /*  /abc/iu      */
+           folder = foldEQ_latin1;
+           fold_array = PL_fold_latin1;
+           fold_utf8_flags = is_utf8_pat ? FOLDEQ_S1_ALREADY_FOLDED : 0;
+           goto do_exactf;
+
+       case EXACTFA:            /*  /abc/iaa     */
+           folder = foldEQ_latin1;
+           fold_array = PL_fold_latin1;
+           fold_utf8_flags = FOLDEQ_UTF8_NOMIX_ASCII;
+           goto do_exactf;
+
+       case EXACTF:             /*  /abc/i       */
+           folder = foldEQ;
+           fold_array = PL_fold;
+           fold_utf8_flags = 0;
+
+         do_exactf:
+           s = STRING(scan);
+           ln = STR_LEN(scan);
+
+           if (utf8_target || is_utf8_pat || state_num == EXACTFU_SS) {
+             /* Either target or the pattern are utf8, or has the issue where
+              * the fold lengths may differ. */
+               const char * const l = locinput;
+               char *e = reginfo->strend;
+
+               if (! foldEQ_utf8_flags(s, 0,  ln, is_utf8_pat,
+                                       l, &e, 0,  utf8_target, fold_utf8_flags))
+               {
+                   sayNO;
+               }
+               locinput = e;
+               break;
+           }
+
+           /* Neither the target nor the pattern are utf8 */
+           if (UCHARAT(s) != nextchr
+                && !NEXTCHR_IS_EOS
+               && UCHARAT(s) != fold_array[nextchr])
+           {
+               sayNO;
+           }
+           if (reginfo->strend - locinput < ln)
+               sayNO;
+           if (ln > 1 && ! folder(s, locinput, ln))
+               sayNO;
+           locinput += ln;
+           break;
+       }
+
+       /* XXX Could improve efficiency by separating these all out using a
+        * macro or in-line function.  At that point regcomp.c would no longer
+        * have to set the FLAGS fields of these */
+       case BOUNDL:  /*  /\b/l  */
+       case NBOUNDL: /*  /\B/l  */
+            RX_MATCH_TAINTED_on(reginfo->prog);
+           /* FALL THROUGH */
+       case BOUND:   /*  /\b/   */
+       case BOUNDU:  /*  /\b/u  */
+       case BOUNDA:  /*  /\b/a  */
+       case NBOUND:  /*  /\B/   */
+       case NBOUNDU: /*  /\B/u  */
+       case NBOUNDA: /*  /\B/a  */
+           /* was last char in word? */
+           if (utf8_target
+               && FLAGS(scan) != REGEX_ASCII_RESTRICTED_CHARSET
+               && FLAGS(scan) != REGEX_ASCII_MORE_RESTRICTED_CHARSET)
+           {
+               if (locinput == reginfo->strbeg)
+                   ln = '\n';
+               else {
+                   const U8 * const r =
+                            reghop3((U8*)locinput, -1, (U8*)(reginfo->strbeg));
+
+                   ln = utf8n_to_uvchr(r, UTF8SKIP(r), 0, uniflags);
+               }
+               if (FLAGS(scan) != REGEX_LOCALE_CHARSET) {
+                   ln = isWORDCHAR_uni(ln);
+                    if (NEXTCHR_IS_EOS)
+                        n = 0;
+                    else {
+                        LOAD_UTF8_CHARCLASS_ALNUM();
+                        n = swash_fetch(PL_utf8_swash_ptrs[_CC_WORDCHAR], (U8*)locinput,
+                                                                utf8_target);
+                    }
+               }
+               else {
+                   ln = isWORDCHAR_LC_uvchr(UNI_TO_NATIVE(ln));
+                   n = NEXTCHR_IS_EOS ? 0 : isWORDCHAR_LC_utf8((U8*)locinput);
+               }
+           }
+           else {
+
+               /* Here the string isn't utf8, or is utf8 and only ascii
+                * characters are to match \w.  In the latter case looking at
+                * the byte just prior to the current one may be just the final
+                * byte of a multi-byte character.  This is ok.  There are two
+                * cases:
+                * 1) it is a single byte character, and then the test is doing
+                *      just what it's supposed to.
+                * 2) it is a multi-byte character, in which case the final
+                *      byte is never mistakable for ASCII, and so the test
+                *      will say it is not a word character, which is the
+                *      correct answer. */
+               ln = (locinput != reginfo->strbeg) ?
+                   UCHARAT(locinput - 1) : '\n';
+               switch (FLAGS(scan)) {
+                   case REGEX_UNICODE_CHARSET:
+                       ln = isWORDCHAR_L1(ln);
+                       n = NEXTCHR_IS_EOS ? 0 : isWORDCHAR_L1(nextchr);
+                       break;
+                   case REGEX_LOCALE_CHARSET:
+                       ln = isWORDCHAR_LC(ln);
+                       n = NEXTCHR_IS_EOS ? 0 : isWORDCHAR_LC(nextchr);
+                       break;
+                   case REGEX_DEPENDS_CHARSET:
+                       ln = isWORDCHAR(ln);
+                       n = NEXTCHR_IS_EOS ? 0 : isWORDCHAR(nextchr);
+                       break;
+                   case REGEX_ASCII_RESTRICTED_CHARSET:
+                   case REGEX_ASCII_MORE_RESTRICTED_CHARSET:
+                       ln = isWORDCHAR_A(ln);
+                       n = NEXTCHR_IS_EOS ? 0 : isWORDCHAR_A(nextchr);
+                       break;
+                   default:
+                       Perl_croak(aTHX_ "panic: Unexpected FLAGS %u in op %u", FLAGS(scan), OP(scan));
+                       break;
+               }
+           }
+           /* Note requires that all BOUNDs be lower than all NBOUNDs in
+            * regcomp.sym */
+           if (((!ln) == (!n)) == (OP(scan) < NBOUND))
+                   sayNO;
+           break;
+
+       case ANYOF:  /*  /[abc]/       */
+       case ANYOF_WARN_SUPER:
+            if (NEXTCHR_IS_EOS)
+                sayNO;
+           if (utf8_target) {
+               if (!reginclass(rex, scan, (U8*)locinput, utf8_target))
+                   sayNO;
+               locinput += UTF8SKIP(locinput);
+           }
+           else {
+               if (!REGINCLASS(rex, scan, (U8*)locinput))
+                   sayNO;
+               locinput++;
+           }
+           break;
+
+        /* The argument (FLAGS) to all the POSIX node types is the class number
+         * */
+
+        case NPOSIXL:   /* \W or [:^punct:] etc. under /l */
+            to_complement = 1;
+            /* FALLTHROUGH */
+
+        case POSIXL:    /* \w or [:punct:] etc. under /l */
+            if (NEXTCHR_IS_EOS)
+                sayNO;
+
+            /* The locale hasn't influenced the outcome before this, so defer
+             * tainting until now */
+            RX_MATCH_TAINTED_on(reginfo->prog);
+
+            /* Use isFOO_lc() for characters within Latin1.  (Note that
+             * UTF8_IS_INVARIANT works even on non-UTF-8 strings, or else
+             * wouldn't be invariant) */
+            if (UTF8_IS_INVARIANT(nextchr) || ! utf8_target) {
+                if (! (to_complement ^ cBOOL(isFOO_lc(FLAGS(scan), (U8) nextchr)))) {
+                    sayNO;
+                }
+            }
+            else if (UTF8_IS_DOWNGRADEABLE_START(nextchr)) {
+                if (! (to_complement ^ cBOOL(isFOO_lc(FLAGS(scan),
+                                        (U8) TWO_BYTE_UTF8_TO_UNI(nextchr,
+                                                            *(locinput + 1))))))
+                {
+                    sayNO;
+                }
+            }
+            else { /* Here, must be an above Latin-1 code point */
+                goto utf8_posix_not_eos;
+            }
+
+            /* Here, must be utf8 */
+            locinput += UTF8SKIP(locinput);
+            break;
+
+        case NPOSIXD:   /* \W or [:^punct:] etc. under /d */
+            to_complement = 1;
+            /* FALLTHROUGH */
+
+        case POSIXD:    /* \w or [:punct:] etc. under /d */
+            if (utf8_target) {
+                goto utf8_posix;
+            }
+            goto posixa;
+
+        case NPOSIXA:   /* \W or [:^punct:] etc. under /a */
+
+            if (NEXTCHR_IS_EOS) {
+                sayNO;
+            }
+
+            /* All UTF-8 variants match */
+            if (! UTF8_IS_INVARIANT(nextchr)) {
+                goto increment_locinput;
+            }
+
+            to_complement = 1;
+            /* FALLTHROUGH */
+
+        case POSIXA:    /* \w or [:punct:] etc. under /a */
+
+          posixa:
+            /* We get here through POSIXD, NPOSIXD, and NPOSIXA when not in
+             * UTF-8, and also from NPOSIXA even in UTF-8 when the current
+             * character is a single byte */
+
+            if (NEXTCHR_IS_EOS
+                || ! (to_complement ^ cBOOL(_generic_isCC_A(nextchr,
+                                                            FLAGS(scan)))))
+            {
+                sayNO;
+            }
+
+            /* Here we are either not in utf8, or we matched a utf8-invariant,
+             * so the next char is the next byte */
+            locinput++;
+            break;
+
+        case NPOSIXU:   /* \W or [:^punct:] etc. under /u */
+            to_complement = 1;
+            /* FALLTHROUGH */
+
+        case POSIXU:    /* \w or [:punct:] etc. under /u */
+          utf8_posix:
+            if (NEXTCHR_IS_EOS) {
+                sayNO;
+            }
+          utf8_posix_not_eos:
+
+            /* Use _generic_isCC() for characters within Latin1.  (Note that
+             * UTF8_IS_INVARIANT works even on non-UTF-8 strings, or else
+             * wouldn't be invariant) */
+            if (UTF8_IS_INVARIANT(nextchr) || ! utf8_target) {
+                if (! (to_complement ^ cBOOL(_generic_isCC(nextchr,
+                                                           FLAGS(scan)))))
+                {
+                    sayNO;
+                }
+                locinput++;
+            }
+            else if (UTF8_IS_DOWNGRADEABLE_START(nextchr)) {
+                if (! (to_complement
+                       ^ cBOOL(_generic_isCC(TWO_BYTE_UTF8_TO_UNI(nextchr,
+                                                               *(locinput + 1)),
+                                              FLAGS(scan)))))
+                {
+                    sayNO;
+                }
+                locinput += 2;
+            }
+            else {  /* Handle above Latin-1 code points */
+                classnum = (_char_class_number) FLAGS(scan);
+                if (classnum < _FIRST_NON_SWASH_CC) {
+
+                    /* Here, uses a swash to find such code points.  Load if if
+                     * not done already */
+                    if (! PL_utf8_swash_ptrs[classnum]) {
+                        U8 flags = _CORE_SWASH_INIT_ACCEPT_INVLIST;
+                        PL_utf8_swash_ptrs[classnum]
+                                = _core_swash_init("utf8",
+                                        swash_property_names[classnum],
+                                        &PL_sv_undef, 1, 0, NULL, &flags);
+                    }
+                    if (! (to_complement
+                           ^ cBOOL(swash_fetch(PL_utf8_swash_ptrs[classnum],
+                                               (U8 *) locinput, TRUE))))
+                    {
+                        sayNO;
+                    }
+                }
+                else {  /* Here, uses macros to find above Latin-1 code points */
+                    switch (classnum) {
+                        case _CC_ENUM_SPACE:    /* XXX would require separate
+                                                   code if we revert the change
+                                                   of \v matching this */
+                        case _CC_ENUM_PSXSPC:
+                            if (! (to_complement
+                                        ^ cBOOL(is_XPERLSPACE_high(locinput))))
+                            {
+                                sayNO;
+                            }
+                            break;
+                        case _CC_ENUM_BLANK:
+                            if (! (to_complement
+                                            ^ cBOOL(is_HORIZWS_high(locinput))))
+                            {
+                                sayNO;
+                            }
+                            break;
+                        case _CC_ENUM_XDIGIT:
+                            if (! (to_complement
+                                            ^ cBOOL(is_XDIGIT_high(locinput))))
+                            {
+                                sayNO;
+                            }
+                            break;
+                        case _CC_ENUM_VERTSPACE:
+                            if (! (to_complement
+                                            ^ cBOOL(is_VERTWS_high(locinput))))
+                            {
+                                sayNO;
+                            }
+                            break;
+                        default:    /* The rest, e.g. [:cntrl:], can't match
+                                       above Latin1 */
+                            if (! to_complement) {
+                                sayNO;
+                            }
+                            break;
+                    }
+                }
+                locinput += UTF8SKIP(locinput);
+            }
+            break;
+
+       case CLUMP: /* Match \X: logical Unicode character.  This is defined as
+                      a Unicode extended Grapheme Cluster */
+           /* From http://www.unicode.org/reports/tr29 (5.2 version).  An
+             extended Grapheme Cluster is:
+
+            CR LF
+            | Prepend* Begin Extend*
+            | .
+
+            Begin is:           ( Special_Begin | ! Control )
+            Special_Begin is:   ( Regional-Indicator+ | Hangul-syllable )
+            Extend is:          ( Grapheme_Extend | Spacing_Mark )
+            Control is:         [ GCB_Control | CR | LF ]
+            Hangul-syllable is: ( T+ | ( L* ( L | ( LVT | ( V | LV ) V* ) T* ) ))
+
+               If we create a 'Regular_Begin' = Begin - Special_Begin, then
+               we can rewrite
+
+                   Begin is ( Regular_Begin + Special Begin )
+
+               It turns out that 98.4% of all Unicode code points match
+               Regular_Begin.  Doing it this way eliminates a table match in
+               the previous implementation for almost all Unicode code points.
+
+              There is a subtlety with Prepend* which showed up in testing.
+              Note that the Begin, and only the Begin is required in:
+               | Prepend* Begin Extend*
+              Also, Begin contains '! Control'.  A Prepend must be a
+              '!  Control', which means it must also be a Begin.  What it
+              comes down to is that if we match Prepend* and then find no
+              suitable Begin afterwards, that if we backtrack the last
+              Prepend, that one will be a suitable Begin.
+           */
+
+           if (NEXTCHR_IS_EOS)
+               sayNO;
+           if  (! utf8_target) {
+
+               /* Match either CR LF  or '.', as all the other possibilities
+                * require utf8 */
+               locinput++;         /* Match the . or CR */
+               if (nextchr == '\r' /* And if it was CR, and the next is LF,
+                                      match the LF */
+                   && locinput < reginfo->strend
+                   && UCHARAT(locinput) == '\n')
+                {
+                    locinput++;
+                }
+           }
+           else {
+
+               /* Utf8: See if is ( CR LF ); already know that locinput <
+                * reginfo->strend, so locinput+1 is in bounds */
+               if ( nextchr == '\r' && locinput+1 < reginfo->strend
+                     && UCHARAT(locinput + 1) == '\n')
+                {
+                   locinput += 2;
+               }
+               else {
+                    STRLEN len;
+
+                   /* In case have to backtrack to beginning, then match '.' */
+                   char *starting = locinput;
+
+                   /* In case have to backtrack the last prepend */
+                   char *previous_prepend = NULL;
+
+                   LOAD_UTF8_CHARCLASS_GCB();
+
+                    /* Match (prepend)*   */
+                    while (locinput < reginfo->strend
+                           && (len = is_GCB_Prepend_utf8(locinput)))
+                    {
+                        previous_prepend = locinput;
+                        locinput += len;
+                    }
+
+                   /* As noted above, if we matched a prepend character, but
+                    * the next thing won't match, back off the last prepend we
+                    * matched, as it is guaranteed to match the begin */
+                   if (previous_prepend
+                       && (locinput >=  reginfo->strend
+                           || (! swash_fetch(PL_utf8_X_regular_begin,
+                                            (U8*)locinput, utf8_target)
+                                && ! is_GCB_SPECIAL_BEGIN_START_utf8(locinput)))
+                        )
+                   {
+                       locinput = previous_prepend;
+                   }
+
+                   /* Note that here we know reginfo->strend > locinput, as we
+                    * tested that upon input to this switch case, and if we
+                    * moved locinput forward, we tested the result just above
+                    * and it either passed, or we backed off so that it will
+                    * now pass */
+                   if (swash_fetch(PL_utf8_X_regular_begin,
+                                    (U8*)locinput, utf8_target)) {
+                        locinput += UTF8SKIP(locinput);
+                    }
+                    else if (! is_GCB_SPECIAL_BEGIN_START_utf8(locinput)) {
+
+                       /* Here did not match the required 'Begin' in the
+                        * second term.  So just match the very first
+                        * character, the '.' of the final term of the regex */
+                       locinput = starting + UTF8SKIP(starting);
+                        goto exit_utf8;
+                   } else {
+
+                        /* Here is a special begin.  It can be composed of
+                         * several individual characters.  One possibility is
+                         * RI+ */
+                        if ((len = is_GCB_RI_utf8(locinput))) {
+                            locinput += len;
+                            while (locinput < reginfo->strend
+                                   && (len = is_GCB_RI_utf8(locinput)))
+                            {
+                                locinput += len;
+                            }
+                        } else if ((len = is_GCB_T_utf8(locinput))) {
+                            /* Another possibility is T+ */
+                            locinput += len;
+                            while (locinput < reginfo->strend
+                                && (len = is_GCB_T_utf8(locinput)))
+                            {
+                                locinput += len;
+                            }
+                        } else {
+
+                            /* Here, neither RI+ nor T+; must be some other
+                             * Hangul.  That means it is one of the others: L,
+                             * LV, LVT or V, and matches:
+                             * L* (L | LVT T* | V * V* T* | LV  V* T*) */
+
+                            /* Match L*           */
+                            while (locinput < reginfo->strend
+                                   && (len = is_GCB_L_utf8(locinput)))
+                            {
+                                locinput += len;
+                            }
+
+                            /* Here, have exhausted L*.  If the next character
+                             * is not an LV, LVT nor V, it means we had to have
+                             * at least one L, so matches L+ in the original
+                             * equation, we have a complete hangul syllable.
+                             * Are done. */
+
+                            if (locinput < reginfo->strend
+                                && is_GCB_LV_LVT_V_utf8(locinput))
+                            {
+                                /* Otherwise keep going.  Must be LV, LVT or V.
+                                 * See if LVT, by first ruling out V, then LV */
+                                if (! is_GCB_V_utf8(locinput)
+                                        /* All but every TCount one is LV */
+                                    && (valid_utf8_to_uvchr((U8 *) locinput,
+                                                                         NULL)
+                                                                        - SBASE)
+                                        % TCount != 0)
+                                {
+                                    locinput += UTF8SKIP(locinput);
+                                } else {
+
+                                    /* Must be  V or LV.  Take it, then match
+                                     * V*     */
+                                    locinput += UTF8SKIP(locinput);
+                                    while (locinput < reginfo->strend
+                                           && (len = is_GCB_V_utf8(locinput)))
+                                    {
+                                        locinput += len;
+                                    }
+                                }
+
+                                /* And any of LV, LVT, or V can be followed
+                                 * by T*            */
+                                while (locinput < reginfo->strend
+                                       && (len = is_GCB_T_utf8(locinput)))
+                                {
+                                    locinput += len;
+                                }
+                            }
+                        }
+                    }
+
+                    /* Match any extender */
+                    while (locinput < reginfo->strend
+                            && swash_fetch(PL_utf8_X_extend,
+                                            (U8*)locinput, utf8_target))
+                    {
+                        locinput += UTF8SKIP(locinput);
+                    }
+               }
+            exit_utf8:
+               if (locinput > reginfo->strend) sayNO;
+           }
+           break;
+            
+       case NREFFL:  /*  /\g{name}/il  */
+       {   /* The capture buffer cases.  The ones beginning with N for the
+              named buffers just convert to the equivalent numbered and
+              pretend they were called as the corresponding numbered buffer
+              op.  */
+           /* don't initialize these in the declaration, it makes C++
+              unhappy */
+           const char *s;
+           char type;
+           re_fold_t folder;
+           const U8 *fold_array;
+           UV utf8_fold_flags;
+
+            RX_MATCH_TAINTED_on(reginfo->prog);
+           folder = foldEQ_locale;
+           fold_array = PL_fold_locale;
+           type = REFFL;
+           utf8_fold_flags = FOLDEQ_UTF8_LOCALE;
+           goto do_nref;
+
+       case NREFFA:  /*  /\g{name}/iaa  */
+           folder = foldEQ_latin1;
+           fold_array = PL_fold_latin1;
+           type = REFFA;
+           utf8_fold_flags = FOLDEQ_UTF8_NOMIX_ASCII;
+           goto do_nref;
+
+       case NREFFU:  /*  /\g{name}/iu  */
+           folder = foldEQ_latin1;
+           fold_array = PL_fold_latin1;
+           type = REFFU;
+           utf8_fold_flags = 0;
+           goto do_nref;
+
+       case NREFF:  /*  /\g{name}/i  */
+           folder = foldEQ;
+           fold_array = PL_fold;
+           type = REFF;
+           utf8_fold_flags = 0;
+           goto do_nref;
+
+       case NREF:  /*  /\g{name}/   */
+           type = REF;
+           folder = NULL;
+           fold_array = NULL;
+           utf8_fold_flags = 0;
+         do_nref:
+
+           /* For the named back references, find the corresponding buffer
+            * number */
+           n = reg_check_named_buff_matched(rex,scan);
+
+            if ( ! n ) {
+                sayNO;
+           }
+           goto do_nref_ref_common;
+
+       case REFFL:  /*  /\1/il  */
+            RX_MATCH_TAINTED_on(reginfo->prog);
+           folder = foldEQ_locale;
+           fold_array = PL_fold_locale;
+           utf8_fold_flags = FOLDEQ_UTF8_LOCALE;
+           goto do_ref;
+
+       case REFFA:  /*  /\1/iaa  */
+           folder = foldEQ_latin1;
+           fold_array = PL_fold_latin1;
+           utf8_fold_flags = FOLDEQ_UTF8_NOMIX_ASCII;
+           goto do_ref;
+
+       case REFFU:  /*  /\1/iu  */
+           folder = foldEQ_latin1;
+           fold_array = PL_fold_latin1;
+           utf8_fold_flags = 0;
+           goto do_ref;
+
+       case REFF:  /*  /\1/i  */
+           folder = foldEQ;
+           fold_array = PL_fold;
+           utf8_fold_flags = 0;
+           goto do_ref;
+
+        case REF:  /*  /\1/    */
+           folder = NULL;
+           fold_array = NULL;
+           utf8_fold_flags = 0;
+
+         do_ref:
+           type = OP(scan);
+           n = ARG(scan);  /* which paren pair */
+
+         do_nref_ref_common:
+           ln = rex->offs[n].start;
+           reginfo->poscache_iter = reginfo->poscache_maxiter; /* Void cache */
+           if (rex->lastparen < n || ln == -1)
+               sayNO;                  /* Do not match unless seen CLOSEn. */
+           if (ln == rex->offs[n].end)
+               break;
+
+           s = reginfo->strbeg + ln;
+           if (type != REF     /* REF can do byte comparison */
+               && (utf8_target || type == REFFU))
+           { /* XXX handle REFFL better */
+               char * limit = reginfo->strend;
+
+               /* This call case insensitively compares the entire buffer
+                   * at s, with the current input starting at locinput, but
+                    * not going off the end given by reginfo->strend, and
+                    * returns in <limit> upon success, how much of the
+                    * current input was matched */
+               if (! foldEQ_utf8_flags(s, NULL, rex->offs[n].end - ln, utf8_target,
+                                   locinput, &limit, 0, utf8_target, utf8_fold_flags))
+               {
+                   sayNO;
+               }
+               locinput = limit;
+               break;
+           }
+
+           /* Not utf8:  Inline the first character, for speed. */
+           if (!NEXTCHR_IS_EOS &&
+                UCHARAT(s) != nextchr &&
+               (type == REF ||
+                UCHARAT(s) != fold_array[nextchr]))
+               sayNO;
+           ln = rex->offs[n].end - ln;
+           if (locinput + ln > reginfo->strend)
+               sayNO;
+           if (ln > 1 && (type == REF
+                          ? memNE(s, locinput, ln)
+                          : ! folder(s, locinput, ln)))
+               sayNO;
+           locinput += ln;
+           break;
+       }
+
+       case NOTHING: /* null op; e.g. the 'nothing' following
+                       * the '*' in m{(a+|b)*}' */
+           break;
+       case TAIL: /* placeholder while compiling (A|B|C) */
+           break;
+
+       case BACK: /* ??? doesn't appear to be used ??? */
+           break;
+
+#undef  ST
+#define ST st->u.eval
+       {
+           SV *ret;
+           REGEXP *re_sv;
+            regexp *re;
+            regexp_internal *rei;
+            regnode *startpoint;
+
+       case GOSTART: /*  (?R)  */
+       case GOSUB: /*    /(...(?1))/   /(...(?&foo))/   */
+           if (cur_eval && cur_eval->locinput==locinput) {
+                if (cur_eval->u.eval.close_paren == (U32)ARG(scan)) 
+                    Perl_croak(aTHX_ "Infinite recursion in regex");
+                if ( ++nochange_depth > max_nochange_depth )
+                    Perl_croak(aTHX_ 
+                        "Pattern subroutine nesting without pos change"
+                        " exceeded limit in regex");
+            } else {
+                nochange_depth = 0;
+            }
+           re_sv = rex_sv;
+            re = rex;
+            rei = rexi;
+            if (OP(scan)==GOSUB) {
+                startpoint = scan + ARG2L(scan);
+                ST.close_paren = ARG(scan);
+            } else {
+                startpoint = rei->program+1;
+                ST.close_paren = 0;
+            }
+            goto eval_recurse_doit;
+            assert(0); /* NOTREACHED */
+
+        case EVAL:  /*   /(?{A})B/   /(??{A})B/  and /(?(?{A})X|Y)B/   */        
+            if (cur_eval && cur_eval->locinput==locinput) {
+               if ( ++nochange_depth > max_nochange_depth )
+                    Perl_croak(aTHX_ "EVAL without pos change exceeded limit in regex");
+            } else {
+                nochange_depth = 0;
+            }    
+           {
+               /* execute the code in the {...} */
+
+               dSP;
+               IV before;
+               OP * const oop = PL_op;
+               COP * const ocurcop = PL_curcop;
+               OP *nop;
+               CV *newcv;
+
+               /* save *all* paren positions */
+               regcppush(rex, 0, maxopenparen);
+               REGCP_SET(runops_cp);
+
+               if (!caller_cv)
+                   caller_cv = find_runcv(NULL);
+
+               n = ARG(scan);
+
+               if (rexi->data->what[n] == 'r') { /* code from an external qr */
+                   newcv = (ReANY(
+                                               (REGEXP*)(rexi->data->data[n])
+                                           ))->qr_anoncv
+                                       ;
+                   nop = (OP*)rexi->data->data[n+1];
+               }
+               else if (rexi->data->what[n] == 'l') { /* literal code */
+                   newcv = caller_cv;
+                   nop = (OP*)rexi->data->data[n];
+                   assert(CvDEPTH(newcv));
+               }
+               else {
+                   /* literal with own CV */
+                   assert(rexi->data->what[n] == 'L');
+                   newcv = rex->qr_anoncv;
+                   nop = (OP*)rexi->data->data[n];
+               }
+
+               /* normally if we're about to execute code from the same
+                * CV that we used previously, we just use the existing
+                * CX stack entry. However, its possible that in the
+                * meantime we may have backtracked, popped from the save
+                * stack, and undone the SAVECOMPPAD(s) associated with
+                * PUSH_MULTICALL; in which case PL_comppad no longer
+                * points to newcv's pad. */
+               if (newcv != last_pushed_cv || PL_comppad != last_pad)
+               {
+                    U8 flags = (CXp_SUB_RE |
+                                ((newcv == caller_cv) ? CXp_SUB_RE_FAKE : 0));
+                   if (last_pushed_cv) {
+                       CHANGE_MULTICALL_FLAGS(newcv, flags);
+                   }
+                   else {
+                       PUSH_MULTICALL_FLAGS(newcv, flags);
+                   }
+                   last_pushed_cv = newcv;
+               }
+               else {
+                    /* these assignments are just to silence compiler
+                     * warnings */
+                   multicall_cop = NULL;
+                   newsp = NULL;
+               }
+               last_pad = PL_comppad;
+
+               /* the initial nextstate you would normally execute
+                * at the start of an eval (which would cause error
+                * messages to come from the eval), may be optimised
+                * away from the execution path in the regex code blocks;
+                * so manually set PL_curcop to it initially */
+               {
+                   OP *o = cUNOPx(nop)->op_first;
+                   assert(o->op_type == OP_NULL);
+                   if (o->op_targ == OP_SCOPE) {
+                       o = cUNOPo->op_first;
+                   }
+                   else {
+                       assert(o->op_targ == OP_LEAVE);
+                       o = cUNOPo->op_first;
+                       assert(o->op_type == OP_ENTER);
+                       o = o->op_sibling;
+                   }
+
+                   if (o->op_type != OP_STUB) {
+                       assert(    o->op_type == OP_NEXTSTATE
+                               || o->op_type == OP_DBSTATE
+                               || (o->op_type == OP_NULL
+                                   &&  (  o->op_targ == OP_NEXTSTATE
+                                       || o->op_targ == OP_DBSTATE
+                                       )
+                                   )
+                       );
+                       PL_curcop = (COP*)o;
+                   }
+               }
+               nop = nop->op_next;
+
+               DEBUG_STATE_r( PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log, 
+                   "  re EVAL PL_op=0x%"UVxf"\n", PTR2UV(nop)) );
+
+               rex->offs[0].end = locinput - reginfo->strbeg;
+                if (reginfo->info_aux_eval->pos_magic)
+                        reginfo->info_aux_eval->pos_magic->mg_len
+                                        = locinput - reginfo->strbeg;
+
+                if (sv_yes_mark) {
+                    SV *sv_mrk = get_sv("REGMARK", 1);
+                    sv_setsv(sv_mrk, sv_yes_mark);
+                }
+
+               /* we don't use MULTICALL here as we want to call the
+                * first op of the block of interest, rather than the
+                * first op of the sub */
+               before = (IV)(SP-PL_stack_base);
+               PL_op = nop;
+               CALLRUNOPS(aTHX);                       /* Scalar context. */
+               SPAGAIN;
+               if ((IV)(SP-PL_stack_base) == before)
+                   ret = &PL_sv_undef;   /* protect against empty (?{}) blocks. */
+               else {
+                   ret = POPs;
+                   PUTBACK;
+               }
+
+               /* before restoring everything, evaluate the returned
+                * value, so that 'uninit' warnings don't use the wrong
+                * PL_op or pad. Also need to process any magic vars
+                * (e.g. $1) *before* parentheses are restored */
+
+               PL_op = NULL;
+
+                re_sv = NULL;
+               if (logical == 0)        /*   (?{})/   */
+                   sv_setsv(save_scalar(PL_replgv), ret); /* $^R */
+               else if (logical == 1) { /*   /(?(?{...})X|Y)/    */
+                   sw = cBOOL(SvTRUE(ret));
+                   logical = 0;
+               }
+               else {                   /*  /(??{})  */
+                   /*  if its overloaded, let the regex compiler handle
+                    *  it; otherwise extract regex, or stringify  */
+                   if (!SvAMAGIC(ret)) {
+                       SV *sv = ret;
+                       if (SvROK(sv))
+                           sv = SvRV(sv);
+                       if (SvTYPE(sv) == SVt_REGEXP)
+                           re_sv = (REGEXP*) sv;
+                       else if (SvSMAGICAL(sv)) {
+                           MAGIC *mg = mg_find(sv, PERL_MAGIC_qr);
+                           if (mg)
+                               re_sv = (REGEXP *) mg->mg_obj;
+                       }
+
+                       /* force any magic, undef warnings here */
+                       if (!re_sv) {
+                           ret = sv_mortalcopy(ret);
+                           (void) SvPV_force_nolen(ret);
+                       }
+                   }
+
+               }
+
+               /* *** Note that at this point we don't restore
+                * PL_comppad, (or pop the CxSUB) on the assumption it may
+                * be used again soon. This is safe as long as nothing
+                * in the regexp code uses the pad ! */
+               PL_op = oop;
+               PL_curcop = ocurcop;
+               S_regcp_restore(aTHX_ rex, runops_cp, &maxopenparen);
+               PL_curpm = PL_reg_curpm;
+
+               if (logical != 2)
+                   break;
+           }
+
+               /* only /(??{})/  from now on */
+               logical = 0;
+               {
+                   /* extract RE object from returned value; compiling if
+                    * necessary */
+
+                   if (re_sv) {
+                       re_sv = reg_temp_copy(NULL, re_sv);
+                   }
+                   else {
+                       U32 pm_flags = 0;
+
+                       if (SvUTF8(ret) && IN_BYTES) {
+                           /* In use 'bytes': make a copy of the octet
+                            * sequence, but without the flag on */
+                           STRLEN len;
+                           const char *const p = SvPV(ret, len);
+                           ret = newSVpvn_flags(p, len, SVs_TEMP);
+                       }
+                       if (rex->intflags & PREGf_USE_RE_EVAL)
+                           pm_flags |= PMf_USE_RE_EVAL;
+
+                       /* if we got here, it should be an engine which
+                        * supports compiling code blocks and stuff */
+                       assert(rex->engine && rex->engine->op_comp);
+                        assert(!(scan->flags & ~RXf_PMf_COMPILETIME));
+                       re_sv = rex->engine->op_comp(aTHX_ &ret, 1, NULL,
+                                   rex->engine, NULL, NULL,
+                                    /* copy /msix etc to inner pattern */
+                                    scan->flags,
+                                    pm_flags);
+
+                       if (!(SvFLAGS(ret)
+                             & (SVs_TEMP | SVs_PADTMP | SVf_READONLY
+                                | SVs_GMG))) {
+                           /* This isn't a first class regexp. Instead, it's
+                              caching a regexp onto an existing, Perl visible
+                              scalar.  */
+                           sv_magic(ret, MUTABLE_SV(re_sv), PERL_MAGIC_qr, 0, 0);
+                       }
+                       /* safe to do now that any $1 etc has been
+                        * interpolated into the new pattern string and
+                        * compiled */
+                       S_regcp_restore(aTHX_ rex, runops_cp, &maxopenparen);
+                   }
+                   SAVEFREESV(re_sv);
+                   re = ReANY(re_sv);
+               }
+                RXp_MATCH_COPIED_off(re);
+                re->subbeg = rex->subbeg;
+                re->sublen = rex->sublen;
+                re->suboffset = rex->suboffset;
+                re->subcoffset = rex->subcoffset;
+               rei = RXi_GET(re);
+                DEBUG_EXECUTE_r(
+                    debug_start_match(re_sv, utf8_target, locinput,
+                                    reginfo->strend, "Matching embedded");
+               );              
+               startpoint = rei->program + 1;
+                       ST.close_paren = 0; /* only used for GOSUB */
+
+        eval_recurse_doit: /* Share code with GOSUB below this line */                         
+               /* run the pattern returned from (??{...}) */
+
+                /* Save *all* the positions. */
+               ST.cp = regcppush(rex, 0, maxopenparen);
+               REGCP_SET(ST.lastcp);
+               
+               re->lastparen = 0;
+               re->lastcloseparen = 0;
+
+               maxopenparen = 0;
+
+                /* invalidate the S-L poscache. We're now executing a
+                 * different set of WHILEM ops (and their associated
+                 * indexes) against the same string, so the bits in the
+                 * cache are meaningless. Setting maxiter to zero forces
+                 * the cache to be invalidated and zeroed before reuse.
+                * XXX This is too dramatic a measure. Ideally we should
+                 * save the old cache and restore when running the outer
+                 * pattern again */
+               reginfo->poscache_maxiter = 0;
+
+                is_utf8_pat = reginfo->is_utf8_pat = cBOOL(RX_UTF8(re_sv));
+
+               ST.prev_rex = rex_sv;
+               ST.prev_curlyx = cur_curlyx;
+               rex_sv = re_sv;
+               SET_reg_curpm(rex_sv);
+               rex = re;
+               rexi = rei;
+               cur_curlyx = NULL;
+               ST.B = next;
+               ST.prev_eval = cur_eval;
+               cur_eval = st;
+               /* now continue from first node in postoned RE */
+               PUSH_YES_STATE_GOTO(EVAL_AB, startpoint, locinput);
+               assert(0); /* NOTREACHED */
+       }
+
+       case EVAL_AB: /* cleanup after a successful (??{A})B */
+           /* note: this is called twice; first after popping B, then A */
+           rex_sv = ST.prev_rex;
+            is_utf8_pat = reginfo->is_utf8_pat = cBOOL(RX_UTF8(rex_sv));
+           SET_reg_curpm(rex_sv);
+           rex = ReANY(rex_sv);
+           rexi = RXi_GET(rex);
+           regcpblow(ST.cp);
+           cur_eval = ST.prev_eval;
+           cur_curlyx = ST.prev_curlyx;
+
+           /* Invalidate cache. See "invalidate" comment above. */
+           reginfo->poscache_maxiter = 0;
+            if ( nochange_depth )
+               nochange_depth--;
+           sayYES;
+
+
+       case EVAL_AB_fail: /* unsuccessfully ran A or B in (??{A})B */
+           /* note: this is called twice; first after popping B, then A */
+           rex_sv = ST.prev_rex;
+            is_utf8_pat = reginfo->is_utf8_pat = cBOOL(RX_UTF8(rex_sv));
+           SET_reg_curpm(rex_sv);
+           rex = ReANY(rex_sv);
+           rexi = RXi_GET(rex); 
+
+           REGCP_UNWIND(ST.lastcp);
+           regcppop(rex, &maxopenparen);
+           cur_eval = ST.prev_eval;
+           cur_curlyx = ST.prev_curlyx;
+           /* Invalidate cache. See "invalidate" comment above. */
+           reginfo->poscache_maxiter = 0;
+           if ( nochange_depth )
+               nochange_depth--;
+           sayNO_SILENT;
+#undef ST
+
+       case OPEN: /*  (  */
+           n = ARG(scan);  /* which paren pair */
+           rex->offs[n].start_tmp = locinput - reginfo->strbeg;
+           if (n > maxopenparen)
+               maxopenparen = n;
+           DEBUG_BUFFERS_r(PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log,
+               "rex=0x%"UVxf" offs=0x%"UVxf": \\%"UVuf": set %"IVdf" tmp; maxopenparen=%"UVuf"\n",
+               PTR2UV(rex),
+               PTR2UV(rex->offs),
+               (UV)n,
+               (IV)rex->offs[n].start_tmp,
+               (UV)maxopenparen
+           ));
+            lastopen = n;
+           break;
+
+/* XXX really need to log other places start/end are set too */
+#define CLOSE_CAPTURE \
+    rex->offs[n].start = rex->offs[n].start_tmp; \
+    rex->offs[n].end = locinput - reginfo->strbeg; \
+    DEBUG_BUFFERS_r(PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log, \
+       "rex=0x%"UVxf" offs=0x%"UVxf": \\%"UVuf": set %"IVdf"..%"IVdf"\n", \
+       PTR2UV(rex), \
+       PTR2UV(rex->offs), \
+       (UV)n, \
+       (IV)rex->offs[n].start, \
+       (IV)rex->offs[n].end \
+    ))
+
+       case CLOSE:  /*  )  */
+           n = ARG(scan);  /* which paren pair */
+           CLOSE_CAPTURE;
+           if (n > rex->lastparen)
+               rex->lastparen = n;
+           rex->lastcloseparen = n;
+            if (cur_eval && cur_eval->u.eval.close_paren == n) {
+               goto fake_end;
+           }    
+           break;
+
+        case ACCEPT:  /*  (*ACCEPT)  */
+            if (ARG(scan)){
+                regnode *cursor;
+                for (cursor=scan;
+                     cursor && OP(cursor)!=END; 
+                     cursor=regnext(cursor)) 
+                {
+                    if ( OP(cursor)==CLOSE ){
+                        n = ARG(cursor);
+                        if ( n <= lastopen ) {
+                           CLOSE_CAPTURE;
+                            if (n > rex->lastparen)
+                                rex->lastparen = n;
+                            rex->lastcloseparen = n;
+                            if ( n == ARG(scan) || (cur_eval &&
+                                cur_eval->u.eval.close_paren == n))
+                                break;
+                        }
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+           goto fake_end;
+           /*NOTREACHED*/          
+
+       case GROUPP:  /*  (?(1))  */
+           n = ARG(scan);  /* which paren pair */
+           sw = cBOOL(rex->lastparen >= n && rex->offs[n].end != -1);
+           break;
+
+       case NGROUPP:  /*  (?(<name>))  */
+           /* reg_check_named_buff_matched returns 0 for no match */
+           sw = cBOOL(0 < reg_check_named_buff_matched(rex,scan));
+           break;
+
+        case INSUBP:   /*  (?(R))  */
+            n = ARG(scan);
+            sw = (cur_eval && (!n || cur_eval->u.eval.close_paren == n));
+            break;
+
+        case DEFINEP:  /*  (?(DEFINE))  */
+            sw = 0;
+            break;
+
+       case IFTHEN:   /*  (?(cond)A|B)  */
+           reginfo->poscache_iter = reginfo->poscache_maxiter; /* Void cache */
+           if (sw)
+               next = NEXTOPER(NEXTOPER(scan));
+           else {
+               next = scan + ARG(scan);
+               if (OP(next) == IFTHEN) /* Fake one. */
+                   next = NEXTOPER(NEXTOPER(next));
+           }
+           break;
+
+       case LOGICAL:  /* modifier for EVAL and IFMATCH */
+           logical = scan->flags;
+           break;
+
+/*******************************************************************
+
+The CURLYX/WHILEM pair of ops handle the most generic case of the /A*B/
+pattern, where A and B are subpatterns. (For simple A, CURLYM or
+STAR/PLUS/CURLY/CURLYN are used instead.)
+
+A*B is compiled as <CURLYX><A><WHILEM><B>
+
+On entry to the subpattern, CURLYX is called. This pushes a CURLYX
+state, which contains the current count, initialised to -1. It also sets
+cur_curlyx to point to this state, with any previous value saved in the
+state block.
+
+CURLYX then jumps straight to the WHILEM op, rather than executing A,
+since the pattern may possibly match zero times (i.e. it's a while {} loop
+rather than a do {} while loop).
+
+Each entry to WHILEM represents a successful match of A. The count in the
+CURLYX block is incremented, another WHILEM state is pushed, and execution
+passes to A or B depending on greediness and the current count.
+
+For example, if matching against the string a1a2a3b (where the aN are
+substrings that match /A/), then the match progresses as follows: (the
+pushed states are interspersed with the bits of strings matched so far):
+
+    <CURLYX cnt=-1>
+    <CURLYX cnt=0><WHILEM>
+    <CURLYX cnt=1><WHILEM> a1 <WHILEM>
+    <CURLYX cnt=2><WHILEM> a1 <WHILEM> a2 <WHILEM>
+    <CURLYX cnt=3><WHILEM> a1 <WHILEM> a2 <WHILEM> a3 <WHILEM>
+    <CURLYX cnt=3><WHILEM> a1 <WHILEM> a2 <WHILEM> a3 <WHILEM> b
+
+(Contrast this with something like CURLYM, which maintains only a single
+backtrack state:
+
+    <CURLYM cnt=0> a1
+    a1 <CURLYM cnt=1> a2
+    a1 a2 <CURLYM cnt=2> a3
+    a1 a2 a3 <CURLYM cnt=3> b
+)
+
+Each WHILEM state block marks a point to backtrack to upon partial failure
+of A or B, and also contains some minor state data related to that
+iteration.  The CURLYX block, pointed to by cur_curlyx, contains the
+overall state, such as the count, and pointers to the A and B ops.
+
+This is complicated slightly by nested CURLYX/WHILEM's. Since cur_curlyx
+must always point to the *current* CURLYX block, the rules are:
+
+When executing CURLYX, save the old cur_curlyx in the CURLYX state block,
+and set cur_curlyx to point the new block.
+
+When popping the CURLYX block after a successful or unsuccessful match,
+restore the previous cur_curlyx.
+
+When WHILEM is about to execute B, save the current cur_curlyx, and set it
+to the outer one saved in the CURLYX block.
+
+When popping the WHILEM block after a successful or unsuccessful B match,
+restore the previous cur_curlyx.
+
+Here's an example for the pattern (AI* BI)*BO
+I and O refer to inner and outer, C and W refer to CURLYX and WHILEM:
+
+cur_
+curlyx backtrack stack
+------ ---------------
+NULL   
+CO     <CO prev=NULL> <WO>
+CI     <CO prev=NULL> <WO> <CI prev=CO> <WI> ai 
+CO     <CO prev=NULL> <WO> <CI prev=CO> <WI> ai <WI prev=CI> bi 
+NULL   <CO prev=NULL> <WO> <CI prev=CO> <WI> ai <WI prev=CI> bi <WO prev=CO> bo
+
+At this point the pattern succeeds, and we work back down the stack to
+clean up, restoring as we go:
+
+CO     <CO prev=NULL> <WO> <CI prev=CO> <WI> ai <WI prev=CI> bi 
+CI     <CO prev=NULL> <WO> <CI prev=CO> <WI> ai 
+CO     <CO prev=NULL> <WO>
+NULL   
+
+*******************************************************************/
+
+#define ST st->u.curlyx
+
+       case CURLYX:    /* start of /A*B/  (for complex A) */
+       {
+           /* No need to save/restore up to this paren */
+           I32 parenfloor = scan->flags;
+           
+           assert(next); /* keep Coverity happy */
+           if (OP(PREVOPER(next)) == NOTHING) /* LONGJMP */
+               next += ARG(next);
+
+           /* XXXX Probably it is better to teach regpush to support
+              parenfloor > maxopenparen ... */
+           if (parenfloor > (I32)rex->lastparen)
+               parenfloor = rex->lastparen; /* Pessimization... */
+
+           ST.prev_curlyx= cur_curlyx;
+           cur_curlyx = st;
+           ST.cp = PL_savestack_ix;
+
+           /* these fields contain the state of the current curly.
+            * they are accessed by subsequent WHILEMs */
+           ST.parenfloor = parenfloor;
+           ST.me = scan;
+           ST.B = next;
+           ST.minmod = minmod;
+           minmod = 0;
+           ST.count = -1;      /* this will be updated by WHILEM */
+           ST.lastloc = NULL;  /* this will be updated by WHILEM */
+
+           PUSH_YES_STATE_GOTO(CURLYX_end, PREVOPER(next), locinput);
+           assert(0); /* NOTREACHED */
+       }
+
+       case CURLYX_end: /* just finished matching all of A*B */
+           cur_curlyx = ST.prev_curlyx;
+           sayYES;
+           assert(0); /* NOTREACHED */
+
+       case CURLYX_end_fail: /* just failed to match all of A*B */
+           regcpblow(ST.cp);
+           cur_curlyx = ST.prev_curlyx;
+           sayNO;
+           assert(0); /* NOTREACHED */
+
+
+#undef ST
+#define ST st->u.whilem
+
+       case WHILEM:     /* just matched an A in /A*B/  (for complex A) */
+       {
+           /* see the discussion above about CURLYX/WHILEM */
+           I32 n;
+           int min = ARG1(cur_curlyx->u.curlyx.me);
+           int max = ARG2(cur_curlyx->u.curlyx.me);
+           regnode *A = NEXTOPER(cur_curlyx->u.curlyx.me) + EXTRA_STEP_2ARGS;
+
+           assert(cur_curlyx); /* keep Coverity happy */
+           n = ++cur_curlyx->u.curlyx.count; /* how many A's matched */
+           ST.save_lastloc = cur_curlyx->u.curlyx.lastloc;
+           ST.cache_offset = 0;
+           ST.cache_mask = 0;
+           
+
+           DEBUG_EXECUTE_r( PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log,
+                 "%*s  whilem: matched %ld out of %d..%d\n",
+                 REPORT_CODE_OFF+depth*2, "", (long)n, min, max)
+           );
+
+           /* First just match a string of min A's. */
+
+           if (n < min) {
+               ST.cp = regcppush(rex, cur_curlyx->u.curlyx.parenfloor,
+                                    maxopenparen);
+               cur_curlyx->u.curlyx.lastloc = locinput;
+               REGCP_SET(ST.lastcp);
+
+               PUSH_STATE_GOTO(WHILEM_A_pre, A, locinput);
+               assert(0); /* NOTREACHED */
+           }
+
+           /* If degenerate A matches "", assume A done. */
+
+           if (locinput == cur_curlyx->u.curlyx.lastloc) {
+               DEBUG_EXECUTE_r( PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log,
+                  "%*s  whilem: empty match detected, trying continuation...\n",
+                  REPORT_CODE_OFF+depth*2, "")
+               );
+               goto do_whilem_B_max;
+           }
+
+           /* super-linear cache processing.
+             *
+             * The idea here is that for certain types of CURLYX/WHILEM -
+             * principally those whose upper bound is infinity (and
+             * excluding regexes that have things like \1 and other very
+             * non-regular expresssiony things), then if a pattern like
+             * /....A*.../ fails and we backtrack to the WHILEM, then we
+             * make a note that this particular WHILEM op was at string
+             * position 47 (say) when the rest of pattern failed. Then, if
+             * we ever find ourselves back at that WHILEM, and at string
+             * position 47 again, we can just fail immediately rather than
+             * running the rest of the pattern again.
+             *
+             * This is very handy when patterns start to go
+             * 'super-linear', like in (a+)*(a+)*(a+)*, where you end up
+             * with a combinatorial explosion of backtracking.
+             *
+             * The cache is implemented as a bit array, with one bit per
+             * string byte position per WHILEM op (up to 16) - so its
+             * between 0.25 and 2x the string size.
+             *
+             * To avoid allocating a poscache buffer every time, we do an
+             * initially countdown; only after we have  executed a WHILEM
+             * op (string-length x #WHILEMs) times do we allocate the
+             * cache.
+             *
+             * The top 4 bits of scan->flags byte say how many different
+             * relevant CURLLYX/WHILEM op pairs there are, while the
+             * bottom 4-bits is the identifying index number of this
+             * WHILEM.
+             */
+
+           if (scan->flags) {
+
+               if (!reginfo->poscache_maxiter) {
+                   /* start the countdown: Postpone detection until we
+                    * know the match is not *that* much linear. */
+                   reginfo->poscache_maxiter
+                        =    (reginfo->strend - reginfo->strbeg + 1)
+                           * (scan->flags>>4);
+                   /* possible overflow for long strings and many CURLYX's */
+                   if (reginfo->poscache_maxiter < 0)
+                       reginfo->poscache_maxiter = I32_MAX;
+                   reginfo->poscache_iter = reginfo->poscache_maxiter;
+               }
+
+               if (reginfo->poscache_iter-- == 0) {
+                   /* initialise cache */
+                   const I32 size = (reginfo->poscache_maxiter + 7)/8;
+                    regmatch_info_aux *const aux = reginfo->info_aux;
+                   if (aux->poscache) {
+                       if ((I32)reginfo->poscache_size < size) {
+                           Renew(aux->poscache, size, char);
+                           reginfo->poscache_size = size;
+                       }
+                       Zero(aux->poscache, size, char);
+                   }
+                   else {
+                       reginfo->poscache_size = size;
+                       Newxz(aux->poscache, size, char);
+                   }
+                   DEBUG_EXECUTE_r( PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log,
+      "%swhilem: Detected a super-linear match, switching on caching%s...\n",
+                             PL_colors[4], PL_colors[5])
+                   );
+               }
+
+               if (reginfo->poscache_iter < 0) {
+                   /* have we already failed at this position? */
+                   I32 offset, mask;
+
+                    reginfo->poscache_iter = -1; /* stop eventual underflow */
+                   offset  = (scan->flags & 0xf) - 1
+                                +   (locinput - reginfo->strbeg)
+                                  * (scan->flags>>4);
+                   mask    = 1 << (offset % 8);
+                   offset /= 8;
+                   if (reginfo->info_aux->poscache[offset] & mask) {
+                       DEBUG_EXECUTE_r( PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log,
+                           "%*s  whilem: (cache) already tried at this position...\n",
+                           REPORT_CODE_OFF+depth*2, "")
+                       );
+                       sayNO; /* cache records failure */
+                   }
+                   ST.cache_offset = offset;
+                   ST.cache_mask   = mask;
+               }
+           }
+
+           /* Prefer B over A for minimal matching. */
+
+           if (cur_curlyx->u.curlyx.minmod) {
+               ST.save_curlyx = cur_curlyx;
+               cur_curlyx = cur_curlyx->u.curlyx.prev_curlyx;
+               ST.cp = regcppush(rex, ST.save_curlyx->u.curlyx.parenfloor,
+                            maxopenparen);
+               REGCP_SET(ST.lastcp);
+               PUSH_YES_STATE_GOTO(WHILEM_B_min, ST.save_curlyx->u.curlyx.B,
+                                    locinput);
+               assert(0); /* NOTREACHED */
+           }
+
+           /* Prefer A over B for maximal matching. */
+
+           if (n < max) { /* More greed allowed? */
+               ST.cp = regcppush(rex, cur_curlyx->u.curlyx.parenfloor,
+                            maxopenparen);
+               cur_curlyx->u.curlyx.lastloc = locinput;
+               REGCP_SET(ST.lastcp);
+               PUSH_STATE_GOTO(WHILEM_A_max, A, locinput);
+               assert(0); /* NOTREACHED */
+           }
+           goto do_whilem_B_max;
+       }
+       assert(0); /* NOTREACHED */
+
+       case WHILEM_B_min: /* just matched B in a minimal match */
+       case WHILEM_B_max: /* just matched B in a maximal match */
+           cur_curlyx = ST.save_curlyx;
+           sayYES;
+           assert(0); /* NOTREACHED */
+
+       case WHILEM_B_max_fail: /* just failed to match B in a maximal match */
+           cur_curlyx = ST.save_curlyx;
+           cur_curlyx->u.curlyx.lastloc = ST.save_lastloc;
+           cur_curlyx->u.curlyx.count--;
+           CACHEsayNO;
+           assert(0); /* NOTREACHED */
+
+       case WHILEM_A_min_fail: /* just failed to match A in a minimal match */
+           /* FALL THROUGH */
+       case WHILEM_A_pre_fail: /* just failed to match even minimal A */
+           REGCP_UNWIND(ST.lastcp);
+           regcppop(rex, &maxopenparen);
+           cur_curlyx->u.curlyx.lastloc = ST.save_lastloc;
+           cur_curlyx->u.curlyx.count--;
+           CACHEsayNO;
+           assert(0); /* NOTREACHED */
+
+       case WHILEM_A_max_fail: /* just failed to match A in a maximal match */
+           REGCP_UNWIND(ST.lastcp);
+           regcppop(rex, &maxopenparen); /* Restore some previous $<digit>s? */
+           DEBUG_EXECUTE_r(PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log,
+               "%*s  whilem: failed, trying continuation...\n",
+               REPORT_CODE_OFF+depth*2, "")
+           );
+         do_whilem_B_max:
+           if (cur_curlyx->u.curlyx.count >= REG_INFTY
+               && ckWARN(WARN_REGEXP)
+               && !reginfo->warned)
+           {
+                reginfo->warned        = TRUE;
+               Perl_warner(aTHX_ packWARN(WARN_REGEXP),
+                    "Complex regular subexpression recursion limit (%d) "
+                    "exceeded",
+                    REG_INFTY - 1);
+           }
+
+           /* now try B */
+           ST.save_curlyx = cur_curlyx;
+           cur_curlyx = cur_curlyx->u.curlyx.prev_curlyx;
+           PUSH_YES_STATE_GOTO(WHILEM_B_max, ST.save_curlyx->u.curlyx.B,
+                                locinput);
+           assert(0); /* NOTREACHED */
+
+       case WHILEM_B_min_fail: /* just failed to match B in a minimal match */
+           cur_curlyx = ST.save_curlyx;
+           REGCP_UNWIND(ST.lastcp);
+           regcppop(rex, &maxopenparen);
+
+           if (cur_curlyx->u.curlyx.count >= /*max*/ARG2(cur_curlyx->u.curlyx.me)) {
+               /* Maximum greed exceeded */
+               if (cur_curlyx->u.curlyx.count >= REG_INFTY
+                   && ckWARN(WARN_REGEXP)
+                    && !reginfo->warned)
+               {
+                    reginfo->warned    = TRUE;
+                   Perl_warner(aTHX_ packWARN(WARN_REGEXP),
+                       "Complex regular subexpression recursion "
+                       "limit (%d) exceeded",
+                       REG_INFTY - 1);
+               }
+               cur_curlyx->u.curlyx.count--;
+               CACHEsayNO;
+           }
+
+           DEBUG_EXECUTE_r(PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log,
+               "%*s  trying longer...\n", REPORT_CODE_OFF+depth*2, "")
+           );
+           /* Try grabbing another A and see if it helps. */
+           cur_curlyx->u.curlyx.lastloc = locinput;
+           ST.cp = regcppush(rex, cur_curlyx->u.curlyx.parenfloor,
+                            maxopenparen);
+           REGCP_SET(ST.lastcp);
+           PUSH_STATE_GOTO(WHILEM_A_min,
+               /*A*/ NEXTOPER(ST.save_curlyx->u.curlyx.me) + EXTRA_STEP_2ARGS,
+                locinput);
+           assert(0); /* NOTREACHED */
+
+#undef  ST
+#define ST st->u.branch
+
+       case BRANCHJ:       /*  /(...|A|...)/ with long next pointer */
+           next = scan + ARG(scan);
+           if (next == scan)
+               next = NULL;
+           scan = NEXTOPER(scan);
+           /* FALL THROUGH */
+
+       case BRANCH:        /*  /(...|A|...)/ */
+           scan = NEXTOPER(scan); /* scan now points to inner node */
+           ST.lastparen = rex->lastparen;
+           ST.lastcloseparen = rex->lastcloseparen;
+           ST.next_branch = next;
+           REGCP_SET(ST.cp);
+
+           /* Now go into the branch */
+           if (has_cutgroup) {
+               PUSH_YES_STATE_GOTO(BRANCH_next, scan, locinput);
+           } else {
+               PUSH_STATE_GOTO(BRANCH_next, scan, locinput);
+           }
+           assert(0); /* NOTREACHED */
+
+        case CUTGROUP:  /*  /(*THEN)/  */
+            sv_yes_mark = st->u.mark.mark_name = scan->flags ? NULL :
+                MUTABLE_SV(rexi->data->data[ ARG( scan ) ]);
+            PUSH_STATE_GOTO(CUTGROUP_next, next, locinput);
+            assert(0); /* NOTREACHED */
+
+        case CUTGROUP_next_fail:
+            do_cutgroup = 1;
+            no_final = 1;
+            if (st->u.mark.mark_name)
+                sv_commit = st->u.mark.mark_name;
+            sayNO;         
+            assert(0); /* NOTREACHED */
+
+        case BRANCH_next:
+            sayYES;
+            assert(0); /* NOTREACHED */
+
+       case BRANCH_next_fail: /* that branch failed; try the next, if any */
+           if (do_cutgroup) {
+               do_cutgroup = 0;
+               no_final = 0;
+           }
+           REGCP_UNWIND(ST.cp);
+            UNWIND_PAREN(ST.lastparen, ST.lastcloseparen);
+           scan = ST.next_branch;
+           /* no more branches? */
+           if (!scan || (OP(scan) != BRANCH && OP(scan) != BRANCHJ)) {
+               DEBUG_EXECUTE_r({
+                   PerlIO_printf( Perl_debug_log,
+                       "%*s  %sBRANCH failed...%s\n",
+                       REPORT_CODE_OFF+depth*2, "", 
+                       PL_colors[4],
+                       PL_colors[5] );
+               });
+               sayNO_SILENT;
+            }
+           continue; /* execute next BRANCH[J] op */
+           assert(0); /* NOTREACHED */
+    
+       case MINMOD: /* next op will be non-greedy, e.g. A*?  */
+           minmod = 1;
+           break;
+
+#undef  ST
+#define ST st->u.curlym
+
+       case CURLYM:    /* /A{m,n}B/ where A is fixed-length */
+
+           /* This is an optimisation of CURLYX that enables us to push
+            * only a single backtracking state, no matter how many matches
+            * there are in {m,n}. It relies on the pattern being constant
+            * length, with no parens to influence future backrefs
+            */
+
+           ST.me = scan;
+           scan = NEXTOPER(scan) + NODE_STEP_REGNODE;
+
+           ST.lastparen      = rex->lastparen;
+           ST.lastcloseparen = rex->lastcloseparen;
+
+           /* if paren positive, emulate an OPEN/CLOSE around A */
+           if (ST.me->flags) {
+               U32 paren = ST.me->flags;
+               if (paren > maxopenparen)
+                   maxopenparen = paren;
+               scan += NEXT_OFF(scan); /* Skip former OPEN. */
+           }
+           ST.A = scan;
+           ST.B = next;
+           ST.alen = 0;
+           ST.count = 0;
+           ST.minmod = minmod;
+           minmod = 0;
+           ST.c1 = CHRTEST_UNINIT;
+           REGCP_SET(ST.cp);
+
+           if (!(ST.minmod ? ARG1(ST.me) : ARG2(ST.me))) /* min/max */
+               goto curlym_do_B;
+
+         curlym_do_A: /* execute the A in /A{m,n}B/  */
+           PUSH_YES_STATE_GOTO(CURLYM_A, ST.A, locinput); /* match A */
+           assert(0); /* NOTREACHED */
+
+       case CURLYM_A: /* we've just matched an A */
+           ST.count++;
+           /* after first match, determine A's length: u.curlym.alen */
+           if (ST.count == 1) {
+               if (reginfo->is_utf8_target) {
+                   char *s = st->locinput;
+                   while (s < locinput) {
+                       ST.alen++;
+                       s += UTF8SKIP(s);
+                   }
+               }
+               else {
+                   ST.alen = locinput - st->locinput;
+               }
+               if (ST.alen == 0)
+                   ST.count = ST.minmod ? ARG1(ST.me) : ARG2(ST.me);
+           }
+           DEBUG_EXECUTE_r(
+               PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log,
+                         "%*s  CURLYM now matched %"IVdf" times, len=%"IVdf"...\n",
+                         (int)(REPORT_CODE_OFF+(depth*2)), "",
+                         (IV) ST.count, (IV)ST.alen)
+           );
+
+           if (cur_eval && cur_eval->u.eval.close_paren && 
+               cur_eval->u.eval.close_paren == (U32)ST.me->flags) 
+               goto fake_end;
+               
+           {
+               I32 max = (ST.minmod ? ARG1(ST.me) : ARG2(ST.me));
+               if ( max == REG_INFTY || ST.count < max )
+                   goto curlym_do_A; /* try to match another A */
+           }
+           goto curlym_do_B; /* try to match B */
+
+       case CURLYM_A_fail: /* just failed to match an A */
+           REGCP_UNWIND(ST.cp);
+
+           if (ST.minmod || ST.count < ARG1(ST.me) /* min*/ 
+               || (cur_eval && cur_eval->u.eval.close_paren &&
+                   cur_eval->u.eval.close_paren == (U32)ST.me->flags))
+               sayNO;
+
+         curlym_do_B: /* execute the B in /A{m,n}B/  */
+           if (ST.c1 == CHRTEST_UNINIT) {
+               /* calculate c1 and c2 for possible match of 1st char
+                * following curly */
+               ST.c1 = ST.c2 = CHRTEST_VOID;
+               if (HAS_TEXT(ST.B) || JUMPABLE(ST.B)) {
+                   regnode *text_node = ST.B;
+                   if (! HAS_TEXT(text_node))
+                       FIND_NEXT_IMPT(text_node);
+                   /* this used to be 
+                       
+                       (HAS_TEXT(text_node) && PL_regkind[OP(text_node)] == EXACT)
+                       
+                       But the former is redundant in light of the latter.
+                       
+                       if this changes back then the macro for 
+                       IS_TEXT and friends need to change.
+                    */
+                   if (PL_regkind[OP(text_node)] == EXACT) {
+                        if (! S_setup_EXACTISH_ST_c1_c2(aTHX_
+                           text_node, &ST.c1, ST.c1_utf8, &ST.c2, ST.c2_utf8,
+                           reginfo))
+                        {
+                            sayNO;
+                        }
+                   }
+               }
+           }
+
+           DEBUG_EXECUTE_r(
+               PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log,
+                   "%*s  CURLYM trying tail with matches=%"IVdf"...\n",
+                   (int)(REPORT_CODE_OFF+(depth*2)),
+                   "", (IV)ST.count)
+               );
+           if (! NEXTCHR_IS_EOS && ST.c1 != CHRTEST_VOID) {
+                if (! UTF8_IS_INVARIANT(nextchr) && utf8_target) {
+                    if (memNE(locinput, ST.c1_utf8, UTF8SKIP(locinput))
+                        && memNE(locinput, ST.c2_utf8, UTF8SKIP(locinput)))
+                    {
+                        /* simulate B failing */
+                        DEBUG_OPTIMISE_r(
+                            PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log,
+                                "%*s  CURLYM Fast bail next target=U+%"UVXf" c1=U+%"UVXf" c2=U+%"UVXf"\n",
+                                (int)(REPORT_CODE_OFF+(depth*2)),"",
+                                valid_utf8_to_uvchr((U8 *) locinput, NULL),
+                                valid_utf8_to_uvchr(ST.c1_utf8, NULL),
+                                valid_utf8_to_uvchr(ST.c2_utf8, NULL))
+                        );
+                        state_num = CURLYM_B_fail;
+                        goto reenter_switch;
+                    }
+                }
+                else if (nextchr != ST.c1 && nextchr != ST.c2) {
+                    /* simulate B failing */
+                    DEBUG_OPTIMISE_r(
+                        PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log,
+                            "%*s  CURLYM Fast bail next target=U+%X c1=U+%X c2=U+%X\n",
+                            (int)(REPORT_CODE_OFF+(depth*2)),"",
+                            (int) nextchr, ST.c1, ST.c2)
+                    );
+                    state_num = CURLYM_B_fail;
+                    goto reenter_switch;
+                }
+            }
+
+           if (ST.me->flags) {
+               /* emulate CLOSE: mark current A as captured */
+               I32 paren = ST.me->flags;
+               if (ST.count) {
+                   rex->offs[paren].start
+                       = HOPc(locinput, -ST.alen) - reginfo->strbeg;
+                   rex->offs[paren].end = locinput - reginfo->strbeg;
+                   if ((U32)paren > rex->lastparen)
+                       rex->lastparen = paren;
+                   rex->lastcloseparen = paren;
+               }
+               else
+                   rex->offs[paren].end = -1;
+               if (cur_eval && cur_eval->u.eval.close_paren &&
+                   cur_eval->u.eval.close_paren == (U32)ST.me->flags) 
+               {
+                   if (ST.count) 
+                       goto fake_end;
+                   else
+                       sayNO;
+               }
+           }
+           
+           PUSH_STATE_GOTO(CURLYM_B, ST.B, locinput); /* match B */
+           assert(0); /* NOTREACHED */
+
+       case CURLYM_B_fail: /* just failed to match a B */
+           REGCP_UNWIND(ST.cp);
+            UNWIND_PAREN(ST.lastparen, ST.lastcloseparen);
+           if (ST.minmod) {
+               I32 max = ARG2(ST.me);
+               if (max != REG_INFTY && ST.count == max)
+                   sayNO;
+               goto curlym_do_A; /* try to match a further A */
+           }
+           /* backtrack one A */
+           if (ST.count == ARG1(ST.me) /* min */)
+               sayNO;
+           ST.count--;
+           SET_locinput(HOPc(locinput, -ST.alen));
+           goto curlym_do_B; /* try to match B */
+
+#undef ST
+#define ST st->u.curly
+
+#define CURLY_SETPAREN(paren, success) \
+    if (paren) { \
+       if (success) { \
+           rex->offs[paren].start = HOPc(locinput, -1) - reginfo->strbeg; \
+           rex->offs[paren].end = locinput - reginfo->strbeg; \
+           if (paren > rex->lastparen) \
+               rex->lastparen = paren; \
+           rex->lastcloseparen = paren; \
+       } \
+       else { \
+           rex->offs[paren].end = -1; \
+           rex->lastparen      = ST.lastparen; \
+           rex->lastcloseparen = ST.lastcloseparen; \
+       } \
+    }
+
+        case STAR:             /*  /A*B/ where A is width 1 char */
+           ST.paren = 0;
+           ST.min = 0;
+           ST.max = REG_INFTY;
+           scan = NEXTOPER(scan);
+           goto repeat;
+
+        case PLUS:             /*  /A+B/ where A is width 1 char */
+           ST.paren = 0;
+           ST.min = 1;
+           ST.max = REG_INFTY;
+           scan = NEXTOPER(scan);
+           goto repeat;
+
+       case CURLYN:            /*  /(A){m,n}B/ where A is width 1 char */
+            ST.paren = scan->flags;    /* Which paren to set */
+            ST.lastparen      = rex->lastparen;
+           ST.lastcloseparen = rex->lastcloseparen;
+           if (ST.paren > maxopenparen)
+               maxopenparen = ST.paren;
+           ST.min = ARG1(scan);  /* min to match */
+           ST.max = ARG2(scan);  /* max to match */
+           if (cur_eval && cur_eval->u.eval.close_paren &&
+               cur_eval->u.eval.close_paren == (U32)ST.paren) {
+               ST.min=1;
+               ST.max=1;
+           }
+            scan = regnext(NEXTOPER(scan) + NODE_STEP_REGNODE);
+           goto repeat;
+
+       case CURLY:             /*  /A{m,n}B/ where A is width 1 char */
+           ST.paren = 0;
+           ST.min = ARG1(scan);  /* min to match */
+           ST.max = ARG2(scan);  /* max to match */
+           scan = NEXTOPER(scan) + NODE_STEP_REGNODE;
+         repeat:
+           /*
+           * Lookahead to avoid useless match attempts
+           * when we know what character comes next.
+           *
+           * Used to only do .*x and .*?x, but now it allows
+           * for )'s, ('s and (?{ ... })'s to be in the way
+           * of the quantifier and the EXACT-like node.  -- japhy
+           */
+
+           assert(ST.min <= ST.max);
+            if (! HAS_TEXT(next) && ! JUMPABLE(next)) {
+                ST.c1 = ST.c2 = CHRTEST_VOID;
+            }
+            else {
+               regnode *text_node = next;
+
+               if (! HAS_TEXT(text_node)) 
+                   FIND_NEXT_IMPT(text_node);
+
+               if (! HAS_TEXT(text_node))
+                   ST.c1 = ST.c2 = CHRTEST_VOID;
+               else {
+                   if ( PL_regkind[OP(text_node)] != EXACT ) {
+                       ST.c1 = ST.c2 = CHRTEST_VOID;
+                   }
+                   else {
+                    
+                    /*  Currently we only get here when 
+                        
+                        PL_rekind[OP(text_node)] == EXACT
+                    
+                        if this changes back then the macro for IS_TEXT and 
+                        friends need to change. */
+                        if (! S_setup_EXACTISH_ST_c1_c2(aTHX_
+                           text_node, &ST.c1, ST.c1_utf8, &ST.c2, ST.c2_utf8,
+                           reginfo))
+                        {
+                            sayNO;
+                        }
+                    }
+               }
+           }
+
+           ST.A = scan;
+           ST.B = next;
+           if (minmod) {
+                char *li = locinput;
+               minmod = 0;
+               if (ST.min &&
+                        regrepeat(rex, &li, ST.A, reginfo, ST.min, depth)
+                            < ST.min)
+                   sayNO;
+                SET_locinput(li);
+               ST.count = ST.min;
+               REGCP_SET(ST.cp);
+               if (ST.c1 == CHRTEST_VOID)
+                   goto curly_try_B_min;
+
+               ST.oldloc = locinput;
+
+               /* set ST.maxpos to the furthest point along the
+                * string that could possibly match */
+               if  (ST.max == REG_INFTY) {
+                   ST.maxpos = reginfo->strend - 1;
+                   if (utf8_target)
+                       while (UTF8_IS_CONTINUATION(*(U8*)ST.maxpos))
+                           ST.maxpos--;
+               }
+               else if (utf8_target) {
+                   int m = ST.max - ST.min;
+                   for (ST.maxpos = locinput;
+                        m >0 && ST.maxpos < reginfo->strend; m--)
+                       ST.maxpos += UTF8SKIP(ST.maxpos);
+               }
+               else {
+                   ST.maxpos = locinput + ST.max - ST.min;
+                   if (ST.maxpos >= reginfo->strend)
+                       ST.maxpos = reginfo->strend - 1;
+               }
+               goto curly_try_B_min_known;
+
+           }
+           else {
+                /* avoid taking address of locinput, so it can remain
+                 * a register var */
+                char *li = locinput;
+               ST.count = regrepeat(rex, &li, ST.A, reginfo, ST.max, depth);
+               if (ST.count < ST.min)
+                   sayNO;
+                SET_locinput(li);
+               if ((ST.count > ST.min)
+                   && (PL_regkind[OP(ST.B)] == EOL) && (OP(ST.B) != MEOL))
+               {
+                   /* A{m,n} must come at the end of the string, there's
+                    * no point in backing off ... */
+                   ST.min = ST.count;
+                   /* ...except that $ and \Z can match before *and* after
+                      newline at the end.  Consider "\n\n" =~ /\n+\Z\n/.
+                      We may back off by one in this case. */
+                   if (UCHARAT(locinput - 1) == '\n' && OP(ST.B) != EOS)
+                       ST.min--;
+               }
+               REGCP_SET(ST.cp);
+               goto curly_try_B_max;
+           }
+           assert(0); /* NOTREACHED */
+
+
+       case CURLY_B_min_known_fail:
+           /* failed to find B in a non-greedy match where c1,c2 valid */
+
+           REGCP_UNWIND(ST.cp);
+            if (ST.paren) {
+                UNWIND_PAREN(ST.lastparen, ST.lastcloseparen);
+            }
+           /* Couldn't or didn't -- move forward. */
+           ST.oldloc = locinput;
+           if (utf8_target)
+               locinput += UTF8SKIP(locinput);
+           else
+               locinput++;
+           ST.count++;
+         curly_try_B_min_known:
+            /* find the next place where 'B' could work, then call B */
+           {
+               int n;
+               if (utf8_target) {
+                   n = (ST.oldloc == locinput) ? 0 : 1;
+                   if (ST.c1 == ST.c2) {
+                       /* set n to utf8_distance(oldloc, locinput) */
+                       while (locinput <= ST.maxpos
+                              && memNE(locinput, ST.c1_utf8, UTF8SKIP(locinput)))
+                        {
+                           locinput += UTF8SKIP(locinput);
+                           n++;
+                       }
+                   }
+                   else {
+                       /* set n to utf8_distance(oldloc, locinput) */
+                       while (locinput <= ST.maxpos
+                              && memNE(locinput, ST.c1_utf8, UTF8SKIP(locinput))
+                              && memNE(locinput, ST.c2_utf8, UTF8SKIP(locinput)))
+                        {
+                           locinput += UTF8SKIP(locinput);
+                           n++;
+                       }
+                   }
+               }
+               else {  /* Not utf8_target */
+                   if (ST.c1 == ST.c2) {
+                       while (locinput <= ST.maxpos &&
+                              UCHARAT(locinput) != ST.c1)
+                           locinput++;
+                   }
+                   else {
+                       while (locinput <= ST.maxpos
+                              && UCHARAT(locinput) != ST.c1
+                              && UCHARAT(locinput) != ST.c2)
+                           locinput++;
+                   }
+                   n = locinput - ST.oldloc;
+               }
+               if (locinput > ST.maxpos)
+                   sayNO;
+               if (n) {
+                    /* In /a{m,n}b/, ST.oldloc is at "a" x m, locinput is
+                     * at b; check that everything between oldloc and
+                     * locinput matches */
+                    char *li = ST.oldloc;
+                   ST.count += n;
+                   if (regrepeat(rex, &li, ST.A, reginfo, n, depth) < n)
+                       sayNO;
+                    assert(n == REG_INFTY || locinput == li);
+               }
+               CURLY_SETPAREN(ST.paren, ST.count);
+               if (cur_eval && cur_eval->u.eval.close_paren && 
+                   cur_eval->u.eval.close_paren == (U32)ST.paren) {
+                   goto fake_end;
+               }
+               PUSH_STATE_GOTO(CURLY_B_min_known, ST.B, locinput);
+           }
+           assert(0); /* NOTREACHED */
+
+
+       case CURLY_B_min_fail:
+           /* failed to find B in a non-greedy match where c1,c2 invalid */
+
+           REGCP_UNWIND(ST.cp);
+            if (ST.paren) {
+                UNWIND_PAREN(ST.lastparen, ST.lastcloseparen);
+            }
+           /* failed -- move forward one */
+            {
+                char *li = locinput;
+                if (!regrepeat(rex, &li, ST.A, reginfo, 1, depth)) {
+                    sayNO;
+                }
+                locinput = li;
+            }
+            {
+               ST.count++;
+               if (ST.count <= ST.max || (ST.max == REG_INFTY &&
+                       ST.count > 0)) /* count overflow ? */
+               {
+                 curly_try_B_min:
+                   CURLY_SETPAREN(ST.paren, ST.count);
+                   if (cur_eval && cur_eval->u.eval.close_paren &&
+                       cur_eval->u.eval.close_paren == (U32)ST.paren) {
+                        goto fake_end;
+                    }
+                   PUSH_STATE_GOTO(CURLY_B_min, ST.B, locinput);
+               }
+           }
+            sayNO;
+           assert(0); /* NOTREACHED */
+
+
+       curly_try_B_max:
+           /* a successful greedy match: now try to match B */
+            if (cur_eval && cur_eval->u.eval.close_paren &&
+                cur_eval->u.eval.close_paren == (U32)ST.paren) {
+                goto fake_end;
+            }
+           {
+               bool could_match = locinput < reginfo->strend;
+
+               /* If it could work, try it. */
+                if (ST.c1 != CHRTEST_VOID && could_match) {
+                    if (! UTF8_IS_INVARIANT(UCHARAT(locinput)) && utf8_target)
+                    {
+                        could_match = memEQ(locinput,
+                                            ST.c1_utf8,
+                                            UTF8SKIP(locinput))
+                                    || memEQ(locinput,
+                                             ST.c2_utf8,
+                                             UTF8SKIP(locinput));
+                    }
+                    else {
+                        could_match = UCHARAT(locinput) == ST.c1
+                                      || UCHARAT(locinput) == ST.c2;
+                    }
+                }
+                if (ST.c1 == CHRTEST_VOID || could_match) {
+                   CURLY_SETPAREN(ST.paren, ST.count);
+                   PUSH_STATE_GOTO(CURLY_B_max, ST.B, locinput);
+                   assert(0); /* NOTREACHED */
+               }
+           }
+           /* FALL THROUGH */
+
+       case CURLY_B_max_fail:
+           /* failed to find B in a greedy match */
+
+           REGCP_UNWIND(ST.cp);
+            if (ST.paren) {
+                UNWIND_PAREN(ST.lastparen, ST.lastcloseparen);
+            }
+           /*  back up. */
+           if (--ST.count < ST.min)
+               sayNO;
+           locinput = HOPc(locinput, -1);
+           goto curly_try_B_max;
+
+#undef ST
+
+       case END: /*  last op of main pattern  */
+           fake_end:
+           if (cur_eval) {
+               /* we've just finished A in /(??{A})B/; now continue with B */
+
+               st->u.eval.prev_rex = rex_sv;           /* inner */
+
+                /* Save *all* the positions. */
+               st->u.eval.cp = regcppush(rex, 0, maxopenparen);
+               rex_sv = cur_eval->u.eval.prev_rex;
+               is_utf8_pat = reginfo->is_utf8_pat = cBOOL(RX_UTF8(rex_sv));
+               SET_reg_curpm(rex_sv);
+               rex = ReANY(rex_sv);
+               rexi = RXi_GET(rex);
+               cur_curlyx = cur_eval->u.eval.prev_curlyx;
+
+               REGCP_SET(st->u.eval.lastcp);
+
+               /* Restore parens of the outer rex without popping the
+                * savestack */
+               S_regcp_restore(aTHX_ rex, cur_eval->u.eval.lastcp,
+                                        &maxopenparen);
+
+               st->u.eval.prev_eval = cur_eval;
+               cur_eval = cur_eval->u.eval.prev_eval;
+               DEBUG_EXECUTE_r(
+                   PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log, "%*s  EVAL trying tail ... %"UVxf"\n",
+                                     REPORT_CODE_OFF+depth*2, "",PTR2UV(cur_eval)););
+                if ( nochange_depth )
+                   nochange_depth--;
+
+                PUSH_YES_STATE_GOTO(EVAL_AB, st->u.eval.prev_eval->u.eval.B,
+                                    locinput); /* match B */
+           }
+
+           if (locinput < reginfo->till) {
+               DEBUG_EXECUTE_r(PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log,
+                                     "%sMatch possible, but length=%ld is smaller than requested=%ld, failing!%s\n",
+                                     PL_colors[4],
+                                     (long)(locinput - startpos),
+                                     (long)(reginfo->till - startpos),
+                                     PL_colors[5]));
+                                                     
+               sayNO_SILENT;           /* Cannot match: too short. */
+           }
+           sayYES;                     /* Success! */
+
+       case SUCCEED: /* successful SUSPEND/UNLESSM/IFMATCH/CURLYM */
+           DEBUG_EXECUTE_r(
+           PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log,
+               "%*s  %ssubpattern success...%s\n",
+               REPORT_CODE_OFF+depth*2, "", PL_colors[4], PL_colors[5]));
+           sayYES;                     /* Success! */
+
+#undef  ST
+#define ST st->u.ifmatch
+
+        {
+            char *newstart;
+
+       case SUSPEND:   /* (?>A) */
+           ST.wanted = 1;
+           newstart = locinput;
+           goto do_ifmatch;    
+
+       case UNLESSM:   /* -ve lookaround: (?!A), or with flags, (?<!A) */
+           ST.wanted = 0;
+           goto ifmatch_trivial_fail_test;
+
+       case IFMATCH:   /* +ve lookaround: (?=A), or with flags, (?<=A) */
+           ST.wanted = 1;
+         ifmatch_trivial_fail_test:
+           if (scan->flags) {
+               char * const s = HOPBACKc(locinput, scan->flags);
+               if (!s) {
+                   /* trivial fail */
+                   if (logical) {
+                       logical = 0;
+                       sw = 1 - cBOOL(ST.wanted);
+                   }
+                   else if (ST.wanted)
+                       sayNO;
+                   next = scan + ARG(scan);
+                   if (next == scan)
+                       next = NULL;
+                   break;
+               }
+               newstart = s;
+           }
+           else
+               newstart = locinput;
+
+         do_ifmatch:
+           ST.me = scan;
+           ST.logical = logical;
+           logical = 0; /* XXX: reset state of logical once it has been saved into ST */
+           
+           /* execute body of (?...A) */
+           PUSH_YES_STATE_GOTO(IFMATCH_A, NEXTOPER(NEXTOPER(scan)), newstart);
+           assert(0); /* NOTREACHED */
+        }
+
+       case IFMATCH_A_fail: /* body of (?...A) failed */
+           ST.wanted = !ST.wanted;
+           /* FALL THROUGH */
+
+       case IFMATCH_A: /* body of (?...A) succeeded */
+           if (ST.logical) {
+               sw = cBOOL(ST.wanted);
+           }
+           else if (!ST.wanted)
+               sayNO;
+
+           if (OP(ST.me) != SUSPEND) {
+                /* restore old position except for (?>...) */
+               locinput = st->locinput;
+           }
+           scan = ST.me + ARG(ST.me);
+           if (scan == ST.me)
+               scan = NULL;
+           continue; /* execute B */
+
+#undef ST
+
+       case LONGJMP: /*  alternative with many branches compiles to
+                       * (BRANCHJ; EXACT ...; LONGJMP ) x N */
+           next = scan + ARG(scan);
+           if (next == scan)
+               next = NULL;
+           break;
+
+       case COMMIT:  /*  (*COMMIT)  */
+           reginfo->cutpoint = reginfo->strend;
+           /* FALLTHROUGH */
+
+       case PRUNE:   /*  (*PRUNE)   */
+           if (!scan->flags)
+               sv_yes_mark = sv_commit = MUTABLE_SV(rexi->data->data[ ARG( scan ) ]);
+           PUSH_STATE_GOTO(COMMIT_next, next, locinput);
+           assert(0); /* NOTREACHED */
+
+       case COMMIT_next_fail:
+           no_final = 1;    
+           /* FALLTHROUGH */       
+
+       case OPFAIL:   /* (*FAIL)  */
+           sayNO;
+           assert(0); /* NOTREACHED */
+
+#define ST st->u.mark
+        case MARKPOINT: /*  (*MARK:foo)  */
+            ST.prev_mark = mark_state;
+            ST.mark_name = sv_commit = sv_yes_mark 
+                = MUTABLE_SV(rexi->data->data[ ARG( scan ) ]);
+            mark_state = st;
+            ST.mark_loc = locinput;
+            PUSH_YES_STATE_GOTO(MARKPOINT_next, next, locinput);
+            assert(0); /* NOTREACHED */
+
+        case MARKPOINT_next:
+            mark_state = ST.prev_mark;
+            sayYES;
+            assert(0); /* NOTREACHED */
+
+        case MARKPOINT_next_fail:
+            if (popmark && sv_eq(ST.mark_name,popmark)) 
+            {
+                if (ST.mark_loc > startpoint)
+                   reginfo->cutpoint = HOPBACKc(ST.mark_loc, 1);
+                popmark = NULL; /* we found our mark */
+                sv_commit = ST.mark_name;
+
+                DEBUG_EXECUTE_r({
+                        PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log,
+                           "%*s  %ssetting cutpoint to mark:%"SVf"...%s\n",
+                           REPORT_CODE_OFF+depth*2, "", 
+                           PL_colors[4], SVfARG(sv_commit), PL_colors[5]);
+               });
+            }
+            mark_state = ST.prev_mark;
+            sv_yes_mark = mark_state ? 
+                mark_state->u.mark.mark_name : NULL;
+            sayNO;
+            assert(0); /* NOTREACHED */
+
+        case SKIP:  /*  (*SKIP)  */
+            if (scan->flags) {
+                /* (*SKIP) : if we fail we cut here*/
+                ST.mark_name = NULL;
+                ST.mark_loc = locinput;
+                PUSH_STATE_GOTO(SKIP_next,next, locinput);
+            } else {
+                /* (*SKIP:NAME) : if there is a (*MARK:NAME) fail where it was, 
+                   otherwise do nothing.  Meaning we need to scan 
+                 */
+                regmatch_state *cur = mark_state;
+                SV *find = MUTABLE_SV(rexi->data->data[ ARG( scan ) ]);
+                
+                while (cur) {
+                    if ( sv_eq( cur->u.mark.mark_name, 
+                                find ) ) 
+                    {
+                        ST.mark_name = find;
+                        PUSH_STATE_GOTO( SKIP_next, next, locinput);
+                    }
+                    cur = cur->u.mark.prev_mark;
+                }
+            }    
+            /* Didn't find our (*MARK:NAME) so ignore this (*SKIP:NAME) */
+            break;    
+
+       case SKIP_next_fail:
+           if (ST.mark_name) {
+               /* (*CUT:NAME) - Set up to search for the name as we 
+                  collapse the stack*/
+               popmark = ST.mark_name;    
+           } else {
+               /* (*CUT) - No name, we cut here.*/
+               if (ST.mark_loc > startpoint)
+                   reginfo->cutpoint = HOPBACKc(ST.mark_loc, 1);
+               /* but we set sv_commit to latest mark_name if there
+                  is one so they can test to see how things lead to this
+                  cut */    
+                if (mark_state) 
+                    sv_commit=mark_state->u.mark.mark_name;                
+            } 
+            no_final = 1; 
+            sayNO;
+            assert(0); /* NOTREACHED */
+#undef ST
+
+        case LNBREAK: /* \R */
+            if ((n=is_LNBREAK_safe(locinput, reginfo->strend, utf8_target))) {
+                locinput += n;
+            } else
+                sayNO;
+            break;
+
+       default:
+           PerlIO_printf(Perl_error_log, "%"UVxf" %d\n",
+                         PTR2UV(scan), OP(scan));
+           Perl_croak(aTHX_ "regexp memory corruption");
+
+        /* this is a point to jump to in order to increment
+         * locinput by one character */
+        increment_locinput:
+            assert(!NEXTCHR_IS_EOS);
+            if (utf8_target) {
+                locinput += PL_utf8skip[nextchr];
+                /* locinput is allowed to go 1 char off the end, but not 2+ */
+                if (locinput > reginfo->strend)
+                    sayNO;
+            }
+            else
+                locinput++;
+            break;
+           
+       } /* end switch */ 
+
+        /* switch break jumps here */
+       scan = next; /* prepare to execute the next op and ... */
+       continue;    /* ... jump back to the top, reusing st */
+       assert(0); /* NOTREACHED */
+
+      push_yes_state:
+       /* push a state that backtracks on success */
+       st->u.yes.prev_yes_state = yes_state;
+       yes_state = st;
+       /* FALL THROUGH */
+      push_state:
+       /* push a new regex state, then continue at scan  */
+       {
+           regmatch_state *newst;
+
+           DEBUG_STACK_r({
+               regmatch_state *cur = st;
+               regmatch_state *curyes = yes_state;
+               int curd = depth;
+               regmatch_slab *slab = PL_regmatch_slab;
+                for (;curd > -1;cur--,curd--) {
+                    if (cur < SLAB_FIRST(slab)) {
+                       slab = slab->prev;
+                       cur = SLAB_LAST(slab);
+                    }
+                    PerlIO_printf(Perl_error_log, "%*s#%-3d %-10s %s\n",
+                        REPORT_CODE_OFF + 2 + depth * 2,"",
+                        curd, PL_reg_name[cur->resume_state],
+                        (curyes == cur) ? "yes" : ""
+                    );
+                    if (curyes == cur)
+                       curyes = cur->u.yes.prev_yes_state;
+                }
+            } else 
+                DEBUG_STATE_pp("push")
+            );
+           depth++;
+           st->locinput = locinput;
+           newst = st+1; 
+           if (newst >  SLAB_LAST(PL_regmatch_slab))
+               newst = S_push_slab(aTHX);
+           PL_regmatch_state = newst;
+
+           locinput = pushinput;
+           st = newst;
+           continue;
+           assert(0); /* NOTREACHED */
+       }
+    }
+
+    /*
+    * We get here only if there's trouble -- normally "case END" is
+    * the terminating point.
+    */
+    Perl_croak(aTHX_ "corrupted regexp pointers");
+    /*NOTREACHED*/
+    sayNO;
+
+yes:
+    if (yes_state) {
+       /* we have successfully completed a subexpression, but we must now
+        * pop to the state marked by yes_state and continue from there */
+       assert(st != yes_state);
+#ifdef DEBUGGING
+       while (st != yes_state) {
+           st--;
+           if (st < SLAB_FIRST(PL_regmatch_slab)) {
+               PL_regmatch_slab = PL_regmatch_slab->prev;
+               st = SLAB_LAST(PL_regmatch_slab);
+           }
+           DEBUG_STATE_r({
+               if (no_final) {
+                   DEBUG_STATE_pp("pop (no final)");        
+               } else {
+                   DEBUG_STATE_pp("pop (yes)");
+               }
+           });
+           depth--;
+       }
+#else
+       while (yes_state < SLAB_FIRST(PL_regmatch_slab)
+           || yes_state > SLAB_LAST(PL_regmatch_slab))
+       {
+           /* not in this slab, pop slab */
+           depth -= (st - SLAB_FIRST(PL_regmatch_slab) + 1);
+           PL_regmatch_slab = PL_regmatch_slab->prev;
+           st = SLAB_LAST(PL_regmatch_slab);
+       }
+       depth -= (st - yes_state);
+#endif
+       st = yes_state;
+       yes_state = st->u.yes.prev_yes_state;
+       PL_regmatch_state = st;
+        
+        if (no_final)
+            locinput= st->locinput;
+       state_num = st->resume_state + no_final;
+       goto reenter_switch;
+    }
+
+    DEBUG_EXECUTE_r(PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log, "%sMatch successful!%s\n",
+                         PL_colors[4], PL_colors[5]));
+
+    if (reginfo->info_aux_eval) {
+       /* each successfully executed (?{...}) block does the equivalent of
+        *   local $^R = do {...}
+        * When popping the save stack, all these locals would be undone;
+        * bypass this by setting the outermost saved $^R to the latest
+        * value */
+       if (oreplsv != GvSV(PL_replgv))
+           sv_setsv(oreplsv, GvSV(PL_replgv));
+    }
+    result = 1;
+    goto final_exit;
+
+no:
+    DEBUG_EXECUTE_r(
+       PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log,
+            "%*s  %sfailed...%s\n",
+            REPORT_CODE_OFF+depth*2, "", 
+            PL_colors[4], PL_colors[5])
+       );
+
+no_silent:
+    if (no_final) {
+        if (yes_state) {
+            goto yes;
+        } else {
+            goto final_exit;
+        }
+    }    
+    if (depth) {
+       /* there's a previous state to backtrack to */
+       st--;
+       if (st < SLAB_FIRST(PL_regmatch_slab)) {
+           PL_regmatch_slab = PL_regmatch_slab->prev;
+           st = SLAB_LAST(PL_regmatch_slab);
+       }
+       PL_regmatch_state = st;
+       locinput= st->locinput;
+
+       DEBUG_STATE_pp("pop");
+       depth--;
+       if (yes_state == st)
+           yes_state = st->u.yes.prev_yes_state;
+
+       state_num = st->resume_state + 1; /* failure = success + 1 */
+       goto reenter_switch;
+    }
+    result = 0;
+
+  final_exit:
+    if (rex->intflags & PREGf_VERBARG_SEEN) {
+        SV *sv_err = get_sv("REGERROR", 1);
+        SV *sv_mrk = get_sv("REGMARK", 1);
+        if (result) {
+            sv_commit = &PL_sv_no;
+            if (!sv_yes_mark) 
+                sv_yes_mark = &PL_sv_yes;
+        } else {
+            if (!sv_commit) 
+                sv_commit = &PL_sv_yes;
+            sv_yes_mark = &PL_sv_no;
+        }
+        sv_setsv(sv_err, sv_commit);
+        sv_setsv(sv_mrk, sv_yes_mark);
+    }
+
+
+    if (last_pushed_cv) {
+       dSP;
+       POP_MULTICALL;
+        PERL_UNUSED_VAR(SP);
+    }
+
+    assert(!result ||  locinput - reginfo->strbeg >= 0);
+    return result ?  locinput - reginfo->strbeg : -1;
+}
+
+/*
+ - regrepeat - repeatedly match something simple, report how many
+ *
+ * What 'simple' means is a node which can be the operand of a quantifier like
+ * '+', or {1,3}
+ *
+ * startposp - pointer a pointer to the start position.  This is updated
+ *             to point to the byte following the highest successful
+ *             match.
+ * p         - the regnode to be repeatedly matched against.
+ * reginfo   - struct holding match state, such as strend
+ * max       - maximum number of things to match.
+ * depth     - (for debugging) backtracking depth.
+ */
+STATIC I32
+S_regrepeat(pTHX_ regexp *prog, char **startposp, const regnode *p,
+            regmatch_info *const reginfo, I32 max, int depth)
+{
+    dVAR;
+    char *scan;     /* Pointer to current position in target string */
+    I32 c;
+    char *loceol = reginfo->strend;   /* local version */
+    I32 hardcount = 0;  /* How many matches so far */
+    bool utf8_target = reginfo->is_utf8_target;
+    int to_complement = 0;  /* Invert the result? */
+    UV utf8_flags;
+    _char_class_number classnum;
+#ifndef DEBUGGING
+    PERL_UNUSED_ARG(depth);
+#endif
+
+    PERL_ARGS_ASSERT_REGREPEAT;
+
+    scan = *startposp;
+    if (max == REG_INFTY)
+       max = I32_MAX;
+    else if (! utf8_target && loceol - scan > max)
+       loceol = scan + max;
+
+    /* Here, for the case of a non-UTF-8 target we have adjusted <loceol> down
+     * to the maximum of how far we should go in it (leaving it set to the real
+     * end, if the maximum permissible would take us beyond that).  This allows
+     * us to make the loop exit condition that we haven't gone past <loceol> to
+     * also mean that we haven't exceeded the max permissible count, saving a
+     * test each time through the loop.  But it assumes that the OP matches a
+     * single byte, which is true for most of the OPs below when applied to a
+     * non-UTF-8 target.  Those relatively few OPs that don't have this
+     * characteristic will have to compensate.
+     *
+     * There is no adjustment for UTF-8 targets, as the number of bytes per
+     * character varies.  OPs will have to test both that the count is less
+     * than the max permissible (using <hardcount> to keep track), and that we
+     * are still within the bounds of the string (using <loceol>.  A few OPs
+     * match a single byte no matter what the encoding.  They can omit the max
+     * test if, for the UTF-8 case, they do the adjustment that was skipped
+     * above.
+     *
+     * Thus, the code above sets things up for the common case; and exceptional
+     * cases need extra work; the common case is to make sure <scan> doesn't
+     * go past <loceol>, and for UTF-8 to also use <hardcount> to make sure the
+     * count doesn't exceed the maximum permissible */
+
+    switch (OP(p)) {
+    case REG_ANY:
+       if (utf8_target) {
+           while (scan < loceol && hardcount < max && *scan != '\n') {
+               scan += UTF8SKIP(scan);
+               hardcount++;
+           }
+       } else {
+           while (scan < loceol && *scan != '\n')
+               scan++;
+       }
+       break;
+    case SANY:
+        if (utf8_target) {
+           while (scan < loceol && hardcount < max) {
+               scan += UTF8SKIP(scan);
+               hardcount++;
+           }
+       }
+       else
+           scan = loceol;
+       break;
+    case CANY:  /* Move <scan> forward <max> bytes, unless goes off end */
+        if (utf8_target && loceol - scan > max) {
+
+            /* <loceol> hadn't been adjusted in the UTF-8 case */
+            scan +=  max;
+        }
+        else {
+            scan = loceol;
+        }
+       break;
+    case EXACT:
+        assert(STR_LEN(p) == reginfo->is_utf8_pat ? UTF8SKIP(STRING(p)) : 1);
+
+       c = (U8)*STRING(p);
+
+        /* Can use a simple loop if the pattern char to match on is invariant
+         * under UTF-8, or both target and pattern aren't UTF-8.  Note that we
+         * can use UTF8_IS_INVARIANT() even if the pattern isn't UTF-8, as it's
+         * true iff it doesn't matter if the argument is in UTF-8 or not */
+        if (UTF8_IS_INVARIANT(c) || (! utf8_target && ! reginfo->is_utf8_pat)) {
+            if (utf8_target && loceol - scan > max) {
+                /* We didn't adjust <loceol> because is UTF-8, but ok to do so,
+                 * since here, to match at all, 1 char == 1 byte */
+                loceol = scan + max;
+            }
+           while (scan < loceol && UCHARAT(scan) == c) {
+               scan++;
+           }
+       }
+       else if (reginfo->is_utf8_pat) {
+            if (utf8_target) {
+                STRLEN scan_char_len;
+
+                /* When both target and pattern are UTF-8, we have to do
+                 * string EQ */
+                while (hardcount < max
+                       && scan < loceol
+                       && (scan_char_len = UTF8SKIP(scan)) <= STR_LEN(p)
+                       && memEQ(scan, STRING(p), scan_char_len))
+                {
+                    scan += scan_char_len;
+                    hardcount++;
+                }
+            }
+            else if (! UTF8_IS_ABOVE_LATIN1(c)) {
+
+                /* Target isn't utf8; convert the character in the UTF-8
+                 * pattern to non-UTF8, and do a simple loop */
+                c = TWO_BYTE_UTF8_TO_UNI(c, *(STRING(p) + 1));
+                while (scan < loceol && UCHARAT(scan) == c) {
+                    scan++;
+                }
+            } /* else pattern char is above Latin1, can't possibly match the
+                 non-UTF-8 target */
+        }
+        else {
+
+            /* Here, the string must be utf8; pattern isn't, and <c> is
+             * different in utf8 than not, so can't compare them directly.
+             * Outside the loop, find the two utf8 bytes that represent c, and
+             * then look for those in sequence in the utf8 string */
+           U8 high = UTF8_TWO_BYTE_HI(c);
+           U8 low = UTF8_TWO_BYTE_LO(c);
+
+           while (hardcount < max
+                   && scan + 1 < loceol
+                   && UCHARAT(scan) == high
+                   && UCHARAT(scan + 1) == low)
+           {
+               scan += 2;
+               hardcount++;
+           }
+       }
+       break;
+
+    case EXACTFA:
+       utf8_flags = FOLDEQ_UTF8_NOMIX_ASCII;
+       goto do_exactf;
+
+    case EXACTFL:
+        RXp_MATCH_TAINTED_on(prog);
+       utf8_flags = FOLDEQ_UTF8_LOCALE;
+       goto do_exactf;
+
+    case EXACTF:
+           utf8_flags = 0;
+           goto do_exactf;
+
+    case EXACTFU_SS:
+    case EXACTFU_TRICKYFOLD:
+    case EXACTFU:
+       utf8_flags = reginfo->is_utf8_pat ? FOLDEQ_S2_ALREADY_FOLDED : 0;
+
+    do_exactf: {
+        int c1, c2;
+        U8 c1_utf8[UTF8_MAXBYTES+1], c2_utf8[UTF8_MAXBYTES+1];
+
+        assert(STR_LEN(p) == reginfo->is_utf8_pat ? UTF8SKIP(STRING(p)) : 1);
+
+        if (S_setup_EXACTISH_ST_c1_c2(aTHX_ p, &c1, c1_utf8, &c2, c2_utf8,
+                                        reginfo))
+        {
+            if (c1 == CHRTEST_VOID) {
+                /* Use full Unicode fold matching */
+                char *tmpeol = reginfo->strend;
+                STRLEN pat_len = reginfo->is_utf8_pat ? UTF8SKIP(STRING(p)) : 1;
+                while (hardcount < max
+                        && foldEQ_utf8_flags(scan, &tmpeol, 0, utf8_target,
+                                             STRING(p), NULL, pat_len,
+                                             reginfo->is_utf8_pat, utf8_flags))
+                {
+                    scan = tmpeol;
+                    tmpeol = reginfo->strend;
+                    hardcount++;
+                }
+            }
+            else if (utf8_target) {
+                if (c1 == c2) {
+                    while (scan < loceol
+                           && hardcount < max
+                           && memEQ(scan, c1_utf8, UTF8SKIP(scan)))
+                    {
+                        scan += UTF8SKIP(scan);
+                        hardcount++;
+                    }
+                }
+                else {
+                    while (scan < loceol
+                           && hardcount < max
+                           && (memEQ(scan, c1_utf8, UTF8SKIP(scan))
+                               || memEQ(scan, c2_utf8, UTF8SKIP(scan))))
+                    {
+                        scan += UTF8SKIP(scan);
+                        hardcount++;
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+            else if (c1 == c2) {
+                while (scan < loceol && UCHARAT(scan) == c1) {
+                    scan++;
+                }
+            }
+            else {
+                while (scan < loceol &&
+                    (UCHARAT(scan) == c1 || UCHARAT(scan) == c2))
+                {
+                    scan++;
+                }
+            }
+       }
+       break;
+    }
+    case ANYOF:
+    case ANYOF_WARN_SUPER:
+       if (utf8_target) {
+           while (hardcount < max
+                   && scan < loceol
+                  && reginclass(prog, p, (U8*)scan, utf8_target))
+           {
+               scan += UTF8SKIP(scan);
+               hardcount++;
+           }
+       } else {
+           while (scan < loceol && REGINCLASS(prog, p, (U8*)scan))
+               scan++;
+       }
+       break;
+
+    /* The argument (FLAGS) to all the POSIX node types is the class number */
+
+    case NPOSIXL:
+        to_complement = 1;
+        /* FALLTHROUGH */
+
+    case POSIXL:
+        RXp_MATCH_TAINTED_on(prog);
+       if (! utf8_target) {
+           while (scan < loceol && to_complement ^ cBOOL(isFOO_lc(FLAGS(p),
+                                                                   *scan)))
+            {
+               scan++;
+            }
+       } else {
+           while (hardcount < max && scan < loceol
+                   && to_complement ^ cBOOL(isFOO_utf8_lc(FLAGS(p),
+                                                                  (U8 *) scan)))
+            {
+                scan += UTF8SKIP(scan);
+               hardcount++;
+           }
+       }
+       break;
+
+    case POSIXD:
+        if (utf8_target) {
+            goto utf8_posix;
+        }
+        /* FALLTHROUGH */
+
+    case POSIXA:
+        if (utf8_target && loceol - scan > max) {
+
+            /* We didn't adjust <loceol> at the beginning of this routine
+             * because is UTF-8, but it is actually ok to do so, since here, to
+             * match, 1 char == 1 byte. */
+            loceol = scan + max;
+        }
+        while (scan < loceol && _generic_isCC_A((U8) *scan, FLAGS(p))) {
+           scan++;
+       }
+       break;
+
+    case NPOSIXD:
+        if (utf8_target) {
+            to_complement = 1;
+            goto utf8_posix;
+        }
+        /* FALL THROUGH */
+
+    case NPOSIXA:
+        if (! utf8_target) {
+            while (scan < loceol && ! _generic_isCC_A((U8) *scan, FLAGS(p))) {
+                scan++;
+            }
+        }
+        else {
+
+            /* The complement of something that matches only ASCII matches all
+             * UTF-8 variant code points, plus everything in ASCII that isn't
+             * in the class. */
+           while (hardcount < max && scan < loceol
+                   && (! UTF8_IS_INVARIANT(*scan)
+                       || ! _generic_isCC_A((U8) *scan, FLAGS(p))))
+            {
+                scan += UTF8SKIP(scan);
+               hardcount++;
+           }
+        }
+        break;
+
+    case NPOSIXU:
+        to_complement = 1;
+        /* FALLTHROUGH */
+
+    case POSIXU:
+       if (! utf8_target) {
+            while (scan < loceol && to_complement
+                                ^ cBOOL(_generic_isCC((U8) *scan, FLAGS(p))))
+            {
+                scan++;
+            }
+       }
+       else {
+      utf8_posix:
+            classnum = (_char_class_number) FLAGS(p);
+            if (classnum < _FIRST_NON_SWASH_CC) {
+
+                /* Here, a swash is needed for above-Latin1 code points.
+                 * Process as many Latin1 code points using the built-in rules.
+                 * Go to another loop to finish processing upon encountering
+                 * the first Latin1 code point.  We could do that in this loop
+                 * as well, but the other way saves having to test if the swash
+                 * has been loaded every time through the loop: extra space to
+                 * save a test. */
+                while (hardcount < max && scan < loceol) {
+                    if (UTF8_IS_INVARIANT(*scan)) {
+                        if (! (to_complement ^ cBOOL(_generic_isCC((U8) *scan,
+                                                                   classnum))))
+                        {
+                            break;
+                        }
+                        scan++;
+                    }
+                    else if (UTF8_IS_DOWNGRADEABLE_START(*scan)) {
+                        if (! (to_complement
+                              ^ cBOOL(_generic_isCC(TWO_BYTE_UTF8_TO_UNI(*scan,
+                                                                   *(scan + 1)),
+                                                    classnum))))
+                        {
+                            break;
+                        }
+                        scan += 2;
+                    }
+                    else {
+                        goto found_above_latin1;
+                    }
+
+                    hardcount++;
+                }
+            }
+            else {
+                /* For these character classes, the knowledge of how to handle
+                 * every code point is compiled in to Perl via a macro.  This
+                 * code is written for making the loops as tight as possible.
+                 * It could be refactored to save space instead */
+                switch (classnum) {
+                    case _CC_ENUM_SPACE:    /* XXX would require separate code
+                                               if we revert the change of \v
+                                               matching this */
+                        /* FALL THROUGH */
+                    case _CC_ENUM_PSXSPC:
+                        while (hardcount < max
+                               && scan < loceol
+                               && (to_complement ^ cBOOL(isSPACE_utf8(scan))))
+                        {
+                            scan += UTF8SKIP(scan);
+                            hardcount++;
+                        }
+                        break;
+                    case _CC_ENUM_BLANK:
+                        while (hardcount < max
+                               && scan < loceol
+                               && (to_complement ^ cBOOL(isBLANK_utf8(scan))))
+                        {
+                            scan += UTF8SKIP(scan);
+                            hardcount++;
+                        }
+                        break;
+                    case _CC_ENUM_XDIGIT:
+                        while (hardcount < max
+                               && scan < loceol
+                               && (to_complement ^ cBOOL(isXDIGIT_utf8(scan))))
+                        {
+                            scan += UTF8SKIP(scan);
+                            hardcount++;
+                        }
+                        break;
+                    case _CC_ENUM_VERTSPACE:
+                        while (hardcount < max
+                               && scan < loceol
+                               && (to_complement ^ cBOOL(isVERTWS_utf8(scan))))
+                        {
+                            scan += UTF8SKIP(scan);
+                            hardcount++;
+                        }
+                        break;
+                    case _CC_ENUM_CNTRL:
+                        while (hardcount < max
+                               && scan < loceol
+                               && (to_complement ^ cBOOL(isCNTRL_utf8(scan))))
+                        {
+                            scan += UTF8SKIP(scan);
+                            hardcount++;
+                        }
+                        break;
+                    default:
+                        Perl_croak(aTHX_ "panic: regrepeat() node %d='%s' has an unexpected character class '%d'", OP(p), PL_reg_name[OP(p)], classnum);
+                }
+            }
+       }
+        break;
+
+      found_above_latin1:   /* Continuation of POSIXU and NPOSIXU */
+
+        /* Load the swash if not already present */
+        if (! PL_utf8_swash_ptrs[classnum]) {
+            U8 flags = _CORE_SWASH_INIT_ACCEPT_INVLIST;
+            PL_utf8_swash_ptrs[classnum] = _core_swash_init(
+                                        "utf8", swash_property_names[classnum],
+                                        &PL_sv_undef, 1, 0, NULL, &flags);
+        }
+
+        while (hardcount < max && scan < loceol
+               && to_complement ^ cBOOL(_generic_utf8(
+                                       classnum,
+                                       scan,
+                                       swash_fetch(PL_utf8_swash_ptrs[classnum],
+                                                   (U8 *) scan,
+                                                   TRUE))))
+        {
+            scan += UTF8SKIP(scan);
+            hardcount++;
+        }
+        break;
+
+    case LNBREAK:
+        if (utf8_target) {
+           while (hardcount < max && scan < loceol &&
+                    (c=is_LNBREAK_utf8_safe(scan, loceol))) {
+               scan += c;
+               hardcount++;
+           }
+       } else {
+            /* LNBREAK can match one or two latin chars, which is ok, but we
+             * have to use hardcount in this situation, and throw away the
+             * adjustment to <loceol> done before the switch statement */
+            loceol = reginfo->strend;
+           while (scan < loceol && (c=is_LNBREAK_latin1_safe(scan, loceol))) {
+               scan+=c;
+               hardcount++;
+           }
+       }
+       break;
+
+    case BOUND:
+    case BOUNDA:
+    case BOUNDL:
+    case BOUNDU:
+    case EOS:
+    case GPOS:
+    case KEEPS:
+    case NBOUND:
+    case NBOUNDA:
+    case NBOUNDL:
+    case NBOUNDU:
+    case OPFAIL:
+    case SBOL:
+    case SEOL:
+        /* These are all 0 width, so match right here or not at all. */
+        break;
+
+    default:
+        Perl_croak(aTHX_ "panic: regrepeat() called with unrecognized node type %d='%s'", OP(p), PL_reg_name[OP(p)]);
+        assert(0); /* NOTREACHED */
+
+    }
+
+    if (hardcount)
+       c = hardcount;
+    else
+       c = scan - *startposp;
+    *startposp = scan;
+
+    DEBUG_r({
+       GET_RE_DEBUG_FLAGS_DECL;
+       DEBUG_EXECUTE_r({
+           SV * const prop = sv_newmortal();
+           regprop(prog, prop, p);
+           PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log,
+                       "%*s  %s can match %"IVdf" times out of %"IVdf"...\n",
+                       REPORT_CODE_OFF + depth*2, "", SvPVX_const(prop),(IV)c,(IV)max);
+       });
+    });
+
+    return(c);
+}
+
+
+#if !defined(PERL_IN_XSUB_RE) || defined(PLUGGABLE_RE_EXTENSION)
+/*
+- regclass_swash - prepare the utf8 swash.  Wraps the shared core version to
+create a copy so that changes the caller makes won't change the shared one.
+If <altsvp> is non-null, will return NULL in it, for back-compat.
+ */
+SV *
+Perl_regclass_swash(pTHX_ const regexp *prog, const regnode* node, bool doinit, SV** listsvp, SV **altsvp)
+{
+    PERL_ARGS_ASSERT_REGCLASS_SWASH;
+
+    if (altsvp) {
+        *altsvp = NULL;
+    }
+
+    return newSVsv(core_regclass_swash(prog, node, doinit, listsvp));
+}
+#endif
+
+STATIC SV *
+S_core_regclass_swash(pTHX_ const regexp *prog, const regnode* node, bool doinit, SV** listsvp)
+{
+    /* Returns the swash for the input 'node' in the regex 'prog'.
+     * If <doinit> is true, will attempt to create the swash if not already
+     *   done.
+     * If <listsvp> is non-null, will return the swash initialization string in
+     *   it.
+     * Tied intimately to how regcomp.c sets up the data structure */
+
+    dVAR;
+    SV *sw  = NULL;
+    SV *si  = NULL;
+    SV*  invlist = NULL;
+
+    RXi_GET_DECL(prog,progi);
+    const struct reg_data * const data = prog ? progi->data : NULL;
+
+    PERL_ARGS_ASSERT_CORE_REGCLASS_SWASH;
+
+    assert(ANYOF_NONBITMAP(node));
+
+    if (data && data->count) {
+       const U32 n = ARG(node);
+
+       if (data->what[n] == 's') {
+           SV * const rv = MUTABLE_SV(data->data[n]);
+           AV * const av = MUTABLE_AV(SvRV(rv));
+           SV **const ary = AvARRAY(av);
+           U8 swash_init_flags = _CORE_SWASH_INIT_ACCEPT_INVLIST;
+       
+           si = *ary;  /* ary[0] = the string to initialize the swash with */
+
+           /* Elements 2 and 3 are either both present or both absent. [2] is
+            * any inversion list generated at compile time; [3] indicates if
+            * that inversion list has any user-defined properties in it. */
+           if (av_len(av) >= 2) {
+               invlist = ary[2];
+               if (SvUV(ary[3])) {
+                    swash_init_flags |= _CORE_SWASH_INIT_USER_DEFINED_PROPERTY;
+                }
+           }
+           else {
+               invlist = NULL;
+           }
+
+           /* Element [1] is reserved for the set-up swash.  If already there,
+            * return it; if not, create it and store it there */
+           if (SvROK(ary[1])) {
+               sw = ary[1];
+           }
+           else if (si && doinit) {
+
+               sw = _core_swash_init("utf8", /* the utf8 package */
+                                     "", /* nameless */
+                                     si,
+                                     1, /* binary */
+                                     0, /* not from tr/// */
+                                     invlist,
+                                     &swash_init_flags);
+               (void)av_store(av, 1, sw);
+           }
+       }
+    }
+       
+    if (listsvp) {
+       SV* matches_string = newSVpvn("", 0);
+
+       /* Use the swash, if any, which has to have incorporated into it all
+        * possibilities */
+       if ((! sw || (invlist = _get_swash_invlist(sw)) == NULL)
+            && (si && si != &PL_sv_undef))
+        {
+
+           /* If no swash, use the input initialization string, if available */
+           sv_catsv(matches_string, si);
+       }
+
+       /* Add the inversion list to whatever we have.  This may have come from
+        * the swash, or from an input parameter */
+       if (invlist) {
+           sv_catsv(matches_string, _invlist_contents(invlist));
+       }
+       *listsvp = matches_string;
+    }
+
+    return sw;
+}
+
+/*
+ - reginclass - determine if a character falls into a character class
+  n is the ANYOF regnode
+  p is the target string
+  utf8_target tells whether p is in UTF-8.
+
+  Returns true if matched; false otherwise.
+
+  Note that this can be a synthetic start class, a combination of various
+  nodes, so things you think might be mutually exclusive, such as locale,
+  aren't.  It can match both locale and non-locale
+
+ */
+
+STATIC bool
+S_reginclass(pTHX_ regexp * const prog, const regnode * const n, const U8* const p, const bool utf8_target)
+{
+    dVAR;
+    const char flags = ANYOF_FLAGS(n);
+    bool match = FALSE;
+    UV c = *p;
+
+    PERL_ARGS_ASSERT_REGINCLASS;
+
+    /* If c is not already the code point, get it.  Note that
+     * UTF8_IS_INVARIANT() works even if not in UTF-8 */
+    if (! UTF8_IS_INVARIANT(c) && utf8_target) {
+        STRLEN c_len = 0;
+       c = utf8n_to_uvchr(p, UTF8_MAXBYTES, &c_len,
+               (UTF8_ALLOW_DEFAULT & UTF8_ALLOW_ANYUV)
+               | UTF8_ALLOW_FFFF | UTF8_CHECK_ONLY);
+               /* see [perl #37836] for UTF8_ALLOW_ANYUV; [perl #38293] for
+                * UTF8_ALLOW_FFFF */
+       if (c_len == (STRLEN)-1)
+           Perl_croak(aTHX_ "Malformed UTF-8 character (fatal)");
+    }
+
+    /* If this character is potentially in the bitmap, check it */
+    if (c < 256) {
+       if (ANYOF_BITMAP_TEST(n, c))
+           match = TRUE;
+       else if (flags & ANYOF_NON_UTF8_LATIN1_ALL
+               && ! utf8_target
+               && ! isASCII(c))
+       {
+           match = TRUE;
+       }
+       else if (flags & ANYOF_LOCALE) {
+           RXp_MATCH_TAINTED_on(prog);
+
+           if ((flags & ANYOF_LOC_FOLD)
+                && ANYOF_BITMAP_TEST(n, PL_fold_locale[c]))
+           {
+               match = TRUE;
+           }
+           else if (ANYOF_CLASS_TEST_ANY_SET(n)) {
+
+                /* The data structure is arranged so bits 0, 2, 4, ... are set
+                 * if the class includes the Posix character class given by
+                 * bit/2; and 1, 3, 5, ... are set if the class includes the
+                 * complemented Posix class given by int(bit/2).  So we loop
+                 * through the bits, each time changing whether we complement
+                 * the result or not.  Suppose for the sake of illustration
+                 * that bits 0-3 mean respectively, \w, \W, \s, \S.  If bit 0
+                 * is set, it means there is a match for this ANYOF node if the
+                 * character is in the class given by the expression (0 / 2 = 0
+                 * = \w).  If it is in that class, isFOO_lc() will return 1,
+                 * and since 'to_complement' is 0, the result will stay TRUE,
+                 * and we exit the loop.  Suppose instead that bit 0 is 0, but
+                 * bit 1 is 1.  That means there is a match if the character
+                 * matches \W.  We won't bother to call isFOO_lc() on bit 0,
+                 * but will on bit 1.  On the second iteration 'to_complement'
+                 * will be 1, so the exclusive or will reverse things, so we
+                 * are testing for \W.  On the third iteration, 'to_complement'
+                 * will be 0, and we would be testing for \s; the fourth
+                 * iteration would test for \S, etc.
+                 *
+                 * Note that this code assumes that all the classes are closed
+                 * under folding.  For example, if a character matches \w, then
+                 * its fold does too; and vice versa.  This should be true for
+                 * any well-behaved locale for all the currently defined Posix
+                 * classes, except for :lower: and :upper:, which are handled
+                 * by the pseudo-class :cased: which matches if either of the
+                 * other two does.  To get rid of this assumption, an outer
+                 * loop could be used below to iterate over both the source
+                 * character, and its fold (if different) */
+
+                int count = 0;
+                int to_complement = 0;
+                while (count < ANYOF_MAX) {
+                    if (ANYOF_CLASS_TEST(n, count)
+                        && to_complement ^ cBOOL(isFOO_lc(count/2, (U8) c)))
+                    {
+                        match = TRUE;
+                        break;
+                    }
+                    count++;
+                    to_complement ^= 1;
+                }
+           }
+       }
+    }
+
+    /* If the bitmap didn't (or couldn't) match, and something outside the
+     * bitmap could match, try that.  Locale nodes specify completely the
+     * behavior of code points in the bit map (otherwise, a utf8 target would
+     * cause them to be treated as Unicode and not locale), except in
+     * the very unlikely event when this node is a synthetic start class, which
+     * could be a combination of locale and non-locale nodes.  So allow locale
+     * to match for the synthetic start class, which will give a false
+     * positive that will be resolved when the match is done again as not part
+     * of the synthetic start class */
+    if (!match) {
+       if (utf8_target && (flags & ANYOF_UNICODE_ALL) && c >= 256) {
+           match = TRUE;       /* Everything above 255 matches */
+       }
+       else if (ANYOF_NONBITMAP(n)
+                && ((flags & ANYOF_NONBITMAP_NON_UTF8)
+                    || (utf8_target
+                        && (c >=256
+                            || (! (flags & ANYOF_LOCALE))
+                            || OP(n) == ANYOF_SYNTHETIC))))
+       {
+           SV * const sw = core_regclass_swash(prog, n, TRUE, 0);
+           if (sw) {
+               U8 * utf8_p;
+               if (utf8_target) {
+                   utf8_p = (U8 *) p;
+               } else { /* Convert to utf8 */
+                   STRLEN len = 1;
+                   utf8_p = bytes_to_utf8(p, &len);
+               }
+
+               if (swash_fetch(sw, utf8_p, TRUE)) {
+                   match = TRUE;
+                }
+
+               /* If we allocated a string above, free it */
+               if (! utf8_target) Safefree(utf8_p);
+           }
+       }
+
+        if (UNICODE_IS_SUPER(c)
+            && OP(n) == ANYOF_WARN_SUPER
+            && ckWARN_d(WARN_NON_UNICODE))
+        {
+            Perl_warner(aTHX_ packWARN(WARN_NON_UNICODE),
+                "Code point 0x%04"UVXf" is not Unicode, all \\p{} matches fail; all \\P{} matches succeed", c);
+        }
+    }
+
+    /* The xor complements the return if to invert: 1^1 = 0, 1^0 = 1 */
+    return cBOOL(flags & ANYOF_INVERT) ^ match;
+}
+
+STATIC U8 *
+S_reghop3(U8 *s, I32 off, const U8* lim)
+{
+    /* return the position 'off' UTF-8 characters away from 's', forward if
+     * 'off' >= 0, backwards if negative.  But don't go outside of position
+     * 'lim', which better be < s  if off < 0 */
+
+    dVAR;
+
+    PERL_ARGS_ASSERT_REGHOP3;
+
+    if (off >= 0) {
+       while (off-- && s < lim) {
+           /* XXX could check well-formedness here */
+           s += UTF8SKIP(s);
+       }
+    }
+    else {
+        while (off++ && s > lim) {
+            s--;
+            if (UTF8_IS_CONTINUED(*s)) {
+                while (s > lim && UTF8_IS_CONTINUATION(*s))
+                    s--;
+           }
+            /* XXX could check well-formedness here */
+       }
+    }
+    return s;
+}
+
+#ifdef XXX_dmq
+/* there are a bunch of places where we use two reghop3's that should
+   be replaced with this routine. but since thats not done yet 
+   we ifdef it out - dmq
+*/
+STATIC U8 *
+S_reghop4(U8 *s, I32 off, const U8* llim, const U8* rlim)
+{
+    dVAR;
+
+    PERL_ARGS_ASSERT_REGHOP4;
+
+    if (off >= 0) {
+        while (off-- && s < rlim) {
+            /* XXX could check well-formedness here */
+            s += UTF8SKIP(s);
+        }
+    }
+    else {
+        while (off++ && s > llim) {
+            s--;
+            if (UTF8_IS_CONTINUED(*s)) {
+                while (s > llim && UTF8_IS_CONTINUATION(*s))
+                    s--;
+            }
+            /* XXX could check well-formedness here */
+        }
+    }
+    return s;
+}
+#endif
+
+STATIC U8 *
+S_reghopmaybe3(U8* s, I32 off, const U8* lim)
+{
+    dVAR;
+
+    PERL_ARGS_ASSERT_REGHOPMAYBE3;
+
+    if (off >= 0) {
+       while (off-- && s < lim) {
+           /* XXX could check well-formedness here */
+           s += UTF8SKIP(s);
+       }
+       if (off >= 0)
+           return NULL;
+    }
+    else {
+        while (off++ && s > lim) {
+            s--;
+            if (UTF8_IS_CONTINUED(*s)) {
+                while (s > lim && UTF8_IS_CONTINUATION(*s))
+                    s--;
+           }
+            /* XXX could check well-formedness here */
+       }
+       if (off <= 0)
+           return NULL;
+    }
+    return s;
+}
+
+
+/* when executing a regex that may have (?{}), extra stuff needs setting
+   up that will be visible to the called code, even before the current
+   match has finished. In particular:
+
+   * $_ is localised to the SV currently being matched;
+   * pos($_) is created if necessary, ready to be updated on each call-out
+     to code;
+   * a fake PMOP is created that can be set to PL_curpm (normally PL_curpm
+     isn't set until the current pattern is successfully finished), so that
+     $1 etc of the match-so-far can be seen;
+   * save the old values of subbeg etc of the current regex, and  set then
+     to the current string (again, this is normally only done at the end
+     of execution)
+*/
+
+static void
+S_setup_eval_state(pTHX_ regmatch_info *const reginfo)
+{
+    MAGIC *mg;
+    regexp *const rex = ReANY(reginfo->prog);
+    regmatch_info_aux_eval *eval_state = reginfo->info_aux_eval;
+
+    eval_state->rex = rex;
+
+    if (reginfo->sv) {
+        /* Make $_ available to executed code. */
+        if (reginfo->sv != DEFSV) {
+            SAVE_DEFSV;
+            DEFSV_set(reginfo->sv);
+        }
+
+        if (!(mg = mg_find_mglob(reginfo->sv))) {
+            /* prepare for quick setting of pos */
+            mg = sv_magicext_mglob(reginfo->sv);
+            mg->mg_len = -1;
+        }
+        eval_state->pos_magic = mg;
+        eval_state->pos       = mg->mg_len;
+    }
+    else
+        eval_state->pos_magic = NULL;
+
+    if (!PL_reg_curpm) {
+        /* PL_reg_curpm is a fake PMOP that we can attach the current
+         * regex to and point PL_curpm at, so that $1 et al are visible
+         * within a /(?{})/. It's just allocated once per interpreter the
+         * first time its needed */
+        Newxz(PL_reg_curpm, 1, PMOP);
+#ifdef USE_ITHREADS
+        {
+            SV* const repointer = &PL_sv_undef;
+            /* this regexp is also owned by the new PL_reg_curpm, which
+               will try to free it.  */
+            av_push(PL_regex_padav, repointer);
+            PL_reg_curpm->op_pmoffset = av_len(PL_regex_padav);
+            PL_regex_pad = AvARRAY(PL_regex_padav);
+        }
+#endif
+    }
+    SET_reg_curpm(reginfo->prog);
+    eval_state->curpm = PL_curpm;
+    PL_curpm = PL_reg_curpm;
+    if (RXp_MATCH_COPIED(rex)) {
+        /*  Here is a serious problem: we cannot rewrite subbeg,
+            since it may be needed if this match fails.  Thus
+            $` inside (?{}) could fail... */
+        eval_state->subbeg     = rex->subbeg;
+        eval_state->sublen     = rex->sublen;
+        eval_state->suboffset  = rex->suboffset;
+        eval_state->subcoffset = rex->subcoffset;
+#ifdef PERL_ANY_COW
+        eval_state->saved_copy = rex->saved_copy;
+#endif
+        RXp_MATCH_COPIED_off(rex);
+    }
+    else
+        eval_state->subbeg = NULL;
+    rex->subbeg = (char *)reginfo->strbeg;
+    rex->suboffset = 0;
+    rex->subcoffset = 0;
+    rex->sublen = reginfo->strend - reginfo->strbeg;
+}
+
+
+/* destructor to clear up regmatch_info_aux and regmatch_info_aux_eval */
+
+static void
+S_cleanup_regmatch_info_aux(pTHX_ void *arg)
+{
+    dVAR;
+    regmatch_info_aux *aux = (regmatch_info_aux *) arg;
+    regmatch_info_aux_eval *eval_state =  aux->info_aux_eval;
+    regmatch_slab *s;
+
+    Safefree(aux->poscache);
+
+    if (eval_state) {
+
+        /* undo the effects of S_setup_eval_state() */
+
+        if (eval_state->subbeg) {
+            regexp * const rex = eval_state->rex;
+            rex->subbeg     = eval_state->subbeg;
+            rex->sublen     = eval_state->sublen;
+            rex->suboffset  = eval_state->suboffset;
+            rex->subcoffset = eval_state->subcoffset;
+#ifdef PERL_ANY_COW
+            rex->saved_copy = eval_state->saved_copy;
+#endif
+            RXp_MATCH_COPIED_on(rex);
+        }
+        if (eval_state->pos_magic)
+            eval_state->pos_magic->mg_len = eval_state->pos;
+
+        PL_curpm = eval_state->curpm;
+    }
+
+    PL_regmatch_state = aux->old_regmatch_state;
+    PL_regmatch_slab  = aux->old_regmatch_slab;
+
+    /* free all slabs above current one - this must be the last action
+     * of this function, as aux and eval_state are allocated within
+     * slabs and may be freed here */
+
+    s = PL_regmatch_slab->next;
+    if (s) {
+        PL_regmatch_slab->next = NULL;
+        while (s) {
+            regmatch_slab * const osl = s;
+            s = s->next;
+            Safefree(osl);
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+
+STATIC void
+S_to_utf8_substr(pTHX_ regexp *prog)
+{
+    /* Converts substr fields in prog from bytes to UTF-8, calling fbm_compile
+     * on the converted value */
+
+    int i = 1;
+
+    PERL_ARGS_ASSERT_TO_UTF8_SUBSTR;
+
+    do {
+       if (prog->substrs->data[i].substr
+           && !prog->substrs->data[i].utf8_substr) {
+           SV* const sv = newSVsv(prog->substrs->data[i].substr);
+           prog->substrs->data[i].utf8_substr = sv;
+           sv_utf8_upgrade(sv);
+           if (SvVALID(prog->substrs->data[i].substr)) {
+               if (SvTAIL(prog->substrs->data[i].substr)) {
+                   /* Trim the trailing \n that fbm_compile added last
+                      time.  */
+                   SvCUR_set(sv, SvCUR(sv) - 1);
+                   /* Whilst this makes the SV technically "invalid" (as its
+                      buffer is no longer followed by "\0") when fbm_compile()
+                      adds the "\n" back, a "\0" is restored.  */
+                   fbm_compile(sv, FBMcf_TAIL);
+               } else
+                   fbm_compile(sv, 0);
+           }
+           if (prog->substrs->data[i].substr == prog->check_substr)
+               prog->check_utf8 = sv;
+       }
+    } while (i--);
+}
+
+STATIC bool
+S_to_byte_substr(pTHX_ regexp *prog)
+{
+    /* Converts substr fields in prog from UTF-8 to bytes, calling fbm_compile
+     * on the converted value; returns FALSE if can't be converted. */
+
+    dVAR;
+    int i = 1;
+
+    PERL_ARGS_ASSERT_TO_BYTE_SUBSTR;
+
+    do {
+       if (prog->substrs->data[i].utf8_substr
+           && !prog->substrs->data[i].substr) {
+           SV* sv = newSVsv(prog->substrs->data[i].utf8_substr);
+           if (! sv_utf8_downgrade(sv, TRUE)) {
+                return FALSE;
+            }
+            if (SvVALID(prog->substrs->data[i].utf8_substr)) {
+                if (SvTAIL(prog->substrs->data[i].utf8_substr)) {
+                    /* Trim the trailing \n that fbm_compile added last
+                        time.  */
+                    SvCUR_set(sv, SvCUR(sv) - 1);
+                    fbm_compile(sv, FBMcf_TAIL);
+                } else
+                    fbm_compile(sv, 0);
+            }
+           prog->substrs->data[i].substr = sv;
+           if (prog->substrs->data[i].utf8_substr == prog->check_utf8)
+               prog->check_substr = sv;
+       }
+    } while (i--);
+
+    return TRUE;
+}
+
+/*
+ * Local variables:
+ * c-indentation-style: bsd
+ * c-basic-offset: 4
+ * indent-tabs-mode: nil
+ * End:
+ *
+ * ex: set ts=8 sts=4 sw=4 et:
+ */
diff --git a/src/5019002/regcomp.c b/src/5019002/regcomp.c
new file mode 100644 (file)
index 0000000..177b56a
--- /dev/null
@@ -0,0 +1,15701 @@
+/*    regcomp.c
+ */
+
+/*
+ * 'A fair jaw-cracker dwarf-language must be.'            --Samwise Gamgee
+ *
+ *     [p.285 of _The Lord of the Rings_, II/iii: "The Ring Goes South"]
+ */
+
+/* This file contains functions for compiling a regular expression.  See
+ * also regexec.c which funnily enough, contains functions for executing
+ * a regular expression.
+ *
+ * This file is also copied at build time to ext/re/re_comp.c, where
+ * it's built with -DPERL_EXT_RE_BUILD -DPERL_EXT_RE_DEBUG -DPERL_EXT.
+ * This causes the main functions to be compiled under new names and with
+ * debugging support added, which makes "use re 'debug'" work.
+ */
+
+/* NOTE: this is derived from Henry Spencer's regexp code, and should not
+ * confused with the original package (see point 3 below).  Thanks, Henry!
+ */
+
+/* Additional note: this code is very heavily munged from Henry's version
+ * in places.  In some spots I've traded clarity for efficiency, so don't
+ * blame Henry for some of the lack of readability.
+ */
+
+/* The names of the functions have been changed from regcomp and
+ * regexec to pregcomp and pregexec in order to avoid conflicts
+ * with the POSIX routines of the same names.
+*/
+
+#ifdef PERL_EXT_RE_BUILD
+#include "re_top.h"
+#endif
+
+/*
+ * pregcomp and pregexec -- regsub and regerror are not used in perl
+ *
+ *     Copyright (c) 1986 by University of Toronto.
+ *     Written by Henry Spencer.  Not derived from licensed software.
+ *
+ *     Permission is granted to anyone to use this software for any
+ *     purpose on any computer system, and to redistribute it freely,
+ *     subject to the following restrictions:
+ *
+ *     1. The author is not responsible for the consequences of use of
+ *             this software, no matter how awful, even if they arise
+ *             from defects in it.
+ *
+ *     2. The origin of this software must not be misrepresented, either
+ *             by explicit claim or by omission.
+ *
+ *     3. Altered versions must be plainly marked as such, and must not
+ *             be misrepresented as being the original software.
+ *
+ *
+ ****    Alterations to Henry's code are...
+ ****
+ ****    Copyright (C) 1991, 1992, 1993, 1994, 1995, 1996, 1997, 1998, 1999,
+ ****    2000, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2008
+ ****    by Larry Wall and others
+ ****
+ ****    You may distribute under the terms of either the GNU General Public
+ ****    License or the Artistic License, as specified in the README file.
+
+ *
+ * Beware that some of this code is subtly aware of the way operator
+ * precedence is structured in regular expressions.  Serious changes in
+ * regular-expression syntax might require a total rethink.
+ */
+#include "EXTERN.h"
+#define PERL_IN_REGCOMP_C
+#include "perl.h"
+
+#ifndef PERL_IN_XSUB_RE
+#include "re_defs.h"
+#endif
+
+#define REG_COMP_C
+#ifdef PERL_IN_XSUB_RE
+#  include "re_comp.h"
+extern const struct regexp_engine my_reg_engine;
+#else
+#  include "regcomp.h"
+#endif
+
+#include "dquote_static.c"
+#include "charclass_invlists.h"
+#include "inline_invlist.c"
+#include "unicode_constants.h"
+
+#define HAS_NONLATIN1_FOLD_CLOSURE(i) _HAS_NONLATIN1_FOLD_CLOSURE_ONLY_FOR_USE_BY_REGCOMP_DOT_C_AND_REGEXEC_DOT_C(i)
+#define IS_NON_FINAL_FOLD(c) _IS_NON_FINAL_FOLD_ONLY_FOR_USE_BY_REGCOMP_DOT_C(c)
+#define IS_IN_SOME_FOLD_L1(c) _IS_IN_SOME_FOLD_ONLY_FOR_USE_BY_REGCOMP_DOT_C(c)
+
+#ifdef op
+#undef op
+#endif /* op */
+
+#ifdef MSDOS
+#  if defined(BUGGY_MSC6)
+ /* MSC 6.00A breaks on op/regexp.t test 85 unless we turn this off */
+#    pragma optimize("a",off)
+ /* But MSC 6.00A is happy with 'w', for aliases only across function calls*/
+#    pragma optimize("w",on )
+#  endif /* BUGGY_MSC6 */
+#endif /* MSDOS */
+
+#ifndef STATIC
+#define        STATIC  static
+#endif
+
+
+typedef struct RExC_state_t {
+    U32                flags;                  /* RXf_* are we folding, multilining? */
+    U32                pm_flags;               /* PMf_* stuff from the calling PMOP */
+    char       *precomp;               /* uncompiled string. */
+    REGEXP     *rx_sv;                 /* The SV that is the regexp. */
+    regexp     *rx;                    /* perl core regexp structure */
+    regexp_internal    *rxi;           /* internal data for regexp object pprivate field */        
+    char       *start;                 /* Start of input for compile */
+    char       *end;                   /* End of input for compile */
+    char       *parse;                 /* Input-scan pointer. */
+    I32                whilem_seen;            /* number of WHILEM in this expr */
+    regnode    *emit_start;            /* Start of emitted-code area */
+    regnode    *emit_bound;            /* First regnode outside of the allocated space */
+    regnode    *emit;                  /* Code-emit pointer; if = &emit_dummy,
+                                           implies compiling, so don't emit */
+    regnode    emit_dummy;             /* placeholder for emit to point to */
+    I32                naughty;                /* How bad is this pattern? */
+    I32                sawback;                /* Did we see \1, ...? */
+    U32                seen;
+    I32                size;                   /* Code size. */
+    I32                npar;                   /* Capture buffer count, (OPEN). */
+    I32                cpar;                   /* Capture buffer count, (CLOSE). */
+    I32                nestroot;               /* root parens we are in - used by accept */
+    I32                extralen;
+    I32                seen_zerolen;
+    regnode    **open_parens;          /* pointers to open parens */
+    regnode    **close_parens;         /* pointers to close parens */
+    regnode    *opend;                 /* END node in program */
+    I32                utf8;           /* whether the pattern is utf8 or not */
+    I32                orig_utf8;      /* whether the pattern was originally in utf8 */
+                               /* XXX use this for future optimisation of case
+                                * where pattern must be upgraded to utf8. */
+    I32                uni_semantics;  /* If a d charset modifier should use unicode
+                                  rules, even if the pattern is not in
+                                  utf8 */
+    HV         *paren_names;           /* Paren names */
+    
+    regnode    **recurse;              /* Recurse regops */
+    I32                recurse_count;          /* Number of recurse regops */
+    I32                in_lookbehind;
+    I32                contains_locale;
+    I32                override_recoding;
+    I32                in_multi_char_class;
+    struct reg_code_block *code_blocks;        /* positions of literal (?{})
+                                           within pattern */
+    int                num_code_blocks;        /* size of code_blocks[] */
+    int                code_index;             /* next code_blocks[] slot */
+#if ADD_TO_REGEXEC
+    char       *starttry;              /* -Dr: where regtry was called. */
+#define RExC_starttry  (pRExC_state->starttry)
+#endif
+    SV         *runtime_code_qr;       /* qr with the runtime code blocks */
+#ifdef DEBUGGING
+    const char  *lastparse;
+    I32         lastnum;
+    AV          *paren_name_list;       /* idx -> name */
+#define RExC_lastparse (pRExC_state->lastparse)
+#define RExC_lastnum   (pRExC_state->lastnum)
+#define RExC_paren_name_list    (pRExC_state->paren_name_list)
+#endif
+} RExC_state_t;
+
+#define RExC_flags     (pRExC_state->flags)
+#define RExC_pm_flags  (pRExC_state->pm_flags)
+#define RExC_precomp   (pRExC_state->precomp)
+#define RExC_rx_sv     (pRExC_state->rx_sv)
+#define RExC_rx                (pRExC_state->rx)
+#define RExC_rxi       (pRExC_state->rxi)
+#define RExC_start     (pRExC_state->start)
+#define RExC_end       (pRExC_state->end)
+#define RExC_parse     (pRExC_state->parse)
+#define RExC_whilem_seen       (pRExC_state->whilem_seen)
+#ifdef RE_TRACK_PATTERN_OFFSETS
+#define RExC_offsets   (pRExC_state->rxi->u.offsets) /* I am not like the others */
+#endif
+#define RExC_emit      (pRExC_state->emit)
+#define RExC_emit_dummy        (pRExC_state->emit_dummy)
+#define RExC_emit_start        (pRExC_state->emit_start)
+#define RExC_emit_bound        (pRExC_state->emit_bound)
+#define RExC_naughty   (pRExC_state->naughty)
+#define RExC_sawback   (pRExC_state->sawback)
+#define RExC_seen      (pRExC_state->seen)
+#define RExC_size      (pRExC_state->size)
+#define RExC_npar      (pRExC_state->npar)
+#define RExC_nestroot   (pRExC_state->nestroot)
+#define RExC_extralen  (pRExC_state->extralen)
+#define RExC_seen_zerolen      (pRExC_state->seen_zerolen)
+#define RExC_utf8      (pRExC_state->utf8)
+#define RExC_uni_semantics     (pRExC_state->uni_semantics)
+#define RExC_orig_utf8 (pRExC_state->orig_utf8)
+#define RExC_open_parens       (pRExC_state->open_parens)
+#define RExC_close_parens      (pRExC_state->close_parens)
+#define RExC_opend     (pRExC_state->opend)
+#define RExC_paren_names       (pRExC_state->paren_names)
+#define RExC_recurse   (pRExC_state->recurse)
+#define RExC_recurse_count     (pRExC_state->recurse_count)
+#define RExC_in_lookbehind     (pRExC_state->in_lookbehind)
+#define RExC_contains_locale   (pRExC_state->contains_locale)
+#define RExC_override_recoding (pRExC_state->override_recoding)
+#define RExC_in_multi_char_class (pRExC_state->in_multi_char_class)
+
+
+#define        ISMULT1(c)      ((c) == '*' || (c) == '+' || (c) == '?')
+#define        ISMULT2(s)      ((*s) == '*' || (*s) == '+' || (*s) == '?' || \
+       ((*s) == '{' && regcurly(s, FALSE)))
+
+#ifdef SPSTART
+#undef SPSTART         /* dratted cpp namespace... */
+#endif
+/*
+ * Flags to be passed up and down.
+ */
+#define        WORST           0       /* Worst case. */
+#define        HASWIDTH        0x01    /* Known to match non-null strings. */
+
+/* Simple enough to be STAR/PLUS operand; in an EXACTish node must be a single
+ * character.  (There needs to be a case: in the switch statement in regexec.c
+ * for any node marked SIMPLE.)  Note that this is not the same thing as
+ * REGNODE_SIMPLE */
+#define        SIMPLE          0x02
+#define        SPSTART         0x04    /* Starts with * or + */
+#define POSTPONED      0x08    /* (?1),(?&name), (??{...}) or similar */
+#define TRYAGAIN       0x10    /* Weeded out a declaration. */
+#define RESTART_UTF8    0x20    /* Restart, need to calcuate sizes as UTF-8 */
+
+#define REG_NODE_NUM(x) ((x) ? (int)((x)-RExC_emit_start) : -1)
+
+/* whether trie related optimizations are enabled */
+#if PERL_ENABLE_EXTENDED_TRIE_OPTIMISATION
+#define TRIE_STUDY_OPT
+#define FULL_TRIE_STUDY
+#define TRIE_STCLASS
+#endif
+
+
+
+#define PBYTE(u8str,paren) ((U8*)(u8str))[(paren) >> 3]
+#define PBITVAL(paren) (1 << ((paren) & 7))
+#define PAREN_TEST(u8str,paren) ( PBYTE(u8str,paren) & PBITVAL(paren))
+#define PAREN_SET(u8str,paren) PBYTE(u8str,paren) |= PBITVAL(paren)
+#define PAREN_UNSET(u8str,paren) PBYTE(u8str,paren) &= (~PBITVAL(paren))
+
+#define REQUIRE_UTF8   STMT_START {                                       \
+                                     if (!UTF) {                           \
+                                         *flagp = RESTART_UTF8;            \
+                                         return NULL;                      \
+                                     }                                     \
+                        } STMT_END
+
+/* This converts the named class defined in regcomp.h to its equivalent class
+ * number defined in handy.h. */
+#define namedclass_to_classnum(class)  ((int) ((class) / 2))
+#define classnum_to_namedclass(classnum)  ((classnum) * 2)
+
+/* About scan_data_t.
+
+  During optimisation we recurse through the regexp program performing
+  various inplace (keyhole style) optimisations. In addition study_chunk
+  and scan_commit populate this data structure with information about
+  what strings MUST appear in the pattern. We look for the longest 
+  string that must appear at a fixed location, and we look for the
+  longest string that may appear at a floating location. So for instance
+  in the pattern:
+  
+    /FOO[xX]A.*B[xX]BAR/
+    
+  Both 'FOO' and 'A' are fixed strings. Both 'B' and 'BAR' are floating
+  strings (because they follow a .* construct). study_chunk will identify
+  both FOO and BAR as being the longest fixed and floating strings respectively.
+  
+  The strings can be composites, for instance
+  
+     /(f)(o)(o)/
+     
+  will result in a composite fixed substring 'foo'.
+  
+  For each string some basic information is maintained:
+  
+  - offset or min_offset
+    This is the position the string must appear at, or not before.
+    It also implicitly (when combined with minlenp) tells us how many
+    characters must match before the string we are searching for.
+    Likewise when combined with minlenp and the length of the string it
+    tells us how many characters must appear after the string we have 
+    found.
+  
+  - max_offset
+    Only used for floating strings. This is the rightmost point that
+    the string can appear at. If set to I32 max it indicates that the
+    string can occur infinitely far to the right.
+  
+  - minlenp
+    A pointer to the minimum number of characters of the pattern that the
+    string was found inside. This is important as in the case of positive
+    lookahead or positive lookbehind we can have multiple patterns 
+    involved. Consider
+    
+    /(?=FOO).*F/
+    
+    The minimum length of the pattern overall is 3, the minimum length
+    of the lookahead part is 3, but the minimum length of the part that
+    will actually match is 1. So 'FOO's minimum length is 3, but the 
+    minimum length for the F is 1. This is important as the minimum length
+    is used to determine offsets in front of and behind the string being 
+    looked for.  Since strings can be composites this is the length of the
+    pattern at the time it was committed with a scan_commit. Note that
+    the length is calculated by study_chunk, so that the minimum lengths
+    are not known until the full pattern has been compiled, thus the 
+    pointer to the value.
+  
+  - lookbehind
+  
+    In the case of lookbehind the string being searched for can be
+    offset past the start point of the final matching string. 
+    If this value was just blithely removed from the min_offset it would
+    invalidate some of the calculations for how many chars must match
+    before or after (as they are derived from min_offset and minlen and
+    the length of the string being searched for). 
+    When the final pattern is compiled and the data is moved from the
+    scan_data_t structure into the regexp structure the information
+    about lookbehind is factored in, with the information that would 
+    have been lost precalculated in the end_shift field for the 
+    associated string.
+
+  The fields pos_min and pos_delta are used to store the minimum offset
+  and the delta to the maximum offset at the current point in the pattern.    
+
+*/
+
+typedef struct scan_data_t {
+    /*I32 len_min;      unused */
+    /*I32 len_delta;    unused */
+    I32 pos_min;
+    I32 pos_delta;
+    SV *last_found;
+    I32 last_end;          /* min value, <0 unless valid. */
+    I32 last_start_min;
+    I32 last_start_max;
+    SV **longest;          /* Either &l_fixed, or &l_float. */
+    SV *longest_fixed;      /* longest fixed string found in pattern */
+    I32 offset_fixed;       /* offset where it starts */
+    I32 *minlen_fixed;      /* pointer to the minlen relevant to the string */
+    I32 lookbehind_fixed;   /* is the position of the string modfied by LB */
+    SV *longest_float;      /* longest floating string found in pattern */
+    I32 offset_float_min;   /* earliest point in string it can appear */
+    I32 offset_float_max;   /* latest point in string it can appear */
+    I32 *minlen_float;      /* pointer to the minlen relevant to the string */
+    I32 lookbehind_float;   /* is the position of the string modified by LB */
+    I32 flags;
+    I32 whilem_c;
+    I32 *last_closep;
+    struct regnode_charclass_class *start_class;
+} scan_data_t;
+
+/*
+ * Forward declarations for pregcomp()'s friends.
+ */
+
+static const scan_data_t zero_scan_data =
+  { 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 ,0};
+
+#define SF_BEFORE_EOL          (SF_BEFORE_SEOL|SF_BEFORE_MEOL)
+#define SF_BEFORE_SEOL         0x0001
+#define SF_BEFORE_MEOL         0x0002
+#define SF_FIX_BEFORE_EOL      (SF_FIX_BEFORE_SEOL|SF_FIX_BEFORE_MEOL)
+#define SF_FL_BEFORE_EOL       (SF_FL_BEFORE_SEOL|SF_FL_BEFORE_MEOL)
+
+#ifdef NO_UNARY_PLUS
+#  define SF_FIX_SHIFT_EOL     (0+2)
+#  define SF_FL_SHIFT_EOL              (0+4)
+#else
+#  define SF_FIX_SHIFT_EOL     (+2)
+#  define SF_FL_SHIFT_EOL              (+4)
+#endif
+
+#define SF_FIX_BEFORE_SEOL     (SF_BEFORE_SEOL << SF_FIX_SHIFT_EOL)
+#define SF_FIX_BEFORE_MEOL     (SF_BEFORE_MEOL << SF_FIX_SHIFT_EOL)
+
+#define SF_FL_BEFORE_SEOL      (SF_BEFORE_SEOL << SF_FL_SHIFT_EOL)
+#define SF_FL_BEFORE_MEOL      (SF_BEFORE_MEOL << SF_FL_SHIFT_EOL) /* 0x20 */
+#define SF_IS_INF              0x0040
+#define SF_HAS_PAR             0x0080
+#define SF_IN_PAR              0x0100
+#define SF_HAS_EVAL            0x0200
+#define SCF_DO_SUBSTR          0x0400
+#define SCF_DO_STCLASS_AND     0x0800
+#define SCF_DO_STCLASS_OR      0x1000
+#define SCF_DO_STCLASS         (SCF_DO_STCLASS_AND|SCF_DO_STCLASS_OR)
+#define SCF_WHILEM_VISITED_POS 0x2000
+
+#define SCF_TRIE_RESTUDY        0x4000 /* Do restudy? */
+#define SCF_SEEN_ACCEPT         0x8000 
+#define SCF_TRIE_DOING_RESTUDY 0x10000
+
+#define UTF cBOOL(RExC_utf8)
+
+/* The enums for all these are ordered so things work out correctly */
+#define LOC (get_regex_charset(RExC_flags) == REGEX_LOCALE_CHARSET)
+#define DEPENDS_SEMANTICS (get_regex_charset(RExC_flags) == REGEX_DEPENDS_CHARSET)
+#define UNI_SEMANTICS (get_regex_charset(RExC_flags) == REGEX_UNICODE_CHARSET)
+#define AT_LEAST_UNI_SEMANTICS (get_regex_charset(RExC_flags) >= REGEX_UNICODE_CHARSET)
+#define ASCII_RESTRICTED (get_regex_charset(RExC_flags) == REGEX_ASCII_RESTRICTED_CHARSET)
+#define AT_LEAST_ASCII_RESTRICTED (get_regex_charset(RExC_flags) >= REGEX_ASCII_RESTRICTED_CHARSET)
+#define ASCII_FOLD_RESTRICTED (get_regex_charset(RExC_flags) == REGEX_ASCII_MORE_RESTRICTED_CHARSET)
+
+#define FOLD cBOOL(RExC_flags & RXf_PMf_FOLD)
+
+#define OOB_NAMEDCLASS         -1
+
+/* There is no code point that is out-of-bounds, so this is problematic.  But
+ * its only current use is to initialize a variable that is always set before
+ * looked at. */
+#define OOB_UNICODE            0xDEADBEEF
+
+#define CHR_SVLEN(sv) (UTF ? sv_len_utf8(sv) : SvCUR(sv))
+#define CHR_DIST(a,b) (UTF ? utf8_distance(a,b) : a - b)
+
+
+/* length of regex to show in messages that don't mark a position within */
+#define RegexLengthToShowInErrorMessages 127
+
+/*
+ * If MARKER[12] are adjusted, be sure to adjust the constants at the top
+ * of t/op/regmesg.t, the tests in t/op/re_tests, and those in
+ * op/pragma/warn/regcomp.
+ */
+#define MARKER1 "<-- HERE"    /* marker as it appears in the description */
+#define MARKER2 " <-- HERE "  /* marker as it appears within the regex */
+
+#define REPORT_LOCATION " in regex; marked by " MARKER1 " in m/%.*s" MARKER2 "%s/"
+
+/*
+ * Calls SAVEDESTRUCTOR_X if needed, then calls Perl_croak with the given
+ * arg. Show regex, up to a maximum length. If it's too long, chop and add
+ * "...".
+ */
+#define _FAIL(code) STMT_START {                                       \
+    const char *ellipses = "";                                         \
+    IV len = RExC_end - RExC_precomp;                                  \
+                                                                       \
+    if (!SIZE_ONLY)                                                    \
+       SAVEFREESV(RExC_rx_sv);                                         \
+    if (len > RegexLengthToShowInErrorMessages) {                      \
+       /* chop 10 shorter than the max, to ensure meaning of "..." */  \
+       len = RegexLengthToShowInErrorMessages - 10;                    \
+       ellipses = "...";                                               \
+    }                                                                  \
+    code;                                                               \
+} STMT_END
+
+#define        FAIL(msg) _FAIL(                            \
+    Perl_croak(aTHX_ "%s in regex m/%.*s%s/",      \
+           msg, (int)len, RExC_precomp, ellipses))
+
+#define        FAIL2(msg,arg) _FAIL(                       \
+    Perl_croak(aTHX_ msg " in regex m/%.*s%s/",            \
+           arg, (int)len, RExC_precomp, ellipses))
+
+/*
+ * Simple_vFAIL -- like FAIL, but marks the current location in the scan
+ */
+#define        Simple_vFAIL(m) STMT_START {                                    \
+    const IV offset = RExC_parse - RExC_precomp;                       \
+    Perl_croak(aTHX_ "%s" REPORT_LOCATION,                             \
+           m, (int)offset, RExC_precomp, RExC_precomp + offset);       \
+} STMT_END
+
+/*
+ * Calls SAVEDESTRUCTOR_X if needed, then Simple_vFAIL()
+ */
+#define        vFAIL(m) STMT_START {                           \
+    if (!SIZE_ONLY)                                    \
+       SAVEFREESV(RExC_rx_sv);                         \
+    Simple_vFAIL(m);                                   \
+} STMT_END
+
+/*
+ * Like Simple_vFAIL(), but accepts two arguments.
+ */
+#define        Simple_vFAIL2(m,a1) STMT_START {                        \
+    const IV offset = RExC_parse - RExC_precomp;                       \
+    S_re_croak2(aTHX_ m, REPORT_LOCATION, a1,                  \
+           (int)offset, RExC_precomp, RExC_precomp + offset);  \
+} STMT_END
+
+/*
+ * Calls SAVEDESTRUCTOR_X if needed, then Simple_vFAIL2().
+ */
+#define        vFAIL2(m,a1) STMT_START {                       \
+    if (!SIZE_ONLY)                                    \
+       SAVEFREESV(RExC_rx_sv);                         \
+    Simple_vFAIL2(m, a1);                              \
+} STMT_END
+
+
+/*
+ * Like Simple_vFAIL(), but accepts three arguments.
+ */
+#define        Simple_vFAIL3(m, a1, a2) STMT_START {                   \
+    const IV offset = RExC_parse - RExC_precomp;               \
+    S_re_croak2(aTHX_ m, REPORT_LOCATION, a1, a2,              \
+           (int)offset, RExC_precomp, RExC_precomp + offset);  \
+} STMT_END
+
+/*
+ * Calls SAVEDESTRUCTOR_X if needed, then Simple_vFAIL3().
+ */
+#define        vFAIL3(m,a1,a2) STMT_START {                    \
+    if (!SIZE_ONLY)                                    \
+       SAVEFREESV(RExC_rx_sv);                         \
+    Simple_vFAIL3(m, a1, a2);                          \
+} STMT_END
+
+/*
+ * Like Simple_vFAIL(), but accepts four arguments.
+ */
+#define        Simple_vFAIL4(m, a1, a2, a3) STMT_START {               \
+    const IV offset = RExC_parse - RExC_precomp;               \
+    S_re_croak2(aTHX_ m, REPORT_LOCATION, a1, a2, a3,          \
+           (int)offset, RExC_precomp, RExC_precomp + offset);  \
+} STMT_END
+
+#define        vFAIL4(m,a1,a2,a3) STMT_START {                 \
+    if (!SIZE_ONLY)                                    \
+       SAVEFREESV(RExC_rx_sv);                         \
+    Simple_vFAIL4(m, a1, a2, a3);                      \
+} STMT_END
+
+/* m is not necessarily a "literal string", in this macro */
+#define reg_warn_non_literal_string(loc, m) STMT_START {                \
+    const IV offset = loc - RExC_precomp;                               \
+    Perl_warner(aTHX_ packWARN(WARN_REGEXP), "%s" REPORT_LOCATION,      \
+            m, (int)offset, RExC_precomp, RExC_precomp + offset);       \
+} STMT_END
+
+#define        ckWARNreg(loc,m) STMT_START {                                   \
+    const IV offset = loc - RExC_precomp;                              \
+    Perl_ck_warner(aTHX_ packWARN(WARN_REGEXP), m REPORT_LOCATION,     \
+           (int)offset, RExC_precomp, RExC_precomp + offset);          \
+} STMT_END
+
+#define        vWARN_dep(loc, m) STMT_START {                                  \
+    const IV offset = loc - RExC_precomp;                              \
+    Perl_warner(aTHX_ packWARN(WARN_DEPRECATED), m REPORT_LOCATION,    \
+           (int)offset, RExC_precomp, RExC_precomp + offset);          \
+} STMT_END
+
+#define        ckWARNdep(loc,m) STMT_START {                                   \
+    const IV offset = loc - RExC_precomp;                              \
+    Perl_ck_warner_d(aTHX_ packWARN(WARN_DEPRECATED),                  \
+           m REPORT_LOCATION,                                          \
+           (int)offset, RExC_precomp, RExC_precomp + offset);          \
+} STMT_END
+
+#define        ckWARNregdep(loc,m) STMT_START {                                \
+    const IV offset = loc - RExC_precomp;                              \
+    Perl_ck_warner_d(aTHX_ packWARN2(WARN_DEPRECATED, WARN_REGEXP),    \
+           m REPORT_LOCATION,                                          \
+           (int)offset, RExC_precomp, RExC_precomp + offset);          \
+} STMT_END
+
+#define        ckWARN2reg_d(loc,m, a1) STMT_START {                            \
+    const IV offset = loc - RExC_precomp;                              \
+    Perl_ck_warner_d(aTHX_ packWARN(WARN_REGEXP),                      \
+           m REPORT_LOCATION,                                          \
+           a1, (int)offset, RExC_precomp, RExC_precomp + offset);      \
+} STMT_END
+
+#define        ckWARN2reg(loc, m, a1) STMT_START {                             \
+    const IV offset = loc - RExC_precomp;                              \
+    Perl_ck_warner(aTHX_ packWARN(WARN_REGEXP), m REPORT_LOCATION,     \
+           a1, (int)offset, RExC_precomp, RExC_precomp + offset);      \
+} STMT_END
+
+#define        vWARN3(loc, m, a1, a2) STMT_START {                             \
+    const IV offset = loc - RExC_precomp;                              \
+    Perl_warner(aTHX_ packWARN(WARN_REGEXP), m REPORT_LOCATION,                \
+           a1, a2, (int)offset, RExC_precomp, RExC_precomp + offset);  \
+} STMT_END
+
+#define        ckWARN3reg(loc, m, a1, a2) STMT_START {                         \
+    const IV offset = loc - RExC_precomp;                              \
+    Perl_ck_warner(aTHX_ packWARN(WARN_REGEXP), m REPORT_LOCATION,     \
+           a1, a2, (int)offset, RExC_precomp, RExC_precomp + offset);  \
+} STMT_END
+
+#define        vWARN4(loc, m, a1, a2, a3) STMT_START {                         \
+    const IV offset = loc - RExC_precomp;                              \
+    Perl_warner(aTHX_ packWARN(WARN_REGEXP), m REPORT_LOCATION,                \
+           a1, a2, a3, (int)offset, RExC_precomp, RExC_precomp + offset); \
+} STMT_END
+
+#define        ckWARN4reg(loc, m, a1, a2, a3) STMT_START {                     \
+    const IV offset = loc - RExC_precomp;                              \
+    Perl_ck_warner(aTHX_ packWARN(WARN_REGEXP), m REPORT_LOCATION,     \
+           a1, a2, a3, (int)offset, RExC_precomp, RExC_precomp + offset); \
+} STMT_END
+
+#define        vWARN5(loc, m, a1, a2, a3, a4) STMT_START {                     \
+    const IV offset = loc - RExC_precomp;                              \
+    Perl_warner(aTHX_ packWARN(WARN_REGEXP), m REPORT_LOCATION,                \
+           a1, a2, a3, a4, (int)offset, RExC_precomp, RExC_precomp + offset); \
+} STMT_END
+
+
+/* Allow for side effects in s */
+#define REGC(c,s) STMT_START {                 \
+    if (!SIZE_ONLY) *(s) = (c); else (void)(s);        \
+} STMT_END
+
+/* Macros for recording node offsets.   20001227 mjd@plover.com 
+ * Nodes are numbered 1, 2, 3, 4.  Node #n's position is recorded in
+ * element 2*n-1 of the array.  Element #2n holds the byte length node #n.
+ * Element 0 holds the number n.
+ * Position is 1 indexed.
+ */
+#ifndef RE_TRACK_PATTERN_OFFSETS
+#define Set_Node_Offset_To_R(node,byte)
+#define Set_Node_Offset(node,byte)
+#define Set_Cur_Node_Offset
+#define Set_Node_Length_To_R(node,len)
+#define Set_Node_Length(node,len)
+#define Set_Node_Cur_Length(node,start)
+#define Node_Offset(n) 
+#define Node_Length(n) 
+#define Set_Node_Offset_Length(node,offset,len)
+#define ProgLen(ri) ri->u.proglen
+#define SetProgLen(ri,x) ri->u.proglen = x
+#else
+#define ProgLen(ri) ri->u.offsets[0]
+#define SetProgLen(ri,x) ri->u.offsets[0] = x
+#define Set_Node_Offset_To_R(node,byte) STMT_START {                   \
+    if (! SIZE_ONLY) {                                                 \
+       MJD_OFFSET_DEBUG(("** (%d) offset of node %d is %d.\n",         \
+                   __LINE__, (int)(node), (int)(byte)));               \
+       if((node) < 0) {                                                \
+           Perl_croak(aTHX_ "value of node is %d in Offset macro", (int)(node)); \
+       } else {                                                        \
+           RExC_offsets[2*(node)-1] = (byte);                          \
+       }                                                               \
+    }                                                                  \
+} STMT_END
+
+#define Set_Node_Offset(node,byte) \
+    Set_Node_Offset_To_R((node)-RExC_emit_start, (byte)-RExC_start)
+#define Set_Cur_Node_Offset Set_Node_Offset(RExC_emit, RExC_parse)
+
+#define Set_Node_Length_To_R(node,len) STMT_START {                    \
+    if (! SIZE_ONLY) {                                                 \
+       MJD_OFFSET_DEBUG(("** (%d) size of node %d is %d.\n",           \
+               __LINE__, (int)(node), (int)(len)));                    \
+       if((node) < 0) {                                                \
+           Perl_croak(aTHX_ "value of node is %d in Length macro", (int)(node)); \
+       } else {                                                        \
+           RExC_offsets[2*(node)] = (len);                             \
+       }                                                               \
+    }                                                                  \
+} STMT_END
+
+#define Set_Node_Length(node,len) \
+    Set_Node_Length_To_R((node)-RExC_emit_start, len)
+#define Set_Node_Cur_Length(node, start)                \
+    Set_Node_Length(node, RExC_parse - start)
+
+/* Get offsets and lengths */
+#define Node_Offset(n) (RExC_offsets[2*((n)-RExC_emit_start)-1])
+#define Node_Length(n) (RExC_offsets[2*((n)-RExC_emit_start)])
+
+#define Set_Node_Offset_Length(node,offset,len) STMT_START {   \
+    Set_Node_Offset_To_R((node)-RExC_emit_start, (offset));    \
+    Set_Node_Length_To_R((node)-RExC_emit_start, (len));       \
+} STMT_END
+#endif
+
+#if PERL_ENABLE_EXPERIMENTAL_REGEX_OPTIMISATIONS
+#define EXPERIMENTAL_INPLACESCAN
+#endif /*PERL_ENABLE_EXPERIMENTAL_REGEX_OPTIMISATIONS*/
+
+#define DEBUG_STUDYDATA(str,data,depth)                              \
+DEBUG_OPTIMISE_MORE_r(if(data){                                      \
+    PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log,                                    \
+        "%*s" str "Pos:%"IVdf"/%"IVdf                                \
+        " Flags: 0x%"UVXf" Whilem_c: %"IVdf" Lcp: %"IVdf" %s",       \
+        (int)(depth)*2, "",                                          \
+        (IV)((data)->pos_min),                                       \
+        (IV)((data)->pos_delta),                                     \
+        (UV)((data)->flags),                                         \
+        (IV)((data)->whilem_c),                                      \
+        (IV)((data)->last_closep ? *((data)->last_closep) : -1),     \
+        is_inf ? "INF " : ""                                         \
+    );                                                               \
+    if ((data)->last_found)                                          \
+        PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log,                                \
+            "Last:'%s' %"IVdf":%"IVdf"/%"IVdf" %sFixed:'%s' @ %"IVdf \
+            " %sFloat: '%s' @ %"IVdf"/%"IVdf"",                      \
+            SvPVX_const((data)->last_found),                         \
+            (IV)((data)->last_end),                                  \
+            (IV)((data)->last_start_min),                            \
+            (IV)((data)->last_start_max),                            \
+            ((data)->longest &&                                      \
+             (data)->longest==&((data)->longest_fixed)) ? "*" : "",  \
+            SvPVX_const((data)->longest_fixed),                      \
+            (IV)((data)->offset_fixed),                              \
+            ((data)->longest &&                                      \
+             (data)->longest==&((data)->longest_float)) ? "*" : "",  \
+            SvPVX_const((data)->longest_float),                      \
+            (IV)((data)->offset_float_min),                          \
+            (IV)((data)->offset_float_max)                           \
+        );                                                           \
+    PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log,"\n");                              \
+});
+
+/* Mark that we cannot extend a found fixed substring at this point.
+   Update the longest found anchored substring and the longest found
+   floating substrings if needed. */
+
+STATIC void
+S_scan_commit(pTHX_ const RExC_state_t *pRExC_state, scan_data_t *data, I32 *minlenp, int is_inf)
+{
+    const STRLEN l = CHR_SVLEN(data->last_found);
+    const STRLEN old_l = CHR_SVLEN(*data->longest);
+    GET_RE_DEBUG_FLAGS_DECL;
+
+    PERL_ARGS_ASSERT_SCAN_COMMIT;
+
+    if ((l >= old_l) && ((l > old_l) || (data->flags & SF_BEFORE_EOL))) {
+       SvSetMagicSV(*data->longest, data->last_found);
+       if (*data->longest == data->longest_fixed) {
+           data->offset_fixed = l ? data->last_start_min : data->pos_min;
+           if (data->flags & SF_BEFORE_EOL)
+               data->flags
+                   |= ((data->flags & SF_BEFORE_EOL) << SF_FIX_SHIFT_EOL);
+           else
+               data->flags &= ~SF_FIX_BEFORE_EOL;
+           data->minlen_fixed=minlenp;
+           data->lookbehind_fixed=0;
+       }
+       else { /* *data->longest == data->longest_float */
+           data->offset_float_min = l ? data->last_start_min : data->pos_min;
+           data->offset_float_max = (l
+                                     ? data->last_start_max
+                                     : (data->pos_delta == I32_MAX ? I32_MAX : data->pos_min + data->pos_delta));
+           if (is_inf || (U32)data->offset_float_max > (U32)I32_MAX)
+               data->offset_float_max = I32_MAX;
+           if (data->flags & SF_BEFORE_EOL)
+               data->flags
+                   |= ((data->flags & SF_BEFORE_EOL) << SF_FL_SHIFT_EOL);
+           else
+               data->flags &= ~SF_FL_BEFORE_EOL;
+            data->minlen_float=minlenp;
+            data->lookbehind_float=0;
+       }
+    }
+    SvCUR_set(data->last_found, 0);
+    {
+       SV * const sv = data->last_found;
+       if (SvUTF8(sv) && SvMAGICAL(sv)) {
+           MAGIC * const mg = mg_find(sv, PERL_MAGIC_utf8);
+           if (mg)
+               mg->mg_len = 0;
+       }
+    }
+    data->last_end = -1;
+    data->flags &= ~SF_BEFORE_EOL;
+    DEBUG_STUDYDATA("commit: ",data,0);
+}
+
+/* These macros set, clear and test whether the synthetic start class ('ssc',
+ * given by the parameter) matches an empty string (EOS).  This uses the
+ * 'next_off' field in the node, to save a bit in the flags field.  The ssc
+ * stands alone, so there is never a next_off, so this field is otherwise
+ * unused.  The EOS information is used only for compilation, but theoretically
+ * it could be passed on to the execution code.  This could be used to store
+ * more than one bit of information, but only this one is currently used. */
+#define SET_SSC_EOS(node)   STMT_START { (node)->next_off = TRUE; } STMT_END
+#define CLEAR_SSC_EOS(node) STMT_START { (node)->next_off = FALSE; } STMT_END
+#define TEST_SSC_EOS(node)  cBOOL((node)->next_off)
+
+/* Can match anything (initialization) */
+STATIC void
+S_cl_anything(const RExC_state_t *pRExC_state, struct regnode_charclass_class *cl)
+{
+    PERL_ARGS_ASSERT_CL_ANYTHING;
+
+    ANYOF_BITMAP_SETALL(cl);
+    cl->flags = ANYOF_UNICODE_ALL;
+    SET_SSC_EOS(cl);
+
+    /* If any portion of the regex is to operate under locale rules,
+     * initialization includes it.  The reason this isn't done for all regexes
+     * is that the optimizer was written under the assumption that locale was
+     * all-or-nothing.  Given the complexity and lack of documentation in the
+     * optimizer, and that there are inadequate test cases for locale, so many
+     * parts of it may not work properly, it is safest to avoid locale unless
+     * necessary. */
+    if (RExC_contains_locale) {
+       ANYOF_CLASS_SETALL(cl);     /* /l uses class */
+       cl->flags |= ANYOF_LOCALE|ANYOF_CLASS|ANYOF_LOC_FOLD;
+    }
+    else {
+       ANYOF_CLASS_ZERO(cl);       /* Only /l uses class now */
+    }
+}
+
+/* Can match anything (initialization) */
+STATIC int
+S_cl_is_anything(const struct regnode_charclass_class *cl)
+{
+    int value;
+
+    PERL_ARGS_ASSERT_CL_IS_ANYTHING;
+
+    for (value = 0; value < ANYOF_MAX; value += 2)
+       if (ANYOF_CLASS_TEST(cl, value) && ANYOF_CLASS_TEST(cl, value + 1))
+           return 1;
+    if (!(cl->flags & ANYOF_UNICODE_ALL))
+       return 0;
+    if (!ANYOF_BITMAP_TESTALLSET((const void*)cl))
+       return 0;
+    return 1;
+}
+
+/* Can match anything (initialization) */
+STATIC void
+S_cl_init(const RExC_state_t *pRExC_state, struct regnode_charclass_class *cl)
+{
+    PERL_ARGS_ASSERT_CL_INIT;
+
+    Zero(cl, 1, struct regnode_charclass_class);
+    cl->type = ANYOF;
+    cl_anything(pRExC_state, cl);
+    ARG_SET(cl, ANYOF_NONBITMAP_EMPTY);
+}
+
+/* These two functions currently do the exact same thing */
+#define cl_init_zero           S_cl_init
+
+/* 'AND' a given class with another one.  Can create false positives.  'cl'
+ * should not be inverted.  'and_with->flags & ANYOF_CLASS' should be 0 if
+ * 'and_with' is a regnode_charclass instead of a regnode_charclass_class. */
+STATIC void
+S_cl_and(struct regnode_charclass_class *cl,
+       const struct regnode_charclass_class *and_with)
+{
+    PERL_ARGS_ASSERT_CL_AND;
+
+    assert(PL_regkind[and_with->type] == ANYOF);
+
+    /* I (khw) am not sure all these restrictions are necessary XXX */
+    if (!(ANYOF_CLASS_TEST_ANY_SET(and_with))
+       && !(ANYOF_CLASS_TEST_ANY_SET(cl))
+       && (and_with->flags & ANYOF_LOCALE) == (cl->flags & ANYOF_LOCALE)
+       && !(and_with->flags & ANYOF_LOC_FOLD)
+       && !(cl->flags & ANYOF_LOC_FOLD)) {
+       int i;
+
+       if (and_with->flags & ANYOF_INVERT)
+           for (i = 0; i < ANYOF_BITMAP_SIZE; i++)
+               cl->bitmap[i] &= ~and_with->bitmap[i];
+       else
+           for (i = 0; i < ANYOF_BITMAP_SIZE; i++)
+               cl->bitmap[i] &= and_with->bitmap[i];
+    } /* XXXX: logic is complicated otherwise, leave it along for a moment. */
+
+    if (and_with->flags & ANYOF_INVERT) {
+
+        /* Here, the and'ed node is inverted.  Get the AND of the flags that
+         * aren't affected by the inversion.  Those that are affected are
+         * handled individually below */
+       U8 affected_flags = cl->flags & ~INVERSION_UNAFFECTED_FLAGS;
+       cl->flags &= (and_with->flags & INVERSION_UNAFFECTED_FLAGS);
+       cl->flags |= affected_flags;
+
+        /* We currently don't know how to deal with things that aren't in the
+         * bitmap, but we know that the intersection is no greater than what
+         * is already in cl, so let there be false positives that get sorted
+         * out after the synthetic start class succeeds, and the node is
+         * matched for real. */
+
+        /* The inversion of these two flags indicate that the resulting
+         * intersection doesn't have them */
+       if (and_with->flags & ANYOF_UNICODE_ALL) {
+           cl->flags &= ~ANYOF_UNICODE_ALL;
+       }
+       if (and_with->flags & ANYOF_NON_UTF8_LATIN1_ALL) {
+           cl->flags &= ~ANYOF_NON_UTF8_LATIN1_ALL;
+       }
+    }
+    else {   /* and'd node is not inverted */
+       U8 outside_bitmap_but_not_utf8; /* Temp variable */
+
+       if (! ANYOF_NONBITMAP(and_with)) {
+
+            /* Here 'and_with' doesn't match anything outside the bitmap
+             * (except possibly ANYOF_UNICODE_ALL), which means the
+             * intersection can't either, except for ANYOF_UNICODE_ALL, in
+             * which case we don't know what the intersection is, but it's no
+             * greater than what cl already has, so can just leave it alone,
+             * with possible false positives */
+            if (! (and_with->flags & ANYOF_UNICODE_ALL)) {
+                ARG_SET(cl, ANYOF_NONBITMAP_EMPTY);
+               cl->flags &= ~ANYOF_NONBITMAP_NON_UTF8;
+            }
+       }
+       else if (! ANYOF_NONBITMAP(cl)) {
+
+           /* Here, 'and_with' does match something outside the bitmap, and cl
+            * doesn't have a list of things to match outside the bitmap.  If
+             * cl can match all code points above 255, the intersection will
+             * be those above-255 code points that 'and_with' matches.  If cl
+             * can't match all Unicode code points, it means that it can't
+             * match anything outside the bitmap (since the 'if' that got us
+             * into this block tested for that), so we leave the bitmap empty.
+             */
+           if (cl->flags & ANYOF_UNICODE_ALL) {
+               ARG_SET(cl, ARG(and_with));
+
+                /* and_with's ARG may match things that don't require UTF8.
+                 * And now cl's will too, in spite of this being an 'and'.  See
+                 * the comments below about the kludge */
+               cl->flags |= and_with->flags & ANYOF_NONBITMAP_NON_UTF8;
+           }
+       }
+       else {
+            /* Here, both 'and_with' and cl match something outside the
+             * bitmap.  Currently we do not do the intersection, so just match
+             * whatever cl had at the beginning.  */
+       }
+
+
+        /* Take the intersection of the two sets of flags.  However, the
+         * ANYOF_NONBITMAP_NON_UTF8 flag is treated as an 'or'.  This is a
+         * kludge around the fact that this flag is not treated like the others
+         * which are initialized in cl_anything().  The way the optimizer works
+         * is that the synthetic start class (SSC) is initialized to match
+         * anything, and then the first time a real node is encountered, its
+         * values are AND'd with the SSC's with the result being the values of
+         * the real node.  However, there are paths through the optimizer where
+         * the AND never gets called, so those initialized bits are set
+         * inappropriately, which is not usually a big deal, as they just cause
+         * false positives in the SSC, which will just mean a probably
+         * imperceptible slow down in execution.  However this bit has a
+         * higher false positive consequence in that it can cause utf8.pm,
+         * utf8_heavy.pl ... to be loaded when not necessary, which is a much
+         * bigger slowdown and also causes significant extra memory to be used.
+         * In order to prevent this, the code now takes a different tack.  The
+         * bit isn't set unless some part of the regular expression needs it,
+         * but once set it won't get cleared.  This means that these extra
+         * modules won't get loaded unless there was some path through the
+         * pattern that would have required them anyway, and  so any false
+         * positives that occur by not ANDing them out when they could be
+         * aren't as severe as they would be if we treated this bit like all
+         * the others */
+        outside_bitmap_but_not_utf8 = (cl->flags | and_with->flags)
+                                      & ANYOF_NONBITMAP_NON_UTF8;
+       cl->flags &= and_with->flags;
+       cl->flags |= outside_bitmap_but_not_utf8;
+    }
+}
+
+/* 'OR' a given class with another one.  Can create false positives.  'cl'
+ * should not be inverted.  'or_with->flags & ANYOF_CLASS' should be 0 if
+ * 'or_with' is a regnode_charclass instead of a regnode_charclass_class. */
+STATIC void
+S_cl_or(const RExC_state_t *pRExC_state, struct regnode_charclass_class *cl, const struct regnode_charclass_class *or_with)
+{
+    PERL_ARGS_ASSERT_CL_OR;
+
+    if (or_with->flags & ANYOF_INVERT) {
+
+        /* Here, the or'd node is to be inverted.  This means we take the
+         * complement of everything not in the bitmap, but currently we don't
+         * know what that is, so give up and match anything */
+       if (ANYOF_NONBITMAP(or_with)) {
+           cl_anything(pRExC_state, cl);
+       }
+       /* We do not use
+        * (B1 | CL1) | (!B2 & !CL2) = (B1 | !B2 & !CL2) | (CL1 | (!B2 & !CL2))
+        *   <= (B1 | !B2) | (CL1 | !CL2)
+        * which is wasteful if CL2 is small, but we ignore CL2:
+        *   (B1 | CL1) | (!B2 & !CL2) <= (B1 | CL1) | !B2 = (B1 | !B2) | CL1
+        * XXXX Can we handle case-fold?  Unclear:
+        *   (OK1(i) | OK1(i')) | !(OK1(i) | OK1(i')) =
+        *   (OK1(i) | OK1(i')) | (!OK1(i) & !OK1(i'))
+        */
+       else if ( (or_with->flags & ANYOF_LOCALE) == (cl->flags & ANYOF_LOCALE)
+            && !(or_with->flags & ANYOF_LOC_FOLD)
+            && !(cl->flags & ANYOF_LOC_FOLD) ) {
+           int i;
+
+           for (i = 0; i < ANYOF_BITMAP_SIZE; i++)
+               cl->bitmap[i] |= ~or_with->bitmap[i];
+       } /* XXXX: logic is complicated otherwise */
+       else {
+           cl_anything(pRExC_state, cl);
+       }
+
+        /* And, we can just take the union of the flags that aren't affected
+         * by the inversion */
+       cl->flags |= or_with->flags & INVERSION_UNAFFECTED_FLAGS;
+
+        /* For the remaining flags:
+            ANYOF_UNICODE_ALL and inverted means to not match anything above
+                    255, which means that the union with cl should just be
+                    what cl has in it, so can ignore this flag
+            ANYOF_NON_UTF8_LATIN1_ALL and inverted means if not utf8 and ord
+                    is 127-255 to match them, but then invert that, so the
+                    union with cl should just be what cl has in it, so can
+                    ignore this flag
+         */
+    } else {    /* 'or_with' is not inverted */
+       /* (B1 | CL1) | (B2 | CL2) = (B1 | B2) | (CL1 | CL2)) */
+       if ( (or_with->flags & ANYOF_LOCALE) == (cl->flags & ANYOF_LOCALE)
+            && (!(or_with->flags & ANYOF_LOC_FOLD)
+                || (cl->flags & ANYOF_LOC_FOLD)) ) {
+           int i;
+
+           /* OR char bitmap and class bitmap separately */
+           for (i = 0; i < ANYOF_BITMAP_SIZE; i++)
+               cl->bitmap[i] |= or_with->bitmap[i];
+            if (or_with->flags & ANYOF_CLASS) {
+                ANYOF_CLASS_OR(or_with, cl);
+            }
+       }
+       else { /* XXXX: logic is complicated, leave it along for a moment. */
+           cl_anything(pRExC_state, cl);
+       }
+
+       if (ANYOF_NONBITMAP(or_with)) {
+
+           /* Use the added node's outside-the-bit-map match if there isn't a
+            * conflict.  If there is a conflict (both nodes match something
+            * outside the bitmap, but what they match outside is not the same
+            * pointer, and hence not easily compared until XXX we extend
+            * inversion lists this far), give up and allow the start class to
+            * match everything outside the bitmap.  If that stuff is all above
+            * 255, can just set UNICODE_ALL, otherwise caould be anything. */
+           if (! ANYOF_NONBITMAP(cl)) {
+               ARG_SET(cl, ARG(or_with));
+           }
+           else if (ARG(cl) != ARG(or_with)) {
+
+               if ((or_with->flags & ANYOF_NONBITMAP_NON_UTF8)) {
+                   cl_anything(pRExC_state, cl);
+               }
+               else {
+                   cl->flags |= ANYOF_UNICODE_ALL;
+               }
+           }
+       }
+
+        /* Take the union */
+       cl->flags |= or_with->flags;
+    }
+}
+
+#define TRIE_LIST_ITEM(state,idx) (trie->states[state].trans.list)[ idx ]
+#define TRIE_LIST_CUR(state)  ( TRIE_LIST_ITEM( state, 0 ).forid )
+#define TRIE_LIST_LEN(state) ( TRIE_LIST_ITEM( state, 0 ).newstate )
+#define TRIE_LIST_USED(idx)  ( trie->states[state].trans.list ? (TRIE_LIST_CUR( idx ) - 1) : 0 )
+
+
+#ifdef DEBUGGING
+/*
+   dump_trie(trie,widecharmap,revcharmap)
+   dump_trie_interim_list(trie,widecharmap,revcharmap,next_alloc)
+   dump_trie_interim_table(trie,widecharmap,revcharmap,next_alloc)
+
+   These routines dump out a trie in a somewhat readable format.
+   The _interim_ variants are used for debugging the interim
+   tables that are used to generate the final compressed
+   representation which is what dump_trie expects.
+
+   Part of the reason for their existence is to provide a form
+   of documentation as to how the different representations function.
+
+*/
+
+/*
+  Dumps the final compressed table form of the trie to Perl_debug_log.
+  Used for debugging make_trie().
+*/
+
+STATIC void
+S_dump_trie(pTHX_ const struct _reg_trie_data *trie, HV *widecharmap,
+           AV *revcharmap, U32 depth)
+{
+    U32 state;
+    SV *sv=sv_newmortal();
+    int colwidth= widecharmap ? 6 : 4;
+    U16 word;
+    GET_RE_DEBUG_FLAGS_DECL;
+
+    PERL_ARGS_ASSERT_DUMP_TRIE;
+
+    PerlIO_printf( Perl_debug_log, "%*sChar : %-6s%-6s%-4s ",
+        (int)depth * 2 + 2,"",
+        "Match","Base","Ofs" );
+
+    for( state = 0 ; state < trie->uniquecharcount ; state++ ) {
+       SV ** const tmp = av_fetch( revcharmap, state, 0);
+        if ( tmp ) {
+            PerlIO_printf( Perl_debug_log, "%*s", 
+                colwidth,
+                pv_pretty(sv, SvPV_nolen_const(*tmp), SvCUR(*tmp), colwidth, 
+                           PL_colors[0], PL_colors[1],
+                           (SvUTF8(*tmp) ? PERL_PV_ESCAPE_UNI : 0) |
+                           PERL_PV_ESCAPE_FIRSTCHAR 
+                ) 
+            );
+        }
+    }
+    PerlIO_printf( Perl_debug_log, "\n%*sState|-----------------------",
+        (int)depth * 2 + 2,"");
+
+    for( state = 0 ; state < trie->uniquecharcount ; state++ )
+        PerlIO_printf( Perl_debug_log, "%.*s", colwidth, "--------");
+    PerlIO_printf( Perl_debug_log, "\n");
+
+    for( state = 1 ; state < trie->statecount ; state++ ) {
+       const U32 base = trie->states[ state ].trans.base;
+
+        PerlIO_printf( Perl_debug_log, "%*s#%4"UVXf"|", (int)depth * 2 + 2,"", (UV)state);
+
+        if ( trie->states[ state ].wordnum ) {
+            PerlIO_printf( Perl_debug_log, " W%4X", trie->states[ state ].wordnum );
+        } else {
+            PerlIO_printf( Perl_debug_log, "%6s", "" );
+        }
+
+        PerlIO_printf( Perl_debug_log, " @%4"UVXf" ", (UV)base );
+
+        if ( base ) {
+            U32 ofs = 0;
+
+            while( ( base + ofs  < trie->uniquecharcount ) ||
+                   ( base + ofs - trie->uniquecharcount < trie->lasttrans
+                     && trie->trans[ base + ofs - trie->uniquecharcount ].check != state))
+                    ofs++;
+
+            PerlIO_printf( Perl_debug_log, "+%2"UVXf"[ ", (UV)ofs);
+
+            for ( ofs = 0 ; ofs < trie->uniquecharcount ; ofs++ ) {
+                if ( ( base + ofs >= trie->uniquecharcount ) &&
+                     ( base + ofs - trie->uniquecharcount < trie->lasttrans ) &&
+                     trie->trans[ base + ofs - trie->uniquecharcount ].check == state )
+                {
+                   PerlIO_printf( Perl_debug_log, "%*"UVXf,
+                    colwidth,
+                    (UV)trie->trans[ base + ofs - trie->uniquecharcount ].next );
+                } else {
+                    PerlIO_printf( Perl_debug_log, "%*s",colwidth,"   ." );
+                }
+            }
+
+            PerlIO_printf( Perl_debug_log, "]");
+
+        }
+        PerlIO_printf( Perl_debug_log, "\n" );
+    }
+    PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log, "%*sword_info N:(prev,len)=", (int)depth*2, "");
+    for (word=1; word <= trie->wordcount; word++) {
+       PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log, " %d:(%d,%d)",
+           (int)word, (int)(trie->wordinfo[word].prev),
+           (int)(trie->wordinfo[word].len));
+    }
+    PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log, "\n" );
+}    
+/*
+  Dumps a fully constructed but uncompressed trie in list form.
+  List tries normally only are used for construction when the number of 
+  possible chars (trie->uniquecharcount) is very high.
+  Used for debugging make_trie().
+*/
+STATIC void
+S_dump_trie_interim_list(pTHX_ const struct _reg_trie_data *trie,
+                        HV *widecharmap, AV *revcharmap, U32 next_alloc,
+                        U32 depth)
+{
+    U32 state;
+    SV *sv=sv_newmortal();
+    int colwidth= widecharmap ? 6 : 4;
+    GET_RE_DEBUG_FLAGS_DECL;
+
+    PERL_ARGS_ASSERT_DUMP_TRIE_INTERIM_LIST;
+
+    /* print out the table precompression.  */
+    PerlIO_printf( Perl_debug_log, "%*sState :Word | Transition Data\n%*s%s",
+        (int)depth * 2 + 2,"", (int)depth * 2 + 2,"",
+        "------:-----+-----------------\n" );
+    
+    for( state=1 ; state < next_alloc ; state ++ ) {
+        U16 charid;
+    
+        PerlIO_printf( Perl_debug_log, "%*s %4"UVXf" :",
+            (int)depth * 2 + 2,"", (UV)state  );
+        if ( ! trie->states[ state ].wordnum ) {
+            PerlIO_printf( Perl_debug_log, "%5s| ","");
+        } else {
+            PerlIO_printf( Perl_debug_log, "W%4x| ",
+                trie->states[ state ].wordnum
+            );
+        }
+        for( charid = 1 ; charid <= TRIE_LIST_USED( state ) ; charid++ ) {
+           SV ** const tmp = av_fetch( revcharmap, TRIE_LIST_ITEM(state,charid).forid, 0);
+           if ( tmp ) {
+                PerlIO_printf( Perl_debug_log, "%*s:%3X=%4"UVXf" | ",
+                    colwidth,
+                    pv_pretty(sv, SvPV_nolen_const(*tmp), SvCUR(*tmp), colwidth, 
+                           PL_colors[0], PL_colors[1],
+                           (SvUTF8(*tmp) ? PERL_PV_ESCAPE_UNI : 0) |
+                           PERL_PV_ESCAPE_FIRSTCHAR 
+                    ) ,
+                    TRIE_LIST_ITEM(state,charid).forid,
+                    (UV)TRIE_LIST_ITEM(state,charid).newstate
+                );
+                if (!(charid % 10)) 
+                    PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log, "\n%*s| ",
+                        (int)((depth * 2) + 14), "");
+            }
+        }
+        PerlIO_printf( Perl_debug_log, "\n");
+    }
+}    
+
+/*
+  Dumps a fully constructed but uncompressed trie in table form.
+  This is the normal DFA style state transition table, with a few 
+  twists to facilitate compression later. 
+  Used for debugging make_trie().
+*/
+STATIC void
+S_dump_trie_interim_table(pTHX_ const struct _reg_trie_data *trie,
+                         HV *widecharmap, AV *revcharmap, U32 next_alloc,
+                         U32 depth)
+{
+    U32 state;
+    U16 charid;
+    SV *sv=sv_newmortal();
+    int colwidth= widecharmap ? 6 : 4;
+    GET_RE_DEBUG_FLAGS_DECL;
+
+    PERL_ARGS_ASSERT_DUMP_TRIE_INTERIM_TABLE;
+    
+    /*
+       print out the table precompression so that we can do a visual check
+       that they are identical.
+     */
+    
+    PerlIO_printf( Perl_debug_log, "%*sChar : ",(int)depth * 2 + 2,"" );
+
+    for( charid = 0 ; charid < trie->uniquecharcount ; charid++ ) {
+       SV ** const tmp = av_fetch( revcharmap, charid, 0);
+        if ( tmp ) {
+            PerlIO_printf( Perl_debug_log, "%*s", 
+                colwidth,
+                pv_pretty(sv, SvPV_nolen_const(*tmp), SvCUR(*tmp), colwidth, 
+                           PL_colors[0], PL_colors[1],
+                           (SvUTF8(*tmp) ? PERL_PV_ESCAPE_UNI : 0) |
+                           PERL_PV_ESCAPE_FIRSTCHAR 
+                ) 
+            );
+        }
+    }
+
+    PerlIO_printf( Perl_debug_log, "\n%*sState+-",(int)depth * 2 + 2,"" );
+
+    for( charid=0 ; charid < trie->uniquecharcount ; charid++ ) {
+        PerlIO_printf( Perl_debug_log, "%.*s", colwidth,"--------");
+    }
+
+    PerlIO_printf( Perl_debug_log, "\n" );
+
+    for( state=1 ; state < next_alloc ; state += trie->uniquecharcount ) {
+
+        PerlIO_printf( Perl_debug_log, "%*s%4"UVXf" : ", 
+            (int)depth * 2 + 2,"",
+            (UV)TRIE_NODENUM( state ) );
+
+        for( charid = 0 ; charid < trie->uniquecharcount ; charid++ ) {
+            UV v=(UV)SAFE_TRIE_NODENUM( trie->trans[ state + charid ].next );
+            if (v)
+                PerlIO_printf( Perl_debug_log, "%*"UVXf, colwidth, v );
+            else
+                PerlIO_printf( Perl_debug_log, "%*s", colwidth, "." );
+        }
+        if ( ! trie->states[ TRIE_NODENUM( state ) ].wordnum ) {
+            PerlIO_printf( Perl_debug_log, " (%4"UVXf")\n", (UV)trie->trans[ state ].check );
+        } else {
+            PerlIO_printf( Perl_debug_log, " (%4"UVXf") W%4X\n", (UV)trie->trans[ state ].check,
+            trie->states[ TRIE_NODENUM( state ) ].wordnum );
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+#endif
+
+
+/* make_trie(startbranch,first,last,tail,word_count,flags,depth)
+  startbranch: the first branch in the whole branch sequence
+  first      : start branch of sequence of branch-exact nodes.
+              May be the same as startbranch
+  last       : Thing following the last branch.
+              May be the same as tail.
+  tail       : item following the branch sequence
+  count      : words in the sequence
+  flags      : currently the OP() type we will be building one of /EXACT(|F|Fl)/
+  depth      : indent depth
+
+Inplace optimizes a sequence of 2 or more Branch-Exact nodes into a TRIE node.
+
+A trie is an N'ary tree where the branches are determined by digital
+decomposition of the key. IE, at the root node you look up the 1st character and
+follow that branch repeat until you find the end of the branches. Nodes can be
+marked as "accepting" meaning they represent a complete word. Eg:
+
+  /he|she|his|hers/
+
+would convert into the following structure. Numbers represent states, letters
+following numbers represent valid transitions on the letter from that state, if
+the number is in square brackets it represents an accepting state, otherwise it
+will be in parenthesis.
+
+      +-h->+-e->[3]-+-r->(8)-+-s->[9]
+      |    |
+      |   (2)
+      |    |
+     (1)   +-i->(6)-+-s->[7]
+      |
+      +-s->(3)-+-h->(4)-+-e->[5]
+
+      Accept Word Mapping: 3=>1 (he),5=>2 (she), 7=>3 (his), 9=>4 (hers)
+
+This shows that when matching against the string 'hers' we will begin at state 1
+read 'h' and move to state 2, read 'e' and move to state 3 which is accepting,
+then read 'r' and go to state 8 followed by 's' which takes us to state 9 which
+is also accepting. Thus we know that we can match both 'he' and 'hers' with a
+single traverse. We store a mapping from accepting to state to which word was
+matched, and then when we have multiple possibilities we try to complete the
+rest of the regex in the order in which they occured in the alternation.
+
+The only prior NFA like behaviour that would be changed by the TRIE support is
+the silent ignoring of duplicate alternations which are of the form:
+
+ / (DUPE|DUPE) X? (?{ ... }) Y /x
+
+Thus EVAL blocks following a trie may be called a different number of times with
+and without the optimisation. With the optimisations dupes will be silently
+ignored. This inconsistent behaviour of EVAL type nodes is well established as
+the following demonstrates:
+
+ 'words'=~/(word|word|word)(?{ print $1 })[xyz]/
+
+which prints out 'word' three times, but
+
+ 'words'=~/(word|word|word)(?{ print $1 })S/
+
+which doesnt print it out at all. This is due to other optimisations kicking in.
+
+Example of what happens on a structural level:
+
+The regexp /(ac|ad|ab)+/ will produce the following debug output:
+
+   1: CURLYM[1] {1,32767}(18)
+   5:   BRANCH(8)
+   6:     EXACT <ac>(16)
+   8:   BRANCH(11)
+   9:     EXACT <ad>(16)
+  11:   BRANCH(14)
+  12:     EXACT <ab>(16)
+  16:   SUCCEED(0)
+  17:   NOTHING(18)
+  18: END(0)
+
+This would be optimizable with startbranch=5, first=5, last=16, tail=16
+and should turn into:
+
+   1: CURLYM[1] {1,32767}(18)
+   5:   TRIE(16)
+       [Words:3 Chars Stored:6 Unique Chars:4 States:5 NCP:1]
+         <ac>
+         <ad>
+         <ab>
+  16:   SUCCEED(0)
+  17:   NOTHING(18)
+  18: END(0)
+
+Cases where tail != last would be like /(?foo|bar)baz/:
+
+   1: BRANCH(4)
+   2:   EXACT <foo>(8)
+   4: BRANCH(7)
+   5:   EXACT <bar>(8)
+   7: TAIL(8)
+   8: EXACT <baz>(10)
+  10: END(0)
+
+which would be optimizable with startbranch=1, first=1, last=7, tail=8
+and would end up looking like:
+
+    1: TRIE(8)
+      [Words:2 Chars Stored:6 Unique Chars:5 States:7 NCP:1]
+       <foo>
+       <bar>
+   7: TAIL(8)
+   8: EXACT <baz>(10)
+  10: END(0)
+
+    d = uvuni_to_utf8_flags(d, uv, 0);
+
+is the recommended Unicode-aware way of saying
+
+    *(d++) = uv;
+*/
+
+#define TRIE_STORE_REVCHAR(val)                                            \
+    STMT_START {                                                           \
+       if (UTF) {                                                         \
+            SV *zlopp = newSV(7); /* XXX: optimize me */                   \
+           unsigned char *flrbbbbb = (unsigned char *) SvPVX(zlopp);      \
+            unsigned const char *const kapow = uvuni_to_utf8(flrbbbbb, val); \
+           SvCUR_set(zlopp, kapow - flrbbbbb);                            \
+           SvPOK_on(zlopp);                                               \
+           SvUTF8_on(zlopp);                                              \
+           av_push(revcharmap, zlopp);                                    \
+       } else {                                                           \
+            char ooooff = (char)val;                                           \
+           av_push(revcharmap, newSVpvn(&ooooff, 1));                     \
+       }                                                                  \
+        } STMT_END
+
+#define TRIE_READ_CHAR STMT_START {                                                     \
+    wordlen++;                                                                          \
+    if ( UTF ) {                                                                        \
+        /* if it is UTF then it is either already folded, or does not need folding */   \
+        uvc = utf8n_to_uvuni( (const U8*) uc, UTF8_MAXLEN, &len, uniflags);             \
+    }                                                                                   \
+    else if (folder == PL_fold_latin1) {                                                \
+        /* if we use this folder we have to obey unicode rules on latin-1 data */       \
+        if ( foldlen > 0 ) {                                                            \
+           uvc = utf8n_to_uvuni( (const U8*) scan, UTF8_MAXLEN, &len, uniflags );       \
+           foldlen -= len;                                                              \
+           scan += len;                                                                 \
+           len = 0;                                                                     \
+        } else {                                                                        \
+            len = 1;                                                                    \
+            uvc = _to_fold_latin1( (U8) *uc, foldbuf, &foldlen, FOLD_FLAGS_FULL);       \
+            skiplen = UNISKIP(uvc);                                                     \
+            foldlen -= skiplen;                                                         \
+            scan = foldbuf + skiplen;                                                   \
+        }                                                                               \
+    } else {                                                                            \
+        /* raw data, will be folded later if needed */                                  \
+        uvc = (U32)*uc;                                                                 \
+        len = 1;                                                                        \
+    }                                                                                   \
+} STMT_END
+
+
+
+#define TRIE_LIST_PUSH(state,fid,ns) STMT_START {               \
+    if ( TRIE_LIST_CUR( state ) >=TRIE_LIST_LEN( state ) ) {    \
+       U32 ging = TRIE_LIST_LEN( state ) *= 2;                 \
+       Renew( trie->states[ state ].trans.list, ging, reg_trie_trans_le ); \
+    }                                                           \
+    TRIE_LIST_ITEM( state, TRIE_LIST_CUR( state ) ).forid = fid;     \
+    TRIE_LIST_ITEM( state, TRIE_LIST_CUR( state ) ).newstate = ns;   \
+    TRIE_LIST_CUR( state )++;                                   \
+} STMT_END
+
+#define TRIE_LIST_NEW(state) STMT_START {                       \
+    Newxz( trie->states[ state ].trans.list,               \
+       4, reg_trie_trans_le );                                 \
+     TRIE_LIST_CUR( state ) = 1;                                \
+     TRIE_LIST_LEN( state ) = 4;                                \
+} STMT_END
+
+#define TRIE_HANDLE_WORD(state) STMT_START {                    \
+    U16 dupe= trie->states[ state ].wordnum;                    \
+    regnode * const noper_next = regnext( noper );              \
+                                                                \
+    DEBUG_r({                                                   \
+        /* store the word for dumping */                        \
+        SV* tmp;                                                \
+        if (OP(noper) != NOTHING)                               \
+            tmp = newSVpvn_utf8(STRING(noper), STR_LEN(noper), UTF);   \
+        else                                                    \
+            tmp = newSVpvn_utf8( "", 0, UTF );                 \
+        av_push( trie_words, tmp );                             \
+    });                                                         \
+                                                                \
+    curword++;                                                  \
+    trie->wordinfo[curword].prev   = 0;                         \
+    trie->wordinfo[curword].len    = wordlen;                   \
+    trie->wordinfo[curword].accept = state;                     \
+                                                                \
+    if ( noper_next < tail ) {                                  \
+        if (!trie->jump)                                        \
+            trie->jump = (U16 *) PerlMemShared_calloc( word_count + 1, sizeof(U16) ); \
+        trie->jump[curword] = (U16)(noper_next - convert);      \
+        if (!jumper)                                            \
+            jumper = noper_next;                                \
+        if (!nextbranch)                                        \
+            nextbranch= regnext(cur);                           \
+    }                                                           \
+                                                                \
+    if ( dupe ) {                                               \
+        /* It's a dupe. Pre-insert into the wordinfo[].prev   */\
+        /* chain, so that when the bits of chain are later    */\
+        /* linked together, the dups appear in the chain      */\
+       trie->wordinfo[curword].prev = trie->wordinfo[dupe].prev; \
+       trie->wordinfo[dupe].prev = curword;                    \
+    } else {                                                    \
+        /* we haven't inserted this word yet.                */ \
+        trie->states[ state ].wordnum = curword;                \
+    }                                                           \
+} STMT_END
+
+
+#define TRIE_TRANS_STATE(state,base,ucharcount,charid,special)         \
+     ( ( base + charid >=  ucharcount                                  \
+         && base + charid < ubound                                     \
+         && state == trie->trans[ base - ucharcount + charid ].check   \
+         && trie->trans[ base - ucharcount + charid ].next )           \
+           ? trie->trans[ base - ucharcount + charid ].next            \
+           : ( state==1 ? special : 0 )                                        \
+      )
+
+#define MADE_TRIE       1
+#define MADE_JUMP_TRIE  2
+#define MADE_EXACT_TRIE 4
+
+STATIC I32
+S_make_trie(pTHX_ RExC_state_t *pRExC_state, regnode *startbranch, regnode *first, regnode *last, regnode *tail, U32 word_count, U32 flags, U32 depth)
+{
+    dVAR;
+    /* first pass, loop through and scan words */
+    reg_trie_data *trie;
+    HV *widecharmap = NULL;
+    AV *revcharmap = newAV();
+    regnode *cur;
+    const U32 uniflags = UTF8_ALLOW_DEFAULT;
+    STRLEN len = 0;
+    UV uvc = 0;
+    U16 curword = 0;
+    U32 next_alloc = 0;
+    regnode *jumper = NULL;
+    regnode *nextbranch = NULL;
+    regnode *convert = NULL;
+    U32 *prev_states; /* temp array mapping each state to previous one */
+    /* we just use folder as a flag in utf8 */
+    const U8 * folder = NULL;
+
+#ifdef DEBUGGING
+    const U32 data_slot = add_data( pRExC_state, 4, "tuuu" );
+    AV *trie_words = NULL;
+    /* along with revcharmap, this only used during construction but both are
+     * useful during debugging so we store them in the struct when debugging.
+     */
+#else
+    const U32 data_slot = add_data( pRExC_state, 2, "tu" );
+    STRLEN trie_charcount=0;
+#endif
+    SV *re_trie_maxbuff;
+    GET_RE_DEBUG_FLAGS_DECL;
+
+    PERL_ARGS_ASSERT_MAKE_TRIE;
+#ifndef DEBUGGING
+    PERL_UNUSED_ARG(depth);
+#endif
+
+    switch (flags) {
+        case EXACT: break;
+       case EXACTFA:
+        case EXACTFU_SS:
+        case EXACTFU_TRICKYFOLD:
+       case EXACTFU: folder = PL_fold_latin1; break;
+       case EXACTF:  folder = PL_fold; break;
+       case EXACTFL: folder = PL_fold_locale; break;
+        default: Perl_croak( aTHX_ "panic! In trie construction, unknown node type %u %s", (unsigned) flags, PL_reg_name[flags] );
+    }
+
+    trie = (reg_trie_data *) PerlMemShared_calloc( 1, sizeof(reg_trie_data) );
+    trie->refcount = 1;
+    trie->startstate = 1;
+    trie->wordcount = word_count;
+    RExC_rxi->data->data[ data_slot ] = (void*)trie;
+    trie->charmap = (U16 *) PerlMemShared_calloc( 256, sizeof(U16) );
+    if (flags == EXACT)
+       trie->bitmap = (char *) PerlMemShared_calloc( ANYOF_BITMAP_SIZE, 1 );
+    trie->wordinfo = (reg_trie_wordinfo *) PerlMemShared_calloc(
+                       trie->wordcount+1, sizeof(reg_trie_wordinfo));
+
+    DEBUG_r({
+        trie_words = newAV();
+    });
+
+    re_trie_maxbuff = get_sv(RE_TRIE_MAXBUF_NAME, 1);
+    if (!SvIOK(re_trie_maxbuff)) {
+        sv_setiv(re_trie_maxbuff, RE_TRIE_MAXBUF_INIT);
+    }
+    DEBUG_TRIE_COMPILE_r({
+                PerlIO_printf( Perl_debug_log,
+                  "%*smake_trie start==%d, first==%d, last==%d, tail==%d depth=%d\n",
+                  (int)depth * 2 + 2, "", 
+                  REG_NODE_NUM(startbranch),REG_NODE_NUM(first), 
+                  REG_NODE_NUM(last), REG_NODE_NUM(tail),
+                  (int)depth);
+    });
+   
+   /* Find the node we are going to overwrite */
+    if ( first == startbranch && OP( last ) != BRANCH ) {
+        /* whole branch chain */
+        convert = first;
+    } else {
+        /* branch sub-chain */
+        convert = NEXTOPER( first );
+    }
+        
+    /*  -- First loop and Setup --
+
+       We first traverse the branches and scan each word to determine if it
+       contains widechars, and how many unique chars there are, this is
+       important as we have to build a table with at least as many columns as we
+       have unique chars.
+
+       We use an array of integers to represent the character codes 0..255
+       (trie->charmap) and we use a an HV* to store Unicode characters. We use the
+       native representation of the character value as the key and IV's for the
+       coded index.
+
+       *TODO* If we keep track of how many times each character is used we can
+       remap the columns so that the table compression later on is more
+       efficient in terms of memory by ensuring the most common value is in the
+       middle and the least common are on the outside.  IMO this would be better
+       than a most to least common mapping as theres a decent chance the most
+       common letter will share a node with the least common, meaning the node
+       will not be compressible. With a middle is most common approach the worst
+       case is when we have the least common nodes twice.
+
+     */
+
+    for ( cur = first ; cur < last ; cur = regnext( cur ) ) {
+        regnode *noper = NEXTOPER( cur );
+        const U8 *uc = (U8*)STRING( noper );
+        const U8 *e  = uc + STR_LEN( noper );
+        STRLEN foldlen = 0;
+        U8 foldbuf[ UTF8_MAXBYTES_CASE + 1 ];
+        STRLEN skiplen = 0;
+        const U8 *scan = (U8*)NULL;
+        U32 wordlen      = 0;         /* required init */
+        STRLEN chars = 0;
+        bool set_bit = trie->bitmap ? 1 : 0; /*store the first char in the bitmap?*/
+
+        if (OP(noper) == NOTHING) {
+            regnode *noper_next= regnext(noper);
+            if (noper_next != tail && OP(noper_next) == flags) {
+                noper = noper_next;
+                uc= (U8*)STRING(noper);
+                e= uc + STR_LEN(noper);
+               trie->minlen= STR_LEN(noper);
+            } else {
+               trie->minlen= 0;
+               continue;
+           }
+        }
+
+        if ( set_bit ) { /* bitmap only alloced when !(UTF&&Folding) */
+            TRIE_BITMAP_SET(trie,*uc); /* store the raw first byte
+                                          regardless of encoding */
+            if (OP( noper ) == EXACTFU_SS) {
+                /* false positives are ok, so just set this */
+                TRIE_BITMAP_SET(trie,0xDF);
+            }
+        }
+        for ( ; uc < e ; uc += len ) {
+            TRIE_CHARCOUNT(trie)++;
+            TRIE_READ_CHAR;
+            chars++;
+            if ( uvc < 256 ) {
+                if ( folder ) {
+                    U8 folded= folder[ (U8) uvc ];
+                    if ( !trie->charmap[ folded ] ) {
+                        trie->charmap[ folded ]=( ++trie->uniquecharcount );
+                        TRIE_STORE_REVCHAR( folded );
+                    }
+                }
+                if ( !trie->charmap[ uvc ] ) {
+                    trie->charmap[ uvc ]=( ++trie->uniquecharcount );
+                    TRIE_STORE_REVCHAR( uvc );
+                }
+                if ( set_bit ) {
+                   /* store the codepoint in the bitmap, and its folded
+                    * equivalent. */
+                    TRIE_BITMAP_SET(trie, uvc);
+
+                   /* store the folded codepoint */
+                    if ( folder ) TRIE_BITMAP_SET(trie, folder[(U8) uvc ]);
+
+                   if ( !UTF ) {
+                       /* store first byte of utf8 representation of
+                          variant codepoints */
+                       if (! UNI_IS_INVARIANT(uvc)) {
+                           TRIE_BITMAP_SET(trie, UTF8_TWO_BYTE_HI(uvc));
+                       }
+                   }
+                    set_bit = 0; /* We've done our bit :-) */
+                }
+            } else {
+                SV** svpp;
+                if ( !widecharmap )
+                    widecharmap = newHV();
+
+                svpp = hv_fetch( widecharmap, (char*)&uvc, sizeof( UV ), 1 );
+
+                if ( !svpp )
+                    Perl_croak( aTHX_ "error creating/fetching widecharmap entry for 0x%"UVXf, uvc );
+
+                if ( !SvTRUE( *svpp ) ) {
+                    sv_setiv( *svpp, ++trie->uniquecharcount );
+                    TRIE_STORE_REVCHAR(uvc);
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        if( cur == first ) {
+            trie->minlen = chars;
+            trie->maxlen = chars;
+        } else if (chars < trie->minlen) {
+            trie->minlen = chars;
+        } else if (chars > trie->maxlen) {
+            trie->maxlen = chars;
+        }
+        if (OP( noper ) == EXACTFU_SS) {
+            /* XXX: workaround - 'ss' could match "\x{DF}" so minlen could be 1 and not 2*/
+           if (trie->minlen > 1)
+                trie->minlen= 1;
+        }
+       if (OP( noper ) == EXACTFU_TRICKYFOLD) {
+           /* XXX: workround - things like "\x{1FBE}\x{0308}\x{0301}" can match "\x{0390}" 
+            *                - We assume that any such sequence might match a 2 byte string */
+            if (trie->minlen > 2 )
+                trie->minlen= 2;
+        }
+
+    } /* end first pass */
+    DEBUG_TRIE_COMPILE_r(
+        PerlIO_printf( Perl_debug_log, "%*sTRIE(%s): W:%d C:%d Uq:%d Min:%d Max:%d\n",
+                (int)depth * 2 + 2,"",
+                ( widecharmap ? "UTF8" : "NATIVE" ), (int)word_count,
+               (int)TRIE_CHARCOUNT(trie), trie->uniquecharcount,
+               (int)trie->minlen, (int)trie->maxlen )
+    );
+
+    /*
+        We now know what we are dealing with in terms of unique chars and
+        string sizes so we can calculate how much memory a naive
+        representation using a flat table  will take. If it's over a reasonable
+        limit (as specified by ${^RE_TRIE_MAXBUF}) we use a more memory
+        conservative but potentially much slower representation using an array
+        of lists.
+
+        At the end we convert both representations into the same compressed
+        form that will be used in regexec.c for matching with. The latter
+        is a form that cannot be used to construct with but has memory
+        properties similar to the list form and access properties similar
+        to the table form making it both suitable for fast searches and
+        small enough that its feasable to store for the duration of a program.
+
+        See the comment in the code where the compressed table is produced
+        inplace from the flat tabe representation for an explanation of how
+        the compression works.
+
+    */
+
+
+    Newx(prev_states, TRIE_CHARCOUNT(trie) + 2, U32);
+    prev_states[1] = 0;
+
+    if ( (IV)( ( TRIE_CHARCOUNT(trie) + 1 ) * trie->uniquecharcount + 1) > SvIV(re_trie_maxbuff) ) {
+        /*
+            Second Pass -- Array Of Lists Representation
+
+            Each state will be represented by a list of charid:state records
+            (reg_trie_trans_le) the first such element holds the CUR and LEN
+            points of the allocated array. (See defines above).
+
+            We build the initial structure using the lists, and then convert
+            it into the compressed table form which allows faster lookups
+            (but cant be modified once converted).
+        */
+
+        STRLEN transcount = 1;
+
+        DEBUG_TRIE_COMPILE_MORE_r( PerlIO_printf( Perl_debug_log, 
+            "%*sCompiling trie using list compiler\n",
+            (int)depth * 2 + 2, ""));
+
+       trie->states = (reg_trie_state *)
+           PerlMemShared_calloc( TRIE_CHARCOUNT(trie) + 2,
+                                 sizeof(reg_trie_state) );
+        TRIE_LIST_NEW(1);
+        next_alloc = 2;
+
+        for ( cur = first ; cur < last ; cur = regnext( cur ) ) {
+
+            regnode *noper   = NEXTOPER( cur );
+           U8 *uc           = (U8*)STRING( noper );
+            const U8 *e      = uc + STR_LEN( noper );
+           U32 state        = 1;         /* required init */
+           U16 charid       = 0;         /* sanity init */
+           U8 *scan         = (U8*)NULL; /* sanity init */
+           STRLEN foldlen   = 0;         /* required init */
+            U32 wordlen      = 0;         /* required init */
+           U8 foldbuf[ UTF8_MAXBYTES_CASE + 1 ];
+            STRLEN skiplen   = 0;
+
+            if (OP(noper) == NOTHING) {
+                regnode *noper_next= regnext(noper);
+                if (noper_next != tail && OP(noper_next) == flags) {
+                    noper = noper_next;
+                    uc= (U8*)STRING(noper);
+                    e= uc + STR_LEN(noper);
+                }
+            }
+
+            if (OP(noper) != NOTHING) {
+                for ( ; uc < e ; uc += len ) {
+
+                    TRIE_READ_CHAR;
+
+                    if ( uvc < 256 ) {
+                        charid = trie->charmap[ uvc ];
+                   } else {
+                        SV** const svpp = hv_fetch( widecharmap, (char*)&uvc, sizeof( UV ), 0);
+                        if ( !svpp ) {
+                            charid = 0;
+                        } else {
+                            charid=(U16)SvIV( *svpp );
+                        }
+                   }
+                    /* charid is now 0 if we dont know the char read, or nonzero if we do */
+                    if ( charid ) {
+
+                        U16 check;
+                        U32 newstate = 0;
+
+                        charid--;
+                        if ( !trie->states[ state ].trans.list ) {
+                            TRIE_LIST_NEW( state );
+                       }
+                        for ( check = 1; check <= TRIE_LIST_USED( state ); check++ ) {
+                            if ( TRIE_LIST_ITEM( state, check ).forid == charid ) {
+                                newstate = TRIE_LIST_ITEM( state, check ).newstate;
+                                break;
+                            }
+                        }
+                        if ( ! newstate ) {
+                            newstate = next_alloc++;
+                           prev_states[newstate] = state;
+                            TRIE_LIST_PUSH( state, charid, newstate );
+                            transcount++;
+                        }
+                        state = newstate;
+                    } else {
+                        Perl_croak( aTHX_ "panic! In trie construction, no char mapping for %"IVdf, uvc );
+                   }
+               }
+           }
+            TRIE_HANDLE_WORD(state);
+
+        } /* end second pass */
+
+        /* next alloc is the NEXT state to be allocated */
+        trie->statecount = next_alloc; 
+        trie->states = (reg_trie_state *)
+           PerlMemShared_realloc( trie->states,
+                                  next_alloc
+                                  * sizeof(reg_trie_state) );
+
+        /* and now dump it out before we compress it */
+        DEBUG_TRIE_COMPILE_MORE_r(dump_trie_interim_list(trie, widecharmap,
+                                                        revcharmap, next_alloc,
+                                                        depth+1)
+        );
+
+        trie->trans = (reg_trie_trans *)
+           PerlMemShared_calloc( transcount, sizeof(reg_trie_trans) );
+        {
+            U32 state;
+            U32 tp = 0;
+            U32 zp = 0;
+
+
+            for( state=1 ; state < next_alloc ; state ++ ) {
+                U32 base=0;
+
+                /*
+                DEBUG_TRIE_COMPILE_MORE_r(
+                    PerlIO_printf( Perl_debug_log, "tp: %d zp: %d ",tp,zp)
+                );
+                */
+
+                if (trie->states[state].trans.list) {
+                    U16 minid=TRIE_LIST_ITEM( state, 1).forid;
+                    U16 maxid=minid;
+                   U16 idx;
+
+                    for( idx = 2 ; idx <= TRIE_LIST_USED( state ) ; idx++ ) {
+                       const U16 forid = TRIE_LIST_ITEM( state, idx).forid;
+                       if ( forid < minid ) {
+                           minid=forid;
+                       } else if ( forid > maxid ) {
+                           maxid=forid;
+                       }
+                    }
+                    if ( transcount < tp + maxid - minid + 1) {
+                        transcount *= 2;
+                       trie->trans = (reg_trie_trans *)
+                           PerlMemShared_realloc( trie->trans,
+                                                    transcount
+                                                    * sizeof(reg_trie_trans) );
+                        Zero( trie->trans + (transcount / 2), transcount / 2 , reg_trie_trans );
+                    }
+                    base = trie->uniquecharcount + tp - minid;
+                    if ( maxid == minid ) {
+                        U32 set = 0;
+                        for ( ; zp < tp ; zp++ ) {
+                            if ( ! trie->trans[ zp ].next ) {
+                                base = trie->uniquecharcount + zp - minid;
+                                trie->trans[ zp ].next = TRIE_LIST_ITEM( state, 1).newstate;
+                                trie->trans[ zp ].check = state;
+                                set = 1;
+                                break;
+                            }
+                        }
+                        if ( !set ) {
+                            trie->trans[ tp ].next = TRIE_LIST_ITEM( state, 1).newstate;
+                            trie->trans[ tp ].check = state;
+                            tp++;
+                            zp = tp;
+                        }
+                    } else {
+                        for ( idx=1; idx <= TRIE_LIST_USED( state ) ; idx++ ) {
+                            const U32 tid = base -  trie->uniquecharcount + TRIE_LIST_ITEM( state, idx ).forid;
+                            trie->trans[ tid ].next = TRIE_LIST_ITEM( state, idx ).newstate;
+                            trie->trans[ tid ].check = state;
+                        }
+                        tp += ( maxid - minid + 1 );
+                    }
+                    Safefree(trie->states[ state ].trans.list);
+                }
+                /*
+                DEBUG_TRIE_COMPILE_MORE_r(
+                    PerlIO_printf( Perl_debug_log, " base: %d\n",base);
+                );
+                */
+                trie->states[ state ].trans.base=base;
+            }
+            trie->lasttrans = tp + 1;
+        }
+    } else {
+        /*
+           Second Pass -- Flat Table Representation.
+
+           we dont use the 0 slot of either trans[] or states[] so we add 1 to each.
+           We know that we will need Charcount+1 trans at most to store the data
+           (one row per char at worst case) So we preallocate both structures
+           assuming worst case.
+
+           We then construct the trie using only the .next slots of the entry
+           structs.
+
+           We use the .check field of the first entry of the node temporarily to
+           make compression both faster and easier by keeping track of how many non
+           zero fields are in the node.
+
+           Since trans are numbered from 1 any 0 pointer in the table is a FAIL
+           transition.
+
+           There are two terms at use here: state as a TRIE_NODEIDX() which is a
+           number representing the first entry of the node, and state as a
+           TRIE_NODENUM() which is the trans number. state 1 is TRIE_NODEIDX(1) and
+           TRIE_NODENUM(1), state 2 is TRIE_NODEIDX(2) and TRIE_NODENUM(3) if there
+           are 2 entrys per node. eg:
+
+             A B       A B
+          1. 2 4    1. 3 7
+          2. 0 3    3. 0 5
+          3. 0 0    5. 0 0
+          4. 0 0    7. 0 0
+
+           The table is internally in the right hand, idx form. However as we also
+           have to deal with the states array which is indexed by nodenum we have to
+           use TRIE_NODENUM() to convert.
+
+        */
+        DEBUG_TRIE_COMPILE_MORE_r( PerlIO_printf( Perl_debug_log, 
+            "%*sCompiling trie using table compiler\n",
+            (int)depth * 2 + 2, ""));
+
+       trie->trans = (reg_trie_trans *)
+           PerlMemShared_calloc( ( TRIE_CHARCOUNT(trie) + 1 )
+                                 * trie->uniquecharcount + 1,
+                                 sizeof(reg_trie_trans) );
+        trie->states = (reg_trie_state *)
+           PerlMemShared_calloc( TRIE_CHARCOUNT(trie) + 2,
+                                 sizeof(reg_trie_state) );
+        next_alloc = trie->uniquecharcount + 1;
+
+
+        for ( cur = first ; cur < last ; cur = regnext( cur ) ) {
+
+            regnode *noper   = NEXTOPER( cur );
+           const U8 *uc     = (U8*)STRING( noper );
+            const U8 *e      = uc + STR_LEN( noper );
+
+            U32 state        = 1;         /* required init */
+
+            U16 charid       = 0;         /* sanity init */
+            U32 accept_state = 0;         /* sanity init */
+            U8 *scan         = (U8*)NULL; /* sanity init */
+
+            STRLEN foldlen   = 0;         /* required init */
+            U32 wordlen      = 0;         /* required init */
+            STRLEN skiplen   = 0;
+            U8 foldbuf[ UTF8_MAXBYTES_CASE + 1 ];
+
+            if (OP(noper) == NOTHING) {
+                regnode *noper_next= regnext(noper);
+                if (noper_next != tail && OP(noper_next) == flags) {
+                    noper = noper_next;
+                    uc= (U8*)STRING(noper);
+                    e= uc + STR_LEN(noper);
+                }
+            }
+
+            if ( OP(noper) != NOTHING ) {
+                for ( ; uc < e ; uc += len ) {
+
+                    TRIE_READ_CHAR;
+
+                    if ( uvc < 256 ) {
+                        charid = trie->charmap[ uvc ];
+                    } else {
+                        SV* const * const svpp = hv_fetch( widecharmap, (char*)&uvc, sizeof( UV ), 0);
+                        charid = svpp ? (U16)SvIV(*svpp) : 0;
+                    }
+                    if ( charid ) {
+                        charid--;
+                        if ( !trie->trans[ state + charid ].next ) {
+                            trie->trans[ state + charid ].next = next_alloc;
+                            trie->trans[ state ].check++;
+                           prev_states[TRIE_NODENUM(next_alloc)]
+                                   = TRIE_NODENUM(state);
+                            next_alloc += trie->uniquecharcount;
+                        }
+                        state = trie->trans[ state + charid ].next;
+                    } else {
+                        Perl_croak( aTHX_ "panic! In trie construction, no char mapping for %"IVdf, uvc );
+                    }
+                    /* charid is now 0 if we dont know the char read, or nonzero if we do */
+                }
+            }
+            accept_state = TRIE_NODENUM( state );
+            TRIE_HANDLE_WORD(accept_state);
+
+        } /* end second pass */
+
+        /* and now dump it out before we compress it */
+        DEBUG_TRIE_COMPILE_MORE_r(dump_trie_interim_table(trie, widecharmap,
+                                                         revcharmap,
+                                                         next_alloc, depth+1));
+
+        {
+        /*
+           * Inplace compress the table.*
+
+           For sparse data sets the table constructed by the trie algorithm will
+           be mostly 0/FAIL transitions or to put it another way mostly empty.
+           (Note that leaf nodes will not contain any transitions.)
+
+           This algorithm compresses the tables by eliminating most such
+           transitions, at the cost of a modest bit of extra work during lookup:
+
+           - Each states[] entry contains a .base field which indicates the
+           index in the state[] array wheres its transition data is stored.
+
+           - If .base is 0 there are no valid transitions from that node.
+
+           - If .base is nonzero then charid is added to it to find an entry in
+           the trans array.
+
+           -If trans[states[state].base+charid].check!=state then the
+           transition is taken to be a 0/Fail transition. Thus if there are fail
+           transitions at the front of the node then the .base offset will point
+           somewhere inside the previous nodes data (or maybe even into a node
+           even earlier), but the .check field determines if the transition is
+           valid.
+
+           XXX - wrong maybe?
+           The following process inplace converts the table to the compressed
+           table: We first do not compress the root node 1,and mark all its
+           .check pointers as 1 and set its .base pointer as 1 as well. This
+           allows us to do a DFA construction from the compressed table later,
+           and ensures that any .base pointers we calculate later are greater
+           than 0.
+
+           - We set 'pos' to indicate the first entry of the second node.
+
+           - We then iterate over the columns of the node, finding the first and
+           last used entry at l and m. We then copy l..m into pos..(pos+m-l),
+           and set the .check pointers accordingly, and advance pos
+           appropriately and repreat for the next node. Note that when we copy
+           the next pointers we have to convert them from the original
+           NODEIDX form to NODENUM form as the former is not valid post
+           compression.
+
+           - If a node has no transitions used we mark its base as 0 and do not
+           advance the pos pointer.
+
+           - If a node only has one transition we use a second pointer into the
+           structure to fill in allocated fail transitions from other states.
+           This pointer is independent of the main pointer and scans forward
+           looking for null transitions that are allocated to a state. When it
+           finds one it writes the single transition into the "hole".  If the
+           pointer doesnt find one the single transition is appended as normal.
+
+           - Once compressed we can Renew/realloc the structures to release the
+           excess space.
+
+           See "Table-Compression Methods" in sec 3.9 of the Red Dragon,
+           specifically Fig 3.47 and the associated pseudocode.
+
+           demq
+        */
+        const U32 laststate = TRIE_NODENUM( next_alloc );
+       U32 state, charid;
+        U32 pos = 0, zp=0;
+        trie->statecount = laststate;
+
+        for ( state = 1 ; state < laststate ; state++ ) {
+            U8 flag = 0;
+           const U32 stateidx = TRIE_NODEIDX( state );
+           const U32 o_used = trie->trans[ stateidx ].check;
+           U32 used = trie->trans[ stateidx ].check;
+            trie->trans[ stateidx ].check = 0;
+
+            for ( charid = 0 ; used && charid < trie->uniquecharcount ; charid++ ) {
+                if ( flag || trie->trans[ stateidx + charid ].next ) {
+                    if ( trie->trans[ stateidx + charid ].next ) {
+                        if (o_used == 1) {
+                            for ( ; zp < pos ; zp++ ) {
+                                if ( ! trie->trans[ zp ].next ) {
+                                    break;
+                                }
+                            }
+                            trie->states[ state ].trans.base = zp + trie->uniquecharcount - charid ;
+                            trie->trans[ zp ].next = SAFE_TRIE_NODENUM( trie->trans[ stateidx + charid ].next );
+                            trie->trans[ zp ].check = state;
+                            if ( ++zp > pos ) pos = zp;
+                            break;
+                        }
+                        used--;
+                    }
+                    if ( !flag ) {
+                        flag = 1;
+                        trie->states[ state ].trans.base = pos + trie->uniquecharcount - charid ;
+                    }
+                    trie->trans[ pos ].next = SAFE_TRIE_NODENUM( trie->trans[ stateidx + charid ].next );
+                    trie->trans[ pos ].check = state;
+                    pos++;
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        trie->lasttrans = pos + 1;
+        trie->states = (reg_trie_state *)
+           PerlMemShared_realloc( trie->states, laststate
+                                  * sizeof(reg_trie_state) );
+        DEBUG_TRIE_COMPILE_MORE_r(
+                PerlIO_printf( Perl_debug_log,
+                   "%*sAlloc: %d Orig: %"IVdf" elements, Final:%"IVdf". Savings of %%%5.2f\n",
+                   (int)depth * 2 + 2,"",
+                    (int)( ( TRIE_CHARCOUNT(trie) + 1 ) * trie->uniquecharcount + 1 ),
+                   (IV)next_alloc,
+                   (IV)pos,
+                    ( ( next_alloc - pos ) * 100 ) / (double)next_alloc );
+            );
+
+        } /* end table compress */
+    }
+    DEBUG_TRIE_COMPILE_MORE_r(
+            PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log, "%*sStatecount:%"UVxf" Lasttrans:%"UVxf"\n",
+                (int)depth * 2 + 2, "",
+                (UV)trie->statecount,
+                (UV)trie->lasttrans)
+    );
+    /* resize the trans array to remove unused space */
+    trie->trans = (reg_trie_trans *)
+       PerlMemShared_realloc( trie->trans, trie->lasttrans
+                              * sizeof(reg_trie_trans) );
+
+    {   /* Modify the program and insert the new TRIE node */ 
+        U8 nodetype =(U8)(flags & 0xFF);
+        char *str=NULL;
+        
+#ifdef DEBUGGING
+        regnode *optimize = NULL;
+#ifdef RE_TRACK_PATTERN_OFFSETS
+
+        U32 mjd_offset = 0;
+        U32 mjd_nodelen = 0;
+#endif /* RE_TRACK_PATTERN_OFFSETS */
+#endif /* DEBUGGING */
+        /*
+           This means we convert either the first branch or the first Exact,
+           depending on whether the thing following (in 'last') is a branch
+           or not and whther first is the startbranch (ie is it a sub part of
+           the alternation or is it the whole thing.)
+           Assuming its a sub part we convert the EXACT otherwise we convert
+           the whole branch sequence, including the first.
+         */
+        /* Find the node we are going to overwrite */
+        if ( first != startbranch || OP( last ) == BRANCH ) {
+            /* branch sub-chain */
+            NEXT_OFF( first ) = (U16)(last - first);
+#ifdef RE_TRACK_PATTERN_OFFSETS
+            DEBUG_r({
+                mjd_offset= Node_Offset((convert));
+                mjd_nodelen= Node_Length((convert));
+            });
+#endif
+            /* whole branch chain */
+        }
+#ifdef RE_TRACK_PATTERN_OFFSETS
+        else {
+            DEBUG_r({
+                const  regnode *nop = NEXTOPER( convert );
+                mjd_offset= Node_Offset((nop));
+                mjd_nodelen= Node_Length((nop));
+            });
+        }
+        DEBUG_OPTIMISE_r(
+            PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log, "%*sMJD offset:%"UVuf" MJD length:%"UVuf"\n",
+                (int)depth * 2 + 2, "",
+                (UV)mjd_offset, (UV)mjd_nodelen)
+        );
+#endif
+        /* But first we check to see if there is a common prefix we can 
+           split out as an EXACT and put in front of the TRIE node.  */
+        trie->startstate= 1;
+        if ( trie->bitmap && !widecharmap && !trie->jump  ) {
+            U32 state;
+            for ( state = 1 ; state < trie->statecount-1 ; state++ ) {
+                U32 ofs = 0;
+                I32 idx = -1;
+                U32 count = 0;
+                const U32 base = trie->states[ state ].trans.base;
+
+                if ( trie->states[state].wordnum )
+                        count = 1;
+
+                for ( ofs = 0 ; ofs < trie->uniquecharcount ; ofs++ ) {
+                    if ( ( base + ofs >= trie->uniquecharcount ) &&
+                         ( base + ofs - trie->uniquecharcount < trie->lasttrans ) &&
+                         trie->trans[ base + ofs - trie->uniquecharcount ].check == state )
+                    {
+                        if ( ++count > 1 ) {
+                            SV **tmp = av_fetch( revcharmap, ofs, 0);
+                           const U8 *ch = (U8*)SvPV_nolen_const( *tmp );
+                            if ( state == 1 ) break;
+                            if ( count == 2 ) {
+                                Zero(trie->bitmap, ANYOF_BITMAP_SIZE, char);
+                                DEBUG_OPTIMISE_r(
+                                    PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log,
+                                       "%*sNew Start State=%"UVuf" Class: [",
+                                        (int)depth * 2 + 2, "",
+                                        (UV)state));
+                               if (idx >= 0) {
+                                   SV ** const tmp = av_fetch( revcharmap, idx, 0);
+                                   const U8 * const ch = (U8*)SvPV_nolen_const( *tmp );
+
+                                    TRIE_BITMAP_SET(trie,*ch);
+                                    if ( folder )
+                                        TRIE_BITMAP_SET(trie, folder[ *ch ]);
+                                    DEBUG_OPTIMISE_r(
+                                        PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log, "%s", (char*)ch)
+                                    );
+                               }
+                           }
+                           TRIE_BITMAP_SET(trie,*ch);
+                           if ( folder )
+                               TRIE_BITMAP_SET(trie,folder[ *ch ]);
+                           DEBUG_OPTIMISE_r(PerlIO_printf( Perl_debug_log,"%s", ch));
+                       }
+                        idx = ofs;
+                   }
+                }
+                if ( count == 1 ) {
+                    SV **tmp = av_fetch( revcharmap, idx, 0);
+                    STRLEN len;
+                    char *ch = SvPV( *tmp, len );
+                    DEBUG_OPTIMISE_r({
+                        SV *sv=sv_newmortal();
+                        PerlIO_printf( Perl_debug_log,
+                           "%*sPrefix State: %"UVuf" Idx:%"UVuf" Char='%s'\n",
+                            (int)depth * 2 + 2, "",
+                            (UV)state, (UV)idx, 
+                            pv_pretty(sv, SvPV_nolen_const(*tmp), SvCUR(*tmp), 6, 
+                               PL_colors[0], PL_colors[1],
+                               (SvUTF8(*tmp) ? PERL_PV_ESCAPE_UNI : 0) |
+                               PERL_PV_ESCAPE_FIRSTCHAR 
+                            )
+                        );
+                    });
+                    if ( state==1 ) {
+                        OP( convert ) = nodetype;
+                        str=STRING(convert);
+                        STR_LEN(convert)=0;
+                    }
+                    STR_LEN(convert) += len;
+                    while (len--)
+                        *str++ = *ch++;
+               } else {
+#ifdef DEBUGGING           
+                   if (state>1)
+                       DEBUG_OPTIMISE_r(PerlIO_printf( Perl_debug_log,"]\n"));
+#endif
+                   break;
+               }
+           }
+           trie->prefixlen = (state-1);
+            if (str) {
+                regnode *n = convert+NODE_SZ_STR(convert);
+                NEXT_OFF(convert) = NODE_SZ_STR(convert);
+                trie->startstate = state;
+                trie->minlen -= (state - 1);
+                trie->maxlen -= (state - 1);
+#ifdef DEBUGGING
+               /* At least the UNICOS C compiler choked on this
+                * being argument to DEBUG_r(), so let's just have
+                * it right here. */
+               if (
+#ifdef PERL_EXT_RE_BUILD
+                   1
+#else
+                   DEBUG_r_TEST
+#endif
+                   ) {
+                   regnode *fix = convert;
+                   U32 word = trie->wordcount;
+                   mjd_nodelen++;
+                   Set_Node_Offset_Length(convert, mjd_offset, state - 1);
+                   while( ++fix < n ) {
+                       Set_Node_Offset_Length(fix, 0, 0);
+                   }
+                   while (word--) {
+                       SV ** const tmp = av_fetch( trie_words, word, 0 );
+                       if (tmp) {
+                           if ( STR_LEN(convert) <= SvCUR(*tmp) )
+                               sv_chop(*tmp, SvPV_nolen(*tmp) + STR_LEN(convert));
+                           else
+                               sv_chop(*tmp, SvPV_nolen(*tmp) + SvCUR(*tmp));
+                       }
+                   }
+               }
+#endif
+                if (trie->maxlen) {
+                    convert = n;
+               } else {
+                    NEXT_OFF(convert) = (U16)(tail - convert);
+                    DEBUG_r(optimize= n);
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        if (!jumper) 
+            jumper = last; 
+        if ( trie->maxlen ) {
+           NEXT_OFF( convert ) = (U16)(tail - convert);
+           ARG_SET( convert, data_slot );
+           /* Store the offset to the first unabsorbed branch in 
+              jump[0], which is otherwise unused by the jump logic. 
+              We use this when dumping a trie and during optimisation. */
+           if (trie->jump) 
+               trie->jump[0] = (U16)(nextbranch - convert);
+            
+            /* If the start state is not accepting (meaning there is no empty string/NOTHING)
+            *   and there is a bitmap
+            *   and the first "jump target" node we found leaves enough room
+            * then convert the TRIE node into a TRIEC node, with the bitmap
+            * embedded inline in the opcode - this is hypothetically faster.
+            */
+            if ( !trie->states[trie->startstate].wordnum
+                && trie->bitmap
+                && ( (char *)jumper - (char *)convert) >= (int)sizeof(struct regnode_charclass) )
+            {
+                OP( convert ) = TRIEC;
+                Copy(trie->bitmap, ((struct regnode_charclass *)convert)->bitmap, ANYOF_BITMAP_SIZE, char);
+                PerlMemShared_free(trie->bitmap);
+                trie->bitmap= NULL;
+            } else 
+                OP( convert ) = TRIE;
+
+            /* store the type in the flags */
+            convert->flags = nodetype;
+            DEBUG_r({
+            optimize = convert 
+                      + NODE_STEP_REGNODE 
+                      + regarglen[ OP( convert ) ];
+            });
+            /* XXX We really should free up the resource in trie now, 
+                   as we won't use them - (which resources?) dmq */
+        }
+        /* needed for dumping*/
+        DEBUG_r(if (optimize) {
+            regnode *opt = convert;
+
+            while ( ++opt < optimize) {
+                Set_Node_Offset_Length(opt,0,0);
+            }
+            /* 
+                Try to clean up some of the debris left after the 
+                optimisation.
+             */
+            while( optimize < jumper ) {
+                mjd_nodelen += Node_Length((optimize));
+                OP( optimize ) = OPTIMIZED;
+                Set_Node_Offset_Length(optimize,0,0);
+                optimize++;
+            }
+            Set_Node_Offset_Length(convert,mjd_offset,mjd_nodelen);
+        });
+    } /* end node insert */
+    REH_CALL_COMP_NODE_HOOK(pRExC_state->rx, convert);
+
+    /*  Finish populating the prev field of the wordinfo array.  Walk back
+     *  from each accept state until we find another accept state, and if
+     *  so, point the first word's .prev field at the second word. If the
+     *  second already has a .prev field set, stop now. This will be the
+     *  case either if we've already processed that word's accept state,
+     *  or that state had multiple words, and the overspill words were
+     *  already linked up earlier.
+     */
+    {
+       U16 word;
+       U32 state;
+       U16 prev;
+
+       for (word=1; word <= trie->wordcount; word++) {
+           prev = 0;
+           if (trie->wordinfo[word].prev)
+               continue;
+           state = trie->wordinfo[word].accept;
+           while (state) {
+               state = prev_states[state];
+               if (!state)
+                   break;
+               prev = trie->states[state].wordnum;
+               if (prev)
+                   break;
+           }
+           trie->wordinfo[word].prev = prev;
+       }
+       Safefree(prev_states);
+    }
+
+
+    /* and now dump out the compressed format */
+    DEBUG_TRIE_COMPILE_r(dump_trie(trie, widecharmap, revcharmap, depth+1));
+
+    RExC_rxi->data->data[ data_slot + 1 ] = (void*)widecharmap;
+#ifdef DEBUGGING
+    RExC_rxi->data->data[ data_slot + TRIE_WORDS_OFFSET ] = (void*)trie_words;
+    RExC_rxi->data->data[ data_slot + 3 ] = (void*)revcharmap;
+#else
+    SvREFCNT_dec_NN(revcharmap);
+#endif
+    return trie->jump 
+           ? MADE_JUMP_TRIE 
+           : trie->startstate>1 
+             ? MADE_EXACT_TRIE 
+             : MADE_TRIE;
+}
+
+STATIC void
+S_make_trie_failtable(pTHX_ RExC_state_t *pRExC_state, regnode *source,  regnode *stclass, U32 depth)
+{
+/* The Trie is constructed and compressed now so we can build a fail array if it's needed
+
+   This is basically the Aho-Corasick algorithm. Its from exercise 3.31 and 3.32 in the
+   "Red Dragon" -- Compilers, principles, techniques, and tools. Aho, Sethi, Ullman 1985/88
+   ISBN 0-201-10088-6
+
+   We find the fail state for each state in the trie, this state is the longest proper
+   suffix of the current state's 'word' that is also a proper prefix of another word in our
+   trie. State 1 represents the word '' and is thus the default fail state. This allows
+   the DFA not to have to restart after its tried and failed a word at a given point, it
+   simply continues as though it had been matching the other word in the first place.
+   Consider
+      'abcdgu'=~/abcdefg|cdgu/
+   When we get to 'd' we are still matching the first word, we would encounter 'g' which would
+   fail, which would bring us to the state representing 'd' in the second word where we would
+   try 'g' and succeed, proceeding to match 'cdgu'.
+ */
+ /* add a fail transition */
+    const U32 trie_offset = ARG(source);
+    reg_trie_data *trie=(reg_trie_data *)RExC_rxi->data->data[trie_offset];
+    U32 *q;
+    const U32 ucharcount = trie->uniquecharcount;
+    const U32 numstates = trie->statecount;
+    const U32 ubound = trie->lasttrans + ucharcount;
+    U32 q_read = 0;
+    U32 q_write = 0;
+    U32 charid;
+    U32 base = trie->states[ 1 ].trans.base;
+    U32 *fail;
+    reg_ac_data *aho;
+    const U32 data_slot = add_data( pRExC_state, 1, "T" );
+    GET_RE_DEBUG_FLAGS_DECL;
+
+    PERL_ARGS_ASSERT_MAKE_TRIE_FAILTABLE;
+#ifndef DEBUGGING
+    PERL_UNUSED_ARG(depth);
+#endif
+
+
+    ARG_SET( stclass, data_slot );
+    aho = (reg_ac_data *) PerlMemShared_calloc( 1, sizeof(reg_ac_data) );
+    RExC_rxi->data->data[ data_slot ] = (void*)aho;
+    aho->trie=trie_offset;
+    aho->states=(reg_trie_state *)PerlMemShared_malloc( numstates * sizeof(reg_trie_state) );
+    Copy( trie->states, aho->states, numstates, reg_trie_state );
+    Newxz( q, numstates, U32);
+    aho->fail = (U32 *) PerlMemShared_calloc( numstates, sizeof(U32) );
+    aho->refcount = 1;
+    fail = aho->fail;
+    /* initialize fail[0..1] to be 1 so that we always have
+       a valid final fail state */
+    fail[ 0 ] = fail[ 1 ] = 1;
+
+    for ( charid = 0; charid < ucharcount ; charid++ ) {
+       const U32 newstate = TRIE_TRANS_STATE( 1, base, ucharcount, charid, 0 );
+       if ( newstate ) {
+            q[ q_write ] = newstate;
+            /* set to point at the root */
+            fail[ q[ q_write++ ] ]=1;
+        }
+    }
+    while ( q_read < q_write) {
+       const U32 cur = q[ q_read++ % numstates ];
+        base = trie->states[ cur ].trans.base;
+
+        for ( charid = 0 ; charid < ucharcount ; charid++ ) {
+           const U32 ch_state = TRIE_TRANS_STATE( cur, base, ucharcount, charid, 1 );
+           if (ch_state) {
+                U32 fail_state = cur;
+                U32 fail_base;
+                do {
+                    fail_state = fail[ fail_state ];
+                    fail_base = aho->states[ fail_state ].trans.base;
+                } while ( !TRIE_TRANS_STATE( fail_state, fail_base, ucharcount, charid, 1 ) );
+
+                fail_state = TRIE_TRANS_STATE( fail_state, fail_base, ucharcount, charid, 1 );
+                fail[ ch_state ] = fail_state;
+                if ( !aho->states[ ch_state ].wordnum && aho->states[ fail_state ].wordnum )
+                {
+                        aho->states[ ch_state ].wordnum =  aho->states[ fail_state ].wordnum;
+                }
+                q[ q_write++ % numstates] = ch_state;
+            }
+        }
+    }
+    /* restore fail[0..1] to 0 so that we "fall out" of the AC loop
+       when we fail in state 1, this allows us to use the
+       charclass scan to find a valid start char. This is based on the principle
+       that theres a good chance the string being searched contains lots of stuff
+       that cant be a start char.
+     */
+    fail[ 0 ] = fail[ 1 ] = 0;
+    DEBUG_TRIE_COMPILE_r({
+        PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log,
+                     "%*sStclass Failtable (%"UVuf" states): 0", 
+                     (int)(depth * 2), "", (UV)numstates
+        );
+        for( q_read=1; q_read<numstates; q_read++ ) {
+            PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log, ", %"UVuf, (UV)fail[q_read]);
+        }
+        PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log, "\n");
+    });
+    Safefree(q);
+    /*RExC_seen |= REG_SEEN_TRIEDFA;*/
+}
+
+
+/*
+ * There are strange code-generation bugs caused on sparc64 by gcc-2.95.2.
+ * These need to be revisited when a newer toolchain becomes available.
+ */
+#if defined(__sparc64__) && defined(__GNUC__)
+#   if __GNUC__ < 2 || (__GNUC__ == 2 && __GNUC_MINOR__ < 96)
+#       undef  SPARC64_GCC_WORKAROUND
+#       define SPARC64_GCC_WORKAROUND 1
+#   endif
+#endif
+
+#define DEBUG_PEEP(str,scan,depth) \
+    DEBUG_OPTIMISE_r({if (scan){ \
+       SV * const mysv=sv_newmortal(); \
+       regnode *Next = regnext(scan); \
+       regprop(RExC_rx, mysv, scan); \
+       PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log, "%*s" str ">%3d: %s (%d)\n", \
+       (int)depth*2, "", REG_NODE_NUM(scan), SvPV_nolen_const(mysv),\
+       Next ? (REG_NODE_NUM(Next)) : 0 ); \
+   }});
+
+
+/* The below joins as many adjacent EXACTish nodes as possible into a single
+ * one.  The regop may be changed if the node(s) contain certain sequences that
+ * require special handling.  The joining is only done if:
+ * 1) there is room in the current conglomerated node to entirely contain the
+ *    next one.
+ * 2) they are the exact same node type
+ *
+ * The adjacent nodes actually may be separated by NOTHING-kind nodes, and
+ * these get optimized out
+ *
+ * If a node is to match under /i (folded), the number of characters it matches
+ * can be different than its character length if it contains a multi-character
+ * fold.  *min_subtract is set to the total delta of the input nodes.
+ *
+ * And *has_exactf_sharp_s is set to indicate whether or not the node is EXACTF
+ * and contains LATIN SMALL LETTER SHARP S
+ *
+ * This is as good a place as any to discuss the design of handling these
+ * multi-character fold sequences.  It's been wrong in Perl for a very long
+ * time.  There are three code points in Unicode whose multi-character folds
+ * were long ago discovered to mess things up.  The previous designs for
+ * dealing with these involved assigning a special node for them.  This
+ * approach doesn't work, as evidenced by this example:
+ *      "\xDFs" =~ /s\xDF/ui    # Used to fail before these patches
+ * Both these fold to "sss", but if the pattern is parsed to create a node that
+ * would match just the \xDF, it won't be able to handle the case where a
+ * successful match would have to cross the node's boundary.  The new approach
+ * that hopefully generally solves the problem generates an EXACTFU_SS node
+ * that is "sss".
+ *
+ * It turns out that there are problems with all multi-character folds, and not
+ * just these three.  Now the code is general, for all such cases, but the
+ * three still have some special handling.  The approach taken is:
+ * 1)   This routine examines each EXACTFish node that could contain multi-
+ *      character fold sequences.  It returns in *min_subtract how much to
+ *      subtract from the the actual length of the string to get a real minimum
+ *      match length; it is 0 if there are no multi-char folds.  This delta is
+ *      used by the caller to adjust the min length of the match, and the delta
+ *      between min and max, so that the optimizer doesn't reject these
+ *      possibilities based on size constraints.
+ * 2)   Certain of these sequences require special handling by the trie code,
+ *      so, if found, this code changes the joined node type to special ops:
+ *      EXACTFU_TRICKYFOLD and EXACTFU_SS.
+ * 3)   For the sequence involving the Sharp s (\xDF), the node type EXACTFU_SS
+ *      is used for an EXACTFU node that contains at least one "ss" sequence in
+ *      it.  For non-UTF-8 patterns and strings, this is the only case where
+ *      there is a possible fold length change.  That means that a regular
+ *      EXACTFU node without UTF-8 involvement doesn't have to concern itself
+ *      with length changes, and so can be processed faster.  regexec.c takes
+ *      advantage of this.  Generally, an EXACTFish node that is in UTF-8 is
+ *      pre-folded by regcomp.c.  This saves effort in regex matching.
+ *      However, the pre-folding isn't done for non-UTF8 patterns because the
+ *      fold of the MICRO SIGN requires UTF-8, and we don't want to slow things
+ *      down by forcing the pattern into UTF8 unless necessary.  Also what
+ *      EXACTF and EXACTFL nodes fold to isn't known until runtime.  The fold
+ *      possibilities for the non-UTF8 patterns are quite simple, except for
+ *      the sharp s.  All the ones that don't involve a UTF-8 target string are
+ *      members of a fold-pair, and arrays are set up for all of them so that
+ *      the other member of the pair can be found quickly.  Code elsewhere in
+ *      this file makes sure that in EXACTFU nodes, the sharp s gets folded to
+ *      'ss', even if the pattern isn't UTF-8.  This avoids the issues
+ *      described in the next item.
+ * 4)   A problem remains for the sharp s in EXACTF and EXACTFA nodes when the
+ *      pattern isn't in UTF-8. (BTW, there cannot be an EXACTF node with a
+ *      UTF-8 pattern.)  An assumption that the optimizer part of regexec.c
+ *      (probably unwittingly, in Perl_regexec_flags()) makes is that a
+ *      character in the pattern corresponds to at most a single character in
+ *      the target string.  (And I do mean character, and not byte here, unlike
+ *      other parts of the documentation that have never been updated to
+ *      account for multibyte Unicode.)  sharp s in EXACTF nodes can match the
+ *      two character string 'ss'; in EXACTFA nodes it can match
+ *      "\x{17F}\x{17F}".  These violate the assumption, and they are the only
+ *      instances where it is violated.  I'm reluctant to try to change the
+ *      assumption, as the code involved is impenetrable to me (khw), so
+ *      instead the code here punts.  This routine examines (when the pattern
+ *      isn't UTF-8) EXACTF and EXACTFA nodes for the sharp s, and returns a
+ *      boolean indicating whether or not the node contains a sharp s.  When it
+ *      is true, the caller sets a flag that later causes the optimizer in this
+ *      file to not set values for the floating and fixed string lengths, and
+ *      thus avoids the optimizer code in regexec.c that makes the invalid
+ *      assumption.  Thus, there is no optimization based on string lengths for
+ *      non-UTF8-pattern EXACTF and EXACTFA nodes that contain the sharp s.
+ *      (The reason the assumption is wrong only in these two cases is that all
+ *      other non-UTF-8 folds are 1-1; and, for UTF-8 patterns, we pre-fold all
+ *      other folds to their expanded versions.  We can't prefold sharp s to
+ *      'ss' in EXACTF nodes because we don't know at compile time if it
+ *      actually matches 'ss' or not.  It will match iff the target string is
+ *      in UTF-8, unlike the EXACTFU nodes, where it always matches; and
+ *      EXACTFA and EXACTFL where it never does.  In an EXACTFA node in a UTF-8
+ *      pattern, sharp s is folded to "\x{17F}\x{17F}, avoiding the problem;
+ *      but in a non-UTF8 pattern, folding it to that above-Latin1 string would
+ *      require the pattern to be forced into UTF-8, the overhead of which we
+ *      want to avoid.)
+ */
+
+#define JOIN_EXACT(scan,min_subtract,has_exactf_sharp_s, flags) \
+    if (PL_regkind[OP(scan)] == EXACT) \
+        join_exact(pRExC_state,(scan),(min_subtract),has_exactf_sharp_s, (flags),NULL,depth+1)
+
+STATIC U32
+S_join_exact(pTHX_ RExC_state_t *pRExC_state, regnode *scan, UV *min_subtract, bool *has_exactf_sharp_s, U32 flags,regnode *val, U32 depth) {
+    /* Merge several consecutive EXACTish nodes into one. */
+    regnode *n = regnext(scan);
+    U32 stringok = 1;
+    regnode *next = scan + NODE_SZ_STR(scan);
+    U32 merged = 0;
+    U32 stopnow = 0;
+#ifdef DEBUGGING
+    regnode *stop = scan;
+    GET_RE_DEBUG_FLAGS_DECL;
+#else
+    PERL_UNUSED_ARG(depth);
+#endif
+
+    PERL_ARGS_ASSERT_JOIN_EXACT;
+#ifndef EXPERIMENTAL_INPLACESCAN
+    PERL_UNUSED_ARG(flags);
+    PERL_UNUSED_ARG(val);
+#endif
+    DEBUG_PEEP("join",scan,depth);
+
+    /* Look through the subsequent nodes in the chain.  Skip NOTHING, merge
+     * EXACT ones that are mergeable to the current one. */
+    while (n
+           && (PL_regkind[OP(n)] == NOTHING
+               || (stringok && OP(n) == OP(scan)))
+           && NEXT_OFF(n)
+           && NEXT_OFF(scan) + NEXT_OFF(n) < I16_MAX)
+    {
+        
+        if (OP(n) == TAIL || n > next)
+            stringok = 0;
+        if (PL_regkind[OP(n)] == NOTHING) {
+            DEBUG_PEEP("skip:",n,depth);
+            NEXT_OFF(scan) += NEXT_OFF(n);
+            next = n + NODE_STEP_REGNODE;
+#ifdef DEBUGGING
+            if (stringok)
+                stop = n;
+#endif
+            n = regnext(n);
+        }
+        else if (stringok) {
+            const unsigned int oldl = STR_LEN(scan);
+            regnode * const nnext = regnext(n);
+
+            /* XXX I (khw) kind of doubt that this works on platforms where
+             * U8_MAX is above 255 because of lots of other assumptions */
+            /* Don't join if the sum can't fit into a single node */
+            if (oldl + STR_LEN(n) > U8_MAX)
+                break;
+            
+            DEBUG_PEEP("merg",n,depth);
+            merged++;
+
+            NEXT_OFF(scan) += NEXT_OFF(n);
+            STR_LEN(scan) += STR_LEN(n);
+            next = n + NODE_SZ_STR(n);
+            /* Now we can overwrite *n : */
+            Move(STRING(n), STRING(scan) + oldl, STR_LEN(n), char);
+#ifdef DEBUGGING
+            stop = next - 1;
+#endif
+            n = nnext;
+            if (stopnow) break;
+        }
+
+#ifdef EXPERIMENTAL_INPLACESCAN
+       if (flags && !NEXT_OFF(n)) {
+           DEBUG_PEEP("atch", val, depth);
+           if (reg_off_by_arg[OP(n)]) {
+               ARG_SET(n, val - n);
+           }
+           else {
+               NEXT_OFF(n) = val - n;
+           }
+           stopnow = 1;
+       }
+#endif
+    }
+
+    *min_subtract = 0;
+    *has_exactf_sharp_s = FALSE;
+
+    /* Here, all the adjacent mergeable EXACTish nodes have been merged.  We
+     * can now analyze for sequences of problematic code points.  (Prior to
+     * this final joining, sequences could have been split over boundaries, and
+     * hence missed).  The sequences only happen in folding, hence for any
+     * non-EXACT EXACTish node */
+    if (OP(scan) != EXACT) {
+        const U8 * const s0 = (U8*) STRING(scan);
+        const U8 * s = s0;
+        const U8 * const s_end = s0 + STR_LEN(scan);
+
+       /* One pass is made over the node's string looking for all the
+        * possibilities.  to avoid some tests in the loop, there are two main
+        * cases, for UTF-8 patterns (which can't have EXACTF nodes) and
+        * non-UTF-8 */
+       if (UTF) {
+
+            /* Examine the string for a multi-character fold sequence.  UTF-8
+             * patterns have all characters pre-folded by the time this code is
+             * executed */
+            while (s < s_end - 1) /* Can stop 1 before the end, as minimum
+                                     length sequence we are looking for is 2 */
+           {
+                int count = 0;
+                int len = is_MULTI_CHAR_FOLD_utf8_safe(s, s_end);
+                if (! len) {    /* Not a multi-char fold: get next char */
+                    s += UTF8SKIP(s);
+                    continue;
+                }
+
+                /* Nodes with 'ss' require special handling, except for EXACTFL
+                 * and EXACTFA for which there is no multi-char fold to this */
+                if (len == 2 && *s == 's' && *(s+1) == 's'
+                    && OP(scan) != EXACTFL && OP(scan) != EXACTFA)
+                {
+                    count = 2;
+                    OP(scan) = EXACTFU_SS;
+                    s += 2;
+                }
+                else if (len == 6   /* len is the same in both ASCII and EBCDIC
+                                       for these */
+                         && (memEQ(s, GREEK_SMALL_LETTER_IOTA_UTF8
+                                      COMBINING_DIAERESIS_UTF8
+                                      COMBINING_ACUTE_ACCENT_UTF8,
+                                   6)
+                             || memEQ(s, GREEK_SMALL_LETTER_UPSILON_UTF8
+                                         COMBINING_DIAERESIS_UTF8
+                                         COMBINING_ACUTE_ACCENT_UTF8,
+                                     6)))
+                {
+                    count = 3;
+
+                    /* These two folds require special handling by trie's, so
+                     * change the node type to indicate this.  If EXACTFA and
+                     * EXACTFL were ever to be handled by trie's, this would
+                     * have to be changed.  If this node has already been
+                     * changed to EXACTFU_SS in this loop, leave it as is.  (I
+                     * (khw) think it doesn't matter in regexec.c for UTF
+                     * patterns, but no need to change it */
+                    if (OP(scan) == EXACTFU) {
+                        OP(scan) = EXACTFU_TRICKYFOLD;
+                    }
+                    s += 6;
+                }
+                else { /* Here is a generic multi-char fold. */
+                    const U8* multi_end  = s + len;
+
+                    /* Count how many characters in it.  In the case of /l and
+                     * /aa, no folds which contain ASCII code points are
+                     * allowed, so check for those, and skip if found.  (In
+                     * EXACTFL, no folds are allowed to any Latin1 code point,
+                     * not just ASCII.  But there aren't any of these
+                     * currently, nor ever likely, so don't take the time to
+                     * test for them.  The code that generates the
+                     * is_MULTI_foo() macros croaks should one actually get put
+                     * into Unicode .) */
+                    if (OP(scan) != EXACTFL && OP(scan) != EXACTFA) {
+                        count = utf8_length(s, multi_end);
+                        s = multi_end;
+                    }
+                    else {
+                        while (s < multi_end) {
+                            if (isASCII(*s)) {
+                                s++;
+                                goto next_iteration;
+                            }
+                            else {
+                                s += UTF8SKIP(s);
+                            }
+                            count++;
+                        }
+                    }
+                }
+
+                /* The delta is how long the sequence is minus 1 (1 is how long
+                 * the character that folds to the sequence is) */
+                *min_subtract += count - 1;
+            next_iteration: ;
+           }
+       }
+       else if (OP(scan) == EXACTFA) {
+
+            /* Non-UTF-8 pattern, EXACTFA node.  There can't be a multi-char
+             * fold to the ASCII range (and there are no existing ones in the
+             * upper latin1 range).  But, as outlined in the comments preceding
+             * this function, we need to flag any occurrences of the sharp s */
+           while (s < s_end) {
+                if (*s == LATIN_SMALL_LETTER_SHARP_S) {
+                    *has_exactf_sharp_s = TRUE;
+                    break;
+                }
+                s++;
+                continue;
+            }
+        }
+       else if (OP(scan) != EXACTFL) {
+
+            /* Non-UTF-8 pattern, not EXACTFA nor EXACTFL node.  Look for the
+             * multi-char folds that are all Latin1.  (This code knows that
+             * there are no current multi-char folds possible with EXACTFL,
+             * relying on fold_grind.t to catch any errors if the very unlikely
+             * event happens that some get added in future Unicode versions.)
+             * As explained in the comments preceding this function, we look
+             * also for the sharp s in EXACTF nodes; it can be in the final
+             * position.  Otherwise we can stop looking 1 byte earlier because
+             * have to find at least two characters for a multi-fold */
+           const U8* upper = (OP(scan) == EXACTF) ? s_end : s_end -1;
+
+            /* The below is perhaps overboard, but this allows us to save a
+             * test each time through the loop at the expense of a mask.  This
+             * is because on both EBCDIC and ASCII machines, 'S' and 's' differ
+             * by a single bit.  On ASCII they are 32 apart; on EBCDIC, they
+             * are 64.  This uses an exclusive 'or' to find that bit and then
+             * inverts it to form a mask, with just a single 0, in the bit
+             * position where 'S' and 's' differ. */
+            const U8 S_or_s_mask = (U8) ~ ('S' ^ 's');
+            const U8 s_masked = 's' & S_or_s_mask;
+
+           while (s < upper) {
+                int len = is_MULTI_CHAR_FOLD_latin1_safe(s, s_end);
+                if (! len) {    /* Not a multi-char fold. */
+                    if (*s == LATIN_SMALL_LETTER_SHARP_S && OP(scan) == EXACTF)
+                    {
+                        *has_exactf_sharp_s = TRUE;
+                    }
+                    s++;
+                    continue;
+                }
+
+                if (len == 2
+                    && ((*s & S_or_s_mask) == s_masked)
+                    && ((*(s+1) & S_or_s_mask) == s_masked))
+                {
+
+                    /* EXACTF nodes need to know that the minimum length
+                     * changed so that a sharp s in the string can match this
+                     * ss in the pattern, but they remain EXACTF nodes, as they
+                     * won't match this unless the target string is is UTF-8,
+                     * which we don't know until runtime */
+                    if (OP(scan) != EXACTF) {
+                        OP(scan) = EXACTFU_SS;
+                    }
+               }
+
+                *min_subtract += len - 1;
+                s += len;
+           }
+       }
+    }
+
+#ifdef DEBUGGING
+    /* Allow dumping but overwriting the collection of skipped
+     * ops and/or strings with fake optimized ops */
+    n = scan + NODE_SZ_STR(scan);
+    while (n <= stop) {
+       OP(n) = OPTIMIZED;
+       FLAGS(n) = 0;
+       NEXT_OFF(n) = 0;
+        n++;
+    }
+#endif
+    DEBUG_OPTIMISE_r(if (merged){DEBUG_PEEP("finl",scan,depth)});
+    return stopnow;
+}
+
+/* REx optimizer.  Converts nodes into quicker variants "in place".
+   Finds fixed substrings.  */
+
+/* Stops at toplevel WHILEM as well as at "last". At end *scanp is set
+   to the position after last scanned or to NULL. */
+
+#define INIT_AND_WITHP \
+    assert(!and_withp); \
+    Newx(and_withp,1,struct regnode_charclass_class); \
+    SAVEFREEPV(and_withp)
+
+/* this is a chain of data about sub patterns we are processing that
+   need to be handled separately/specially in study_chunk. Its so
+   we can simulate recursion without losing state.  */
+struct scan_frame;
+typedef struct scan_frame {
+    regnode *last;  /* last node to process in this frame */
+    regnode *next;  /* next node to process when last is reached */
+    struct scan_frame *prev; /*previous frame*/
+    I32 stop; /* what stopparen do we use */
+} scan_frame;
+
+
+#define SCAN_COMMIT(s, data, m) scan_commit(s, data, m, is_inf)
+
+STATIC I32
+S_study_chunk(pTHX_ RExC_state_t *pRExC_state, regnode **scanp,
+                        I32 *minlenp, I32 *deltap,
+                       regnode *last,
+                       scan_data_t *data,
+                       I32 stopparen,
+                       U8* recursed,
+                       struct regnode_charclass_class *and_withp,
+                       U32 flags, U32 depth)
+                       /* scanp: Start here (read-write). */
+                       /* deltap: Write maxlen-minlen here. */
+                       /* last: Stop before this one. */
+                       /* data: string data about the pattern */
+                       /* stopparen: treat close N as END */
+                       /* recursed: which subroutines have we recursed into */
+                       /* and_withp: Valid if flags & SCF_DO_STCLASS_OR */
+{
+    dVAR;
+    I32 min = 0;    /* There must be at least this number of characters to match */
+    I32 pars = 0, code;
+    regnode *scan = *scanp, *next;
+    I32 delta = 0;
+    int is_inf = (flags & SCF_DO_SUBSTR) && (data->flags & SF_IS_INF);
+    int is_inf_internal = 0;           /* The studied chunk is infinite */
+    I32 is_par = OP(scan) == OPEN ? ARG(scan) : 0;
+    scan_data_t data_fake;
+    SV *re_trie_maxbuff = NULL;
+    regnode *first_non_open = scan;
+    I32 stopmin = I32_MAX;
+    scan_frame *frame = NULL;
+    GET_RE_DEBUG_FLAGS_DECL;
+
+    PERL_ARGS_ASSERT_STUDY_CHUNK;
+
+#ifdef DEBUGGING
+    StructCopy(&zero_scan_data, &data_fake, scan_data_t);
+#endif
+
+    if ( depth == 0 ) {
+        while (first_non_open && OP(first_non_open) == OPEN)
+            first_non_open=regnext(first_non_open);
+    }
+
+
+  fake_study_recurse:
+    while ( scan && OP(scan) != END && scan < last ){
+        UV min_subtract = 0;    /* How mmany chars to subtract from the minimum
+                                   node length to get a real minimum (because
+                                   the folded version may be shorter) */
+       bool has_exactf_sharp_s = FALSE;
+       /* Peephole optimizer: */
+       DEBUG_STUDYDATA("Peep:", data,depth);
+       DEBUG_PEEP("Peep",scan,depth);
+
+        /* Its not clear to khw or hv why this is done here, and not in the
+         * clauses that deal with EXACT nodes.  khw's guess is that it's
+         * because of a previous design */
+        JOIN_EXACT(scan,&min_subtract, &has_exactf_sharp_s, 0);
+
+       /* Follow the next-chain of the current node and optimize
+          away all the NOTHINGs from it.  */
+       if (OP(scan) != CURLYX) {
+           const int max = (reg_off_by_arg[OP(scan)]
+                      ? I32_MAX
+                      /* I32 may be smaller than U16 on CRAYs! */
+                      : (I32_MAX < U16_MAX ? I32_MAX : U16_MAX));
+           int off = (reg_off_by_arg[OP(scan)] ? ARG(scan) : NEXT_OFF(scan));
+           int noff;
+           regnode *n = scan;
+
+           /* Skip NOTHING and LONGJMP. */
+           while ((n = regnext(n))
+                  && ((PL_regkind[OP(n)] == NOTHING && (noff = NEXT_OFF(n)))
+                      || ((OP(n) == LONGJMP) && (noff = ARG(n))))
+                  && off + noff < max)
+               off += noff;
+           if (reg_off_by_arg[OP(scan)])
+               ARG(scan) = off;
+           else
+               NEXT_OFF(scan) = off;
+       }
+
+
+
+       /* The principal pseudo-switch.  Cannot be a switch, since we
+          look into several different things.  */
+       if (OP(scan) == BRANCH || OP(scan) == BRANCHJ
+                  || OP(scan) == IFTHEN) {
+           next = regnext(scan);
+           code = OP(scan);
+           /* demq: the op(next)==code check is to see if we have "branch-branch" AFAICT */
+
+           if (OP(next) == code || code == IFTHEN) {
+               /* NOTE - There is similar code to this block below for handling
+                  TRIE nodes on a re-study.  If you change stuff here check there
+                  too. */
+               I32 max1 = 0, min1 = I32_MAX, num = 0;
+               struct regnode_charclass_class accum;
+               regnode * const startbranch=scan;
+
+               if (flags & SCF_DO_SUBSTR)
+                   SCAN_COMMIT(pRExC_state, data, minlenp); /* Cannot merge strings after this. */
+               if (flags & SCF_DO_STCLASS)
+                   cl_init_zero(pRExC_state, &accum);
+
+               while (OP(scan) == code) {
+                   I32 deltanext, minnext, f = 0, fake;
+                   struct regnode_charclass_class this_class;
+
+                   num++;
+                   data_fake.flags = 0;
+                   if (data) {
+                       data_fake.whilem_c = data->whilem_c;
+                       data_fake.last_closep = data->last_closep;
+                   }
+                   else
+                       data_fake.last_closep = &fake;
+
+                   data_fake.pos_delta = delta;
+                   next = regnext(scan);
+                   scan = NEXTOPER(scan);
+                   if (code != BRANCH)
+                       scan = NEXTOPER(scan);
+                   if (flags & SCF_DO_STCLASS) {
+                       cl_init(pRExC_state, &this_class);
+                       data_fake.start_class = &this_class;
+                       f = SCF_DO_STCLASS_AND;
+                   }
+                   if (flags & SCF_WHILEM_VISITED_POS)
+                       f |= SCF_WHILEM_VISITED_POS;
+
+                   /* we suppose the run is continuous, last=next...*/
+                   minnext = study_chunk(pRExC_state, &scan, minlenp, &deltanext,
+                                         next, &data_fake,
+                                         stopparen, recursed, NULL, f,depth+1);
+                   if (min1 > minnext)
+                       min1 = minnext;
+                   if (deltanext == I32_MAX) {
+                       is_inf = is_inf_internal = 1;
+                       max1 = I32_MAX;
+                   } else if (max1 < minnext + deltanext)
+                       max1 = minnext + deltanext;
+                   scan = next;
+                   if (data_fake.flags & (SF_HAS_PAR|SF_IN_PAR))
+                       pars++;
+                   if (data_fake.flags & SCF_SEEN_ACCEPT) {
+                       if ( stopmin > minnext) 
+                           stopmin = min + min1;
+                       flags &= ~SCF_DO_SUBSTR;
+                       if (data)
+                           data->flags |= SCF_SEEN_ACCEPT;
+                   }
+                   if (data) {
+                       if (data_fake.flags & SF_HAS_EVAL)
+                           data->flags |= SF_HAS_EVAL;
+                       data->whilem_c = data_fake.whilem_c;
+                   }
+                   if (flags & SCF_DO_STCLASS)
+                       cl_or(pRExC_state, &accum, &this_class);
+               }
+               if (code == IFTHEN && num < 2) /* Empty ELSE branch */
+                   min1 = 0;
+               if (flags & SCF_DO_SUBSTR) {
+                   data->pos_min += min1;
+                   if (data->pos_delta >= I32_MAX - (max1 - min1))
+                       data->pos_delta = I32_MAX;
+                   else
+                       data->pos_delta += max1 - min1;
+                   if (max1 != min1 || is_inf)
+                       data->longest = &(data->longest_float);
+               }
+               min += min1;
+               if (delta == I32_MAX || I32_MAX - delta - (max1 - min1) < 0)
+                   delta = I32_MAX;
+               else
+                   delta += max1 - min1;
+               if (flags & SCF_DO_STCLASS_OR) {
+                   cl_or(pRExC_state, data->start_class, &accum);
+                   if (min1) {
+                       cl_and(data->start_class, and_withp);
+                       flags &= ~SCF_DO_STCLASS;
+                   }
+               }
+               else if (flags & SCF_DO_STCLASS_AND) {
+                   if (min1) {
+                       cl_and(data->start_class, &accum);
+                       flags &= ~SCF_DO_STCLASS;
+                   }
+                   else {
+                       /* Switch to OR mode: cache the old value of
+                        * data->start_class */
+                       INIT_AND_WITHP;
+                       StructCopy(data->start_class, and_withp,
+                                  struct regnode_charclass_class);
+                       flags &= ~SCF_DO_STCLASS_AND;
+                       StructCopy(&accum, data->start_class,
+                                  struct regnode_charclass_class);
+                       flags |= SCF_DO_STCLASS_OR;
+                        SET_SSC_EOS(data->start_class);
+                   }
+               }
+
+                if (PERL_ENABLE_TRIE_OPTIMISATION && OP( startbranch ) == BRANCH ) {
+               /* demq.
+
+                  Assuming this was/is a branch we are dealing with: 'scan' now
+                  points at the item that follows the branch sequence, whatever
+                  it is. We now start at the beginning of the sequence and look
+                  for subsequences of
+
+                  BRANCH->EXACT=>x1
+                  BRANCH->EXACT=>x2
+                  tail
+
+                  which would be constructed from a pattern like /A|LIST|OF|WORDS/
+
+                  If we can find such a subsequence we need to turn the first
+                  element into a trie and then add the subsequent branch exact
+                  strings to the trie.
+
+                  We have two cases
+
+                    1. patterns where the whole set of branches can be converted. 
+
+                    2. patterns where only a subset can be converted.
+
+                  In case 1 we can replace the whole set with a single regop
+                  for the trie. In case 2 we need to keep the start and end
+                  branches so
+
+                    'BRANCH EXACT; BRANCH EXACT; BRANCH X'
+                    becomes BRANCH TRIE; BRANCH X;
+
+                 There is an additional case, that being where there is a 
+                 common prefix, which gets split out into an EXACT like node
+                 preceding the TRIE node.
+
+                 If x(1..n)==tail then we can do a simple trie, if not we make
+                 a "jump" trie, such that when we match the appropriate word
+                 we "jump" to the appropriate tail node. Essentially we turn
+                 a nested if into a case structure of sorts.
+
+               */
+
+                   int made=0;
+                   if (!re_trie_maxbuff) {
+                       re_trie_maxbuff = get_sv(RE_TRIE_MAXBUF_NAME, 1);
+                       if (!SvIOK(re_trie_maxbuff))
+                           sv_setiv(re_trie_maxbuff, RE_TRIE_MAXBUF_INIT);
+                   }
+                    if ( SvIV(re_trie_maxbuff)>=0  ) {
+                        regnode *cur;
+                        regnode *first = (regnode *)NULL;
+                        regnode *last = (regnode *)NULL;
+                        regnode *tail = scan;
+                        U8 trietype = 0;
+                        U32 count=0;
+
+#ifdef DEBUGGING
+                        SV * const mysv = sv_newmortal();       /* for dumping */
+#endif
+                        /* var tail is used because there may be a TAIL
+                           regop in the way. Ie, the exacts will point to the
+                           thing following the TAIL, but the last branch will
+                           point at the TAIL. So we advance tail. If we
+                           have nested (?:) we may have to move through several
+                           tails.
+                         */
+
+                        while ( OP( tail ) == TAIL ) {
+                            /* this is the TAIL generated by (?:) */
+                            tail = regnext( tail );
+                        }
+
+                        
+                        DEBUG_TRIE_COMPILE_r({
+                            regprop(RExC_rx, mysv, tail );
+                            PerlIO_printf( Perl_debug_log, "%*s%s%s\n",
+                                (int)depth * 2 + 2, "", 
+                                "Looking for TRIE'able sequences. Tail node is: ", 
+                                SvPV_nolen_const( mysv )
+                            );
+                        });
+                        
+                        /*
+
+                            Step through the branches
+                                cur represents each branch,
+                                noper is the first thing to be matched as part of that branch
+                                noper_next is the regnext() of that node.
+
+                            We normally handle a case like this /FOO[xyz]|BAR[pqr]/
+                            via a "jump trie" but we also support building with NOJUMPTRIE,
+                            which restricts the trie logic to structures like /FOO|BAR/.
+
+                            If noper is a trieable nodetype then the branch is a possible optimization
+                            target. If we are building under NOJUMPTRIE then we require that noper_next
+                            is the same as scan (our current position in the regex program).
+
+                            Once we have two or more consecutive such branches we can create a
+                            trie of the EXACT's contents and stitch it in place into the program.
+
+                            If the sequence represents all of the branches in the alternation we
+                            replace the entire thing with a single TRIE node.
+
+                            Otherwise when it is a subsequence we need to stitch it in place and
+                            replace only the relevant branches. This means the first branch has
+                            to remain as it is used by the alternation logic, and its next pointer,
+                            and needs to be repointed at the item on the branch chain following
+                            the last branch we have optimized away.
+
+                            This could be either a BRANCH, in which case the subsequence is internal,
+                            or it could be the item following the branch sequence in which case the
+                            subsequence is at the end (which does not necessarily mean the first node
+                            is the start of the alternation).
+
+                            TRIE_TYPE(X) is a define which maps the optype to a trietype.
+
+                                optype          |  trietype
+                                ----------------+-----------
+                                NOTHING         | NOTHING
+                                EXACT           | EXACT
+                                EXACTFU         | EXACTFU
+                                EXACTFU_SS      | EXACTFU
+                                EXACTFU_TRICKYFOLD | EXACTFU
+                                EXACTFA         | 0
+
+
+                        */
+#define TRIE_TYPE(X) ( ( NOTHING == (X) ) ? NOTHING :   \
+                       ( EXACT == (X) )   ? EXACT :        \
+                       ( EXACTFU == (X) || EXACTFU_SS == (X) || EXACTFU_TRICKYFOLD == (X) ) ? EXACTFU :        \
+                       0 )
+
+                        /* dont use tail as the end marker for this traverse */
+                        for ( cur = startbranch ; cur != scan ; cur = regnext( cur ) ) {
+                            regnode * const noper = NEXTOPER( cur );
+                            U8 noper_type = OP( noper );
+                            U8 noper_trietype = TRIE_TYPE( noper_type );
+#if defined(DEBUGGING) || defined(NOJUMPTRIE)
+                            regnode * const noper_next = regnext( noper );
+                           U8 noper_next_type = (noper_next && noper_next != tail) ? OP(noper_next) : 0;
+                           U8 noper_next_trietype = (noper_next && noper_next != tail) ? TRIE_TYPE( noper_next_type ) :0;
+#endif
+
+                            DEBUG_TRIE_COMPILE_r({
+                                regprop(RExC_rx, mysv, cur);
+                                PerlIO_printf( Perl_debug_log, "%*s- %s (%d)",
+                                   (int)depth * 2 + 2,"", SvPV_nolen_const( mysv ), REG_NODE_NUM(cur) );
+
+                                regprop(RExC_rx, mysv, noper);
+                                PerlIO_printf( Perl_debug_log, " -> %s",
+                                    SvPV_nolen_const(mysv));
+
+                                if ( noper_next ) {
+                                  regprop(RExC_rx, mysv, noper_next );
+                                  PerlIO_printf( Perl_debug_log,"\t=> %s\t",
+                                    SvPV_nolen_const(mysv));
+                                }
+                                PerlIO_printf( Perl_debug_log, "(First==%d,Last==%d,Cur==%d,tt==%s,nt==%s,nnt==%s)\n",
+                                   REG_NODE_NUM(first), REG_NODE_NUM(last), REG_NODE_NUM(cur),
+                                  PL_reg_name[trietype], PL_reg_name[noper_trietype], PL_reg_name[noper_next_trietype] 
+                               );
+                            });
+
+                            /* Is noper a trieable nodetype that can be merged with the
+                             * current trie (if there is one)? */
+                            if ( noper_trietype
+                                  &&
+                                  (
+                                        ( noper_trietype == NOTHING)
+                                        || ( trietype == NOTHING )
+                                        || ( trietype == noper_trietype )
+                                  )
+#ifdef NOJUMPTRIE
+                                  && noper_next == tail
+#endif
+                                  && count < U16_MAX)
+                            {
+                                /* Handle mergable triable node
+                                 * Either we are the first node in a new trieable sequence,
+                                 * in which case we do some bookkeeping, otherwise we update
+                                 * the end pointer. */
+                                if ( !first ) {
+                                    first = cur;
+                                   if ( noper_trietype == NOTHING ) {
+#if !defined(DEBUGGING) && !defined(NOJUMPTRIE)
+                                       regnode * const noper_next = regnext( noper );
+                                        U8 noper_next_type = (noper_next && noper_next!=tail) ? OP(noper_next) : 0;
+                                       U8 noper_next_trietype = noper_next_type ? TRIE_TYPE( noper_next_type ) :0;
+#endif
+
+                                        if ( noper_next_trietype ) {
+                                           trietype = noper_next_trietype;
+                                        } else if (noper_next_type)  {
+                                            /* a NOTHING regop is 1 regop wide. We need at least two
+                                             * for a trie so we can't merge this in */
+                                            first = NULL;
+                                        }
+                                    } else {
+                                        trietype = noper_trietype;
+                                    }
+                                } else {
+                                    if ( trietype == NOTHING )
+                                        trietype = noper_trietype;
+                                    last = cur;
+                                }
+                               if (first)
+                                   count++;
+                            } /* end handle mergable triable node */
+                            else {
+                                /* handle unmergable node -
+                                 * noper may either be a triable node which can not be tried
+                                 * together with the current trie, or a non triable node */
+                                if ( last ) {
+                                    /* If last is set and trietype is not NOTHING then we have found
+                                     * at least two triable branch sequences in a row of a similar
+                                     * trietype so we can turn them into a trie. If/when we
+                                     * allow NOTHING to start a trie sequence this condition will be
+                                     * required, and it isn't expensive so we leave it in for now. */
+                                    if ( trietype && trietype != NOTHING )
+                                        make_trie( pRExC_state,
+                                                startbranch, first, cur, tail, count,
+                                                trietype, depth+1 );
+                                    last = NULL; /* note: we clear/update first, trietype etc below, so we dont do it here */
+                                }
+                                if ( noper_trietype
+#ifdef NOJUMPTRIE
+                                     && noper_next == tail
+#endif
+                                ){
+                                    /* noper is triable, so we can start a new trie sequence */
+                                    count = 1;
+                                    first = cur;
+                                    trietype = noper_trietype;
+                                } else if (first) {
+                                    /* if we already saw a first but the current node is not triable then we have
+                                     * to reset the first information. */
+                                    count = 0;
+                                    first = NULL;
+                                    trietype = 0;
+                                }
+                            } /* end handle unmergable node */
+                        } /* loop over branches */
+                        DEBUG_TRIE_COMPILE_r({
+                            regprop(RExC_rx, mysv, cur);
+                            PerlIO_printf( Perl_debug_log,
+                              "%*s- %s (%d) <SCAN FINISHED>\n", (int)depth * 2 + 2,
+                              "", SvPV_nolen_const( mysv ),REG_NODE_NUM(cur));
+
+                        });
+                        if ( last && trietype ) {
+                            if ( trietype != NOTHING ) {
+                                /* the last branch of the sequence was part of a trie,
+                                 * so we have to construct it here outside of the loop
+                                 */
+                                made= make_trie( pRExC_state, startbranch, first, scan, tail, count, trietype, depth+1 );
+#ifdef TRIE_STUDY_OPT
+                                if ( ((made == MADE_EXACT_TRIE &&
+                                     startbranch == first)
+                                     || ( first_non_open == first )) &&
+                                     depth==0 ) {
+                                    flags |= SCF_TRIE_RESTUDY;
+                                    if ( startbranch == first
+                                         && scan == tail )
+                                    {
+                                        RExC_seen &=~REG_TOP_LEVEL_BRANCHES;
+                                    }
+                                }
+#endif
+                            } else {
+                                /* at this point we know whatever we have is a NOTHING sequence/branch
+                                 * AND if 'startbranch' is 'first' then we can turn the whole thing into a NOTHING
+                                 */
+                                if ( startbranch == first ) {
+                                    regnode *opt;
+                                    /* the entire thing is a NOTHING sequence, something like this:
+                                     * (?:|) So we can turn it into a plain NOTHING op. */
+                                    DEBUG_TRIE_COMPILE_r({
+                                        regprop(RExC_rx, mysv, cur);
+                                        PerlIO_printf( Perl_debug_log,
+                                          "%*s- %s (%d) <NOTHING BRANCH SEQUENCE>\n", (int)depth * 2 + 2,
+                                          "", SvPV_nolen_const( mysv ),REG_NODE_NUM(cur));
+
+                                    });
+                                    OP(startbranch)= NOTHING;
+                                    NEXT_OFF(startbranch)= tail - startbranch;
+                                    for ( opt= startbranch + 1; opt < tail ; opt++ )
+                                        OP(opt)= OPTIMIZED;
+                                }
+                            }
+                        } /* end if ( last) */
+                    } /* TRIE_MAXBUF is non zero */
+                    
+                } /* do trie */
+                
+           }
+           else if ( code == BRANCHJ ) {  /* single branch is optimized. */
+               scan = NEXTOPER(NEXTOPER(scan));
+           } else                      /* single branch is optimized. */
+               scan = NEXTOPER(scan);
+           continue;
+       } else if (OP(scan) == SUSPEND || OP(scan) == GOSUB || OP(scan) == GOSTART) {
+           scan_frame *newframe = NULL;
+           I32 paren;
+           regnode *start;
+           regnode *end;
+
+           if (OP(scan) != SUSPEND) {
+           /* set the pointer */
+               if (OP(scan) == GOSUB) {
+                   paren = ARG(scan);
+                   RExC_recurse[ARG2L(scan)] = scan;
+                    start = RExC_open_parens[paren-1];
+                    end   = RExC_close_parens[paren-1];
+                } else {
+                    paren = 0;
+                    start = RExC_rxi->program + 1;
+                    end   = RExC_opend;
+                }
+                if (!recursed) {
+                    Newxz(recursed, (((RExC_npar)>>3) +1), U8);
+                    SAVEFREEPV(recursed);
+                }
+                if (!PAREN_TEST(recursed,paren+1)) {
+                   PAREN_SET(recursed,paren+1);
+                    Newx(newframe,1,scan_frame);
+                } else {
+                    if (flags & SCF_DO_SUBSTR) {
+                        SCAN_COMMIT(pRExC_state,data,minlenp);
+                        data->longest = &(data->longest_float);
+                    }
+                    is_inf = is_inf_internal = 1;
+                    if (flags & SCF_DO_STCLASS_OR) /* Allow everything */
+                        cl_anything(pRExC_state, data->start_class);
+                    flags &= ~SCF_DO_STCLASS;
+               }
+            } else {
+               Newx(newframe,1,scan_frame);
+               paren = stopparen;
+               start = scan+2;
+               end = regnext(scan);
+           }
+           if (newframe) {
+                assert(start);
+                assert(end);
+               SAVEFREEPV(newframe);
+               newframe->next = regnext(scan);
+               newframe->last = last;
+               newframe->stop = stopparen;
+               newframe->prev = frame;
+
+               frame = newframe;
+               scan =  start;
+               stopparen = paren;
+               last = end;
+
+               continue;
+           }
+       }
+       else if (OP(scan) == EXACT) {
+           I32 l = STR_LEN(scan);
+           UV uc;
+           if (UTF) {
+               const U8 * const s = (U8*)STRING(scan);
+               uc = utf8_to_uvchr_buf(s, s + l, NULL);
+               l = utf8_length(s, s + l);
+           } else {
+               uc = *((U8*)STRING(scan));
+           }
+           min += l;
+           if (flags & SCF_DO_SUBSTR) { /* Update longest substr. */
+               /* The code below prefers earlier match for fixed
+                  offset, later match for variable offset.  */
+               if (data->last_end == -1) { /* Update the start info. */
+                   data->last_start_min = data->pos_min;
+                   data->last_start_max = is_inf
+                       ? I32_MAX : data->pos_min + data->pos_delta;
+               }
+               sv_catpvn(data->last_found, STRING(scan), STR_LEN(scan));
+               if (UTF)
+                   SvUTF8_on(data->last_found);
+               {
+                   SV * const sv = data->last_found;
+                   MAGIC * const mg = SvUTF8(sv) && SvMAGICAL(sv) ?
+                       mg_find(sv, PERL_MAGIC_utf8) : NULL;
+                   if (mg && mg->mg_len >= 0)
+                       mg->mg_len += utf8_length((U8*)STRING(scan),
+                                                 (U8*)STRING(scan)+STR_LEN(scan));
+               }
+               data->last_end = data->pos_min + l;
+               data->pos_min += l; /* As in the first entry. */
+               data->flags &= ~SF_BEFORE_EOL;
+           }
+           if (flags & SCF_DO_STCLASS_AND) {
+               /* Check whether it is compatible with what we know already! */
+               int compat = 1;
+
+
+               /* If compatible, we or it in below.  It is compatible if is
+                * in the bitmp and either 1) its bit or its fold is set, or 2)
+                * it's for a locale.  Even if there isn't unicode semantics
+                * here, at runtime there may be because of matching against a
+                * utf8 string, so accept a possible false positive for
+                * latin1-range folds */
+               if (uc >= 0x100 ||
+                   (!(data->start_class->flags & ANYOF_LOCALE)
+                   && !ANYOF_BITMAP_TEST(data->start_class, uc)
+                   && (!(data->start_class->flags & ANYOF_LOC_FOLD)
+                       || !ANYOF_BITMAP_TEST(data->start_class, PL_fold_latin1[uc])))
+                    )
+               {
+                   compat = 0;
+               }
+               ANYOF_CLASS_ZERO(data->start_class);
+               ANYOF_BITMAP_ZERO(data->start_class);
+               if (compat)
+                   ANYOF_BITMAP_SET(data->start_class, uc);
+               else if (uc >= 0x100) {
+                   int i;
+
+                   /* Some Unicode code points fold to the Latin1 range; as
+                    * XXX temporary code, instead of figuring out if this is
+                    * one, just assume it is and set all the start class bits
+                    * that could be some such above 255 code point's fold
+                    * which will generate fals positives.  As the code
+                    * elsewhere that does compute the fold settles down, it
+                    * can be extracted out and re-used here */
+                   for (i = 0; i < 256; i++){
+                       if (HAS_NONLATIN1_FOLD_CLOSURE(i)) {
+                           ANYOF_BITMAP_SET(data->start_class, i);
+                       }
+                   }
+               }
+                CLEAR_SSC_EOS(data->start_class);
+               if (uc < 0x100)
+                 data->start_class->flags &= ~ANYOF_UNICODE_ALL;
+           }
+           else if (flags & SCF_DO_STCLASS_OR) {
+               /* false positive possible if the class is case-folded */
+               if (uc < 0x100)
+                   ANYOF_BITMAP_SET(data->start_class, uc);
+               else
+                   data->start_class->flags |= ANYOF_UNICODE_ALL;
+                CLEAR_SSC_EOS(data->start_class);
+               cl_and(data->start_class, and_withp);
+           }
+           flags &= ~SCF_DO_STCLASS;
+       }
+       else if (PL_regkind[OP(scan)] == EXACT) { /* But OP != EXACT! */
+           I32 l = STR_LEN(scan);
+           UV uc = *((U8*)STRING(scan));
+
+           /* Search for fixed substrings supports EXACT only. */
+           if (flags & SCF_DO_SUBSTR) {
+               assert(data);
+               SCAN_COMMIT(pRExC_state, data, minlenp);
+           }
+           if (UTF) {
+               const U8 * const s = (U8 *)STRING(scan);
+               uc = utf8_to_uvchr_buf(s, s + l, NULL);
+               l = utf8_length(s, s + l);
+           }
+           if (has_exactf_sharp_s) {
+               RExC_seen |= REG_SEEN_EXACTF_SHARP_S;
+           }
+           min += l - min_subtract;
+            assert (min >= 0);
+            delta += min_subtract;
+           if (flags & SCF_DO_SUBSTR) {
+               data->pos_min += l - min_subtract;
+               if (data->pos_min < 0) {
+                    data->pos_min = 0;
+                }
+                data->pos_delta += min_subtract;
+               if (min_subtract) {
+                   data->longest = &(data->longest_float);
+               }
+           }
+           if (flags & SCF_DO_STCLASS_AND) {
+               /* Check whether it is compatible with what we know already! */
+               int compat = 1;
+               if (uc >= 0x100 ||
+                (!(data->start_class->flags & ANYOF_LOCALE)
+                 && !ANYOF_BITMAP_TEST(data->start_class, uc)
+                 && !ANYOF_BITMAP_TEST(data->start_class, PL_fold_latin1[uc])))
+               {
+                   compat = 0;
+               }
+               ANYOF_CLASS_ZERO(data->start_class);
+               ANYOF_BITMAP_ZERO(data->start_class);
+               if (compat) {
+                   ANYOF_BITMAP_SET(data->start_class, uc);
+                    CLEAR_SSC_EOS(data->start_class);
+                   if (OP(scan) == EXACTFL) {
+                       /* XXX This set is probably no longer necessary, and
+                        * probably wrong as LOCALE now is on in the initial
+                        * state */
+                       data->start_class->flags |= ANYOF_LOCALE|ANYOF_LOC_FOLD;
+                   }
+                   else {
+
+                       /* Also set the other member of the fold pair.  In case
+                        * that unicode semantics is called for at runtime, use
+                        * the full latin1 fold.  (Can't do this for locale,
+                        * because not known until runtime) */
+                       ANYOF_BITMAP_SET(data->start_class, PL_fold_latin1[uc]);
+
+                        /* All other (EXACTFL handled above) folds except under
+                         * /iaa that include s, S, and sharp_s also may include
+                         * the others */
+                       if (OP(scan) != EXACTFA) {
+                           if (uc == 's' || uc == 'S') {
+                               ANYOF_BITMAP_SET(data->start_class,
+                                                LATIN_SMALL_LETTER_SHARP_S);
+                           }
+                           else if (uc == LATIN_SMALL_LETTER_SHARP_S) {
+                               ANYOF_BITMAP_SET(data->start_class, 's');
+                               ANYOF_BITMAP_SET(data->start_class, 'S');
+                           }
+                       }
+                   }
+               }
+               else if (uc >= 0x100) {
+                   int i;
+                   for (i = 0; i < 256; i++){
+                       if (_HAS_NONLATIN1_FOLD_CLOSURE_ONLY_FOR_USE_BY_REGCOMP_DOT_C_AND_REGEXEC_DOT_C(i)) {
+                           ANYOF_BITMAP_SET(data->start_class, i);
+                       }
+                   }
+               }
+           }
+           else if (flags & SCF_DO_STCLASS_OR) {
+               if (data->start_class->flags & ANYOF_LOC_FOLD) {
+                   /* false positive possible if the class is case-folded.
+                      Assume that the locale settings are the same... */
+                   if (uc < 0x100) {
+                       ANYOF_BITMAP_SET(data->start_class, uc);
+                        if (OP(scan) != EXACTFL) {
+
+                            /* And set the other member of the fold pair, but
+                             * can't do that in locale because not known until
+                             * run-time */
+                            ANYOF_BITMAP_SET(data->start_class,
+                                            PL_fold_latin1[uc]);
+
+                           /* All folds except under /iaa that include s, S,
+                            * and sharp_s also may include the others */
+                           if (OP(scan) != EXACTFA) {
+                               if (uc == 's' || uc == 'S') {
+                                   ANYOF_BITMAP_SET(data->start_class,
+                                                  LATIN_SMALL_LETTER_SHARP_S);
+                               }
+                               else if (uc == LATIN_SMALL_LETTER_SHARP_S) {
+                                   ANYOF_BITMAP_SET(data->start_class, 's');
+                                   ANYOF_BITMAP_SET(data->start_class, 'S');
+                               }
+                           }
+                        }
+                   }
+                    CLEAR_SSC_EOS(data->start_class);
+               }
+               cl_and(data->start_class, and_withp);
+           }
+           flags &= ~SCF_DO_STCLASS;
+       }
+       else if (REGNODE_VARIES(OP(scan))) {
+           I32 mincount, maxcount, minnext, deltanext, fl = 0;
+           I32 f = flags, pos_before = 0;
+           regnode * const oscan = scan;
+           struct regnode_charclass_class this_class;
+           struct regnode_charclass_class *oclass = NULL;
+           I32 next_is_eval = 0;
+
+           switch (PL_regkind[OP(scan)]) {
+           case WHILEM:                /* End of (?:...)* . */
+               scan = NEXTOPER(scan);
+               goto finish;
+           case PLUS:
+               if (flags & (SCF_DO_SUBSTR | SCF_DO_STCLASS)) {
+                   next = NEXTOPER(scan);
+                   if (OP(next) == EXACT || (flags & SCF_DO_STCLASS)) {
+                       mincount = 1;
+                       maxcount = REG_INFTY;
+                       next = regnext(scan);
+                       scan = NEXTOPER(scan);
+                       goto do_curly;
+                   }
+               }
+               if (flags & SCF_DO_SUBSTR)
+                   data->pos_min++;
+               min++;
+               /* Fall through. */
+           case STAR:
+               if (flags & SCF_DO_STCLASS) {
+                   mincount = 0;
+                   maxcount = REG_INFTY;
+                   next = regnext(scan);
+                   scan = NEXTOPER(scan);
+                   goto do_curly;
+               }
+               is_inf = is_inf_internal = 1;
+               scan = regnext(scan);
+               if (flags & SCF_DO_SUBSTR) {
+                   SCAN_COMMIT(pRExC_state, data, minlenp); /* Cannot extend fixed substrings */
+                   data->longest = &(data->longest_float);
+               }
+               goto optimize_curly_tail;
+           case CURLY:
+               if (stopparen>0 && (OP(scan)==CURLYN || OP(scan)==CURLYM)
+                   && (scan->flags == stopparen))
+               {
+                   mincount = 1;
+                   maxcount = 1;
+               } else {
+                   mincount = ARG1(scan);
+                   maxcount = ARG2(scan);
+               }
+               next = regnext(scan);
+               if (OP(scan) == CURLYX) {
+                   I32 lp = (data ? *(data->last_closep) : 0);
+                   scan->flags = ((lp <= (I32)U8_MAX) ? (U8)lp : U8_MAX);
+               }
+               scan = NEXTOPER(scan) + EXTRA_STEP_2ARGS;
+               next_is_eval = (OP(scan) == EVAL);
+             do_curly:
+               if (flags & SCF_DO_SUBSTR) {
+                   if (mincount == 0) SCAN_COMMIT(pRExC_state,data,minlenp); /* Cannot extend fixed substrings */
+                   pos_before = data->pos_min;
+               }
+               if (data) {
+                   fl = data->flags;
+                   data->flags &= ~(SF_HAS_PAR|SF_IN_PAR|SF_HAS_EVAL);
+                   if (is_inf)
+                       data->flags |= SF_IS_INF;
+               }
+               if (flags & SCF_DO_STCLASS) {
+                   cl_init(pRExC_state, &this_class);
+                   oclass = data->start_class;
+                   data->start_class = &this_class;
+                   f |= SCF_DO_STCLASS_AND;
+                   f &= ~SCF_DO_STCLASS_OR;
+               }
+               /* Exclude from super-linear cache processing any {n,m}
+                  regops for which the combination of input pos and regex
+                  pos is not enough information to determine if a match
+                  will be possible.
+
+                  For example, in the regex /foo(bar\s*){4,8}baz/ with the
+                  regex pos at the \s*, the prospects for a match depend not
+                  only on the input position but also on how many (bar\s*)
+                  repeats into the {4,8} we are. */
+               if ((mincount > 1) || (maxcount > 1 && maxcount != REG_INFTY))
+                   f &= ~SCF_WHILEM_VISITED_POS;
+
+               /* This will finish on WHILEM, setting scan, or on NULL: */
+               minnext = study_chunk(pRExC_state, &scan, minlenp, &deltanext, 
+                                     last, data, stopparen, recursed, NULL,
+                                     (mincount == 0
+                                       ? (f & ~SCF_DO_SUBSTR) : f),depth+1);
+
+               if (flags & SCF_DO_STCLASS)
+                   data->start_class = oclass;
+               if (mincount == 0 || minnext == 0) {
+                   if (flags & SCF_DO_STCLASS_OR) {
+                       cl_or(pRExC_state, data->start_class, &this_class);
+                   }
+                   else if (flags & SCF_DO_STCLASS_AND) {
+                       /* Switch to OR mode: cache the old value of
+                        * data->start_class */
+                       INIT_AND_WITHP;
+                       StructCopy(data->start_class, and_withp,
+                                  struct regnode_charclass_class);
+                       flags &= ~SCF_DO_STCLASS_AND;
+                       StructCopy(&this_class, data->start_class,
+                                  struct regnode_charclass_class);
+                       flags |= SCF_DO_STCLASS_OR;
+                        SET_SSC_EOS(data->start_class);
+                   }
+               } else {                /* Non-zero len */
+                   if (flags & SCF_DO_STCLASS_OR) {
+                       cl_or(pRExC_state, data->start_class, &this_class);
+                       cl_and(data->start_class, and_withp);
+                   }
+                   else if (flags & SCF_DO_STCLASS_AND)
+                       cl_and(data->start_class, &this_class);
+                   flags &= ~SCF_DO_STCLASS;
+               }
+               if (!scan)              /* It was not CURLYX, but CURLY. */
+                   scan = next;
+               if (!(flags & SCF_TRIE_DOING_RESTUDY)
+                   /* ? quantifier ok, except for (?{ ... }) */
+                   && (next_is_eval || !(mincount == 0 && maxcount == 1))
+                   && (minnext == 0) && (deltanext == 0)
+                   && data && !(data->flags & (SF_HAS_PAR|SF_IN_PAR))
+                   && maxcount <= REG_INFTY/3) /* Complement check for big count */
+               {
+                   /* Fatal warnings may leak the regexp without this: */
+                   SAVEFREESV(RExC_rx_sv);
+                   ckWARNreg(RExC_parse,
+                             "Quantifier unexpected on zero-length expression");
+                   (void)ReREFCNT_inc(RExC_rx_sv);
+               }
+
+               min += minnext * mincount;
+               is_inf_internal |= deltanext == I32_MAX
+                                    || (maxcount == REG_INFTY && minnext + deltanext > 0);
+               is_inf |= is_inf_internal;
+               if (is_inf)
+                   delta = I32_MAX;
+               else
+                   delta += (minnext + deltanext) * maxcount - minnext * mincount;
+
+               /* Try powerful optimization CURLYX => CURLYN. */
+               if (  OP(oscan) == CURLYX && data
+                     && data->flags & SF_IN_PAR
+                     && !(data->flags & SF_HAS_EVAL)
+                     && !deltanext && minnext == 1 ) {
+                   /* Try to optimize to CURLYN.  */
+                   regnode *nxt = NEXTOPER(oscan) + EXTRA_STEP_2ARGS;
+                   regnode * const nxt1 = nxt;
+#ifdef DEBUGGING
+                   regnode *nxt2;
+#endif
+
+                   /* Skip open. */
+                   nxt = regnext(nxt);
+                   if (!REGNODE_SIMPLE(OP(nxt))
+                       && !(PL_regkind[OP(nxt)] == EXACT
+                            && STR_LEN(nxt) == 1))
+                       goto nogo;
+#ifdef DEBUGGING
+                   nxt2 = nxt;
+#endif
+                   nxt = regnext(nxt);
+                   if (OP(nxt) != CLOSE)
+                       goto nogo;
+                   if (RExC_open_parens) {
+                       RExC_open_parens[ARG(nxt1)-1]=oscan; /*open->CURLYM*/
+                       RExC_close_parens[ARG(nxt1)-1]=nxt+2; /*close->while*/
+                   }
+                   /* Now we know that nxt2 is the only contents: */
+                   oscan->flags = (U8)ARG(nxt);
+                   OP(oscan) = CURLYN;
+                   OP(nxt1) = NOTHING; /* was OPEN. */
+
+#ifdef DEBUGGING
+                   OP(nxt1 + 1) = OPTIMIZED; /* was count. */
+                   NEXT_OFF(nxt1+ 1) = 0; /* just for consistency. */
+                   NEXT_OFF(nxt2) = 0; /* just for consistency with CURLY. */
+                   OP(nxt) = OPTIMIZED;        /* was CLOSE. */
+                   OP(nxt + 1) = OPTIMIZED; /* was count. */
+                   NEXT_OFF(nxt+ 1) = 0; /* just for consistency. */
+#endif
+               }
+             nogo:
+
+               /* Try optimization CURLYX => CURLYM. */
+               if (  OP(oscan) == CURLYX && data
+                     && !(data->flags & SF_HAS_PAR)
+                     && !(data->flags & SF_HAS_EVAL)
+                     && !deltanext     /* atom is fixed width */
+                     && minnext != 0   /* CURLYM can't handle zero width */
+                      && ! (RExC_seen & REG_SEEN_EXACTF_SHARP_S) /* Nor \xDF */
+               ) {
+                   /* XXXX How to optimize if data == 0? */
+                   /* Optimize to a simpler form.  */
+                   regnode *nxt = NEXTOPER(oscan) + EXTRA_STEP_2ARGS; /* OPEN */
+                   regnode *nxt2;
+
+                   OP(oscan) = CURLYM;
+                   while ( (nxt2 = regnext(nxt)) /* skip over embedded stuff*/
+                           && (OP(nxt2) != WHILEM))
+                       nxt = nxt2;
+                   OP(nxt2)  = SUCCEED; /* Whas WHILEM */
+                   /* Need to optimize away parenths. */
+                   if ((data->flags & SF_IN_PAR) && OP(nxt) == CLOSE) {
+                       /* Set the parenth number.  */
+                       regnode *nxt1 = NEXTOPER(oscan) + EXTRA_STEP_2ARGS; /* OPEN*/
+
+                       oscan->flags = (U8)ARG(nxt);
+                       if (RExC_open_parens) {
+                           RExC_open_parens[ARG(nxt1)-1]=oscan; /*open->CURLYM*/
+                           RExC_close_parens[ARG(nxt1)-1]=nxt2+1; /*close->NOTHING*/
+                       }
+                       OP(nxt1) = OPTIMIZED;   /* was OPEN. */
+                       OP(nxt) = OPTIMIZED;    /* was CLOSE. */
+
+#ifdef DEBUGGING
+                       OP(nxt1 + 1) = OPTIMIZED; /* was count. */
+                       OP(nxt + 1) = OPTIMIZED; /* was count. */
+                       NEXT_OFF(nxt1 + 1) = 0; /* just for consistency. */
+                       NEXT_OFF(nxt + 1) = 0; /* just for consistency. */
+#endif
+#if 0
+                       while ( nxt1 && (OP(nxt1) != WHILEM)) {
+                           regnode *nnxt = regnext(nxt1);
+                           if (nnxt == nxt) {
+                               if (reg_off_by_arg[OP(nxt1)])
+                                   ARG_SET(nxt1, nxt2 - nxt1);
+                               else if (nxt2 - nxt1 < U16_MAX)
+                                   NEXT_OFF(nxt1) = nxt2 - nxt1;
+                               else
+                                   OP(nxt) = NOTHING;  /* Cannot beautify */
+                           }
+                           nxt1 = nnxt;
+                       }
+#endif
+                       /* Optimize again: */
+                       study_chunk(pRExC_state, &nxt1, minlenp, &deltanext, nxt,
+                                   NULL, stopparen, recursed, NULL, 0,depth+1);
+                   }
+                   else
+                       oscan->flags = 0;
+               }
+               else if ((OP(oscan) == CURLYX)
+                        && (flags & SCF_WHILEM_VISITED_POS)
+                        /* See the comment on a similar expression above.
+                           However, this time it's not a subexpression
+                           we care about, but the expression itself. */
+                        && (maxcount == REG_INFTY)
+                        && data && ++data->whilem_c < 16) {
+                   /* This stays as CURLYX, we can put the count/of pair. */
+                   /* Find WHILEM (as in regexec.c) */
+                   regnode *nxt = oscan + NEXT_OFF(oscan);
+
+                   if (OP(PREVOPER(nxt)) == NOTHING) /* LONGJMP */
+                       nxt += ARG(nxt);
+                   PREVOPER(nxt)->flags = (U8)(data->whilem_c
+                       | (RExC_whilem_seen << 4)); /* On WHILEM */
+               }
+               if (data && fl & (SF_HAS_PAR|SF_IN_PAR))
+                   pars++;
+               if (flags & SCF_DO_SUBSTR) {
+                   SV *last_str = NULL;
+                   int counted = mincount != 0;
+
+                   if (data->last_end > 0 && mincount != 0) { /* Ends with a string. */
+#if defined(SPARC64_GCC_WORKAROUND)
+                       I32 b = 0;
+                       STRLEN l = 0;
+                       const char *s = NULL;
+                       I32 old = 0;
+
+                       if (pos_before >= data->last_start_min)
+                           b = pos_before;
+                       else
+                           b = data->last_start_min;
+
+                       l = 0;
+                       s = SvPV_const(data->last_found, l);
+                       old = b - data->last_start_min;
+
+#else
+                       I32 b = pos_before >= data->last_start_min
+                           ? pos_before : data->last_start_min;
+                       STRLEN l;
+                       const char * const s = SvPV_const(data->last_found, l);
+                       I32 old = b - data->last_start_min;
+#endif
+
+                       if (UTF)
+                           old = utf8_hop((U8*)s, old) - (U8*)s;
+                       l -= old;
+                       /* Get the added string: */
+                       last_str = newSVpvn_utf8(s  + old, l, UTF);
+                       if (deltanext == 0 && pos_before == b) {
+                           /* What was added is a constant string */
+                           if (mincount > 1) {
+                               SvGROW(last_str, (mincount * l) + 1);
+                               repeatcpy(SvPVX(last_str) + l,
+                                         SvPVX_const(last_str), l, mincount - 1);
+                               SvCUR_set(last_str, SvCUR(last_str) * mincount);
+                               /* Add additional parts. */
+                               SvCUR_set(data->last_found,
+                                         SvCUR(data->last_found) - l);
+                               sv_catsv(data->last_found, last_str);
+                               {
+                                   SV * sv = data->last_found;
+                                   MAGIC *mg =
+                                       SvUTF8(sv) && SvMAGICAL(sv) ?
+                                       mg_find(sv, PERL_MAGIC_utf8) : NULL;
+                                   if (mg && mg->mg_len >= 0)
+                                       mg->mg_len += CHR_SVLEN(last_str) - l;
+                               }
+                               data->last_end += l * (mincount - 1);
+                           }
+                       } else {
+                           /* start offset must point into the last copy */
+                           data->last_start_min += minnext * (mincount - 1);
+                           data->last_start_max += is_inf ? I32_MAX
+                               : (maxcount - 1) * (minnext + data->pos_delta);
+                       }
+                   }
+                   /* It is counted once already... */
+                   data->pos_min += minnext * (mincount - counted);
+#if 0
+PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log, "counted=%d deltanext=%d I32_MAX=%d minnext=%d maxcount=%d mincount=%d\n",
+    counted, deltanext, I32_MAX, minnext, maxcount, mincount);
+if (deltanext != I32_MAX)
+PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log, "LHS=%d RHS=%d\n", -counted * deltanext + (minnext + deltanext) * maxcount - minnext * mincount, I32_MAX - data->pos_delta);
+#endif
+                   if (deltanext == I32_MAX || -counted * deltanext + (minnext + deltanext) * maxcount - minnext * mincount >= I32_MAX - data->pos_delta)
+                       data->pos_delta = I32_MAX;
+                   else
+                       data->pos_delta += - counted * deltanext +
+                       (minnext + deltanext) * maxcount - minnext * mincount;
+                   if (mincount != maxcount) {
+                        /* Cannot extend fixed substrings found inside
+                           the group.  */
+                       SCAN_COMMIT(pRExC_state,data,minlenp);
+                       if (mincount && last_str) {
+                           SV * const sv = data->last_found;
+                           MAGIC * const mg = SvUTF8(sv) && SvMAGICAL(sv) ?
+                               mg_find(sv, PERL_MAGIC_utf8) : NULL;
+
+                           if (mg)
+                               mg->mg_len = -1;
+                           sv_setsv(sv, last_str);
+                           data->last_end = data->pos_min;
+                           data->last_start_min =
+                               data->pos_min - CHR_SVLEN(last_str);
+                           data->last_start_max = is_inf
+                               ? I32_MAX
+                               : data->pos_min + data->pos_delta
+                               - CHR_SVLEN(last_str);
+                       }
+                       data->longest = &(data->longest_float);
+                   }
+                   SvREFCNT_dec(last_str);
+               }
+               if (data && (fl & SF_HAS_EVAL))
+                   data->flags |= SF_HAS_EVAL;
+             optimize_curly_tail:
+               if (OP(oscan) != CURLYX) {
+                   while (PL_regkind[OP(next = regnext(oscan))] == NOTHING
+                          && NEXT_OFF(next))
+                       NEXT_OFF(oscan) += NEXT_OFF(next);
+               }
+               continue;
+           default:                    /* REF, and CLUMP only? */
+               if (flags & SCF_DO_SUBSTR) {
+                   SCAN_COMMIT(pRExC_state,data,minlenp);      /* Cannot expect anything... */
+                   data->longest = &(data->longest_float);
+               }
+               is_inf = is_inf_internal = 1;
+               if (flags & SCF_DO_STCLASS_OR)
+                   cl_anything(pRExC_state, data->start_class);
+               flags &= ~SCF_DO_STCLASS;
+               break;
+           }
+       }
+       else if (OP(scan) == LNBREAK) {
+           if (flags & SCF_DO_STCLASS) {
+               int value = 0;
+                CLEAR_SSC_EOS(data->start_class); /* No match on empty */
+               if (flags & SCF_DO_STCLASS_AND) {
+                    for (value = 0; value < 256; value++)
+                        if (!is_VERTWS_cp(value))
+                            ANYOF_BITMAP_CLEAR(data->start_class, value);
+                }
+                else {
+                    for (value = 0; value < 256; value++)
+                        if (is_VERTWS_cp(value))
+                            ANYOF_BITMAP_SET(data->start_class, value);
+                }
+                if (flags & SCF_DO_STCLASS_OR)
+                   cl_and(data->start_class, and_withp);
+               flags &= ~SCF_DO_STCLASS;
+            }
+           min++;
+           delta++;    /* Because of the 2 char string cr-lf */
+            if (flags & SCF_DO_SUBSTR) {
+               SCAN_COMMIT(pRExC_state,data,minlenp);  /* Cannot expect anything... */
+               data->pos_min += 1;
+               data->pos_delta += 1;
+               data->longest = &(data->longest_float);
+           }
+       }
+       else if (REGNODE_SIMPLE(OP(scan))) {
+           int value = 0;
+
+           if (flags & SCF_DO_SUBSTR) {
+               SCAN_COMMIT(pRExC_state,data,minlenp);
+               data->pos_min++;
+           }
+           min++;
+           if (flags & SCF_DO_STCLASS) {
+                int loop_max = 256;
+                CLEAR_SSC_EOS(data->start_class); /* No match on empty */
+
+               /* Some of the logic below assumes that switching
+                  locale on will only add false positives. */
+               switch (PL_regkind[OP(scan)]) {
+                    U8 classnum;
+
+               case SANY:
+               default:
+#ifdef DEBUGGING
+                   Perl_croak(aTHX_ "panic: unexpected simple REx opcode %d", OP(scan));
+#endif
+                 do_default:
+                   if (flags & SCF_DO_STCLASS_OR) /* Allow everything */
+                       cl_anything(pRExC_state, data->start_class);
+                   break;
+               case REG_ANY:
+                   if (OP(scan) == SANY)
+                       goto do_default;
+                   if (flags & SCF_DO_STCLASS_OR) { /* Everything but \n */
+                       value = (ANYOF_BITMAP_TEST(data->start_class,'\n')
+                               || ANYOF_CLASS_TEST_ANY_SET(data->start_class));
+                       cl_anything(pRExC_state, data->start_class);
+                   }
+                   if (flags & SCF_DO_STCLASS_AND || !value)
+                       ANYOF_BITMAP_CLEAR(data->start_class,'\n');
+                   break;
+               case ANYOF:
+                   if (flags & SCF_DO_STCLASS_AND)
+                       cl_and(data->start_class,
+                              (struct regnode_charclass_class*)scan);
+                   else
+                       cl_or(pRExC_state, data->start_class,
+                             (struct regnode_charclass_class*)scan);
+                   break;
+               case POSIXA:
+                    loop_max = 128;
+                    /* FALL THROUGH */
+               case POSIXL:
+               case POSIXD:
+               case POSIXU:
+                    classnum = FLAGS(scan);
+                   if (flags & SCF_DO_STCLASS_AND) {
+                       if (!(data->start_class->flags & ANYOF_LOCALE)) {
+                           ANYOF_CLASS_CLEAR(data->start_class, classnum_to_namedclass(classnum) + 1);
+                            for (value = 0; value < loop_max; value++) {
+                                if (! _generic_isCC(UNI_TO_NATIVE(value), classnum)) {
+                                    ANYOF_BITMAP_CLEAR(data->start_class, UNI_TO_NATIVE(value));
+                                }
+                            }
+                       }
+                   }
+                   else {
+                       if (data->start_class->flags & ANYOF_LOCALE) {
+                           ANYOF_CLASS_SET(data->start_class, classnum_to_namedclass(classnum));
+                        }
+                        else {
+
+                       /* Even if under locale, set the bits for non-locale
+                        * in case it isn't a true locale-node.  This will
+                        * create false positives if it truly is locale */
+                        for (value = 0; value < loop_max; value++) {
+                            if (_generic_isCC(UNI_TO_NATIVE(value), classnum)) {
+                                ANYOF_BITMAP_SET(data->start_class, UNI_TO_NATIVE(value));
+                            }
+                        }
+                        }
+                   }
+                   break;
+               case NPOSIXA:
+                    loop_max = 128;
+                    /* FALL THROUGH */
+               case NPOSIXL:
+               case NPOSIXU:
+               case NPOSIXD:
+                    classnum = FLAGS(scan);
+                   if (flags & SCF_DO_STCLASS_AND) {
+                       if (!(data->start_class->flags & ANYOF_LOCALE)) {
+                           ANYOF_CLASS_CLEAR(data->start_class, classnum_to_namedclass(classnum));
+                            for (value = 0; value < loop_max; value++) {
+                                if (_generic_isCC(UNI_TO_NATIVE(value), classnum)) {
+                                    ANYOF_BITMAP_CLEAR(data->start_class, UNI_TO_NATIVE(value));
+                                }
+                            }
+                       }
+                   }
+                   else {
+                       if (data->start_class->flags & ANYOF_LOCALE) {
+                           ANYOF_CLASS_SET(data->start_class, classnum_to_namedclass(classnum) + 1);
+                        }
+                        else {
+
+                       /* Even if under locale, set the bits for non-locale in
+                        * case it isn't a true locale-node.  This will create
+                        * false positives if it truly is locale */
+                        for (value = 0; value < loop_max; value++) {
+                            if (! _generic_isCC(UNI_TO_NATIVE(value), classnum)) {
+                                ANYOF_BITMAP_SET(data->start_class, UNI_TO_NATIVE(value));
+                            }
+                        }
+                        if (PL_regkind[OP(scan)] == NPOSIXD) {
+                            data->start_class->flags |= ANYOF_NON_UTF8_LATIN1_ALL;
+                        }
+                        }
+                   }
+                   break;
+               }
+               if (flags & SCF_DO_STCLASS_OR)
+                   cl_and(data->start_class, and_withp);
+               flags &= ~SCF_DO_STCLASS;
+           }
+       }
+       else if (PL_regkind[OP(scan)] == EOL && flags & SCF_DO_SUBSTR) {
+           data->flags |= (OP(scan) == MEOL
+                           ? SF_BEFORE_MEOL
+                           : SF_BEFORE_SEOL);
+           SCAN_COMMIT(pRExC_state, data, minlenp);
+
+       }
+       else if (  PL_regkind[OP(scan)] == BRANCHJ
+                /* Lookbehind, or need to calculate parens/evals/stclass: */
+                  && (scan->flags || data || (flags & SCF_DO_STCLASS))
+                  && (OP(scan) == IFMATCH || OP(scan) == UNLESSM)) {
+            if ( OP(scan) == UNLESSM &&
+                 scan->flags == 0 &&
+                 OP(NEXTOPER(NEXTOPER(scan))) == NOTHING &&
+                 OP(regnext(NEXTOPER(NEXTOPER(scan)))) == SUCCEED
+            ) {
+                regnode *opt;
+                regnode *upto= regnext(scan);
+                DEBUG_PARSE_r({
+                    SV * const mysv_val=sv_newmortal();
+                    DEBUG_STUDYDATA("OPFAIL",data,depth);
+
+                    /*DEBUG_PARSE_MSG("opfail");*/
+                    regprop(RExC_rx, mysv_val, upto);
+                    PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log, "~ replace with OPFAIL pointed at %s (%"IVdf") offset %"IVdf"\n",
+                                  SvPV_nolen_const(mysv_val),
+                                  (IV)REG_NODE_NUM(upto),
+                                  (IV)(upto - scan)
+                    );
+                });
+                OP(scan) = OPFAIL;
+                NEXT_OFF(scan) = upto - scan;
+                for (opt= scan + 1; opt < upto ; opt++)
+                    OP(opt) = OPTIMIZED;
+                scan= upto;
+                continue;
+            }
+            if ( !PERL_ENABLE_POSITIVE_ASSERTION_STUDY 
+                || OP(scan) == UNLESSM )
+            {
+                /* Negative Lookahead/lookbehind
+                   In this case we can't do fixed string optimisation.
+                */
+
+                I32 deltanext, minnext, fake = 0;
+                regnode *nscan;
+                struct regnode_charclass_class intrnl;
+                int f = 0;
+
+                data_fake.flags = 0;
+                if (data) {
+                    data_fake.whilem_c = data->whilem_c;
+                    data_fake.last_closep = data->last_closep;
+               }
+                else
+                    data_fake.last_closep = &fake;
+               data_fake.pos_delta = delta;
+                if ( flags & SCF_DO_STCLASS && !scan->flags
+                     && OP(scan) == IFMATCH ) { /* Lookahead */
+                    cl_init(pRExC_state, &intrnl);
+                    data_fake.start_class = &intrnl;
+                    f |= SCF_DO_STCLASS_AND;
+               }
+                if (flags & SCF_WHILEM_VISITED_POS)
+                    f |= SCF_WHILEM_VISITED_POS;
+                next = regnext(scan);
+                nscan = NEXTOPER(NEXTOPER(scan));
+                minnext = study_chunk(pRExC_state, &nscan, minlenp, &deltanext, 
+                    last, &data_fake, stopparen, recursed, NULL, f, depth+1);
+                if (scan->flags) {
+                    if (deltanext) {
+                       FAIL("Variable length lookbehind not implemented");
+                    }
+                    else if (minnext > (I32)U8_MAX) {
+                       FAIL2("Lookbehind longer than %"UVuf" not implemented", (UV)U8_MAX);
+                    }
+                    scan->flags = (U8)minnext;
+                }
+                if (data) {
+                    if (data_fake.flags & (SF_HAS_PAR|SF_IN_PAR))
+                        pars++;
+                    if (data_fake.flags & SF_HAS_EVAL)
+                        data->flags |= SF_HAS_EVAL;
+                    data->whilem_c = data_fake.whilem_c;
+                }
+                if (f & SCF_DO_STCLASS_AND) {
+                   if (flags & SCF_DO_STCLASS_OR) {
+                       /* OR before, AND after: ideally we would recurse with
+                        * data_fake to get the AND applied by study of the
+                        * remainder of the pattern, and then derecurse;
+                        * *** HACK *** for now just treat as "no information".
+                        * See [perl #56690].
+                        */
+                       cl_init(pRExC_state, data->start_class);
+                   }  else {
+                       /* AND before and after: combine and continue */
+                       const int was = TEST_SSC_EOS(data->start_class);
+
+                       cl_and(data->start_class, &intrnl);
+                       if (was)
+                            SET_SSC_EOS(data->start_class);
+                   }
+                }
+           }
+#if PERL_ENABLE_POSITIVE_ASSERTION_STUDY
+            else {
+                /* Positive Lookahead/lookbehind
+                   In this case we can do fixed string optimisation,
+                   but we must be careful about it. Note in the case of
+                   lookbehind the positions will be offset by the minimum
+                   length of the pattern, something we won't know about
+                   until after the recurse.
+                */
+                I32 deltanext, fake = 0;
+                regnode *nscan;
+                struct regnode_charclass_class intrnl;
+                int f = 0;
+                /* We use SAVEFREEPV so that when the full compile 
+                    is finished perl will clean up the allocated 
+                    minlens when it's all done. This way we don't
+                    have to worry about freeing them when we know
+                    they wont be used, which would be a pain.
+                 */
+                I32 *minnextp;
+                Newx( minnextp, 1, I32 );
+                SAVEFREEPV(minnextp);
+
+                if (data) {
+                    StructCopy(data, &data_fake, scan_data_t);
+                    if ((flags & SCF_DO_SUBSTR) && data->last_found) {
+                        f |= SCF_DO_SUBSTR;
+                        if (scan->flags) 
+                            SCAN_COMMIT(pRExC_state, &data_fake,minlenp);
+                        data_fake.last_found=newSVsv(data->last_found);
+                    }
+                }
+                else
+                    data_fake.last_closep = &fake;
+                data_fake.flags = 0;
+               data_fake.pos_delta = delta;
+                if (is_inf)
+                   data_fake.flags |= SF_IS_INF;
+                if ( flags & SCF_DO_STCLASS && !scan->flags
+                     && OP(scan) == IFMATCH ) { /* Lookahead */
+                    cl_init(pRExC_state, &intrnl);
+                    data_fake.start_class = &intrnl;
+                    f |= SCF_DO_STCLASS_AND;
+                }
+                if (flags & SCF_WHILEM_VISITED_POS)
+                    f |= SCF_WHILEM_VISITED_POS;
+                next = regnext(scan);
+                nscan = NEXTOPER(NEXTOPER(scan));
+
+                *minnextp = study_chunk(pRExC_state, &nscan, minnextp, &deltanext, 
+                    last, &data_fake, stopparen, recursed, NULL, f,depth+1);
+                if (scan->flags) {
+                    if (deltanext) {
+                       FAIL("Variable length lookbehind not implemented");
+                    }
+                    else if (*minnextp > (I32)U8_MAX) {
+                       FAIL2("Lookbehind longer than %"UVuf" not implemented", (UV)U8_MAX);
+                    }
+                    scan->flags = (U8)*minnextp;
+                }
+
+                *minnextp += min;
+
+                if (f & SCF_DO_STCLASS_AND) {
+                    const int was = TEST_SSC_EOS(data.start_class);
+
+                    cl_and(data->start_class, &intrnl);
+                    if (was)
+                        SET_SSC_EOS(data->start_class);
+                }
+                if (data) {
+                    if (data_fake.flags & (SF_HAS_PAR|SF_IN_PAR))
+                        pars++;
+                    if (data_fake.flags & SF_HAS_EVAL)
+                        data->flags |= SF_HAS_EVAL;
+                    data->whilem_c = data_fake.whilem_c;
+                    if ((flags & SCF_DO_SUBSTR) && data_fake.last_found) {
+                        if (RExC_rx->minlen<*minnextp)
+                            RExC_rx->minlen=*minnextp;
+                        SCAN_COMMIT(pRExC_state, &data_fake, minnextp);
+                        SvREFCNT_dec_NN(data_fake.last_found);
+                        
+                        if ( data_fake.minlen_fixed != minlenp ) 
+                        {
+                            data->offset_fixed= data_fake.offset_fixed;
+                            data->minlen_fixed= data_fake.minlen_fixed;
+                            data->lookbehind_fixed+= scan->flags;
+                        }
+                        if ( data_fake.minlen_float != minlenp )
+                        {
+                            data->minlen_float= data_fake.minlen_float;
+                            data->offset_float_min=data_fake.offset_float_min;
+                            data->offset_float_max=data_fake.offset_float_max;
+                            data->lookbehind_float+= scan->flags;
+                        }
+                    }
+                }
+           }
+#endif
+       }
+       else if (OP(scan) == OPEN) {
+           if (stopparen != (I32)ARG(scan))
+               pars++;
+       }
+       else if (OP(scan) == CLOSE) {
+           if (stopparen == (I32)ARG(scan)) {
+               break;
+           }
+           if ((I32)ARG(scan) == is_par) {
+               next = regnext(scan);
+
+               if ( next && (OP(next) != WHILEM) && next < last)
+                   is_par = 0;         /* Disable optimization */
+           }
+           if (data)
+               *(data->last_closep) = ARG(scan);
+       }
+       else if (OP(scan) == EVAL) {
+               if (data)
+                   data->flags |= SF_HAS_EVAL;
+       }
+       else if ( PL_regkind[OP(scan)] == ENDLIKE ) {
+           if (flags & SCF_DO_SUBSTR) {
+               SCAN_COMMIT(pRExC_state,data,minlenp);
+               flags &= ~SCF_DO_SUBSTR;
+           }
+           if (data && OP(scan)==ACCEPT) {
+               data->flags |= SCF_SEEN_ACCEPT;
+               if (stopmin > min)
+                   stopmin = min;
+           }
+       }
+       else if (OP(scan) == LOGICAL && scan->flags == 2) /* Embedded follows */
+       {
+               if (flags & SCF_DO_SUBSTR) {
+                   SCAN_COMMIT(pRExC_state,data,minlenp);
+                   data->longest = &(data->longest_float);
+               }
+               is_inf = is_inf_internal = 1;
+               if (flags & SCF_DO_STCLASS_OR) /* Allow everything */
+                   cl_anything(pRExC_state, data->start_class);
+               flags &= ~SCF_DO_STCLASS;
+       }
+       else if (OP(scan) == GPOS) {
+           if (!(RExC_rx->extflags & RXf_GPOS_FLOAT) &&
+               !(delta || is_inf || (data && data->pos_delta))) 
+           {
+               if (!(RExC_rx->extflags & RXf_ANCH) && (flags & SCF_DO_SUBSTR))
+                   RExC_rx->extflags |= RXf_ANCH_GPOS;
+               if (RExC_rx->gofs < (U32)min)
+                   RExC_rx->gofs = min;
+            } else {
+                RExC_rx->extflags |= RXf_GPOS_FLOAT;
+                RExC_rx->gofs = 0;
+            }      
+       }
+#ifdef TRIE_STUDY_OPT
+#ifdef FULL_TRIE_STUDY
+        else if (PL_regkind[OP(scan)] == TRIE) {
+            /* NOTE - There is similar code to this block above for handling
+               BRANCH nodes on the initial study.  If you change stuff here
+               check there too. */
+            regnode *trie_node= scan;
+            regnode *tail= regnext(scan);
+            reg_trie_data *trie = (reg_trie_data*)RExC_rxi->data->data[ ARG(scan) ];
+            I32 max1 = 0, min1 = I32_MAX;
+            struct regnode_charclass_class accum;
+
+            if (flags & SCF_DO_SUBSTR) /* XXXX Add !SUSPEND? */
+                SCAN_COMMIT(pRExC_state, data,minlenp); /* Cannot merge strings after this. */
+            if (flags & SCF_DO_STCLASS)
+                cl_init_zero(pRExC_state, &accum);
+                
+            if (!trie->jump) {
+                min1= trie->minlen;
+                max1= trie->maxlen;
+            } else {
+                const regnode *nextbranch= NULL;
+                U32 word;
+                
+                for ( word=1 ; word <= trie->wordcount ; word++) 
+                {
+                    I32 deltanext=0, minnext=0, f = 0, fake;
+                    struct regnode_charclass_class this_class;
+                    
+                    data_fake.flags = 0;
+                    if (data) {
+                        data_fake.whilem_c = data->whilem_c;
+                        data_fake.last_closep = data->last_closep;
+                    }
+                    else
+                        data_fake.last_closep = &fake;
+                   data_fake.pos_delta = delta;
+                    if (flags & SCF_DO_STCLASS) {
+                        cl_init(pRExC_state, &this_class);
+                        data_fake.start_class = &this_class;
+                        f = SCF_DO_STCLASS_AND;
+                    }
+                    if (flags & SCF_WHILEM_VISITED_POS)
+                        f |= SCF_WHILEM_VISITED_POS;
+    
+                    if (trie->jump[word]) {
+                        if (!nextbranch)
+                            nextbranch = trie_node + trie->jump[0];
+                        scan= trie_node + trie->jump[word];
+                        /* We go from the jump point to the branch that follows
+                           it. Note this means we need the vestigal unused branches
+                           even though they arent otherwise used.
+                         */
+                        minnext = study_chunk(pRExC_state, &scan, minlenp, 
+                            &deltanext, (regnode *)nextbranch, &data_fake, 
+                            stopparen, recursed, NULL, f,depth+1);
+                    }
+                    if (nextbranch && PL_regkind[OP(nextbranch)]==BRANCH)
+                        nextbranch= regnext((regnode*)nextbranch);
+                    
+                    if (min1 > (I32)(minnext + trie->minlen))
+                        min1 = minnext + trie->minlen;
+                    if (deltanext == I32_MAX) {
+                        is_inf = is_inf_internal = 1;
+                        max1 = I32_MAX;
+                    } else if (max1 < (I32)(minnext + deltanext + trie->maxlen))
+                        max1 = minnext + deltanext + trie->maxlen;
+                    
+                    if (data_fake.flags & (SF_HAS_PAR|SF_IN_PAR))
+                        pars++;
+                    if (data_fake.flags & SCF_SEEN_ACCEPT) {
+                        if ( stopmin > min + min1) 
+                           stopmin = min + min1;
+                       flags &= ~SCF_DO_SUBSTR;
+                       if (data)
+                           data->flags |= SCF_SEEN_ACCEPT;
+                   }
+                    if (data) {
+                        if (data_fake.flags & SF_HAS_EVAL)
+                            data->flags |= SF_HAS_EVAL;
+                        data->whilem_c = data_fake.whilem_c;
+                    }
+                    if (flags & SCF_DO_STCLASS)
+                        cl_or(pRExC_state, &accum, &this_class);
+                }
+            }
+            if (flags & SCF_DO_SUBSTR) {
+                data->pos_min += min1;
+                data->pos_delta += max1 - min1;
+                if (max1 != min1 || is_inf)
+                    data->longest = &(data->longest_float);
+            }
+            min += min1;
+            delta += max1 - min1;
+            if (flags & SCF_DO_STCLASS_OR) {
+                cl_or(pRExC_state, data->start_class, &accum);
+                if (min1) {
+                    cl_and(data->start_class, and_withp);
+                    flags &= ~SCF_DO_STCLASS;
+                }
+            }
+            else if (flags & SCF_DO_STCLASS_AND) {
+                if (min1) {
+                    cl_and(data->start_class, &accum);
+                    flags &= ~SCF_DO_STCLASS;
+                }
+                else {
+                    /* Switch to OR mode: cache the old value of
+                     * data->start_class */
+                   INIT_AND_WITHP;
+                    StructCopy(data->start_class, and_withp,
+                               struct regnode_charclass_class);
+                    flags &= ~SCF_DO_STCLASS_AND;
+                    StructCopy(&accum, data->start_class,
+                               struct regnode_charclass_class);
+                    flags |= SCF_DO_STCLASS_OR;
+                    SET_SSC_EOS(data->start_class);
+                }
+            }
+            scan= tail;
+            continue;
+        }
+#else
+       else if (PL_regkind[OP(scan)] == TRIE) {
+           reg_trie_data *trie = (reg_trie_data*)RExC_rxi->data->data[ ARG(scan) ];
+           U8*bang=NULL;
+           
+           min += trie->minlen;
+           delta += (trie->maxlen - trie->minlen);
+           flags &= ~SCF_DO_STCLASS; /* xxx */
+            if (flags & SCF_DO_SUBSTR) {
+               SCAN_COMMIT(pRExC_state,data,minlenp);  /* Cannot expect anything... */
+               data->pos_min += trie->minlen;
+               data->pos_delta += (trie->maxlen - trie->minlen);
+               if (trie->maxlen != trie->minlen)
+                   data->longest = &(data->longest_float);
+           }
+           if (trie->jump) /* no more substrings -- for now /grr*/
+               flags &= ~SCF_DO_SUBSTR; 
+       }
+#endif /* old or new */
+#endif /* TRIE_STUDY_OPT */
+
+       /* Else: zero-length, ignore. */
+       scan = regnext(scan);
+    }
+    if (frame) {
+        last = frame->last;
+        scan = frame->next;
+        stopparen = frame->stop;
+        frame = frame->prev;
+        goto fake_study_recurse;
+    }
+
+  finish:
+    assert(!frame);
+    DEBUG_STUDYDATA("pre-fin:",data,depth);
+
+    *scanp = scan;
+    *deltap = is_inf_internal ? I32_MAX : delta;
+    if (flags & SCF_DO_SUBSTR && is_inf)
+       data->pos_delta = I32_MAX - data->pos_min;
+    if (is_par > (I32)U8_MAX)
+       is_par = 0;
+    if (is_par && pars==1 && data) {
+       data->flags |= SF_IN_PAR;
+       data->flags &= ~SF_HAS_PAR;
+    }
+    else if (pars && data) {
+       data->flags |= SF_HAS_PAR;
+       data->flags &= ~SF_IN_PAR;
+    }
+    if (flags & SCF_DO_STCLASS_OR)
+       cl_and(data->start_class, and_withp);
+    if (flags & SCF_TRIE_RESTUDY)
+        data->flags |=         SCF_TRIE_RESTUDY;
+    
+    DEBUG_STUDYDATA("post-fin:",data,depth);
+    
+    return min < stopmin ? min : stopmin;
+}
+
+STATIC U32
+S_add_data(RExC_state_t *pRExC_state, U32 n, const char *s)
+{
+    U32 count = RExC_rxi->data ? RExC_rxi->data->count : 0;
+
+    PERL_ARGS_ASSERT_ADD_DATA;
+
+    Renewc(RExC_rxi->data,
+          sizeof(*RExC_rxi->data) + sizeof(void*) * (count + n - 1),
+          char, struct reg_data);
+    if(count)
+       Renew(RExC_rxi->data->what, count + n, U8);
+    else
+       Newx(RExC_rxi->data->what, n, U8);
+    RExC_rxi->data->count = count + n;
+    Copy(s, RExC_rxi->data->what + count, n, U8);
+    return count;
+}
+
+/*XXX: todo make this not included in a non debugging perl */
+#ifndef PERL_IN_XSUB_RE
+void
+Perl_reginitcolors(pTHX)
+{
+    dVAR;
+    const char * const s = PerlEnv_getenv("PERL_RE_COLORS");
+    if (s) {
+       char *t = savepv(s);
+       int i = 0;
+       PL_colors[0] = t;
+       while (++i < 6) {
+           t = strchr(t, '\t');
+           if (t) {
+               *t = '\0';
+               PL_colors[i] = ++t;
+           }
+           else
+               PL_colors[i] = t = (char *)"";
+       }
+    } else {
+       int i = 0;
+       while (i < 6)
+           PL_colors[i++] = (char *)"";
+    }
+    PL_colorset = 1;
+}
+#endif
+
+
+#ifdef TRIE_STUDY_OPT
+#define CHECK_RESTUDY_GOTO_butfirst(dOsomething)            \
+    STMT_START {                                            \
+        if (                                                \
+              (data.flags & SCF_TRIE_RESTUDY)               \
+              && ! restudied++                              \
+        ) {                                                 \
+            dOsomething;                                    \
+            goto reStudy;                                   \
+        }                                                   \
+    } STMT_END
+#else
+#define CHECK_RESTUDY_GOTO_butfirst
+#endif        
+
+/*
+ * pregcomp - compile a regular expression into internal code
+ *
+ * Decides which engine's compiler to call based on the hint currently in
+ * scope
+ */
+
+#ifndef PERL_IN_XSUB_RE 
+
+/* return the currently in-scope regex engine (or the default if none)  */
+
+regexp_engine const *
+Perl_current_re_engine(pTHX)
+{
+    dVAR;
+
+    if (IN_PERL_COMPILETIME) {
+       HV * const table = GvHV(PL_hintgv);
+       SV **ptr;
+
+       if (!table)
+           return &reh_regexp_engine;
+       ptr = hv_fetchs(table, "regcomp", FALSE);
+       if ( !(ptr && SvIOK(*ptr) && SvIV(*ptr)))
+           return &reh_regexp_engine;
+       return INT2PTR(regexp_engine*,SvIV(*ptr));
+    }
+    else {
+       SV *ptr;
+       if (!PL_curcop->cop_hints_hash)
+           return &reh_regexp_engine;
+       ptr = cop_hints_fetch_pvs(PL_curcop, "regcomp", 0);
+       if ( !(ptr && SvIOK(ptr) && SvIV(ptr)))
+           return &reh_regexp_engine;
+       return INT2PTR(regexp_engine*,SvIV(ptr));
+    }
+}
+
+
+REGEXP *
+Perl_pregcomp(pTHX_ SV * const pattern, const U32 flags)
+{
+    dVAR;
+    regexp_engine const *eng = current_re_engine();
+    GET_RE_DEBUG_FLAGS_DECL;
+
+    PERL_ARGS_ASSERT_PREGCOMP;
+
+    /* Dispatch a request to compile a regexp to correct regexp engine. */
+    DEBUG_COMPILE_r({
+       PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log, "Using engine %"UVxf"\n",
+                       PTR2UV(eng));
+    });
+    return CALLREGCOMP_ENG(eng, pattern, flags);
+}
+#endif
+
+/* public(ish) entry point for the perl core's own regex compiling code.
+ * It's actually a wrapper for Perl_re_op_compile that only takes an SV
+ * pattern rather than a list of OPs, and uses the internal engine rather
+ * than the current one */
+
+REGEXP *
+Perl_re_compile(pTHX_ SV * const pattern, U32 rx_flags)
+{
+    SV *pat = pattern; /* defeat constness! */
+    PERL_ARGS_ASSERT_RE_COMPILE;
+    return Perl_re_op_compile(aTHX_ &pat, 1, NULL,
+#ifdef PERL_IN_XSUB_RE
+                                &my_reg_engine,
+#else
+                                &reh_regexp_engine,
+#endif
+                                NULL, NULL, rx_flags, 0);
+}
+
+
+/* upgrade pattern pat_p of length plen_p to UTF8, and if there are code
+ * blocks, recalculate the indices. Update pat_p and plen_p in-place to
+ * point to the realloced string and length.
+ *
+ * This is essentially a copy of Perl_bytes_to_utf8() with the code index
+ * stuff added */
+
+static void
+S_pat_upgrade_to_utf8(pTHX_ RExC_state_t * const pRExC_state,
+                   char **pat_p, STRLEN *plen_p, int num_code_blocks)
+{
+    U8 *const src = (U8*)*pat_p;
+    U8 *dst;
+    int n=0;
+    STRLEN s = 0, d = 0;
+    bool do_end = 0;
+    GET_RE_DEBUG_FLAGS_DECL;
+
+    DEBUG_PARSE_r(PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log,
+        "UTF8 mismatch! Converting to utf8 for resizing and compile\n"));
+
+    Newx(dst, *plen_p * 2 + 1, U8);
+
+    while (s < *plen_p) {
+        const UV uv = NATIVE_TO_ASCII(src[s]);
+        if (UNI_IS_INVARIANT(uv))
+            dst[d]   = (U8)UTF_TO_NATIVE(uv);
+        else {
+            dst[d++] = (U8)UTF8_EIGHT_BIT_HI(uv);
+            dst[d]   = (U8)UTF8_EIGHT_BIT_LO(uv);
+        }
+        if (n < num_code_blocks) {
+            if (!do_end && pRExC_state->code_blocks[n].start == s) {
+                pRExC_state->code_blocks[n].start = d;
+                assert(dst[d] == '(');
+                do_end = 1;
+            }
+            else if (do_end && pRExC_state->code_blocks[n].end == s) {
+                pRExC_state->code_blocks[n].end = d;
+                assert(dst[d] == ')');
+                do_end = 0;
+                n++;
+            }
+        }
+        s++;
+        d++;
+    }
+    dst[d] = '\0';
+    *plen_p = d;
+    *pat_p = (char*) dst;
+    SAVEFREEPV(*pat_p);
+    RExC_orig_utf8 = RExC_utf8 = 1;
+}
+
+
+
+/* S_concat_pat(): concatenate a list of args to the pattern string pat,
+ * while recording any code block indices, and handling overloading,
+ * nested qr// objects etc.  If pat is null, it will allocate a new
+ * string, or just return the first arg, if there's only one.
+ *
+ * Returns the malloced/updated pat.
+ * patternp and pat_count is the array of SVs to be concatted;
+ * oplist is the optional list of ops that generated the SVs;
+ * recompile_p is a pointer to a boolean that will be set if
+ *   the regex will need to be recompiled.
+ * delim, if non-null is an SV that will be inserted between each element
+ */
+
+static SV*
+S_concat_pat(pTHX_ RExC_state_t * const pRExC_state,
+                SV *pat, SV ** const patternp, int pat_count,
+                OP *oplist, bool *recompile_p, SV *delim)
+{
+    SV **svp;
+    int n = 0;
+    bool use_delim = FALSE;
+    bool alloced = FALSE;
+
+    /* if we know we have at least two args, create an empty string,
+     * then concatenate args to that. For no args, return an empty string */
+    if (!pat && pat_count != 1) {
+        pat = newSVpvn("", 0);
+        SAVEFREESV(pat);
+        alloced = TRUE;
+    }
+
+    for (svp = patternp; svp < patternp + pat_count; svp++) {
+        SV *sv;
+        SV *rx  = NULL;
+        STRLEN orig_patlen = 0;
+        bool code = 0;
+        SV *msv = use_delim ? delim : *svp;
+
+        /* if we've got a delimiter, we go round the loop twice for each
+         * svp slot (except the last), using the delimiter the second
+         * time round */
+        if (use_delim) {
+            svp--;
+            use_delim = FALSE;
+        }
+        else if (delim)
+            use_delim = TRUE;
+
+        if (SvTYPE(msv) == SVt_PVAV) {
+            /* we've encountered an interpolated array within
+             * the pattern, e.g. /...@a..../. Expand the list of elements,
+             * then recursively append elements.
+             * The code in this block is based on S_pushav() */
+
+            AV *const av = (AV*)msv;
+            const I32 maxarg = AvFILL(av) + 1;
+            SV **array;
+
+            if (oplist) {
+                assert(oplist->op_type == OP_PADAV
+                    || oplist->op_type == OP_RV2AV); 
+                oplist = oplist->op_sibling;;
+            }
+
+            if (SvRMAGICAL(av)) {
+                U32 i;
+
+                Newx(array, maxarg, SV*);
+                SAVEFREEPV(array);
+                for (i=0; i < (U32)maxarg; i++) {
+                    SV ** const svp = av_fetch(av, i, FALSE);
+                    array[i] = svp ? *svp : &PL_sv_undef;
+                }
+            }
+            else
+                array = AvARRAY(av);
+
+            pat = S_concat_pat(aTHX_ pRExC_state, pat,
+                                array, maxarg, NULL, recompile_p,
+                                /* $" */
+                                GvSV((gv_fetchpvs("\"", GV_ADDMULTI, SVt_PV))));
+
+            continue;
+        }
+
+
+        /* we make the assumption here that each op in the list of
+         * op_siblings maps to one SV pushed onto the stack,
+         * except for code blocks, with have both an OP_NULL and
+         * and OP_CONST.
+         * This allows us to match up the list of SVs against the
+         * list of OPs to find the next code block.
+         *
+         * Note that       PUSHMARK PADSV PADSV ..
+         * is optimised to
+         *                 PADRANGE PADSV  PADSV  ..
+         * so the alignment still works. */
+
+        if (oplist) {
+            if (oplist->op_type == OP_NULL
+                && (oplist->op_flags & OPf_SPECIAL))
+            {
+                assert(n < pRExC_state->num_code_blocks);
+                pRExC_state->code_blocks[n].start = pat ? SvCUR(pat) : 0;
+                pRExC_state->code_blocks[n].block = oplist;
+                pRExC_state->code_blocks[n].src_regex = NULL;
+                n++;
+                code = 1;
+                oplist = oplist->op_sibling; /* skip CONST */
+                assert(oplist);
+            }
+            oplist = oplist->op_sibling;;
+        }
+
+       /* apply magic and QR overloading to arg */
+
+        SvGETMAGIC(msv);
+        if (SvROK(msv) && SvAMAGIC(msv)) {
+            SV *sv = AMG_CALLunary(msv, regexp_amg);
+            if (sv) {
+                if (SvROK(sv))
+                    sv = SvRV(sv);
+                if (SvTYPE(sv) != SVt_REGEXP)
+                    Perl_croak(aTHX_ "Overloaded qr did not return a REGEXP");
+                msv = sv;
+            }
+        }
+
+        /* try concatenation overload ... */
+        if (pat && (SvAMAGIC(pat) || SvAMAGIC(msv)) &&
+                (sv = amagic_call(pat, msv, concat_amg, AMGf_assign)))
+        {
+            sv_setsv(pat, sv);
+            /* overloading involved: all bets are off over literal
+             * code. Pretend we haven't seen it */
+            pRExC_state->num_code_blocks -= n;
+            n = 0;
+        }
+        else  {
+            /* ... or failing that, try "" overload */
+            while (SvAMAGIC(msv)
+                    && (sv = AMG_CALLunary(msv, string_amg))
+                    && sv != msv
+                    &&  !(   SvROK(msv)
+                          && SvROK(sv)
+                          && SvRV(msv) == SvRV(sv))
+            ) {
+                msv = sv;
+                SvGETMAGIC(msv);
+            }
+            if (SvROK(msv) && SvTYPE(SvRV(msv)) == SVt_REGEXP)
+                msv = SvRV(msv);
+
+            if (pat) {
+                /* this is a partially unrolled
+                 *     sv_catsv_nomg(pat, msv);
+                 * that allows us to adjust code block indices if
+                 * needed */
+                STRLEN dlen;
+                char *dst = SvPV_force_nomg(pat, dlen);
+                orig_patlen = dlen;
+                if (SvUTF8(msv) && !SvUTF8(pat)) {
+                    S_pat_upgrade_to_utf8(aTHX_ pRExC_state, &dst, &dlen, n);
+                    sv_setpvn(pat, dst, dlen);
+                    SvUTF8_on(pat);
+                }
+                sv_catsv_nomg(pat, msv);
+                rx = msv;
+            }
+            else
+                pat = msv;
+
+            if (code)
+                pRExC_state->code_blocks[n-1].end = SvCUR(pat)-1;
+        }
+
+        /* extract any code blocks within any embedded qr//'s */
+        if (rx && SvTYPE(rx) == SVt_REGEXP
+            && RX_ENGINE((REGEXP*)rx)->op_comp)
+        {
+
+            RXi_GET_DECL(ReANY((REGEXP *)rx), ri);
+            if (ri->num_code_blocks) {
+                int i;
+                /* the presence of an embedded qr// with code means
+                 * we should always recompile: the text of the
+                 * qr// may not have changed, but it may be a
+                 * different closure than last time */
+                *recompile_p = 1;
+                Renew(pRExC_state->code_blocks,
+                    pRExC_state->num_code_blocks + ri->num_code_blocks,
+                    struct reg_code_block);
+                pRExC_state->num_code_blocks += ri->num_code_blocks;
+
+                for (i=0; i < ri->num_code_blocks; i++) {
+                    struct reg_code_block *src, *dst;
+                    STRLEN offset =  orig_patlen
+                        + ReANY((REGEXP *)rx)->pre_prefix;
+                    assert(n < pRExC_state->num_code_blocks);
+                    src = &ri->code_blocks[i];
+                    dst = &pRExC_state->code_blocks[n];
+                    dst->start     = src->start + offset;
+                    dst->end       = src->end   + offset;
+                    dst->block     = src->block;
+                    dst->src_regex  = (REGEXP*) SvREFCNT_inc( (SV*)
+                                            src->src_regex
+                                                ? src->src_regex
+                                                : (REGEXP*)rx);
+                    n++;
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+    /* avoid calling magic multiple times on a single element e.g. =~ $qr */
+    if (alloced)
+        SvSETMAGIC(pat);
+
+    return pat;
+}
+
+
+
+/* see if there are any run-time code blocks in the pattern.
+ * False positives are allowed */
+
+static bool
+S_has_runtime_code(pTHX_ RExC_state_t * const pRExC_state,
+                   char *pat, STRLEN plen)
+{
+    int n = 0;
+    STRLEN s;
+
+    for (s = 0; s < plen; s++) {
+       if (n < pRExC_state->num_code_blocks
+           && s == pRExC_state->code_blocks[n].start)
+       {
+           s = pRExC_state->code_blocks[n].end;
+           n++;
+           continue;
+       }
+       /* TODO ideally should handle [..], (#..), /#.../x to reduce false
+        * positives here */
+       if (pat[s] == '(' && s+2 <= plen && pat[s+1] == '?' &&
+           (pat[s+2] == '{'
+                || (s + 2 <= plen && pat[s+2] == '?' && pat[s+3] == '{'))
+       )
+           return 1;
+    }
+    return 0;
+}
+
+/* Handle run-time code blocks. We will already have compiled any direct
+ * or indirect literal code blocks. Now, take the pattern 'pat' and make a
+ * copy of it, but with any literal code blocks blanked out and
+ * appropriate chars escaped; then feed it into
+ *
+ *    eval "qr'modified_pattern'"
+ *
+ * For example,
+ *
+ *       a\bc(?{"this was literal"})def'ghi\\jkl(?{"this is runtime"})mno
+ *
+ * becomes
+ *
+ *    qr'a\\bc_______________________def\'ghi\\\\jkl(?{"this is runtime"})mno'
+ *
+ * After eval_sv()-ing that, grab any new code blocks from the returned qr
+ * and merge them with any code blocks of the original regexp.
+ *
+ * If the pat is non-UTF8, while the evalled qr is UTF8, don't merge;
+ * instead, just save the qr and return FALSE; this tells our caller that
+ * the original pattern needs upgrading to utf8.
+ */
+
+static bool
+S_compile_runtime_code(pTHX_ RExC_state_t * const pRExC_state,
+    char *pat, STRLEN plen)
+{
+    SV *qr;
+
+    GET_RE_DEBUG_FLAGS_DECL;
+
+    if (pRExC_state->runtime_code_qr) {
+       /* this is the second time we've been called; this should
+        * only happen if the main pattern got upgraded to utf8
+        * during compilation; re-use the qr we compiled first time
+        * round (which should be utf8 too)
+        */
+       qr = pRExC_state->runtime_code_qr;
+       pRExC_state->runtime_code_qr = NULL;
+       assert(RExC_utf8 && SvUTF8(qr));
+    }
+    else {
+       int n = 0;
+       STRLEN s;
+       char *p, *newpat;
+       int newlen = plen + 6; /* allow for "qr''x\0" extra chars */
+       SV *sv, *qr_ref;
+       dSP;
+
+       /* determine how many extra chars we need for ' and \ escaping */
+       for (s = 0; s < plen; s++) {
+           if (pat[s] == '\'' || pat[s] == '\\')
+               newlen++;
+       }
+
+       Newx(newpat, newlen, char);
+       p = newpat;
+       *p++ = 'q'; *p++ = 'r'; *p++ = '\'';
+
+       for (s = 0; s < plen; s++) {
+           if (n < pRExC_state->num_code_blocks
+               && s == pRExC_state->code_blocks[n].start)
+           {
+               /* blank out literal code block */
+               assert(pat[s] == '(');
+               while (s <= pRExC_state->code_blocks[n].end) {
+                   *p++ = '_';
+                   s++;
+               }
+               s--;
+               n++;
+               continue;
+           }
+           if (pat[s] == '\'' || pat[s] == '\\')
+               *p++ = '\\';
+           *p++ = pat[s];
+       }
+       *p++ = '\'';
+       if (pRExC_state->pm_flags & RXf_PMf_EXTENDED)
+           *p++ = 'x';
+       *p++ = '\0';
+       DEBUG_COMPILE_r({
+           PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log,
+               "%sre-parsing pattern for runtime code:%s %s\n",
+               PL_colors[4],PL_colors[5],newpat);
+       });
+
+       sv = newSVpvn_flags(newpat, p-newpat-1, RExC_utf8 ? SVf_UTF8 : 0);
+       Safefree(newpat);
+
+       ENTER;
+       SAVETMPS;
+       save_re_context();
+       PUSHSTACKi(PERLSI_REQUIRE);
+        /* G_RE_REPARSING causes the toker to collapse \\ into \ when
+         * parsing qr''; normally only q'' does this. It also alters
+         * hints handling */
+       eval_sv(sv, G_SCALAR|G_RE_REPARSING);
+       SvREFCNT_dec_NN(sv);
+       SPAGAIN;
+       qr_ref = POPs;
+       PUTBACK;
+       {
+           SV * const errsv = ERRSV;
+           if (SvTRUE_NN(errsv))
+           {
+               Safefree(pRExC_state->code_blocks);
+                /* use croak_sv ? */
+               Perl_croak_nocontext("%s", SvPV_nolen_const(errsv));
+           }
+       }
+       assert(SvROK(qr_ref));
+       qr = SvRV(qr_ref);
+       assert(SvTYPE(qr) == SVt_REGEXP && RX_ENGINE((REGEXP*)qr)->op_comp);
+       /* the leaving below frees the tmp qr_ref.
+        * Give qr a life of its own */
+       SvREFCNT_inc(qr);
+       POPSTACK;
+       FREETMPS;
+       LEAVE;
+
+    }
+
+    if (!RExC_utf8 && SvUTF8(qr)) {
+       /* first time through; the pattern got upgraded; save the
+        * qr for the next time through */
+       assert(!pRExC_state->runtime_code_qr);
+       pRExC_state->runtime_code_qr = qr;
+       return 0;
+    }
+
+
+    /* extract any code blocks within the returned qr//  */
+
+
+    /* merge the main (r1) and run-time (r2) code blocks into one */
+    {
+       RXi_GET_DECL(ReANY((REGEXP *)qr), r2);
+       struct reg_code_block *new_block, *dst;
+       RExC_state_t * const r1 = pRExC_state; /* convenient alias */
+       int i1 = 0, i2 = 0;
+
+       if (!r2->num_code_blocks) /* we guessed wrong */
+       {
+           SvREFCNT_dec_NN(qr);
+           return 1;
+       }
+
+       Newx(new_block,
+           r1->num_code_blocks + r2->num_code_blocks,
+           struct reg_code_block);
+       dst = new_block;
+
+       while (    i1 < r1->num_code_blocks
+               || i2 < r2->num_code_blocks)
+       {
+           struct reg_code_block *src;
+           bool is_qr = 0;
+
+           if (i1 == r1->num_code_blocks) {
+               src = &r2->code_blocks[i2++];
+               is_qr = 1;
+           }
+           else if (i2 == r2->num_code_blocks)
+               src = &r1->code_blocks[i1++];
+           else if (  r1->code_blocks[i1].start
+                    < r2->code_blocks[i2].start)
+           {
+               src = &r1->code_blocks[i1++];
+               assert(src->end < r2->code_blocks[i2].start);
+           }
+           else {
+               assert(  r1->code_blocks[i1].start
+                      > r2->code_blocks[i2].start);
+               src = &r2->code_blocks[i2++];
+               is_qr = 1;
+               assert(src->end < r1->code_blocks[i1].start);
+           }
+
+           assert(pat[src->start] == '(');
+           assert(pat[src->end]   == ')');
+           dst->start      = src->start;
+           dst->end        = src->end;
+           dst->block      = src->block;
+           dst->src_regex  = is_qr ? (REGEXP*) SvREFCNT_inc( (SV*) qr)
+                                   : src->src_regex;
+           dst++;
+       }
+       r1->num_code_blocks += r2->num_code_blocks;
+       Safefree(r1->code_blocks);
+       r1->code_blocks = new_block;
+    }
+
+    SvREFCNT_dec_NN(qr);
+    return 1;
+}
+
+
+STATIC bool
+S_setup_longest(pTHX_ RExC_state_t *pRExC_state, SV* sv_longest, SV** rx_utf8, SV** rx_substr, I32* rx_end_shift, I32 lookbehind, I32 offset, I32 *minlen, STRLEN longest_length, bool eol, bool meol)
+{
+    /* This is the common code for setting up the floating and fixed length
+     * string data extracted from Perl_re_op_compile() below.  Returns a boolean
+     * as to whether succeeded or not */
+
+    I32 t,ml;
+
+    if (! (longest_length
+           || (eol /* Can't have SEOL and MULTI */
+               && (! meol || (RExC_flags & RXf_PMf_MULTILINE)))
+          )
+            /* See comments for join_exact for why REG_SEEN_EXACTF_SHARP_S */
+        || (RExC_seen & REG_SEEN_EXACTF_SHARP_S))
+    {
+        return FALSE;
+    }
+
+    /* copy the information about the longest from the reg_scan_data
+        over to the program. */
+    if (SvUTF8(sv_longest)) {
+        *rx_utf8 = sv_longest;
+        *rx_substr = NULL;
+    } else {
+        *rx_substr = sv_longest;
+        *rx_utf8 = NULL;
+    }
+    /* end_shift is how many chars that must be matched that
+        follow this item. We calculate it ahead of time as once the
+        lookbehind offset is added in we lose the ability to correctly
+        calculate it.*/
+    ml = minlen ? *(minlen) : (I32)longest_length;
+    *rx_end_shift = ml - offset
+        - longest_length + (SvTAIL(sv_longest) != 0)
+        + lookbehind;
+
+    t = (eol/* Can't have SEOL and MULTI */
+         && (! meol || (RExC_flags & RXf_PMf_MULTILINE)));
+    fbm_compile(sv_longest, t ? FBMcf_TAIL : 0);
+
+    return TRUE;
+}
+
+/*
+ * Perl_re_op_compile - the perl internal RE engine's function to compile a
+ * regular expression into internal code.
+ * The pattern may be passed either as:
+ *    a list of SVs (patternp plus pat_count)
+ *    a list of OPs (expr)
+ * If both are passed, the SV list is used, but the OP list indicates
+ * which SVs are actually pre-compiled code blocks
+ *
+ * The SVs in the list have magic and qr overloading applied to them (and
+ * the list may be modified in-place with replacement SVs in the latter
+ * case).
+ *
+ * If the pattern hasn't changed from old_re, then old_re will be
+ * returned.
+ *
+ * eng is the current engine. If that engine has an op_comp method, then
+ * handle directly (i.e. we assume that op_comp was us); otherwise, just
+ * do the initial concatenation of arguments and pass on to the external
+ * engine.
+ *
+ * If is_bare_re is not null, set it to a boolean indicating whether the
+ * arg list reduced (after overloading) to a single bare regex which has
+ * been returned (i.e. /$qr/).
+ *
+ * orig_rx_flags contains RXf_* flags. See perlreapi.pod for more details.
+ *
+ * pm_flags contains the PMf_* flags, typically based on those from the
+ * pm_flags field of the related PMOP. Currently we're only interested in
+ * PMf_HAS_CV, PMf_IS_QR, PMf_USE_RE_EVAL.
+ *
+ * We can't allocate space until we know how big the compiled form will be,
+ * but we can't compile it (and thus know how big it is) until we've got a
+ * place to put the code.  So we cheat:  we compile it twice, once with code
+ * generation turned off and size counting turned on, and once "for real".
+ * This also means that we don't allocate space until we are sure that the
+ * thing really will compile successfully, and we never have to move the
+ * code and thus invalidate pointers into it.  (Note that it has to be in
+ * one piece because free() must be able to free it all.) [NB: not true in perl]
+ *
+ * Beware that the optimization-preparation code in here knows about some
+ * of the structure of the compiled regexp.  [I'll say.]
+ */
+
+REGEXP *
+Perl_re_op_compile(pTHX_ SV ** const patternp, int pat_count,
+                   OP *expr, const regexp_engine* eng, REGEXP *old_re,
+                    bool *is_bare_re, U32 orig_rx_flags, U32 pm_flags)
+{
+    dVAR;
+    REGEXP *rx;
+    struct regexp *r;
+    regexp_internal *ri;
+    STRLEN plen;
+    char *exp;
+    regnode *scan;
+    I32 flags;
+    I32 minlen = 0;
+    U32 rx_flags;
+    SV *pat;
+    SV *code_blocksv = NULL;
+    SV** new_patternp = patternp;
+
+    /* these are all flags - maybe they should be turned
+     * into a single int with different bit masks */
+    I32 sawlookahead = 0;
+    I32 sawplus = 0;
+    I32 sawopen = 0;
+    I32 sawminmod = 0;
+
+    regex_charset initial_charset = get_regex_charset(orig_rx_flags);
+    bool recompile = 0;
+    bool runtime_code = 0;
+    scan_data_t data;
+    RExC_state_t RExC_state;
+    RExC_state_t * const pRExC_state = &RExC_state;
+#ifdef TRIE_STUDY_OPT    
+    int restudied = 0;
+    RExC_state_t copyRExC_state;
+#endif    
+    GET_RE_DEBUG_FLAGS_DECL;
+
+    PERL_ARGS_ASSERT_RE_OP_COMPILE;
+
+    DEBUG_r(if (!PL_colorset) reginitcolors());
+
+#ifndef PERL_IN_XSUB_RE
+    /* Initialize these here instead of as-needed, as is quick and avoids
+     * having to test them each time otherwise */
+    if (! PL_AboveLatin1) {
+       PL_AboveLatin1 = _new_invlist_C_array(AboveLatin1_invlist);
+       PL_ASCII = _new_invlist_C_array(ASCII_invlist);
+       PL_Latin1 = _new_invlist_C_array(Latin1_invlist);
+
+       PL_L1Posix_ptrs[_CC_ALPHANUMERIC]
+                                = _new_invlist_C_array(L1PosixAlnum_invlist);
+       PL_Posix_ptrs[_CC_ALPHANUMERIC]
+                                = _new_invlist_C_array(PosixAlnum_invlist);
+
+       PL_L1Posix_ptrs[_CC_ALPHA]
+                                = _new_invlist_C_array(L1PosixAlpha_invlist);
+       PL_Posix_ptrs[_CC_ALPHA] = _new_invlist_C_array(PosixAlpha_invlist);
+
+       PL_Posix_ptrs[_CC_BLANK] = _new_invlist_C_array(PosixBlank_invlist);
+       PL_XPosix_ptrs[_CC_BLANK] = _new_invlist_C_array(XPosixBlank_invlist);
+
+        /* Cased is the same as Alpha in the ASCII range */
+       PL_L1Posix_ptrs[_CC_CASED] =  _new_invlist_C_array(L1Cased_invlist);
+       PL_Posix_ptrs[_CC_CASED] =  _new_invlist_C_array(PosixAlpha_invlist);
+
+       PL_Posix_ptrs[_CC_CNTRL] = _new_invlist_C_array(PosixCntrl_invlist);
+       PL_XPosix_ptrs[_CC_CNTRL] = _new_invlist_C_array(XPosixCntrl_invlist);
+
+       PL_Posix_ptrs[_CC_DIGIT] = _new_invlist_C_array(PosixDigit_invlist);
+       PL_L1Posix_ptrs[_CC_DIGIT] = _new_invlist_C_array(PosixDigit_invlist);
+
+       PL_L1Posix_ptrs[_CC_GRAPH] = _new_invlist_C_array(L1PosixGraph_invlist);
+       PL_Posix_ptrs[_CC_GRAPH] = _new_invlist_C_array(PosixGraph_invlist);
+
+       PL_L1Posix_ptrs[_CC_LOWER] = _new_invlist_C_array(L1PosixLower_invlist);
+       PL_Posix_ptrs[_CC_LOWER] = _new_invlist_C_array(PosixLower_invlist);
+
+       PL_L1Posix_ptrs[_CC_PRINT] = _new_invlist_C_array(L1PosixPrint_invlist);
+       PL_Posix_ptrs[_CC_PRINT] = _new_invlist_C_array(PosixPrint_invlist);
+
+       PL_L1Posix_ptrs[_CC_PUNCT] = _new_invlist_C_array(L1PosixPunct_invlist);
+       PL_Posix_ptrs[_CC_PUNCT] = _new_invlist_C_array(PosixPunct_invlist);
+
+       PL_Posix_ptrs[_CC_SPACE] = _new_invlist_C_array(PerlSpace_invlist);
+       PL_XPosix_ptrs[_CC_SPACE] = _new_invlist_C_array(XPerlSpace_invlist);
+       PL_Posix_ptrs[_CC_PSXSPC] = _new_invlist_C_array(PosixSpace_invlist);
+       PL_XPosix_ptrs[_CC_PSXSPC] = _new_invlist_C_array(XPosixSpace_invlist);
+
+       PL_L1Posix_ptrs[_CC_UPPER] = _new_invlist_C_array(L1PosixUpper_invlist);
+       PL_Posix_ptrs[_CC_UPPER] = _new_invlist_C_array(PosixUpper_invlist);
+
+        PL_XPosix_ptrs[_CC_VERTSPACE] = _new_invlist_C_array(VertSpace_invlist);
+
+       PL_Posix_ptrs[_CC_WORDCHAR] = _new_invlist_C_array(PosixWord_invlist);
+       PL_L1Posix_ptrs[_CC_WORDCHAR]
+                                = _new_invlist_C_array(L1PosixWord_invlist);
+
+       PL_Posix_ptrs[_CC_XDIGIT] = _new_invlist_C_array(PosixXDigit_invlist);
+       PL_XPosix_ptrs[_CC_XDIGIT] = _new_invlist_C_array(XPosixXDigit_invlist);
+
+        PL_HasMultiCharFold = _new_invlist_C_array(_Perl_Multi_Char_Folds_invlist);
+    }
+#endif
+
+    pRExC_state->code_blocks = NULL;
+    pRExC_state->num_code_blocks = 0;
+
+    if (is_bare_re)
+       *is_bare_re = FALSE;
+
+    if (expr && (expr->op_type == OP_LIST ||
+               (expr->op_type == OP_NULL && expr->op_targ == OP_LIST))) {
+       /* allocate code_blocks if needed */
+       OP *o;
+       int ncode = 0;
+
+       for (o = cLISTOPx(expr)->op_first; o; o = o->op_sibling)
+           if (o->op_type == OP_NULL && (o->op_flags & OPf_SPECIAL))
+               ncode++; /* count of DO blocks */
+       if (ncode) {
+           pRExC_state->num_code_blocks = ncode;
+           Newx(pRExC_state->code_blocks, ncode, struct reg_code_block);
+       }
+    }
+
+    if (!pat_count) {
+        /* compile-time pattern with just OP_CONSTs and DO blocks */
+
+        int n;
+        OP *o;
+
+        /* find how many CONSTs there are */
+        assert(expr);
+        n = 0;
+        if (expr->op_type == OP_CONST)
+            n = 1;
+        else
+            for (o = cLISTOPx(expr)->op_first; o; o = o->op_sibling) {
+                if (o->op_type == OP_CONST)
+                    n++;
+            }
+
+        /* fake up an SV array */
+
+        assert(!new_patternp);
+        Newx(new_patternp, n, SV*);
+        SAVEFREEPV(new_patternp);
+        pat_count = n;
+
+        n = 0;
+        if (expr->op_type == OP_CONST)
+            new_patternp[n] = cSVOPx_sv(expr);
+        else
+            for (o = cLISTOPx(expr)->op_first; o; o = o->op_sibling) {
+                if (o->op_type == OP_CONST)
+                    new_patternp[n++] = cSVOPo_sv;
+            }
+
+    }
+
+    DEBUG_PARSE_r(PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log,
+        "Assembling pattern from %d elements%s\n", pat_count,
+            orig_rx_flags & RXf_SPLIT ? " for split" : ""));
+
+    /* set expr to the first arg op */
+
+    if (pRExC_state->num_code_blocks
+         && expr->op_type != OP_CONST)
+    {
+            expr = cLISTOPx(expr)->op_first;
+            assert(   expr->op_type == OP_PUSHMARK
+                   || (expr->op_type == OP_NULL && expr->op_targ == OP_PUSHMARK)
+                   || expr->op_type == OP_PADRANGE);
+            expr = expr->op_sibling;
+    }
+
+    pat = S_concat_pat(aTHX_ pRExC_state, NULL, new_patternp, pat_count,
+                        expr, &recompile, NULL);
+
+    /* handle bare (possibly after overloading) regex: foo =~ $re */
+    {
+        SV *re = pat;
+        if (SvROK(re))
+            re = SvRV(re);
+        if (SvTYPE(re) == SVt_REGEXP) {
+            if (is_bare_re)
+                *is_bare_re = TRUE;
+            SvREFCNT_inc(re);
+            Safefree(pRExC_state->code_blocks);
+            DEBUG_PARSE_r(PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log,
+                "Precompiled pattern%s\n",
+                    orig_rx_flags & RXf_SPLIT ? " for split" : ""));
+
+            return (REGEXP*)re;
+        }
+    }
+
+    exp = SvPV_nomg(pat, plen);
+
+    if (!eng->op_comp) {
+       if ((SvUTF8(pat) && IN_BYTES)
+               || SvGMAGICAL(pat) || SvAMAGIC(pat))
+       {
+           /* make a temporary copy; either to convert to bytes,
+            * or to avoid repeating get-magic / overloaded stringify */
+           pat = newSVpvn_flags(exp, plen, SVs_TEMP |
+                                       (IN_BYTES ? 0 : SvUTF8(pat)));
+       }
+       Safefree(pRExC_state->code_blocks);
+       return CALLREGCOMP_ENG(eng, pat, orig_rx_flags);
+    }
+
+    /* ignore the utf8ness if the pattern is 0 length */
+    RExC_utf8 = RExC_orig_utf8 = (plen == 0 || IN_BYTES) ? 0 : SvUTF8(pat);
+    RExC_uni_semantics = 0;
+    RExC_contains_locale = 0;
+    pRExC_state->runtime_code_qr = NULL;
+
+    DEBUG_COMPILE_r({
+            SV *dsv= sv_newmortal();
+            RE_PV_QUOTED_DECL(s, RExC_utf8, dsv, exp, plen, 60);
+            PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log, "%sCompiling REx%s %s\n",
+                          PL_colors[4],PL_colors[5],s);
+        });
+
+  redo_first_pass:
+    /* we jump here if we upgrade the pattern to utf8 and have to
+     * recompile */
+
+    if ((pm_flags & PMf_USE_RE_EVAL)
+               /* this second condition covers the non-regex literal case,
+                * i.e.  $foo =~ '(?{})'. */
+               || (IN_PERL_COMPILETIME && (PL_hints & HINT_RE_EVAL))
+    )
+       runtime_code = S_has_runtime_code(aTHX_ pRExC_state, exp, plen);
+
+    /* return old regex if pattern hasn't changed */
+    /* XXX: note in the below we have to check the flags as well as the pattern.
+     *
+     * Things get a touch tricky as we have to compare the utf8 flag independently
+     * from the compile flags.
+     */
+
+    if (   old_re
+        && !recompile
+        && !!RX_UTF8(old_re) == !!RExC_utf8
+        && ( RX_COMPFLAGS(old_re) == ( orig_rx_flags & RXf_PMf_FLAGCOPYMASK ) )
+       && RX_PRECOMP(old_re)
+       && RX_PRELEN(old_re) == plen
+        && memEQ(RX_PRECOMP(old_re), exp, plen)
+       && !runtime_code /* with runtime code, always recompile */ )
+    {
+        Safefree(pRExC_state->code_blocks);
+        return old_re;
+    }
+
+    rx_flags = orig_rx_flags;
+
+    if (initial_charset == REGEX_LOCALE_CHARSET) {
+       RExC_contains_locale = 1;
+    }
+    else if (RExC_utf8 && initial_charset == REGEX_DEPENDS_CHARSET) {
+
+       /* Set to use unicode semantics if the pattern is in utf8 and has the
+        * 'depends' charset specified, as it means unicode when utf8  */
+       set_regex_charset(&rx_flags, REGEX_UNICODE_CHARSET);
+    }
+
+    RExC_precomp = exp;
+    RExC_flags = rx_flags;
+    RExC_pm_flags = pm_flags;
+
+    if (runtime_code) {
+       if (TAINTING_get && TAINT_get)
+           Perl_croak(aTHX_ "Eval-group in insecure regular expression");
+
+       if (!S_compile_runtime_code(aTHX_ pRExC_state, exp, plen)) {
+           /* whoops, we have a non-utf8 pattern, whilst run-time code
+            * got compiled as utf8. Try again with a utf8 pattern */
+            S_pat_upgrade_to_utf8(aTHX_ pRExC_state, &exp, &plen,
+                                    pRExC_state->num_code_blocks);
+            goto redo_first_pass;
+       }
+    }
+    assert(!pRExC_state->runtime_code_qr);
+
+    RExC_sawback = 0;
+
+    RExC_seen = 0;
+    RExC_in_lookbehind = 0;
+    RExC_seen_zerolen = *exp == '^' ? -1 : 0;
+    RExC_extralen = 0;
+    RExC_override_recoding = 0;
+    RExC_in_multi_char_class = 0;
+
+    /* First pass: determine size, legality. */
+    RExC_parse = exp;
+    RExC_start = exp;
+    RExC_end = exp + plen;
+    RExC_naughty = 0;
+    RExC_npar = 1;
+    RExC_nestroot = 0;
+    RExC_size = 0L;
+    RExC_emit = &RExC_emit_dummy;
+    RExC_whilem_seen = 0;
+    RExC_open_parens = NULL;
+    RExC_close_parens = NULL;
+    RExC_opend = NULL;
+    RExC_paren_names = NULL;
+#ifdef DEBUGGING
+    RExC_paren_name_list = NULL;
+#endif
+    RExC_recurse = NULL;
+    RExC_recurse_count = 0;
+    pRExC_state->code_index = 0;
+
+#if 0 /* REGC() is (currently) a NOP at the first pass.
+       * Clever compilers notice this and complain. --jhi */
+    REGC((U8)REG_MAGIC, (char*)RExC_emit);
+#endif
+    DEBUG_PARSE_r(
+       PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log, "Starting first pass (sizing)\n");
+        RExC_lastnum=0;
+        RExC_lastparse=NULL;
+    );
+    /* reg may croak on us, not giving us a chance to free
+       pRExC_state->code_blocks.  We cannot SAVEFREEPV it now, as we may
+       need it to survive as long as the regexp (qr/(?{})/).
+       We must check that code_blocksv is not already set, because we may
+       have jumped back to restart the sizing pass. */
+    if (pRExC_state->code_blocks && !code_blocksv) {
+       code_blocksv = newSV_type(SVt_PV);
+       SAVEFREESV(code_blocksv);
+       SvPV_set(code_blocksv, (char *)pRExC_state->code_blocks);
+       SvLEN_set(code_blocksv, 1); /*sufficient to make sv_clear free it*/
+    }
+    if (reg(pRExC_state, 0, &flags,1) == NULL) {
+        /* It's possible to write a regexp in ascii that represents Unicode
+        codepoints outside of the byte range, such as via \x{100}. If we
+        detect such a sequence we have to convert the entire pattern to utf8
+        and then recompile, as our sizing calculation will have been based
+        on 1 byte == 1 character, but we will need to use utf8 to encode
+        at least some part of the pattern, and therefore must convert the whole
+        thing.
+        -- dmq */
+        if (flags & RESTART_UTF8) {
+            S_pat_upgrade_to_utf8(aTHX_ pRExC_state, &exp, &plen,
+                                    pRExC_state->num_code_blocks);
+            goto redo_first_pass;
+        }
+        Perl_croak(aTHX_ "panic: reg returned NULL to re_op_compile for sizing pass, flags=%#"UVxf"", (UV) flags);
+    }
+    if (code_blocksv)
+       SvLEN_set(code_blocksv,0); /* no you can't have it, sv_clear */
+
+    DEBUG_PARSE_r({
+        PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log, 
+            "Required size %"IVdf" nodes\n"
+            "Starting second pass (creation)\n", 
+            (IV)RExC_size);
+        RExC_lastnum=0; 
+        RExC_lastparse=NULL; 
+    });
+
+    /* The first pass could have found things that force Unicode semantics */
+    if ((RExC_utf8 || RExC_uni_semantics)
+        && get_regex_charset(rx_flags) == REGEX_DEPENDS_CHARSET)
+    {
+       set_regex_charset(&rx_flags, REGEX_UNICODE_CHARSET);
+    }
+
+    /* Small enough for pointer-storage convention?
+       If extralen==0, this means that we will not need long jumps. */
+    if (RExC_size >= 0x10000L && RExC_extralen)
+        RExC_size += RExC_extralen;
+    else
+       RExC_extralen = 0;
+    if (RExC_whilem_seen > 15)
+       RExC_whilem_seen = 15;
+
+    /* Allocate space and zero-initialize. Note, the two step process 
+       of zeroing when in debug mode, thus anything assigned has to 
+       happen after that */
+    rx = (REGEXP*) newSV_type(SVt_REGEXP);
+    r = ReANY(rx);
+    Newxc(ri, sizeof(regexp_internal) + (unsigned)RExC_size * sizeof(regnode),
+        char, regexp_internal);
+    if ( r == NULL || ri == NULL )
+       FAIL("Regexp out of space");
+#ifdef DEBUGGING
+    /* avoid reading uninitialized memory in DEBUGGING code in study_chunk() */
+    Zero(ri, sizeof(regexp_internal) + (unsigned)RExC_size * sizeof(regnode), char);
+#else 
+    /* bulk initialize base fields with 0. */
+    Zero(ri, sizeof(regexp_internal), char);        
+#endif
+
+    /* non-zero initialization begins here */
+    RXi_SET( r, ri );
+    r->engine= eng;
+    r->extflags = rx_flags;
+    RXp_COMPFLAGS(r) = orig_rx_flags & RXf_PMf_FLAGCOPYMASK;
+
+    if (pm_flags & PMf_IS_QR) {
+       ri->code_blocks = pRExC_state->code_blocks;
+       ri->num_code_blocks = pRExC_state->num_code_blocks;
+    }
+    else
+    {
+       int n;
+       for (n = 0; n < pRExC_state->num_code_blocks; n++)
+           if (pRExC_state->code_blocks[n].src_regex)
+               SAVEFREESV(pRExC_state->code_blocks[n].src_regex);
+       SAVEFREEPV(pRExC_state->code_blocks);
+    }
+
+    {
+        bool has_p     = ((r->extflags & RXf_PMf_KEEPCOPY) == RXf_PMf_KEEPCOPY);
+        bool has_charset = (get_regex_charset(r->extflags) != REGEX_DEPENDS_CHARSET);
+
+        /* The caret is output if there are any defaults: if not all the STD
+         * flags are set, or if no character set specifier is needed */
+        bool has_default =
+                    (((r->extflags & RXf_PMf_STD_PMMOD) != RXf_PMf_STD_PMMOD)
+                    || ! has_charset);
+       bool has_runon = ((RExC_seen & REG_SEEN_RUN_ON_COMMENT)==REG_SEEN_RUN_ON_COMMENT);
+       U16 reganch = (U16)((r->extflags & RXf_PMf_STD_PMMOD)
+                           >> RXf_PMf_STD_PMMOD_SHIFT);
+       const char *fptr = STD_PAT_MODS;        /*"msix"*/
+       char *p;
+        /* Allocate for the worst case, which is all the std flags are turned
+         * on.  If more precision is desired, we could do a population count of
+         * the flags set.  This could be done with a small lookup table, or by
+         * shifting, masking and adding, or even, when available, assembly
+         * language for a machine-language population count.
+         * We never output a minus, as all those are defaults, so are
+         * covered by the caret */
+       const STRLEN wraplen = plen + has_p + has_runon
+            + has_default       /* If needs a caret */
+
+               /* If needs a character set specifier */
+           + ((has_charset) ? MAX_CHARSET_NAME_LENGTH : 0)
+            + (sizeof(STD_PAT_MODS) - 1)
+            + (sizeof("(?:)") - 1);
+
+        Newx(p, wraplen + 1, char); /* +1 for the ending NUL */
+       r->xpv_len_u.xpvlenu_pv = p;
+       if (RExC_utf8)
+           SvFLAGS(rx) |= SVf_UTF8;
+        *p++='('; *p++='?';
+
+        /* If a default, cover it using the caret */
+        if (has_default) {
+            *p++= DEFAULT_PAT_MOD;
+        }
+        if (has_charset) {
+           STRLEN len;
+           const char* const name = get_regex_charset_name(r->extflags, &len);
+           Copy(name, p, len, char);
+           p += len;
+        }
+        if (has_p)
+            *p++ = KEEPCOPY_PAT_MOD; /*'p'*/
+        {
+            char ch;
+            while((ch = *fptr++)) {
+                if(reganch & 1)
+                    *p++ = ch;
+                reganch >>= 1;
+            }
+        }
+
+        *p++ = ':';
+        Copy(RExC_precomp, p, plen, char);
+       assert ((RX_WRAPPED(rx) - p) < 16);
+       r->pre_prefix = p - RX_WRAPPED(rx);
+        p += plen;
+        if (has_runon)
+            *p++ = '\n';
+        *p++ = ')';
+        *p = 0;
+       SvCUR_set(rx, p - RX_WRAPPED(rx));
+    }
+
+    r->intflags = 0;
+    r->nparens = RExC_npar - 1;        /* set early to validate backrefs */
+    
+    if (RExC_seen & REG_SEEN_RECURSE) {
+        Newxz(RExC_open_parens, RExC_npar,regnode *);
+        SAVEFREEPV(RExC_open_parens);
+        Newxz(RExC_close_parens,RExC_npar,regnode *);
+        SAVEFREEPV(RExC_close_parens);
+    }
+
+    /* Useful during FAIL. */
+#ifdef RE_TRACK_PATTERN_OFFSETS
+    Newxz(ri->u.offsets, 2*RExC_size+1, U32); /* MJD 20001228 */
+    DEBUG_OFFSETS_r(PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log,
+                          "%s %"UVuf" bytes for offset annotations.\n",
+                          ri->u.offsets ? "Got" : "Couldn't get",
+                          (UV)((2*RExC_size+1) * sizeof(U32))));
+#endif
+    SetProgLen(ri,RExC_size);
+    RExC_rx_sv = rx;
+    RExC_rx = r;
+    RExC_rxi = ri;
+    REH_CALL_COMP_BEGIN_HOOK(pRExC_state->rx);
+
+    /* Second pass: emit code. */
+    RExC_flags = rx_flags;     /* don't let top level (?i) bleed */
+    RExC_pm_flags = pm_flags;
+    RExC_parse = exp;
+    RExC_end = exp + plen;
+    RExC_naughty = 0;
+    RExC_npar = 1;
+    RExC_emit_start = ri->program;
+    RExC_emit = ri->program;
+    RExC_emit_bound = ri->program + RExC_size + 1;
+    pRExC_state->code_index = 0;
+
+    REGC((U8)REG_MAGIC, (char*) RExC_emit++);
+    if (reg(pRExC_state, 0, &flags,1) == NULL) {
+       ReREFCNT_dec(rx);   
+        Perl_croak(aTHX_ "panic: reg returned NULL to re_op_compile for generation pass, flags=%#"UVxf"", (UV) flags);
+    }
+    /* XXXX To minimize changes to RE engine we always allocate
+       3-units-long substrs field. */
+    Newx(r->substrs, 1, struct reg_substr_data);
+    if (RExC_recurse_count) {
+        Newxz(RExC_recurse,RExC_recurse_count,regnode *);
+        SAVEFREEPV(RExC_recurse);
+    }
+
+reStudy:
+    r->minlen = minlen = sawlookahead = sawplus = sawopen = sawminmod = 0;
+    Zero(r->substrs, 1, struct reg_substr_data);
+
+#ifdef TRIE_STUDY_OPT
+    if (!restudied) {
+        StructCopy(&zero_scan_data, &data, scan_data_t);
+        copyRExC_state = RExC_state;
+    } else {
+        U32 seen=RExC_seen;
+        DEBUG_OPTIMISE_r(PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log,"Restudying\n"));
+        
+        RExC_state = copyRExC_state;
+        if (seen & REG_TOP_LEVEL_BRANCHES) 
+            RExC_seen |= REG_TOP_LEVEL_BRANCHES;
+        else
+            RExC_seen &= ~REG_TOP_LEVEL_BRANCHES;
+       StructCopy(&zero_scan_data, &data, scan_data_t);
+    }
+#else
+    StructCopy(&zero_scan_data, &data, scan_data_t);
+#endif    
+
+    /* Dig out information for optimizations. */
+    r->extflags = RExC_flags; /* was pm_op */
+    /*dmq: removed as part of de-PMOP: pm->op_pmflags = RExC_flags; */
+    if (UTF)
+       SvUTF8_on(rx);  /* Unicode in it? */
+    ri->regstclass = NULL;
+    if (RExC_naughty >= 10)    /* Probably an expensive pattern. */
+       r->intflags |= PREGf_NAUGHTY;
+    scan = ri->program + 1;            /* First BRANCH. */
+
+    /* testing for BRANCH here tells us whether there is "must appear"
+       data in the pattern. If there is then we can use it for optimisations */
+    if (!(RExC_seen & REG_TOP_LEVEL_BRANCHES)) { /*  Only one top-level choice. */
+       I32 fake;
+       STRLEN longest_float_length, longest_fixed_length;
+       struct regnode_charclass_class ch_class; /* pointed to by data */
+       int stclass_flag;
+       I32 last_close = 0; /* pointed to by data */
+        regnode *first= scan;
+        regnode *first_next= regnext(first);
+       /*
+        * Skip introductions and multiplicators >= 1
+        * so that we can extract the 'meat' of the pattern that must 
+        * match in the large if() sequence following.
+        * NOTE that EXACT is NOT covered here, as it is normally
+        * picked up by the optimiser separately. 
+        *
+        * This is unfortunate as the optimiser isnt handling lookahead
+        * properly currently.
+        *
+        */
+       while ((OP(first) == OPEN && (sawopen = 1)) ||
+              /* An OR of *one* alternative - should not happen now. */
+           (OP(first) == BRANCH && OP(first_next) != BRANCH) ||
+           /* for now we can't handle lookbehind IFMATCH*/
+           (OP(first) == IFMATCH && !first->flags && (sawlookahead = 1)) ||
+           (OP(first) == PLUS) ||
+           (OP(first) == MINMOD) ||
+              /* An {n,m} with n>0 */
+           (PL_regkind[OP(first)] == CURLY && ARG1(first) > 0) ||
+           (OP(first) == NOTHING && PL_regkind[OP(first_next)] != END ))
+       {
+               /* 
+                * the only op that could be a regnode is PLUS, all the rest
+                * will be regnode_1 or regnode_2.
+                *
+                 * (yves doesn't think this is true)
+                */
+               if (OP(first) == PLUS)
+                   sawplus = 1;
+                else {
+                    if (OP(first) == MINMOD)
+                        sawminmod = 1;
+                   first += regarglen[OP(first)];
+                }
+               first = NEXTOPER(first);
+               first_next= regnext(first);
+       }
+
+       /* Starting-point info. */
+      again:
+        DEBUG_PEEP("first:",first,0);
+        /* Ignore EXACT as we deal with it later. */
+       if (PL_regkind[OP(first)] == EXACT) {
+           if (OP(first) == EXACT)
+               NOOP;   /* Empty, get anchored substr later. */
+           else
+               ri->regstclass = first;
+       }
+#ifdef TRIE_STCLASS
+       else if (PL_regkind[OP(first)] == TRIE &&
+               ((reg_trie_data *)ri->data->data[ ARG(first) ])->minlen>0) 
+       {
+           regnode *trie_op;
+           /* this can happen only on restudy */
+           if ( OP(first) == TRIE ) {
+                struct regnode_1 *trieop = (struct regnode_1 *)
+                   PerlMemShared_calloc(1, sizeof(struct regnode_1));
+                StructCopy(first,trieop,struct regnode_1);
+                trie_op=(regnode *)trieop;
+            } else {
+                struct regnode_charclass *trieop = (struct regnode_charclass *)
+                   PerlMemShared_calloc(1, sizeof(struct regnode_charclass));
+                StructCopy(first,trieop,struct regnode_charclass);
+                trie_op=(regnode *)trieop;
+            }
+            OP(trie_op)+=2;
+            make_trie_failtable(pRExC_state, (regnode *)first, trie_op, 0);
+           ri->regstclass = trie_op;
+       }
+#endif
+       else if (REGNODE_SIMPLE(OP(first)))
+           ri->regstclass = first;
+       else if (PL_regkind[OP(first)] == BOUND ||
+                PL_regkind[OP(first)] == NBOUND)
+           ri->regstclass = first;
+       else if (PL_regkind[OP(first)] == BOL) {
+           r->extflags |= (OP(first) == MBOL
+                          ? RXf_ANCH_MBOL
+                          : (OP(first) == SBOL
+                             ? RXf_ANCH_SBOL
+                             : RXf_ANCH_BOL));
+           first = NEXTOPER(first);
+           goto again;
+       }
+       else if (OP(first) == GPOS) {
+           r->extflags |= RXf_ANCH_GPOS;
+           first = NEXTOPER(first);
+           goto again;
+       }
+       else if ((!sawopen || !RExC_sawback) &&
+           (OP(first) == STAR &&
+           PL_regkind[OP(NEXTOPER(first))] == REG_ANY) &&
+           !(r->extflags & RXf_ANCH) && !pRExC_state->num_code_blocks)
+       {
+           /* turn .* into ^.* with an implied $*=1 */
+           const int type =
+               (OP(NEXTOPER(first)) == REG_ANY)
+                   ? RXf_ANCH_MBOL
+                   : RXf_ANCH_SBOL;
+           r->extflags |= type;
+           r->intflags |= PREGf_IMPLICIT;
+           first = NEXTOPER(first);
+           goto again;
+       }
+        if (sawplus && !sawminmod && !sawlookahead && (!sawopen || !RExC_sawback)
+           && !pRExC_state->num_code_blocks) /* May examine pos and $& */
+           /* x+ must match at the 1st pos of run of x's */
+           r->intflags |= PREGf_SKIP;
+
+       /* Scan is after the zeroth branch, first is atomic matcher. */
+#ifdef TRIE_STUDY_OPT
+       DEBUG_PARSE_r(
+           if (!restudied)
+               PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log, "first at %"IVdf"\n",
+                             (IV)(first - scan + 1))
+        );
+#else
+       DEBUG_PARSE_r(
+           PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log, "first at %"IVdf"\n",
+               (IV)(first - scan + 1))
+        );
+#endif
+
+
+       /*
+       * If there's something expensive in the r.e., find the
+       * longest literal string that must appear and make it the
+       * regmust.  Resolve ties in favor of later strings, since
+       * the regstart check works with the beginning of the r.e.
+       * and avoiding duplication strengthens checking.  Not a
+       * strong reason, but sufficient in the absence of others.
+       * [Now we resolve ties in favor of the earlier string if
+       * it happens that c_offset_min has been invalidated, since the
+       * earlier string may buy us something the later one won't.]
+       */
+
+       data.longest_fixed = newSVpvs("");
+       data.longest_float = newSVpvs("");
+       data.last_found = newSVpvs("");
+       data.longest = &(data.longest_fixed);
+       ENTER_with_name("study_chunk");
+       SAVEFREESV(data.longest_fixed);
+       SAVEFREESV(data.longest_float);
+       SAVEFREESV(data.last_found);
+       first = scan;
+       if (!ri->regstclass) {
+           cl_init(pRExC_state, &ch_class);
+           data.start_class = &ch_class;
+           stclass_flag = SCF_DO_STCLASS_AND;
+       } else                          /* XXXX Check for BOUND? */
+           stclass_flag = 0;
+       data.last_closep = &last_close;
+        
+       minlen = study_chunk(pRExC_state, &first, &minlen, &fake, scan + RExC_size, /* Up to end */
+            &data, -1, NULL, NULL,
+            SCF_DO_SUBSTR | SCF_WHILEM_VISITED_POS | stclass_flag
+                          | (restudied ? SCF_TRIE_DOING_RESTUDY : 0),
+            0);
+
+
+        CHECK_RESTUDY_GOTO_butfirst(LEAVE_with_name("study_chunk"));
+
+
+       if ( RExC_npar == 1 && data.longest == &(data.longest_fixed)
+            && data.last_start_min == 0 && data.last_end > 0
+            && !RExC_seen_zerolen
+            && !(RExC_seen & REG_SEEN_VERBARG)
+            && (!(RExC_seen & REG_SEEN_GPOS) || (r->extflags & RXf_ANCH_GPOS)))
+           r->extflags |= RXf_CHECK_ALL;
+       scan_commit(pRExC_state, &data,&minlen,0);
+
+       longest_float_length = CHR_SVLEN(data.longest_float);
+
+        if (! ((SvCUR(data.longest_fixed)  /* ok to leave SvCUR */
+                   && data.offset_fixed == data.offset_float_min
+                   && SvCUR(data.longest_fixed) == SvCUR(data.longest_float)))
+            && S_setup_longest (aTHX_ pRExC_state,
+                                    data.longest_float,
+                                    &(r->float_utf8),
+                                    &(r->float_substr),
+                                    &(r->float_end_shift),
+                                    data.lookbehind_float,
+                                    data.offset_float_min,
+                                    data.minlen_float,
+                                    longest_float_length,
+                                    cBOOL(data.flags & SF_FL_BEFORE_EOL),
+                                    cBOOL(data.flags & SF_FL_BEFORE_MEOL)))
+        {
+           r->float_min_offset = data.offset_float_min - data.lookbehind_float;
+           r->float_max_offset = data.offset_float_max;
+           if (data.offset_float_max < I32_MAX) /* Don't offset infinity */
+               r->float_max_offset -= data.lookbehind_float;
+           SvREFCNT_inc_simple_void_NN(data.longest_float);
+       }
+       else {
+           r->float_substr = r->float_utf8 = NULL;
+           longest_float_length = 0;
+       }
+
+       longest_fixed_length = CHR_SVLEN(data.longest_fixed);
+
+        if (S_setup_longest (aTHX_ pRExC_state,
+                                data.longest_fixed,
+                                &(r->anchored_utf8),
+                                &(r->anchored_substr),
+                                &(r->anchored_end_shift),
+                                data.lookbehind_fixed,
+                                data.offset_fixed,
+                                data.minlen_fixed,
+                                longest_fixed_length,
+                                cBOOL(data.flags & SF_FIX_BEFORE_EOL),
+                                cBOOL(data.flags & SF_FIX_BEFORE_MEOL)))
+        {
+           r->anchored_offset = data.offset_fixed - data.lookbehind_fixed;
+           SvREFCNT_inc_simple_void_NN(data.longest_fixed);
+       }
+       else {
+           r->anchored_substr = r->anchored_utf8 = NULL;
+           longest_fixed_length = 0;
+       }
+       LEAVE_with_name("study_chunk");
+
+       if (ri->regstclass
+           && (OP(ri->regstclass) == REG_ANY || OP(ri->regstclass) == SANY))
+           ri->regstclass = NULL;
+
+       if ((!(r->anchored_substr || r->anchored_utf8) || r->anchored_offset)
+           && stclass_flag
+           && ! TEST_SSC_EOS(data.start_class)
+           && !cl_is_anything(data.start_class))
+       {
+           const U32 n = add_data(pRExC_state, 1, "f");
+           OP(data.start_class) = ANYOF_SYNTHETIC;
+
+           Newx(RExC_rxi->data->data[n], 1,
+               struct regnode_charclass_class);
+           StructCopy(data.start_class,
+                      (struct regnode_charclass_class*)RExC_rxi->data->data[n],
+                      struct regnode_charclass_class);
+           ri->regstclass = (regnode*)RExC_rxi->data->data[n];
+           r->intflags &= ~PREGf_SKIP; /* Used in find_byclass(). */
+           DEBUG_COMPILE_r({ SV *sv = sv_newmortal();
+                     regprop(r, sv, (regnode*)data.start_class);
+                     PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log,
+                                   "synthetic stclass \"%s\".\n",
+                                   SvPVX_const(sv));});
+       }
+
+       /* A temporary algorithm prefers floated substr to fixed one to dig more info. */
+       if (longest_fixed_length > longest_float_length) {
+           r->check_end_shift = r->anchored_end_shift;
+           r->check_substr = r->anchored_substr;
+           r->check_utf8 = r->anchored_utf8;
+           r->check_offset_min = r->check_offset_max = r->anchored_offset;
+           if (r->extflags & RXf_ANCH_SINGLE)
+               r->extflags |= RXf_NOSCAN;
+       }
+       else {
+           r->check_end_shift = r->float_end_shift;
+           r->check_substr = r->float_substr;
+           r->check_utf8 = r->float_utf8;
+           r->check_offset_min = r->float_min_offset;
+           r->check_offset_max = r->float_max_offset;
+       }
+       /* XXXX Currently intuiting is not compatible with ANCH_GPOS.
+          This should be changed ASAP!  */
+       if ((r->check_substr || r->check_utf8) && !(r->extflags & RXf_ANCH_GPOS)) {
+           r->extflags |= RXf_USE_INTUIT;
+           if (SvTAIL(r->check_substr ? r->check_substr : r->check_utf8))
+               r->extflags |= RXf_INTUIT_TAIL;
+       }
+       /* XXX Unneeded? dmq (shouldn't as this is handled elsewhere)
+       if ( (STRLEN)minlen < longest_float_length )
+            minlen= longest_float_length;
+        if ( (STRLEN)minlen < longest_fixed_length )
+            minlen= longest_fixed_length;     
+        */
+    }
+    else {
+       /* Several toplevels. Best we can is to set minlen. */
+       I32 fake;
+       struct regnode_charclass_class ch_class;
+       I32 last_close = 0;
+
+       DEBUG_PARSE_r(PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log, "\nMulti Top Level\n"));
+
+       scan = ri->program + 1;
+       cl_init(pRExC_state, &ch_class);
+       data.start_class = &ch_class;
+       data.last_closep = &last_close;
+
+        
+       minlen = study_chunk(pRExC_state, &scan, &minlen, &fake, scan + RExC_size,
+           &data, -1, NULL, NULL,
+            SCF_DO_STCLASS_AND|SCF_WHILEM_VISITED_POS
+                              |(restudied ? SCF_TRIE_DOING_RESTUDY : 0),
+            0);
+        
+        CHECK_RESTUDY_GOTO_butfirst(NOOP);
+
+       r->check_substr = r->check_utf8 = r->anchored_substr = r->anchored_utf8
+               = r->float_substr = r->float_utf8 = NULL;
+
+       if (! TEST_SSC_EOS(data.start_class)
+           && !cl_is_anything(data.start_class))
+       {
+           const U32 n = add_data(pRExC_state, 1, "f");
+           OP(data.start_class) = ANYOF_SYNTHETIC;
+
+           Newx(RExC_rxi->data->data[n], 1,
+               struct regnode_charclass_class);
+           StructCopy(data.start_class,
+                      (struct regnode_charclass_class*)RExC_rxi->data->data[n],
+                      struct regnode_charclass_class);
+           ri->regstclass = (regnode*)RExC_rxi->data->data[n];
+           r->intflags &= ~PREGf_SKIP; /* Used in find_byclass(). */
+           DEBUG_COMPILE_r({ SV* sv = sv_newmortal();
+                     regprop(r, sv, (regnode*)data.start_class);
+                     PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log,
+                                   "synthetic stclass \"%s\".\n",
+                                   SvPVX_const(sv));});
+       }
+    }
+
+    /* Guard against an embedded (?=) or (?<=) with a longer minlen than
+       the "real" pattern. */
+    DEBUG_OPTIMISE_r({
+       PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log,"minlen: %"IVdf" r->minlen:%"IVdf"\n",
+                     (IV)minlen, (IV)r->minlen);
+    });
+    r->minlenret = minlen;
+    if (r->minlen < minlen) 
+        r->minlen = minlen;
+    
+    if (RExC_seen & REG_SEEN_GPOS)
+       r->extflags |= RXf_GPOS_SEEN;
+    if (RExC_seen & REG_SEEN_LOOKBEHIND)
+        r->extflags |= RXf_NO_INPLACE_SUBST; /* inplace might break the lookbehind */
+    if (pRExC_state->num_code_blocks)
+       r->extflags |= RXf_EVAL_SEEN;
+    if (RExC_seen & REG_SEEN_CANY)
+       r->extflags |= RXf_CANY_SEEN;
+    if (RExC_seen & REG_SEEN_VERBARG)
+    {
+       r->intflags |= PREGf_VERBARG_SEEN;
+        r->extflags |= RXf_NO_INPLACE_SUBST; /* don't understand this! Yves */
+    }
+    if (RExC_seen & REG_SEEN_CUTGROUP)
+       r->intflags |= PREGf_CUTGROUP_SEEN;
+    if (pm_flags & PMf_USE_RE_EVAL)
+       r->intflags |= PREGf_USE_RE_EVAL;
+    if (RExC_paren_names)
+        RXp_PAREN_NAMES(r) = MUTABLE_HV(SvREFCNT_inc(RExC_paren_names));
+    else
+        RXp_PAREN_NAMES(r) = NULL;
+
+    {
+        regnode *first = ri->program + 1;
+        U8 fop = OP(first);
+        regnode *next = NEXTOPER(first);
+        U8 nop = OP(next);
+
+        if (PL_regkind[fop] == NOTHING && nop == END)
+            r->extflags |= RXf_NULL;
+        else if (PL_regkind[fop] == BOL && nop == END)
+            r->extflags |= RXf_START_ONLY;
+        else if (fop == PLUS && PL_regkind[nop] == POSIXD && FLAGS(next) == _CC_SPACE && OP(regnext(first)) == END)
+            r->extflags |= RXf_WHITE;
+        else if ( r->extflags & RXf_SPLIT && fop == EXACT && STR_LEN(first) == 1 && *(STRING(first)) == ' ' && OP(regnext(first)) == END )
+            r->extflags |= (RXf_SKIPWHITE|RXf_WHITE);
+
+    }
+#ifdef DEBUGGING
+    if (RExC_paren_names) {
+        ri->name_list_idx = add_data( pRExC_state, 1, "a" );
+        ri->data->data[ri->name_list_idx] = (void*)SvREFCNT_inc(RExC_paren_name_list);
+    } else
+#endif
+        ri->name_list_idx = 0;
+
+    if (RExC_recurse_count) {
+        for ( ; RExC_recurse_count ; RExC_recurse_count-- ) {
+            const regnode *scan = RExC_recurse[RExC_recurse_count-1];
+            ARG2L_SET( scan, RExC_open_parens[ARG(scan)-1] - scan );
+        }
+    }
+    Newxz(r->offs, RExC_npar, regexp_paren_pair);
+    /* assume we don't need to swap parens around before we match */
+
+    DEBUG_DUMP_r({
+        PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log,"Final program:\n");
+        regdump(r);
+    });
+#ifdef RE_TRACK_PATTERN_OFFSETS
+    DEBUG_OFFSETS_r(if (ri->u.offsets) {
+        const U32 len = ri->u.offsets[0];
+        U32 i;
+        GET_RE_DEBUG_FLAGS_DECL;
+        PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log, "Offsets: [%"UVuf"]\n\t", (UV)ri->u.offsets[0]);
+        for (i = 1; i <= len; i++) {
+            if (ri->u.offsets[i*2-1] || ri->u.offsets[i*2])
+                PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log, "%"UVuf":%"UVuf"[%"UVuf"] ",
+                (UV)i, (UV)ri->u.offsets[i*2-1], (UV)ri->u.offsets[i*2]);
+            }
+        PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log, "\n");
+    });
+#endif
+
+#ifdef USE_ITHREADS
+    /* under ithreads the ?pat? PMf_USED flag on the pmop is simulated
+     * by setting the regexp SV to readonly-only instead. If the
+     * pattern's been recompiled, the USEDness should remain. */
+    if (old_re && SvREADONLY(old_re))
+        SvREADONLY_on(rx);
+#endif
+    return rx;
+}
+
+
+SV*
+Perl_reg_named_buff(pTHX_ REGEXP * const rx, SV * const key, SV * const value,
+                    const U32 flags)
+{
+    PERL_ARGS_ASSERT_REG_NAMED_BUFF;
+
+    PERL_UNUSED_ARG(value);
+
+    if (flags & RXapif_FETCH) {
+        return reg_named_buff_fetch(rx, key, flags);
+    } else if (flags & (RXapif_STORE | RXapif_DELETE | RXapif_CLEAR)) {
+        Perl_croak_no_modify();
+        return NULL;
+    } else if (flags & RXapif_EXISTS) {
+        return reg_named_buff_exists(rx, key, flags)
+            ? &PL_sv_yes
+            : &PL_sv_no;
+    } else if (flags & RXapif_REGNAMES) {
+        return reg_named_buff_all(rx, flags);
+    } else if (flags & (RXapif_SCALAR | RXapif_REGNAMES_COUNT)) {
+        return reg_named_buff_scalar(rx, flags);
+    } else {
+        Perl_croak(aTHX_ "panic: Unknown flags %d in named_buff", (int)flags);
+        return NULL;
+    }
+}
+
+SV*
+Perl_reg_named_buff_iter(pTHX_ REGEXP * const rx, const SV * const lastkey,
+                         const U32 flags)
+{
+    PERL_ARGS_ASSERT_REG_NAMED_BUFF_ITER;
+    PERL_UNUSED_ARG(lastkey);
+
+    if (flags & RXapif_FIRSTKEY)
+        return reg_named_buff_firstkey(rx, flags);
+    else if (flags & RXapif_NEXTKEY)
+        return reg_named_buff_nextkey(rx, flags);
+    else {
+        Perl_croak(aTHX_ "panic: Unknown flags %d in named_buff_iter", (int)flags);
+        return NULL;
+    }
+}
+
+SV*
+Perl_reg_named_buff_fetch(pTHX_ REGEXP * const r, SV * const namesv,
+                         const U32 flags)
+{
+    AV *retarray = NULL;
+    SV *ret;
+    struct regexp *const rx = ReANY(r);
+
+    PERL_ARGS_ASSERT_REG_NAMED_BUFF_FETCH;
+
+    if (flags & RXapif_ALL)
+        retarray=newAV();
+
+    if (rx && RXp_PAREN_NAMES(rx)) {
+        HE *he_str = hv_fetch_ent( RXp_PAREN_NAMES(rx), namesv, 0, 0 );
+        if (he_str) {
+            IV i;
+            SV* sv_dat=HeVAL(he_str);
+            I32 *nums=(I32*)SvPVX(sv_dat);
+            for ( i=0; i<SvIVX(sv_dat); i++ ) {
+                if ((I32)(rx->nparens) >= nums[i]
+                    && rx->offs[nums[i]].start != -1
+                    && rx->offs[nums[i]].end != -1)
+                {
+                    ret = newSVpvs("");
+                    CALLREG_NUMBUF_FETCH(r,nums[i],ret);
+                    if (!retarray)
+                        return ret;
+                } else {
+                    if (retarray)
+                        ret = newSVsv(&PL_sv_undef);
+                }
+                if (retarray)
+                    av_push(retarray, ret);
+            }
+            if (retarray)
+                return newRV_noinc(MUTABLE_SV(retarray));
+        }
+    }
+    return NULL;
+}
+
+bool
+Perl_reg_named_buff_exists(pTHX_ REGEXP * const r, SV * const key,
+                           const U32 flags)
+{
+    struct regexp *const rx = ReANY(r);
+
+    PERL_ARGS_ASSERT_REG_NAMED_BUFF_EXISTS;
+
+    if (rx && RXp_PAREN_NAMES(rx)) {
+        if (flags & RXapif_ALL) {
+            return hv_exists_ent(RXp_PAREN_NAMES(rx), key, 0);
+        } else {
+           SV *sv = CALLREG_NAMED_BUFF_FETCH(r, key, flags);
+            if (sv) {
+               SvREFCNT_dec_NN(sv);
+                return TRUE;
+            } else {
+                return FALSE;
+            }
+        }
+    } else {
+        return FALSE;
+    }
+}
+
+SV*
+Perl_reg_named_buff_firstkey(pTHX_ REGEXP * const r, const U32 flags)
+{
+    struct regexp *const rx = ReANY(r);
+
+    PERL_ARGS_ASSERT_REG_NAMED_BUFF_FIRSTKEY;
+
+    if ( rx && RXp_PAREN_NAMES(rx) ) {
+       (void)hv_iterinit(RXp_PAREN_NAMES(rx));
+
+       return CALLREG_NAMED_BUFF_NEXTKEY(r, NULL, flags & ~RXapif_FIRSTKEY);
+    } else {
+       return FALSE;
+    }
+}
+
+SV*
+Perl_reg_named_buff_nextkey(pTHX_ REGEXP * const r, const U32 flags)
+{
+    struct regexp *const rx = ReANY(r);
+    GET_RE_DEBUG_FLAGS_DECL;
+
+    PERL_ARGS_ASSERT_REG_NAMED_BUFF_NEXTKEY;
+
+    if (rx && RXp_PAREN_NAMES(rx)) {
+        HV *hv = RXp_PAREN_NAMES(rx);
+        HE *temphe;
+        while ( (temphe = hv_iternext_flags(hv,0)) ) {
+            IV i;
+            IV parno = 0;
+            SV* sv_dat = HeVAL(temphe);
+            I32 *nums = (I32*)SvPVX(sv_dat);
+            for ( i = 0; i < SvIVX(sv_dat); i++ ) {
+                if ((I32)(rx->lastparen) >= nums[i] &&
+                    rx->offs[nums[i]].start != -1 &&
+                    rx->offs[nums[i]].end != -1)
+                {
+                    parno = nums[i];
+                    break;
+                }
+            }
+            if (parno || flags & RXapif_ALL) {
+               return newSVhek(HeKEY_hek(temphe));
+            }
+        }
+    }
+    return NULL;
+}
+
+SV*
+Perl_reg_named_buff_scalar(pTHX_ REGEXP * const r, const U32 flags)
+{
+    SV *ret;
+    AV *av;
+    I32 length;
+    struct regexp *const rx = ReANY(r);
+
+    PERL_ARGS_ASSERT_REG_NAMED_BUFF_SCALAR;
+
+    if (rx && RXp_PAREN_NAMES(rx)) {
+        if (flags & (RXapif_ALL | RXapif_REGNAMES_COUNT)) {
+            return newSViv(HvTOTALKEYS(RXp_PAREN_NAMES(rx)));
+        } else if (flags & RXapif_ONE) {
+            ret = CALLREG_NAMED_BUFF_ALL(r, (flags | RXapif_REGNAMES));
+            av = MUTABLE_AV(SvRV(ret));
+            length = av_len(av);
+           SvREFCNT_dec_NN(ret);
+            return newSViv(length + 1);
+        } else {
+            Perl_croak(aTHX_ "panic: Unknown flags %d in named_buff_scalar", (int)flags);
+            return NULL;
+        }
+    }
+    return &PL_sv_undef;
+}
+
+SV*
+Perl_reg_named_buff_all(pTHX_ REGEXP * const r, const U32 flags)
+{
+    struct regexp *const rx = ReANY(r);
+    AV *av = newAV();
+
+    PERL_ARGS_ASSERT_REG_NAMED_BUFF_ALL;
+
+    if (rx && RXp_PAREN_NAMES(rx)) {
+        HV *hv= RXp_PAREN_NAMES(rx);
+        HE *temphe;
+        (void)hv_iterinit(hv);
+        while ( (temphe = hv_iternext_flags(hv,0)) ) {
+            IV i;
+            IV parno = 0;
+            SV* sv_dat = HeVAL(temphe);
+            I32 *nums = (I32*)SvPVX(sv_dat);
+            for ( i = 0; i < SvIVX(sv_dat); i++ ) {
+                if ((I32)(rx->lastparen) >= nums[i] &&
+                    rx->offs[nums[i]].start != -1 &&
+                    rx->offs[nums[i]].end != -1)
+                {
+                    parno = nums[i];
+                    break;
+                }
+            }
+            if (parno || flags & RXapif_ALL) {
+                av_push(av, newSVhek(HeKEY_hek(temphe)));
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    return newRV_noinc(MUTABLE_SV(av));
+}
+
+void
+Perl_reg_numbered_buff_fetch(pTHX_ REGEXP * const r, const I32 paren,
+                            SV * const sv)
+{
+    struct regexp *const rx = ReANY(r);
+    char *s = NULL;
+    I32 i = 0;
+    I32 s1, t1;
+    I32 n = paren;
+
+    PERL_ARGS_ASSERT_REG_NUMBERED_BUFF_FETCH;
+        
+    if ( (    n == RX_BUFF_IDX_CARET_PREMATCH
+           || n == RX_BUFF_IDX_CARET_FULLMATCH
+           || n == RX_BUFF_IDX_CARET_POSTMATCH
+         )
+         && !(rx->extflags & RXf_PMf_KEEPCOPY)
+    )
+        goto ret_undef;
+
+    if (!rx->subbeg)
+        goto ret_undef;
+
+    if (n == RX_BUFF_IDX_CARET_FULLMATCH)
+        /* no need to distinguish between them any more */
+        n = RX_BUFF_IDX_FULLMATCH;
+
+    if ((n == RX_BUFF_IDX_PREMATCH || n == RX_BUFF_IDX_CARET_PREMATCH)
+        && rx->offs[0].start != -1)
+    {
+        /* $`, ${^PREMATCH} */
+       i = rx->offs[0].start;
+       s = rx->subbeg;
+    }
+    else 
+    if ((n == RX_BUFF_IDX_POSTMATCH || n == RX_BUFF_IDX_CARET_POSTMATCH)
+        && rx->offs[0].end != -1)
+    {
+        /* $', ${^POSTMATCH} */
+       s = rx->subbeg - rx->suboffset + rx->offs[0].end;
+       i = rx->sublen + rx->suboffset - rx->offs[0].end;
+    } 
+    else
+    if ( 0 <= n && n <= (I32)rx->nparens &&
+        (s1 = rx->offs[n].start) != -1 &&
+        (t1 = rx->offs[n].end) != -1)
+    {
+        /* $&, ${^MATCH},  $1 ... */
+        i = t1 - s1;
+        s = rx->subbeg + s1 - rx->suboffset;
+    } else {
+        goto ret_undef;
+    }          
+
+    assert(s >= rx->subbeg);
+    assert(rx->sublen >= (s - rx->subbeg) + i );
+    if (i >= 0) {
+#if NO_TAINT_SUPPORT
+        sv_setpvn(sv, s, i);
+#else
+        const int oldtainted = TAINT_get;
+        TAINT_NOT;
+        sv_setpvn(sv, s, i);
+        TAINT_set(oldtainted);
+#endif
+        if ( (rx->extflags & RXf_CANY_SEEN)
+            ? (RXp_MATCH_UTF8(rx)
+                        && (!i || is_utf8_string((U8*)s, i)))
+            : (RXp_MATCH_UTF8(rx)) )
+        {
+            SvUTF8_on(sv);
+        }
+        else
+            SvUTF8_off(sv);
+        if (TAINTING_get) {
+            if (RXp_MATCH_TAINTED(rx)) {
+                if (SvTYPE(sv) >= SVt_PVMG) {
+                    MAGIC* const mg = SvMAGIC(sv);
+                    MAGIC* mgt;
+                    TAINT;
+                    SvMAGIC_set(sv, mg->mg_moremagic);
+                    SvTAINT(sv);
+                    if ((mgt = SvMAGIC(sv))) {
+                        mg->mg_moremagic = mgt;
+                        SvMAGIC_set(sv, mg);
+                    }
+                } else {
+                    TAINT;
+                    SvTAINT(sv);
+                }
+            } else 
+                SvTAINTED_off(sv);
+        }
+    } else {
+      ret_undef:
+        sv_setsv(sv,&PL_sv_undef);
+        return;
+    }
+}
+
+void
+Perl_reg_numbered_buff_store(pTHX_ REGEXP * const rx, const I32 paren,
+                                                        SV const * const value)
+{
+    PERL_ARGS_ASSERT_REG_NUMBERED_BUFF_STORE;
+
+    PERL_UNUSED_ARG(rx);
+    PERL_UNUSED_ARG(paren);
+    PERL_UNUSED_ARG(value);
+
+    if (!PL_localizing)
+        Perl_croak_no_modify();
+}
+
+I32
+Perl_reg_numbered_buff_length(pTHX_ REGEXP * const r, const SV * const sv,
+                              const I32 paren)
+{
+    struct regexp *const rx = ReANY(r);
+    I32 i;
+    I32 s1, t1;
+
+    PERL_ARGS_ASSERT_REG_NUMBERED_BUFF_LENGTH;
+
+    /* Some of this code was originally in C<Perl_magic_len> in F<mg.c> */
+    switch (paren) {
+      case RX_BUFF_IDX_CARET_PREMATCH: /* ${^PREMATCH} */
+         if (!(rx->extflags & RXf_PMf_KEEPCOPY))
+            goto warn_undef;
+        /*FALLTHROUGH*/
+
+      case RX_BUFF_IDX_PREMATCH:       /* $` */
+        if (rx->offs[0].start != -1) {
+                       i = rx->offs[0].start;
+                       if (i > 0) {
+                               s1 = 0;
+                               t1 = i;
+                               goto getlen;
+                       }
+           }
+        return 0;
+
+      case RX_BUFF_IDX_CARET_POSTMATCH: /* ${^POSTMATCH} */
+         if (!(rx->extflags & RXf_PMf_KEEPCOPY))
+            goto warn_undef;
+      case RX_BUFF_IDX_POSTMATCH:       /* $' */
+           if (rx->offs[0].end != -1) {
+                       i = rx->sublen - rx->offs[0].end;
+                       if (i > 0) {
+                               s1 = rx->offs[0].end;
+                               t1 = rx->sublen;
+                               goto getlen;
+                       }
+           }
+        return 0;
+
+      case RX_BUFF_IDX_CARET_FULLMATCH: /* ${^MATCH} */
+         if (!(rx->extflags & RXf_PMf_KEEPCOPY))
+            goto warn_undef;
+        /*FALLTHROUGH*/
+
+      /* $& / ${^MATCH}, $1, $2, ... */
+      default:
+           if (paren <= (I32)rx->nparens &&
+            (s1 = rx->offs[paren].start) != -1 &&
+            (t1 = rx->offs[paren].end) != -1)
+           {
+            i = t1 - s1;
+            goto getlen;
+        } else {
+          warn_undef:
+            if (ckWARN(WARN_UNINITIALIZED))
+                report_uninit((const SV *)sv);
+            return 0;
+        }
+    }
+  getlen:
+    if (i > 0 && RXp_MATCH_UTF8(rx)) {
+        const char * const s = rx->subbeg - rx->suboffset + s1;
+        const U8 *ep;
+        STRLEN el;
+
+        i = t1 - s1;
+        if (is_utf8_string_loclen((U8*)s, i, &ep, &el))
+                       i = el;
+    }
+    return i;
+}
+
+SV*
+Perl_reg_qr_package(pTHX_ REGEXP * const rx)
+{
+    PERL_ARGS_ASSERT_REG_QR_PACKAGE;
+       PERL_UNUSED_ARG(rx);
+       if (0)
+           return NULL;
+       else
+           return newSVpvs("Regexp");
+}
+
+/* Scans the name of a named buffer from the pattern.
+ * If flags is REG_RSN_RETURN_NULL returns null.
+ * If flags is REG_RSN_RETURN_NAME returns an SV* containing the name
+ * If flags is REG_RSN_RETURN_DATA returns the data SV* corresponding
+ * to the parsed name as looked up in the RExC_paren_names hash.
+ * If there is an error throws a vFAIL().. type exception.
+ */
+
+#define REG_RSN_RETURN_NULL    0
+#define REG_RSN_RETURN_NAME    1
+#define REG_RSN_RETURN_DATA    2
+
+STATIC SV*
+S_reg_scan_name(pTHX_ RExC_state_t *pRExC_state, U32 flags)
+{
+    char *name_start = RExC_parse;
+
+    PERL_ARGS_ASSERT_REG_SCAN_NAME;
+
+    if (isIDFIRST_lazy_if(RExC_parse, UTF)) {
+        /* skip IDFIRST by using do...while */
+       if (UTF)
+           do {
+               RExC_parse += UTF8SKIP(RExC_parse);
+           } while (isWORDCHAR_utf8((U8*)RExC_parse));
+       else
+           do {
+               RExC_parse++;
+           } while (isWORDCHAR(*RExC_parse));
+    } else {
+       RExC_parse++; /* so the <- from the vFAIL is after the offending character */
+        vFAIL("Group name must start with a non-digit word character");
+    }
+    if ( flags ) {
+        SV* sv_name
+           = newSVpvn_flags(name_start, (int)(RExC_parse - name_start),
+                            SVs_TEMP | (UTF ? SVf_UTF8 : 0));
+        if ( flags == REG_RSN_RETURN_NAME)
+            return sv_name;
+        else if (flags==REG_RSN_RETURN_DATA) {
+            HE *he_str = NULL;
+            SV *sv_dat = NULL;
+            if ( ! sv_name )      /* should not happen*/
+                Perl_croak(aTHX_ "panic: no svname in reg_scan_name");
+            if (RExC_paren_names)
+                he_str = hv_fetch_ent( RExC_paren_names, sv_name, 0, 0 );
+            if ( he_str )
+                sv_dat = HeVAL(he_str);
+            if ( ! sv_dat )
+                vFAIL("Reference to nonexistent named group");
+            return sv_dat;
+        }
+        else {
+            Perl_croak(aTHX_ "panic: bad flag %lx in reg_scan_name",
+                      (unsigned long) flags);
+        }
+        assert(0); /* NOT REACHED */
+    }
+    return NULL;
+}
+
+#define DEBUG_PARSE_MSG(funcname)     DEBUG_PARSE_r({           \
+    int rem=(int)(RExC_end - RExC_parse);                       \
+    int cut;                                                    \
+    int num;                                                    \
+    int iscut=0;                                                \
+    if (rem>10) {                                               \
+        rem=10;                                                 \
+        iscut=1;                                                \
+    }                                                           \
+    cut=10-rem;                                                 \
+    if (RExC_lastparse!=RExC_parse)                             \
+        PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log," >%.*s%-*s",              \
+            rem, RExC_parse,                                    \
+            cut + 4,                                            \
+            iscut ? "..." : "<"                                 \
+        );                                                      \
+    else                                                        \
+        PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log,"%16s","");                \
+                                                                \
+    if (SIZE_ONLY)                                              \
+       num = RExC_size + 1;                                     \
+    else                                                        \
+       num=REG_NODE_NUM(RExC_emit);                             \
+    if (RExC_lastnum!=num)                                      \
+       PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log,"|%4d",num);                \
+    else                                                        \
+       PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log,"|%4s","");                 \
+    PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log,"|%*s%-4s",                    \
+        (int)((depth*2)), "",                                   \
+        (funcname)                                              \
+    );                                                          \
+    RExC_lastnum=num;                                           \
+    RExC_lastparse=RExC_parse;                                  \
+})
+
+
+
+#define DEBUG_PARSE(funcname)     DEBUG_PARSE_r({           \
+    DEBUG_PARSE_MSG((funcname));                            \
+    PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log,"%4s","\n");               \
+})
+#define DEBUG_PARSE_FMT(funcname,fmt,args)     DEBUG_PARSE_r({           \
+    DEBUG_PARSE_MSG((funcname));                            \
+    PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log,fmt "\n",args);               \
+})
+
+/* This section of code defines the inversion list object and its methods.  The
+ * interfaces are highly subject to change, so as much as possible is static to
+ * this file.  An inversion list is here implemented as a malloc'd C UV array
+ * as an SVt_INVLIST scalar.
+ *
+ * An inversion list for Unicode is an array of code points, sorted by ordinal
+ * number.  The zeroth element is the first code point in the list.  The 1th
+ * element is the first element beyond that not in the list.  In other words,
+ * the first range is
+ *  invlist[0]..(invlist[1]-1)
+ * The other ranges follow.  Thus every element whose index is divisible by two
+ * marks the beginning of a range that is in the list, and every element not
+ * divisible by two marks the beginning of a range not in the list.  A single
+ * element inversion list that contains the single code point N generally
+ * consists of two elements
+ *  invlist[0] == N
+ *  invlist[1] == N+1
+ * (The exception is when N is the highest representable value on the
+ * machine, in which case the list containing just it would be a single
+ * element, itself.  By extension, if the last range in the list extends to
+ * infinity, then the first element of that range will be in the inversion list
+ * at a position that is divisible by two, and is the final element in the
+ * list.)
+ * Taking the complement (inverting) an inversion list is quite simple, if the
+ * first element is 0, remove it; otherwise add a 0 element at the beginning.
+ * This implementation reserves an element at the beginning of each inversion
+ * list to always contain 0; there is an additional flag in the header which
+ * indicates if the list begins at the 0, or is offset to begin at the next
+ * element.
+ *
+ * More about inversion lists can be found in "Unicode Demystified"
+ * Chapter 13 by Richard Gillam, published by Addison-Wesley.
+ * More will be coming when functionality is added later.
+ *
+ * The inversion list data structure is currently implemented as an SV pointing
+ * to an array of UVs that the SV thinks are bytes.  This allows us to have an
+ * array of UV whose memory management is automatically handled by the existing
+ * facilities for SV's.
+ *
+ * Some of the methods should always be private to the implementation, and some
+ * should eventually be made public */
+
+/* The header definitions are in F<inline_invlist.c> */
+
+PERL_STATIC_INLINE UV*
+S__invlist_array_init(pTHX_ SV* const invlist, const bool will_have_0)
+{
+    /* Returns a pointer to the first element in the inversion list's array.
+     * This is called upon initialization of an inversion list.  Where the
+     * array begins depends on whether the list has the code point U+0000 in it
+     * or not.  The other parameter tells it whether the code that follows this
+     * call is about to put a 0 in the inversion list or not.  The first
+     * element is either the element reserved for 0, if TRUE, or the element
+     * after it, if FALSE */
+
+    bool* offset = get_invlist_offset_addr(invlist);
+    UV* zero_addr = (UV *) SvPVX(invlist);
+
+    PERL_ARGS_ASSERT__INVLIST_ARRAY_INIT;
+
+    /* Must be empty */
+    assert(! _invlist_len(invlist));
+
+    *zero_addr = 0;
+
+    /* 1^1 = 0; 1^0 = 1 */
+    *offset = 1 ^ will_have_0;
+    return zero_addr + *offset;
+}
+
+PERL_STATIC_INLINE UV*
+S_invlist_array(pTHX_ SV* const invlist)
+{
+    /* Returns the pointer to the inversion list's array.  Every time the
+     * length changes, this needs to be called in case malloc or realloc moved
+     * it */
+
+    PERL_ARGS_ASSERT_INVLIST_ARRAY;
+
+    /* Must not be empty.  If these fail, you probably didn't check for <len>
+     * being non-zero before trying to get the array */
+    assert(_invlist_len(invlist));
+
+    /* The very first element always contains zero, The array begins either
+     * there, or if the inversion list is offset, at the element after it.
+     * The offset header field determines which; it contains 0 or 1 to indicate
+     * how much additionally to add */
+    assert(0 == *(SvPVX(invlist)));
+    return ((UV *) SvPVX(invlist) + *get_invlist_offset_addr(invlist));
+}
+
+PERL_STATIC_INLINE void
+S_invlist_set_len(pTHX_ SV* const invlist, const UV len, const bool offset)
+{
+    /* Sets the current number of elements stored in the inversion list.
+     * Updates SvCUR correspondingly */
+
+    PERL_ARGS_ASSERT_INVLIST_SET_LEN;
+
+    SvCUR_set(invlist,
+              (len == 0)
+               ? 0
+               : TO_INTERNAL_SIZE(len + offset));
+    assert(SvLEN(invlist) == 0 || SvCUR(invlist) <= SvLEN(invlist));
+}
+
+PERL_STATIC_INLINE IV*
+S_get_invlist_previous_index_addr(pTHX_ SV* invlist)
+{
+    /* Return the address of the IV that is reserved to hold the cached index
+     * */
+
+    PERL_ARGS_ASSERT_GET_INVLIST_PREVIOUS_INDEX_ADDR;
+
+    return &(((XINVLIST*) SvANY(invlist))->prev_index);
+}
+
+PERL_STATIC_INLINE IV
+S_invlist_previous_index(pTHX_ SV* const invlist)
+{
+    /* Returns cached index of previous search */
+
+    PERL_ARGS_ASSERT_INVLIST_PREVIOUS_INDEX;
+
+    return *get_invlist_previous_index_addr(invlist);
+}
+
+PERL_STATIC_INLINE void
+S_invlist_set_previous_index(pTHX_ SV* const invlist, const IV index)
+{
+    /* Caches <index> for later retrieval */
+
+    PERL_ARGS_ASSERT_INVLIST_SET_PREVIOUS_INDEX;
+
+    assert(index == 0 || index < (int) _invlist_len(invlist));
+
+    *get_invlist_previous_index_addr(invlist) = index;
+}
+
+PERL_STATIC_INLINE UV
+S_invlist_max(pTHX_ SV* const invlist)
+{
+    /* Returns the maximum number of elements storable in the inversion list's
+     * array, without having to realloc() */
+
+    PERL_ARGS_ASSERT_INVLIST_MAX;
+
+    /* Assumes worst case, in which the 0 element is not counted in the
+     * inversion list, so subtracts 1 for that */
+    return SvLEN(invlist) == 0  /* This happens under _new_invlist_C_array */
+           ? FROM_INTERNAL_SIZE(SvCUR(invlist)) - 1
+           : FROM_INTERNAL_SIZE(SvLEN(invlist)) - 1;
+}
+
+#ifndef PERL_IN_XSUB_RE
+SV*
+Perl__new_invlist(pTHX_ IV initial_size)
+{
+
+    /* Return a pointer to a newly constructed inversion list, with enough
+     * space to store 'initial_size' elements.  If that number is negative, a
+     * system default is used instead */
+
+    SV* new_list;
+
+    if (initial_size < 0) {
+       initial_size = 10;
+    }
+
+    /* Allocate the initial space */
+    new_list = newSV_type(SVt_INVLIST);
+
+    /* First 1 is in case the zero element isn't in the list; second 1 is for
+     * trailing NUL */
+    SvGROW(new_list, TO_INTERNAL_SIZE(initial_size + 1) + 1);
+    invlist_set_len(new_list, 0, 0);
+
+    /* Force iterinit() to be used to get iteration to work */
+    *get_invlist_iter_addr(new_list) = (STRLEN) UV_MAX;
+
+    *get_invlist_previous_index_addr(new_list) = 0;
+
+    return new_list;
+}
+#endif
+
+STATIC SV*
+S__new_invlist_C_array(pTHX_ const UV* const list)
+{
+    /* Return a pointer to a newly constructed inversion list, initialized to
+     * point to <list>, which has to be in the exact correct inversion list
+     * form, including internal fields.  Thus this is a dangerous routine that
+     * should not be used in the wrong hands.  The passed in 'list' contains
+     * several header fields at the beginning that are not part of the
+     * inversion list body proper */
+
+    const STRLEN length = (STRLEN) list[0];
+    const UV version_id =          list[1];
+    const bool offset   =    cBOOL(list[2]);
+#define HEADER_LENGTH 3
+    /* If any of the above changes in any way, you must change HEADER_LENGTH
+     * (if appropriate) and regenerate INVLIST_VERSION_ID by running
+     *      perl -E 'say int(rand 2**31-1)'
+     */
+#define INVLIST_VERSION_ID 148565664 /* This is a combination of a version and
+                                        data structure type, so that one being
+                                        passed in can be validated to be an
+                                        inversion list of the correct vintage.
+                                       */
+
+    SV* invlist = newSV_type(SVt_INVLIST);
+
+    PERL_ARGS_ASSERT__NEW_INVLIST_C_ARRAY;
+
+    if (version_id != INVLIST_VERSION_ID) {
+        Perl_croak(aTHX_ "panic: Incorrect version for previously generated inversion list");
+    }
+
+    /* The generated array passed in includes header elements that aren't part
+     * of the list proper, so start it just after them */
+    SvPV_set(invlist, (char *) (list + HEADER_LENGTH));
+
+    SvLEN_set(invlist, 0);  /* Means we own the contents, and the system
+                              shouldn't touch it */
+
+    *(get_invlist_offset_addr(invlist)) = offset;
+
+    /* The 'length' passed to us is the physical number of elements in the
+     * inversion list.  But if there is an offset the logical number is one
+     * less than that */
+    invlist_set_len(invlist, length  - offset, offset);
+
+    invlist_set_previous_index(invlist, 0);
+
+    /* Initialize the iteration pointer. */
+    invlist_iterfinish(invlist);
+
+    return invlist;
+}
+
+STATIC void
+S_invlist_extend(pTHX_ SV* const invlist, const UV new_max)
+{
+    /* Grow the maximum size of an inversion list */
+
+    PERL_ARGS_ASSERT_INVLIST_EXTEND;
+
+    /* Add one to account for the zero element at the beginning which may not
+     * be counted by the calling parameters */
+    SvGROW((SV *)invlist, TO_INTERNAL_SIZE(new_max + 1));
+}
+
+PERL_STATIC_INLINE void
+S_invlist_trim(pTHX_ SV* const invlist)
+{
+    PERL_ARGS_ASSERT_INVLIST_TRIM;
+
+    /* Change the length of the inversion list to how many entries it currently
+     * has */
+    SvPV_shrink_to_cur((SV *) invlist);
+}
+
+#define _invlist_union_complement_2nd(a, b, output) _invlist_union_maybe_complement_2nd(a, b, TRUE, output)
+
+STATIC void
+S__append_range_to_invlist(pTHX_ SV* const invlist, const UV start, const UV end)
+{
+   /* Subject to change or removal.  Append the range from 'start' to 'end' at
+    * the end of the inversion list.  The range must be above any existing
+    * ones. */
+
+    UV* array;
+    UV max = invlist_max(invlist);
+    UV len = _invlist_len(invlist);
+    bool offset;
+
+    PERL_ARGS_ASSERT__APPEND_RANGE_TO_INVLIST;
+
+    if (len == 0) { /* Empty lists must be initialized */
+        offset = start != 0;
+        array = _invlist_array_init(invlist, ! offset);
+    }
+    else {
+       /* Here, the existing list is non-empty. The current max entry in the
+        * list is generally the first value not in the set, except when the
+        * set extends to the end of permissible values, in which case it is
+        * the first entry in that final set, and so this call is an attempt to
+        * append out-of-order */
+
+       UV final_element = len - 1;
+       array = invlist_array(invlist);
+       if (array[final_element] > start
+           || ELEMENT_RANGE_MATCHES_INVLIST(final_element))
+       {
+           Perl_croak(aTHX_ "panic: attempting to append to an inversion list, but wasn't at the end of the list, final=%"UVuf", start=%"UVuf", match=%c",
+                      array[final_element], start,
+                      ELEMENT_RANGE_MATCHES_INVLIST(final_element) ? 't' : 'f');
+       }
+
+       /* Here, it is a legal append.  If the new range begins with the first
+        * value not in the set, it is extending the set, so the new first
+        * value not in the set is one greater than the newly extended range.
+        * */
+        offset = *get_invlist_offset_addr(invlist);
+       if (array[final_element] == start) {
+           if (end != UV_MAX) {
+               array[final_element] = end + 1;
+           }
+           else {
+               /* But if the end is the maximum representable on the machine,
+                * just let the range that this would extend to have no end */
+               invlist_set_len(invlist, len - 1, offset);
+           }
+           return;
+       }
+    }
+
+    /* Here the new range doesn't extend any existing set.  Add it */
+
+    len += 2;  /* Includes an element each for the start and end of range */
+
+    /* If wll overflow the existing space, extend, which may cause the array to
+     * be moved */
+    if (max < len) {
+       invlist_extend(invlist, len);
+
+        /* Have to set len here to avoid assert failure in invlist_array() */
+        invlist_set_len(invlist, len, offset);
+
+       array = invlist_array(invlist);
+    }
+    else {
+       invlist_set_len(invlist, len, offset);
+    }
+
+    /* The next item on the list starts the range, the one after that is
+     * one past the new range.  */
+    array[len - 2] = start;
+    if (end != UV_MAX) {
+       array[len - 1] = end + 1;
+    }
+    else {
+       /* But if the end is the maximum representable on the machine, just let
+        * the range have no end */
+       invlist_set_len(invlist, len - 1, offset);
+    }
+}
+
+#ifndef PERL_IN_XSUB_RE
+
+IV
+Perl__invlist_search(pTHX_ SV* const invlist, const UV cp)
+{
+    /* Searches the inversion list for the entry that contains the input code
+     * point <cp>.  If <cp> is not in the list, -1 is returned.  Otherwise, the
+     * return value is the index into the list's array of the range that
+     * contains <cp> */
+
+    IV low = 0;
+    IV mid;
+    IV high = _invlist_len(invlist);
+    const IV highest_element = high - 1;
+    const UV* array;
+
+    PERL_ARGS_ASSERT__INVLIST_SEARCH;
+
+    /* If list is empty, return failure. */
+    if (high == 0) {
+       return -1;
+    }
+
+    /* (We can't get the array unless we know the list is non-empty) */
+    array = invlist_array(invlist);
+
+    mid = invlist_previous_index(invlist);
+    assert(mid >=0 && mid <= highest_element);
+
+    /* <mid> contains the cache of the result of the previous call to this
+     * function (0 the first time).  See if this call is for the same result,
+     * or if it is for mid-1.  This is under the theory that calls to this
+     * function will often be for related code points that are near each other.
+     * And benchmarks show that caching gives better results.  We also test
+     * here if the code point is within the bounds of the list.  These tests
+     * replace others that would have had to be made anyway to make sure that
+     * the array bounds were not exceeded, and these give us extra information
+     * at the same time */
+    if (cp >= array[mid]) {
+        if (cp >= array[highest_element]) {
+            return highest_element;
+        }
+
+        /* Here, array[mid] <= cp < array[highest_element].  This means that
+         * the final element is not the answer, so can exclude it; it also
+         * means that <mid> is not the final element, so can refer to 'mid + 1'
+         * safely */
+        if (cp < array[mid + 1]) {
+            return mid;
+        }
+        high--;
+        low = mid + 1;
+    }
+    else { /* cp < aray[mid] */
+        if (cp < array[0]) { /* Fail if outside the array */
+            return -1;
+        }
+        high = mid;
+        if (cp >= array[mid - 1]) {
+            goto found_entry;
+        }
+    }
+
+    /* Binary search.  What we are looking for is <i> such that
+     * array[i] <= cp < array[i+1]
+     * The loop below converges on the i+1.  Note that there may not be an
+     * (i+1)th element in the array, and things work nonetheless */
+    while (low < high) {
+       mid = (low + high) / 2;
+        assert(mid <= highest_element);
+       if (array[mid] <= cp) { /* cp >= array[mid] */
+           low = mid + 1;
+
+           /* We could do this extra test to exit the loop early.
+           if (cp < array[low]) {
+               return mid;
+           }
+           */
+       }
+       else { /* cp < array[mid] */
+           high = mid;
+       }
+    }
+
+  found_entry:
+    high--;
+    invlist_set_previous_index(invlist, high);
+    return high;
+}
+
+void
+Perl__invlist_populate_swatch(pTHX_ SV* const invlist, const UV start, const UV end, U8* swatch)
+{
+    /* populates a swatch of a swash the same way swatch_get() does in utf8.c,
+     * but is used when the swash has an inversion list.  This makes this much
+     * faster, as it uses a binary search instead of a linear one.  This is
+     * intimately tied to that function, and perhaps should be in utf8.c,
+     * except it is intimately tied to inversion lists as well.  It assumes
+     * that <swatch> is all 0's on input */
+
+    UV current = start;
+    const IV len = _invlist_len(invlist);
+    IV i;
+    const UV * array;
+
+    PERL_ARGS_ASSERT__INVLIST_POPULATE_SWATCH;
+
+    if (len == 0) { /* Empty inversion list */
+        return;
+    }
+
+    array = invlist_array(invlist);
+
+    /* Find which element it is */
+    i = _invlist_search(invlist, start);
+
+    /* We populate from <start> to <end> */
+    while (current < end) {
+        UV upper;
+
+       /* The inversion list gives the results for every possible code point
+        * after the first one in the list.  Only those ranges whose index is
+        * even are ones that the inversion list matches.  For the odd ones,
+        * and if the initial code point is not in the list, we have to skip
+        * forward to the next element */
+        if (i == -1 || ! ELEMENT_RANGE_MATCHES_INVLIST(i)) {
+            i++;
+            if (i >= len) { /* Finished if beyond the end of the array */
+                return;
+            }
+            current = array[i];
+           if (current >= end) {   /* Finished if beyond the end of what we
+                                      are populating */
+                if (LIKELY(end < UV_MAX)) {
+                    return;
+                }
+
+                /* We get here when the upper bound is the maximum
+                 * representable on the machine, and we are looking for just
+                 * that code point.  Have to special case it */
+                i = len;
+                goto join_end_of_list;
+            }
+        }
+        assert(current >= start);
+
+       /* The current range ends one below the next one, except don't go past
+        * <end> */
+        i++;
+        upper = (i < len && array[i] < end) ? array[i] : end;
+
+       /* Here we are in a range that matches.  Populate a bit in the 3-bit U8
+        * for each code point in it */
+        for (; current < upper; current++) {
+            const STRLEN offset = (STRLEN)(current - start);
+            swatch[offset >> 3] |= 1 << (offset & 7);
+        }
+
+    join_end_of_list:
+
+       /* Quit if at the end of the list */
+        if (i >= len) {
+
+           /* But first, have to deal with the highest possible code point on
+            * the platform.  The previous code assumes that <end> is one
+            * beyond where we want to populate, but that is impossible at the
+            * platform's infinity, so have to handle it specially */
+            if (UNLIKELY(end == UV_MAX && ELEMENT_RANGE_MATCHES_INVLIST(len-1)))
+           {
+                const STRLEN offset = (STRLEN)(end - start);
+                swatch[offset >> 3] |= 1 << (offset & 7);
+            }
+            return;
+        }
+
+       /* Advance to the next range, which will be for code points not in the
+        * inversion list */
+        current = array[i];
+    }
+
+    return;
+}
+
+void
+Perl__invlist_union_maybe_complement_2nd(pTHX_ SV* const a, SV* const b, const bool complement_b, SV** output)
+{
+    /* Take the union of two inversion lists and point <output> to it.  *output
+     * SHOULD BE DEFINED upon input, and if it points to one of the two lists,
+     * the reference count to that list will be decremented.  The first list,
+     * <a>, may be NULL, in which case a copy of the second list is returned.
+     * If <complement_b> is TRUE, the union is taken of the complement
+     * (inversion) of <b> instead of b itself.
+     *
+     * The basis for this comes from "Unicode Demystified" Chapter 13 by
+     * Richard Gillam, published by Addison-Wesley, and explained at some
+     * length there.  The preface says to incorporate its examples into your
+     * code at your own risk.
+     *
+     * The algorithm is like a merge sort.
+     *
+     * XXX A potential performance improvement is to keep track as we go along
+     * if only one of the inputs contributes to the result, meaning the other
+     * is a subset of that one.  In that case, we can skip the final copy and
+     * return the larger of the input lists, but then outside code might need
+     * to keep track of whether to free the input list or not */
+
+    const UV* array_a;    /* a's array */
+    const UV* array_b;
+    UV len_a;      /* length of a's array */
+    UV len_b;
+
+    SV* u;                     /* the resulting union */
+    UV* array_u;
+    UV len_u;
+
+    UV i_a = 0;                    /* current index into a's array */
+    UV i_b = 0;
+    UV i_u = 0;
+
+    /* running count, as explained in the algorithm source book; items are
+     * stopped accumulating and are output when the count changes to/from 0.
+     * The count is incremented when we start a range that's in the set, and
+     * decremented when we start a range that's not in the set.  So its range
+     * is 0 to 2.  Only when the count is zero is something not in the set.
+     */
+    UV count = 0;
+
+    PERL_ARGS_ASSERT__INVLIST_UNION_MAYBE_COMPLEMENT_2ND;
+    assert(a != b);
+
+    /* If either one is empty, the union is the other one */
+    if (a == NULL || ((len_a = _invlist_len(a)) == 0)) {
+       if (*output == a) {
+            if (a != NULL) {
+                SvREFCNT_dec_NN(a);
+            }
+       }
+       if (*output != b) {
+           *output = invlist_clone(b);
+            if (complement_b) {
+                _invlist_invert(*output);
+            }
+       } /* else *output already = b; */
+       return;
+    }
+    else if ((len_b = _invlist_len(b)) == 0) {
+       if (*output == b) {
+           SvREFCNT_dec_NN(b);
+       }
+
+        /* The complement of an empty list is a list that has everything in it,
+         * so the union with <a> includes everything too */
+        if (complement_b) {
+            if (a == *output) {
+                SvREFCNT_dec_NN(a);
+            }
+            *output = _new_invlist(1);
+            _append_range_to_invlist(*output, 0, UV_MAX);
+        }
+        else if (*output != a) {
+            *output = invlist_clone(a);
+        }
+        /* else *output already = a; */
+       return;
+    }
+
+    /* Here both lists exist and are non-empty */
+    array_a = invlist_array(a);
+    array_b = invlist_array(b);
+
+    /* If are to take the union of 'a' with the complement of b, set it
+     * up so are looking at b's complement. */
+    if (complement_b) {
+
+       /* To complement, we invert: if the first element is 0, remove it.  To
+        * do this, we just pretend the array starts one later */
+        if (array_b[0] == 0) {
+            array_b++;
+            len_b--;
+        }
+        else {
+
+            /* But if the first element is not zero, we pretend the list starts
+             * at the 0 that is always stored immediately before the array. */
+            array_b--;
+            len_b++;
+        }
+    }
+
+    /* Size the union for the worst case: that the sets are completely
+     * disjoint */
+    u = _new_invlist(len_a + len_b);
+
+    /* Will contain U+0000 if either component does */
+    array_u = _invlist_array_init(u, (len_a > 0 && array_a[0] == 0)
+                                     || (len_b > 0 && array_b[0] == 0));
+
+    /* Go through each list item by item, stopping when exhausted one of
+     * them */
+    while (i_a < len_a && i_b < len_b) {
+       UV cp;      /* The element to potentially add to the union's array */
+       bool cp_in_set;   /* is it in the the input list's set or not */
+
+       /* We need to take one or the other of the two inputs for the union.
+        * Since we are merging two sorted lists, we take the smaller of the
+        * next items.  In case of a tie, we take the one that is in its set
+        * first.  If we took one not in the set first, it would decrement the
+        * count, possibly to 0 which would cause it to be output as ending the
+        * range, and the next time through we would take the same number, and
+        * output it again as beginning the next range.  By doing it the
+        * opposite way, there is no possibility that the count will be
+        * momentarily decremented to 0, and thus the two adjoining ranges will
+        * be seamlessly merged.  (In a tie and both are in the set or both not
+        * in the set, it doesn't matter which we take first.) */
+       if (array_a[i_a] < array_b[i_b]
+           || (array_a[i_a] == array_b[i_b]
+               && ELEMENT_RANGE_MATCHES_INVLIST(i_a)))
+       {
+           cp_in_set = ELEMENT_RANGE_MATCHES_INVLIST(i_a);
+           cp= array_a[i_a++];
+       }
+       else {
+           cp_in_set = ELEMENT_RANGE_MATCHES_INVLIST(i_b);
+           cp = array_b[i_b++];
+       }
+
+       /* Here, have chosen which of the two inputs to look at.  Only output
+        * if the running count changes to/from 0, which marks the
+        * beginning/end of a range in that's in the set */
+       if (cp_in_set) {
+           if (count == 0) {
+               array_u[i_u++] = cp;
+           }
+           count++;
+       }
+       else {
+           count--;
+           if (count == 0) {
+               array_u[i_u++] = cp;
+           }
+       }
+    }
+
+    /* Here, we are finished going through at least one of the lists, which
+     * means there is something remaining in at most one.  We check if the list
+     * that hasn't been exhausted is positioned such that we are in the middle
+     * of a range in its set or not.  (i_a and i_b point to the element beyond
+     * the one we care about.) If in the set, we decrement 'count'; if 0, there
+     * is potentially more to output.
+     * There are four cases:
+     * 1) Both weren't in their sets, count is 0, and remains 0.  What's left
+     *    in the union is entirely from the non-exhausted set.
+     * 2) Both were in their sets, count is 2.  Nothing further should
+     *    be output, as everything that remains will be in the exhausted
+     *    list's set, hence in the union; decrementing to 1 but not 0 insures
+     *    that
+     * 3) the exhausted was in its set, non-exhausted isn't, count is 1.
+     *    Nothing further should be output because the union includes
+     *    everything from the exhausted set.  Not decrementing ensures that.
+     * 4) the exhausted wasn't in its set, non-exhausted is, count is 1;
+     *    decrementing to 0 insures that we look at the remainder of the
+     *    non-exhausted set */
+    if ((i_a != len_a && PREV_RANGE_MATCHES_INVLIST(i_a))
+       || (i_b != len_b && PREV_RANGE_MATCHES_INVLIST(i_b)))
+    {
+       count--;
+    }
+
+    /* The final length is what we've output so far, plus what else is about to
+     * be output.  (If 'count' is non-zero, then the input list we exhausted
+     * has everything remaining up to the machine's limit in its set, and hence
+     * in the union, so there will be no further output. */
+    len_u = i_u;
+    if (count == 0) {
+       /* At most one of the subexpressions will be non-zero */
+       len_u += (len_a - i_a) + (len_b - i_b);
+    }
+
+    /* Set result to final length, which can change the pointer to array_u, so
+     * re-find it */
+    if (len_u != _invlist_len(u)) {
+       invlist_set_len(u, len_u, *get_invlist_offset_addr(u));
+       invlist_trim(u);
+       array_u = invlist_array(u);
+    }
+
+    /* When 'count' is 0, the list that was exhausted (if one was shorter than
+     * the other) ended with everything above it not in its set.  That means
+     * that the remaining part of the union is precisely the same as the
+     * non-exhausted list, so can just copy it unchanged.  (If both list were
+     * exhausted at the same time, then the operations below will be both 0.)
+     */
+    if (count == 0) {
+       IV copy_count; /* At most one will have a non-zero copy count */
+       if ((copy_count = len_a - i_a) > 0) {
+           Copy(array_a + i_a, array_u + i_u, copy_count, UV);
+       }
+       else if ((copy_count = len_b - i_b) > 0) {
+           Copy(array_b + i_b, array_u + i_u, copy_count, UV);
+       }
+    }
+
+    /*  We may be removing a reference to one of the inputs */
+    if (a == *output || b == *output) {
+        assert(! invlist_is_iterating(*output));
+       SvREFCNT_dec_NN(*output);
+    }
+
+    *output = u;
+    return;
+}
+
+void
+Perl__invlist_intersection_maybe_complement_2nd(pTHX_ SV* const a, SV* const b, const bool complement_b, SV** i)
+{
+    /* Take the intersection of two inversion lists and point <i> to it.  *i
+     * SHOULD BE DEFINED upon input, and if it points to one of the two lists,
+     * the reference count to that list will be decremented.
+     * If <complement_b> is TRUE, the result will be the intersection of <a>
+     * and the complement (or inversion) of <b> instead of <b> directly.
+     *
+     * The basis for this comes from "Unicode Demystified" Chapter 13 by
+     * Richard Gillam, published by Addison-Wesley, and explained at some
+     * length there.  The preface says to incorporate its examples into your
+     * code at your own risk.  In fact, it had bugs
+     *
+     * The algorithm is like a merge sort, and is essentially the same as the
+     * union above
+     */
+
+    const UV* array_a;         /* a's array */
+    const UV* array_b;
+    UV len_a;  /* length of a's array */
+    UV len_b;
+
+    SV* r;                  /* the resulting intersection */
+    UV* array_r;
+    UV len_r;
+
+    UV i_a = 0;                    /* current index into a's array */
+    UV i_b = 0;
+    UV i_r = 0;
+
+    /* running count, as explained in the algorithm source book; items are
+     * stopped accumulating and are output when the count changes to/from 2.
+     * The count is incremented when we start a range that's in the set, and
+     * decremented when we start a range that's not in the set.  So its range
+     * is 0 to 2.  Only when the count is 2 is something in the intersection.
+     */
+    UV count = 0;
+
+    PERL_ARGS_ASSERT__INVLIST_INTERSECTION_MAYBE_COMPLEMENT_2ND;
+    assert(a != b);
+
+    /* Special case if either one is empty */
+    len_a = _invlist_len(a);
+    if ((len_a == 0) || ((len_b = _invlist_len(b)) == 0)) {
+
+        if (len_a != 0 && complement_b) {
+
+            /* Here, 'a' is not empty, therefore from the above 'if', 'b' must
+             * be empty.  Here, also we are using 'b's complement, which hence
+             * must be every possible code point.  Thus the intersection is
+             * simply 'a'. */
+            if (*i != a) {
+                *i = invlist_clone(a);
+
+                if (*i == b) {
+                    SvREFCNT_dec_NN(b);
+                }
+            }
+            /* else *i is already 'a' */
+            return;
+        }
+
+        /* Here, 'a' or 'b' is empty and not using the complement of 'b'.  The
+         * intersection must be empty */
+       if (*i == a) {
+           SvREFCNT_dec_NN(a);
+       }
+       else if (*i == b) {
+           SvREFCNT_dec_NN(b);
+       }
+       *i = _new_invlist(0);
+       return;
+    }
+
+    /* Here both lists exist and are non-empty */
+    array_a = invlist_array(a);
+    array_b = invlist_array(b);
+
+    /* If are to take the intersection of 'a' with the complement of b, set it
+     * up so are looking at b's complement. */
+    if (complement_b) {
+
+       /* To complement, we invert: if the first element is 0, remove it.  To
+        * do this, we just pretend the array starts one later */
+        if (array_b[0] == 0) {
+            array_b++;
+            len_b--;
+        }
+        else {
+
+            /* But if the first element is not zero, we pretend the list starts
+             * at the 0 that is always stored immediately before the array. */
+            array_b--;
+            len_b++;
+        }
+    }
+
+    /* Size the intersection for the worst case: that the intersection ends up
+     * fragmenting everything to be completely disjoint */
+    r= _new_invlist(len_a + len_b);
+
+    /* Will contain U+0000 iff both components do */
+    array_r = _invlist_array_init(r, len_a > 0 && array_a[0] == 0
+                                    && len_b > 0 && array_b[0] == 0);
+
+    /* Go through each list item by item, stopping when exhausted one of
+     * them */
+    while (i_a < len_a && i_b < len_b) {
+       UV cp;      /* The element to potentially add to the intersection's
+                      array */
+       bool cp_in_set; /* Is it in the input list's set or not */
+
+       /* We need to take one or the other of the two inputs for the
+        * intersection.  Since we are merging two sorted lists, we take the
+        * smaller of the next items.  In case of a tie, we take the one that
+        * is not in its set first (a difference from the union algorithm).  If
+        * we took one in the set first, it would increment the count, possibly
+        * to 2 which would cause it to be output as starting a range in the
+        * intersection, and the next time through we would take that same
+        * number, and output it again as ending the set.  By doing it the
+        * opposite of this, there is no possibility that the count will be
+        * momentarily incremented to 2.  (In a tie and both are in the set or
+        * both not in the set, it doesn't matter which we take first.) */
+       if (array_a[i_a] < array_b[i_b]
+           || (array_a[i_a] == array_b[i_b]
+               && ! ELEMENT_RANGE_MATCHES_INVLIST(i_a)))
+       {
+           cp_in_set = ELEMENT_RANGE_MATCHES_INVLIST(i_a);
+           cp= array_a[i_a++];
+       }
+       else {
+           cp_in_set = ELEMENT_RANGE_MATCHES_INVLIST(i_b);
+           cp= array_b[i_b++];
+       }
+
+       /* Here, have chosen which of the two inputs to look at.  Only output
+        * if the running count changes to/from 2, which marks the
+        * beginning/end of a range that's in the intersection */
+       if (cp_in_set) {
+           count++;
+           if (count == 2) {
+               array_r[i_r++] = cp;
+           }
+       }
+       else {
+           if (count == 2) {
+               array_r[i_r++] = cp;
+           }
+           count--;
+       }
+    }
+
+    /* Here, we are finished going through at least one of the lists, which
+     * means there is something remaining in at most one.  We check if the list
+     * that has been exhausted is positioned such that we are in the middle
+     * of a range in its set or not.  (i_a and i_b point to elements 1 beyond
+     * the ones we care about.)  There are four cases:
+     * 1) Both weren't in their sets, count is 0, and remains 0.  There's
+     *    nothing left in the intersection.
+     * 2) Both were in their sets, count is 2 and perhaps is incremented to
+     *    above 2.  What should be output is exactly that which is in the
+     *    non-exhausted set, as everything it has is also in the intersection
+     *    set, and everything it doesn't have can't be in the intersection
+     * 3) The exhausted was in its set, non-exhausted isn't, count is 1, and
+     *    gets incremented to 2.  Like the previous case, the intersection is
+     *    everything that remains in the non-exhausted set.
+     * 4) the exhausted wasn't in its set, non-exhausted is, count is 1, and
+     *    remains 1.  And the intersection has nothing more. */
+    if ((i_a == len_a && PREV_RANGE_MATCHES_INVLIST(i_a))
+       || (i_b == len_b && PREV_RANGE_MATCHES_INVLIST(i_b)))
+    {
+       count++;
+    }
+
+    /* The final length is what we've output so far plus what else is in the
+     * intersection.  At most one of the subexpressions below will be non-zero */
+    len_r = i_r;
+    if (count >= 2) {
+       len_r += (len_a - i_a) + (len_b - i_b);
+    }
+
+    /* Set result to final length, which can change the pointer to array_r, so
+     * re-find it */
+    if (len_r != _invlist_len(r)) {
+       invlist_set_len(r, len_r, *get_invlist_offset_addr(r));
+       invlist_trim(r);
+       array_r = invlist_array(r);
+    }
+
+    /* Finish outputting any remaining */
+    if (count >= 2) { /* At most one will have a non-zero copy count */
+       IV copy_count;
+       if ((copy_count = len_a - i_a) > 0) {
+           Copy(array_a + i_a, array_r + i_r, copy_count, UV);
+       }
+       else if ((copy_count = len_b - i_b) > 0) {
+           Copy(array_b + i_b, array_r + i_r, copy_count, UV);
+       }
+    }
+
+    /*  We may be removing a reference to one of the inputs */
+    if (a == *i || b == *i) {
+        assert(! invlist_is_iterating(*i));
+       SvREFCNT_dec_NN(*i);
+    }
+
+    *i = r;
+    return;
+}
+
+SV*
+Perl__add_range_to_invlist(pTHX_ SV* invlist, const UV start, const UV end)
+{
+    /* Add the range from 'start' to 'end' inclusive to the inversion list's
+     * set.  A pointer to the inversion list is returned.  This may actually be
+     * a new list, in which case the passed in one has been destroyed.  The
+     * passed in inversion list can be NULL, in which case a new one is created
+     * with just the one range in it */
+
+    SV* range_invlist;
+    UV len;
+
+    if (invlist == NULL) {
+       invlist = _new_invlist(2);
+       len = 0;
+    }
+    else {
+       len = _invlist_len(invlist);
+    }
+
+    /* If comes after the final entry actually in the list, can just append it
+     * to the end, */
+    if (len == 0
+       || (! ELEMENT_RANGE_MATCHES_INVLIST(len - 1)
+            && start >= invlist_array(invlist)[len - 1]))
+    {
+       _append_range_to_invlist(invlist, start, end);
+       return invlist;
+    }
+
+    /* Here, can't just append things, create and return a new inversion list
+     * which is the union of this range and the existing inversion list */
+    range_invlist = _new_invlist(2);
+    _append_range_to_invlist(range_invlist, start, end);
+
+    _invlist_union(invlist, range_invlist, &invlist);
+
+    /* The temporary can be freed */
+    SvREFCNT_dec_NN(range_invlist);
+
+    return invlist;
+}
+
+#endif
+
+PERL_STATIC_INLINE SV*
+S_add_cp_to_invlist(pTHX_ SV* invlist, const UV cp) {
+    return _add_range_to_invlist(invlist, cp, cp);
+}
+
+#ifndef PERL_IN_XSUB_RE
+void
+Perl__invlist_invert(pTHX_ SV* const invlist)
+{
+    /* Complement the input inversion list.  This adds a 0 if the list didn't
+     * have a zero; removes it otherwise.  As described above, the data
+     * structure is set up so that this is very efficient */
+
+    PERL_ARGS_ASSERT__INVLIST_INVERT;
+
+    assert(! invlist_is_iterating(invlist));
+
+    /* The inverse of matching nothing is matching everything */
+    if (_invlist_len(invlist) == 0) {
+       _append_range_to_invlist(invlist, 0, UV_MAX);
+       return;
+    }
+
+    *get_invlist_offset_addr(invlist) = ! *get_invlist_offset_addr(invlist);
+}
+
+void
+Perl__invlist_invert_prop(pTHX_ SV* const invlist)
+{
+    /* Complement the input inversion list (which must be a Unicode property,
+     * all of which don't match above the Unicode maximum code point.)  And
+     * Perl has chosen to not have the inversion match above that either.  This
+     * adds a 0x110000 if the list didn't end with it, and removes it if it did
+     */
+
+    UV len;
+    UV* array;
+
+    PERL_ARGS_ASSERT__INVLIST_INVERT_PROP;
+
+    _invlist_invert(invlist);
+
+    len = _invlist_len(invlist);
+
+    if (len != 0) { /* If empty do nothing */
+       array = invlist_array(invlist);
+       if (array[len - 1] != PERL_UNICODE_MAX + 1) {
+           /* Add 0x110000.  First, grow if necessary */
+           len++;
+           if (invlist_max(invlist) < len) {
+               invlist_extend(invlist, len);
+               array = invlist_array(invlist);
+           }
+           invlist_set_len(invlist, len, *get_invlist_offset_addr(invlist));
+           array[len - 1] = PERL_UNICODE_MAX + 1;
+       }
+       else {  /* Remove the 0x110000 */
+           invlist_set_len(invlist, len - 1, *get_invlist_offset_addr(invlist));
+       }
+    }
+
+    return;
+}
+#endif
+
+PERL_STATIC_INLINE SV*
+S_invlist_clone(pTHX_ SV* const invlist)
+{
+
+    /* Return a new inversion list that is a copy of the input one, which is
+     * unchanged */
+
+    /* Need to allocate extra space to accommodate Perl's addition of a
+     * trailing NUL to SvPV's, since it thinks they are always strings */
+    SV* new_invlist = _new_invlist(_invlist_len(invlist) + 1);
+    STRLEN physical_length = SvCUR(invlist);
+    bool offset = *(get_invlist_offset_addr(invlist));
+
+    PERL_ARGS_ASSERT_INVLIST_CLONE;
+
+    *(get_invlist_offset_addr(new_invlist)) = offset;
+    invlist_set_len(new_invlist, _invlist_len(invlist), offset);
+    Copy(SvPVX(invlist), SvPVX(new_invlist), physical_length, char);
+
+    return new_invlist;
+}
+
+PERL_STATIC_INLINE STRLEN*
+S_get_invlist_iter_addr(pTHX_ SV* invlist)
+{
+    /* Return the address of the UV that contains the current iteration
+     * position */
+
+    PERL_ARGS_ASSERT_GET_INVLIST_ITER_ADDR;
+
+    return &(((XINVLIST*) SvANY(invlist))->iterator);
+}
+
+PERL_STATIC_INLINE void
+S_invlist_iterinit(pTHX_ SV* invlist)  /* Initialize iterator for invlist */
+{
+    PERL_ARGS_ASSERT_INVLIST_ITERINIT;
+
+    *get_invlist_iter_addr(invlist) = 0;
+}
+
+PERL_STATIC_INLINE void
+S_invlist_iterfinish(pTHX_ SV* invlist)
+{
+    /* Terminate iterator for invlist.  This is to catch development errors.
+     * Any iteration that is interrupted before completed should call this
+     * function.  Functions that add code points anywhere else but to the end
+     * of an inversion list assert that they are not in the middle of an
+     * iteration.  If they were, the addition would make the iteration
+     * problematical: if the iteration hadn't reached the place where things
+     * were being added, it would be ok */
+
+    PERL_ARGS_ASSERT_INVLIST_ITERFINISH;
+
+    *get_invlist_iter_addr(invlist) = (STRLEN) UV_MAX;
+}
+
+STATIC bool
+S_invlist_iternext(pTHX_ SV* invlist, UV* start, UV* end)
+{
+    /* An C<invlist_iterinit> call on <invlist> must be used to set this up.
+     * This call sets in <*start> and <*end>, the next range in <invlist>.
+     * Returns <TRUE> if successful and the next call will return the next
+     * range; <FALSE> if was already at the end of the list.  If the latter,
+     * <*start> and <*end> are unchanged, and the next call to this function
+     * will start over at the beginning of the list */
+
+    STRLEN* pos = get_invlist_iter_addr(invlist);
+    UV len = _invlist_len(invlist);
+    UV *array;
+
+    PERL_ARGS_ASSERT_INVLIST_ITERNEXT;
+
+    if (*pos >= len) {
+       *pos = (STRLEN) UV_MAX; /* Force iterinit() to be required next time */
+       return FALSE;
+    }
+
+    array = invlist_array(invlist);
+
+    *start = array[(*pos)++];
+
+    if (*pos >= len) {
+       *end = UV_MAX;
+    }
+    else {
+       *end = array[(*pos)++] - 1;
+    }
+
+    return TRUE;
+}
+
+PERL_STATIC_INLINE bool
+S_invlist_is_iterating(pTHX_ SV* const invlist)
+{
+    PERL_ARGS_ASSERT_INVLIST_IS_ITERATING;
+
+    return *(get_invlist_iter_addr(invlist)) < (STRLEN) UV_MAX;
+}
+
+PERL_STATIC_INLINE UV
+S_invlist_highest(pTHX_ SV* const invlist)
+{
+    /* Returns the highest code point that matches an inversion list.  This API
+     * has an ambiguity, as it returns 0 under either the highest is actually
+     * 0, or if the list is empty.  If this distinction matters to you, check
+     * for emptiness before calling this function */
+
+    UV len = _invlist_len(invlist);
+    UV *array;
+
+    PERL_ARGS_ASSERT_INVLIST_HIGHEST;
+
+    if (len == 0) {
+       return 0;
+    }
+
+    array = invlist_array(invlist);
+
+    /* The last element in the array in the inversion list always starts a
+     * range that goes to infinity.  That range may be for code points that are
+     * matched in the inversion list, or it may be for ones that aren't
+     * matched.  In the latter case, the highest code point in the set is one
+     * less than the beginning of this range; otherwise it is the final element
+     * of this range: infinity */
+    return (ELEMENT_RANGE_MATCHES_INVLIST(len - 1))
+           ? UV_MAX
+           : array[len - 1] - 1;
+}
+
+#ifndef PERL_IN_XSUB_RE
+SV *
+Perl__invlist_contents(pTHX_ SV* const invlist)
+{
+    /* Get the contents of an inversion list into a string SV so that they can
+     * be printed out.  It uses the format traditionally done for debug tracing
+     */
+
+    UV start, end;
+    SV* output = newSVpvs("\n");
+
+    PERL_ARGS_ASSERT__INVLIST_CONTENTS;
+
+    assert(! invlist_is_iterating(invlist));
+
+    invlist_iterinit(invlist);
+    while (invlist_iternext(invlist, &start, &end)) {
+       if (end == UV_MAX) {
+           Perl_sv_catpvf(aTHX_ output, "%04"UVXf"\tINFINITY\n", start);
+       }
+       else if (end != start) {
+           Perl_sv_catpvf(aTHX_ output, "%04"UVXf"\t%04"UVXf"\n",
+                   start,       end);
+       }
+       else {
+           Perl_sv_catpvf(aTHX_ output, "%04"UVXf"\n", start);
+       }
+    }
+
+    return output;
+}
+#endif
+
+#ifdef PERL_ARGS_ASSERT__INVLIST_DUMP
+void
+Perl__invlist_dump(pTHX_ SV* const invlist, const char * const header)
+{
+    /* Dumps out the ranges in an inversion list.  The string 'header'
+     * if present is output on a line before the first range */
+
+    UV start, end;
+
+    PERL_ARGS_ASSERT__INVLIST_DUMP;
+
+    if (header && strlen(header)) {
+       PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log, "%s\n", header);
+    }
+    if (invlist_is_iterating(invlist)) {
+        PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log, "Can't dump because is in middle of iterating\n");
+        return;
+    }
+
+    invlist_iterinit(invlist);
+    while (invlist_iternext(invlist, &start, &end)) {
+       if (end == UV_MAX) {
+           PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log, "0x%04"UVXf" .. INFINITY\n", start);
+       }
+       else if (end != start) {
+           PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log, "0x%04"UVXf" .. 0x%04"UVXf"\n",
+                                                start,         end);
+       }
+       else {
+           PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log, "0x%04"UVXf"\n", start);
+       }
+    }
+}
+#endif
+
+#if 0
+bool
+S__invlistEQ(pTHX_ SV* const a, SV* const b, const bool complement_b)
+{
+    /* Return a boolean as to if the two passed in inversion lists are
+     * identical.  The final argument, if TRUE, says to take the complement of
+     * the second inversion list before doing the comparison */
+
+    const UV* array_a = invlist_array(a);
+    const UV* array_b = invlist_array(b);
+    UV len_a = _invlist_len(a);
+    UV len_b = _invlist_len(b);
+
+    UV i = 0;              /* current index into the arrays */
+    bool retval = TRUE;     /* Assume are identical until proven otherwise */
+
+    PERL_ARGS_ASSERT__INVLISTEQ;
+
+    /* If are to compare 'a' with the complement of b, set it
+     * up so are looking at b's complement. */
+    if (complement_b) {
+
+        /* The complement of nothing is everything, so <a> would have to have
+         * just one element, starting at zero (ending at infinity) */
+        if (len_b == 0) {
+            return (len_a == 1 && array_a[0] == 0);
+        }
+        else if (array_b[0] == 0) {
+
+            /* Otherwise, to complement, we invert.  Here, the first element is
+             * 0, just remove it.  To do this, we just pretend the array starts
+             * one later */
+
+            array_b++;
+            len_b--;
+        }
+        else {
+
+            /* But if the first element is not zero, we pretend the list starts
+             * at the 0 that is always stored immediately before the array. */
+            array_b--;
+            len_b++;
+            array_b[0] = 0;
+        }
+    }
+
+    /* Make sure that the lengths are the same, as well as the final element
+     * before looping through the remainder.  (Thus we test the length, final,
+     * and first elements right off the bat) */
+    if (len_a != len_b || array_a[len_a-1] != array_b[len_a-1]) {
+        retval = FALSE;
+    }
+    else for (i = 0; i < len_a - 1; i++) {
+        if (array_a[i] != array_b[i]) {
+            retval = FALSE;
+            break;
+        }
+    }
+
+    return retval;
+}
+#endif
+
+#undef HEADER_LENGTH
+#undef TO_INTERNAL_SIZE
+#undef FROM_INTERNAL_SIZE
+#undef INVLIST_VERSION_ID
+
+/* End of inversion list object */
+
+STATIC void
+S_parse_lparen_question_flags(pTHX_ struct RExC_state_t *pRExC_state)
+{
+    /* This parses the flags that are in either the '(?foo)' or '(?foo:bar)'
+     * constructs, and updates RExC_flags with them.  On input, RExC_parse
+     * should point to the first flag; it is updated on output to point to the
+     * final ')' or ':'.  There needs to be at least one flag, or this will
+     * abort */
+
+    /* for (?g), (?gc), and (?o) warnings; warning
+       about (?c) will warn about (?g) -- japhy    */
+
+#define WASTED_O  0x01
+#define WASTED_G  0x02
+#define WASTED_C  0x04
+#define WASTED_GC (WASTED_G|WASTED_C)
+    I32 wastedflags = 0x00;
+    U32 posflags = 0, negflags = 0;
+    U32 *flagsp = &posflags;
+    char has_charset_modifier = '\0';
+    regex_charset cs;
+    bool has_use_defaults = FALSE;
+    const char* const seqstart = RExC_parse - 1; /* Point to the '?' */
+
+    PERL_ARGS_ASSERT_PARSE_LPAREN_QUESTION_FLAGS;
+
+    /* '^' as an initial flag sets certain defaults */
+    if (UCHARAT(RExC_parse) == '^') {
+        RExC_parse++;
+        has_use_defaults = TRUE;
+        STD_PMMOD_FLAGS_CLEAR(&RExC_flags);
+        set_regex_charset(&RExC_flags, (RExC_utf8 || RExC_uni_semantics)
+                                        ? REGEX_UNICODE_CHARSET
+                                        : REGEX_DEPENDS_CHARSET);
+    }
+
+    cs = get_regex_charset(RExC_flags);
+    if (cs == REGEX_DEPENDS_CHARSET
+        && (RExC_utf8 || RExC_uni_semantics))
+    {
+        cs = REGEX_UNICODE_CHARSET;
+    }
+
+    while (*RExC_parse) {
+        /* && strchr("iogcmsx", *RExC_parse) */
+        /* (?g), (?gc) and (?o) are useless here
+           and must be globally applied -- japhy */
+        switch (*RExC_parse) {
+
+            /* Code for the imsx flags */
+            CASE_STD_PMMOD_FLAGS_PARSE_SET(flagsp);
+
+            case LOCALE_PAT_MOD:
+                if (has_charset_modifier) {
+                    goto excess_modifier;
+                }
+                else if (flagsp == &negflags) {
+                    goto neg_modifier;
+                }
+                cs = REGEX_LOCALE_CHARSET;
+                has_charset_modifier = LOCALE_PAT_MOD;
+                RExC_contains_locale = 1;
+                break;
+            case UNICODE_PAT_MOD:
+                if (has_charset_modifier) {
+                    goto excess_modifier;
+                }
+                else if (flagsp == &negflags) {
+                    goto neg_modifier;
+                }
+                cs = REGEX_UNICODE_CHARSET;
+                has_charset_modifier = UNICODE_PAT_MOD;
+                break;
+            case ASCII_RESTRICT_PAT_MOD:
+                if (flagsp == &negflags) {
+                    goto neg_modifier;
+                }
+                if (has_charset_modifier) {
+                    if (cs != REGEX_ASCII_RESTRICTED_CHARSET) {
+                        goto excess_modifier;
+                    }
+                    /* Doubled modifier implies more restricted */
+                    cs = REGEX_ASCII_MORE_RESTRICTED_CHARSET;
+                }
+                else {
+                    cs = REGEX_ASCII_RESTRICTED_CHARSET;
+                }
+                has_charset_modifier = ASCII_RESTRICT_PAT_MOD;
+                break;
+            case DEPENDS_PAT_MOD:
+                if (has_use_defaults) {
+                    goto fail_modifiers;
+                }
+                else if (flagsp == &negflags) {
+                    goto neg_modifier;
+                }
+                else if (has_charset_modifier) {
+                    goto excess_modifier;
+                }
+
+                /* The dual charset means unicode semantics if the
+                 * pattern (or target, not known until runtime) are
+                 * utf8, or something in the pattern indicates unicode
+                 * semantics */
+                cs = (RExC_utf8 || RExC_uni_semantics)
+                     ? REGEX_UNICODE_CHARSET
+                     : REGEX_DEPENDS_CHARSET;
+                has_charset_modifier = DEPENDS_PAT_MOD;
+                break;
+            excess_modifier:
+                RExC_parse++;
+                if (has_charset_modifier == ASCII_RESTRICT_PAT_MOD) {
+                    vFAIL2("Regexp modifier \"%c\" may appear a maximum of twice", ASCII_RESTRICT_PAT_MOD);
+                }
+                else if (has_charset_modifier == *(RExC_parse - 1)) {
+                    vFAIL2("Regexp modifier \"%c\" may not appear twice", *(RExC_parse - 1));
+                }
+                else {
+                    vFAIL3("Regexp modifiers \"%c\" and \"%c\" are mutually exclusive", has_charset_modifier, *(RExC_parse - 1));
+                }
+                /*NOTREACHED*/
+            neg_modifier:
+                RExC_parse++;
+                vFAIL2("Regexp modifier \"%c\" may not appear after the \"-\"", *(RExC_parse - 1));
+                /*NOTREACHED*/
+            case ONCE_PAT_MOD: /* 'o' */
+            case GLOBAL_PAT_MOD: /* 'g' */
+                if (SIZE_ONLY && ckWARN(WARN_REGEXP)) {
+                    const I32 wflagbit = *RExC_parse == 'o' ? WASTED_O : WASTED_G;
+                    if (! (wastedflags & wflagbit) ) {
+                        wastedflags |= wflagbit;
+                       /* diag_listed_as: Useless (?-%s) - don't use /%s modifier in regex; marked by <-- HERE in m/%s/ */
+                        vWARN5(
+                            RExC_parse + 1,
+                            "Useless (%s%c) - %suse /%c modifier",
+                            flagsp == &negflags ? "?-" : "?",
+                            *RExC_parse,
+                            flagsp == &negflags ? "don't " : "",
+                            *RExC_parse
+                        );
+                    }
+                }
+                break;
+
+            case CONTINUE_PAT_MOD: /* 'c' */
+                if (SIZE_ONLY && ckWARN(WARN_REGEXP)) {
+                    if (! (wastedflags & WASTED_C) ) {
+                        wastedflags |= WASTED_GC;
+                       /* diag_listed_as: Useless (?-%s) - don't use /%s modifier in regex; marked by <-- HERE in m/%s/ */
+                        vWARN3(
+                            RExC_parse + 1,
+                            "Useless (%sc) - %suse /gc modifier",
+                            flagsp == &negflags ? "?-" : "?",
+                            flagsp == &negflags ? "don't " : ""
+                        );
+                    }
+                }
+                break;
+            case KEEPCOPY_PAT_MOD: /* 'p' */
+                if (flagsp == &negflags) {
+                    if (SIZE_ONLY)
+                        ckWARNreg(RExC_parse + 1,"Useless use of (?-p)");
+                } else {
+                    *flagsp |= RXf_PMf_KEEPCOPY;
+                }
+                break;
+            case '-':
+                /* A flag is a default iff it is following a minus, so
+                 * if there is a minus, it means will be trying to
+                 * re-specify a default which is an error */
+                if (has_use_defaults || flagsp == &negflags) {
+                    goto fail_modifiers;
+                }
+                flagsp = &negflags;
+                wastedflags = 0;  /* reset so (?g-c) warns twice */
+                break;
+            case ':':
+            case ')':
+                RExC_flags |= posflags;
+                RExC_flags &= ~negflags;
+                set_regex_charset(&RExC_flags, cs);
+                return;
+                /*NOTREACHED*/
+            default:
+            fail_modifiers:
+                RExC_parse++;
+                vFAIL3("Sequence (%.*s...) not recognized",
+                       RExC_parse-seqstart, seqstart);
+                /*NOTREACHED*/
+        }
+
+        ++RExC_parse;
+    }
+}
+
+/*
+ - reg - regular expression, i.e. main body or parenthesized thing
+ *
+ * Caller must absorb opening parenthesis.
+ *
+ * Combining parenthesis handling with the base level of regular expression
+ * is a trifle forced, but the need to tie the tails of the branches to what
+ * follows makes it hard to avoid.
+ */
+#define REGTAIL(x,y,z) regtail((x),(y),(z),depth+1)
+#ifdef DEBUGGING
+#define REGTAIL_STUDY(x,y,z) regtail_study((x),(y),(z),depth+1)
+#else
+#define REGTAIL_STUDY(x,y,z) regtail((x),(y),(z),depth+1)
+#endif
+
+/* Returns NULL, setting *flagp to TRYAGAIN at the end of (?) that only sets
+   flags. Returns NULL, setting *flagp to RESTART_UTF8 if the sizing scan
+   needs to be restarted.
+   Otherwise would only return NULL if regbranch() returns NULL, which
+   cannot happen.  */
+STATIC regnode *
+S_reg(pTHX_ RExC_state_t *pRExC_state, I32 paren, I32 *flagp,U32 depth)
+    /* paren: Parenthesized? 0=top; 1,2=inside '(': changed to letter.
+     * 2 is like 1, but indicates that nextchar() has been called to advance
+     * RExC_parse beyond the '('.  Things like '(?' are indivisible tokens, and
+     * this flag alerts us to the need to check for that */
+{
+    dVAR;
+    regnode *ret;              /* Will be the head of the group. */
+    regnode *br;
+    regnode *lastbr;
+    regnode *ender = NULL;
+    I32 parno = 0;
+    I32 flags;
+    U32 oregflags = RExC_flags;
+    bool have_branch = 0;
+    bool is_open = 0;
+    I32 freeze_paren = 0;
+    I32 after_freeze = 0;
+
+    char * parse_start = RExC_parse; /* MJD */
+    char * const oregcomp_parse = RExC_parse;
+
+    GET_RE_DEBUG_FLAGS_DECL;
+
+    PERL_ARGS_ASSERT_REG;
+    DEBUG_PARSE("reg ");
+
+    *flagp = 0;                                /* Tentatively. */
+
+
+    /* Make an OPEN node, if parenthesized. */
+    if (paren) {
+
+        /* Under /x, space and comments can be gobbled up between the '(' and
+         * here (if paren ==2).  The forms '(*VERB' and '(?...' disallow such
+         * intervening space, as the sequence is a token, and a token should be
+         * indivisible */
+        bool has_intervening_patws = paren == 2 && *(RExC_parse - 1) != '(';
+
+        if ( *RExC_parse == '*') { /* (*VERB:ARG) */
+           char *start_verb = RExC_parse;
+           STRLEN verb_len = 0;
+           char *start_arg = NULL;
+           unsigned char op = 0;
+           int argok = 1;
+           int internal_argval = 0; /* internal_argval is only useful if !argok */
+
+            if (has_intervening_patws && SIZE_ONLY) {
+                ckWARNregdep(RExC_parse + 1, "In '(*VERB...)', splitting the initial '(*' is deprecated");
+            }
+           while ( *RExC_parse && *RExC_parse != ')' ) {
+               if ( *RExC_parse == ':' ) {
+                   start_arg = RExC_parse + 1;
+                   break;
+               }
+               RExC_parse++;
+           }
+           ++start_verb;
+           verb_len = RExC_parse - start_verb;
+           if ( start_arg ) {
+               RExC_parse++;
+               while ( *RExC_parse && *RExC_parse != ')' ) 
+                   RExC_parse++;
+               if ( *RExC_parse != ')' ) 
+                   vFAIL("Unterminated verb pattern argument");
+               if ( RExC_parse == start_arg )
+                   start_arg = NULL;
+           } else {
+               if ( *RExC_parse != ')' )
+                   vFAIL("Unterminated verb pattern");
+           }
+           
+           switch ( *start_verb ) {
+            case 'A':  /* (*ACCEPT) */
+                if ( memEQs(start_verb,verb_len,"ACCEPT") ) {
+                   op = ACCEPT;
+                   internal_argval = RExC_nestroot;
+               }
+               break;
+            case 'C':  /* (*COMMIT) */
+                if ( memEQs(start_verb,verb_len,"COMMIT") )
+                    op = COMMIT;
+                break;
+            case 'F':  /* (*FAIL) */
+                if ( verb_len==1 || memEQs(start_verb,verb_len,"FAIL") ) {
+                   op = OPFAIL;
+                   argok = 0;
+               }
+               break;
+            case ':':  /* (*:NAME) */
+           case 'M':  /* (*MARK:NAME) */
+               if ( verb_len==0 || memEQs(start_verb,verb_len,"MARK") ) {
+                    op = MARKPOINT;
+                    argok = -1;
+                }
+                break;
+            case 'P':  /* (*PRUNE) */
+                if ( memEQs(start_verb,verb_len,"PRUNE") )
+                    op = PRUNE;
+                break;
+            case 'S':   /* (*SKIP) */  
+                if ( memEQs(start_verb,verb_len,"SKIP") ) 
+                    op = SKIP;
+                break;
+            case 'T':  /* (*THEN) */
+                /* [19:06] <TimToady> :: is then */
+                if ( memEQs(start_verb,verb_len,"THEN") ) {
+                    op = CUTGROUP;
+                    RExC_seen |= REG_SEEN_CUTGROUP;
+                }
+                break;
+           }
+           if ( ! op ) {
+               RExC_parse++;
+               vFAIL3("Unknown verb pattern '%.*s'",
+                   verb_len, start_verb);
+           }
+           if ( argok ) {
+                if ( start_arg && internal_argval ) {
+                   vFAIL3("Verb pattern '%.*s' may not have an argument",
+                       verb_len, start_verb); 
+               } else if ( argok < 0 && !start_arg ) {
+                    vFAIL3("Verb pattern '%.*s' has a mandatory argument",
+                       verb_len, start_verb);    
+               } else {
+                   ret = reganode(pRExC_state, op, internal_argval);
+                   if ( ! internal_argval && ! SIZE_ONLY ) {
+                        if (start_arg) {
+                            SV *sv = newSVpvn( start_arg, RExC_parse - start_arg);
+                            ARG(ret) = add_data( pRExC_state, 1, "S" );
+                            RExC_rxi->data->data[ARG(ret)]=(void*)sv;
+                            ret->flags = 0;
+                        } else {
+                            ret->flags = 1; 
+                        }
+                    }              
+               }
+               if (!internal_argval)
+                   RExC_seen |= REG_SEEN_VERBARG;
+           } else if ( start_arg ) {
+               vFAIL3("Verb pattern '%.*s' may not have an argument",
+                       verb_len, start_verb);    
+           } else {
+               ret = reg_node(pRExC_state, op);
+           }
+           nextchar(pRExC_state);
+           return ret;
+        }
+        else if (*RExC_parse == '?') { /* (?...) */
+           bool is_logical = 0;
+           const char * const seqstart = RExC_parse;
+            if (has_intervening_patws && SIZE_ONLY) {
+                ckWARNregdep(RExC_parse + 1, "In '(?...)', splitting the initial '(?' is deprecated");
+            }
+
+           RExC_parse++;
+           paren = *RExC_parse++;
+           ret = NULL;                 /* For look-ahead/behind. */
+           switch (paren) {
+
+           case 'P':   /* (?P...) variants for those used to PCRE/Python */
+               paren = *RExC_parse++;
+               if ( paren == '<')         /* (?P<...>) named capture */
+                   goto named_capture;
+                else if (paren == '>') {   /* (?P>name) named recursion */
+                    goto named_recursion;
+                }
+                else if (paren == '=') {   /* (?P=...)  named backref */
+                    /* this pretty much dupes the code for \k<NAME> in regatom(), if
+                       you change this make sure you change that */
+                    char* name_start = RExC_parse;
+                   U32 num = 0;
+                    SV *sv_dat = reg_scan_name(pRExC_state,
+                        SIZE_ONLY ? REG_RSN_RETURN_NULL : REG_RSN_RETURN_DATA);
+                    if (RExC_parse == name_start || *RExC_parse != ')')
+                        vFAIL2("Sequence %.3s... not terminated",parse_start);
+
+                    if (!SIZE_ONLY) {
+                        num = add_data( pRExC_state, 1, "S" );
+                        RExC_rxi->data->data[num]=(void*)sv_dat;
+                        SvREFCNT_inc_simple_void(sv_dat);
+                    }
+                    RExC_sawback = 1;
+                   ret = reganode(pRExC_state,
+                                  ((! FOLD)
+                                    ? NREF
+                                    : (ASCII_FOLD_RESTRICTED)
+                                      ? NREFFA
+                                       : (AT_LEAST_UNI_SEMANTICS)
+                                         ? NREFFU
+                                         : (LOC)
+                                           ? NREFFL
+                                           : NREFF),
+                                   num);
+                    *flagp |= HASWIDTH;
+
+                    Set_Node_Offset(ret, parse_start+1);
+                    Set_Node_Cur_Length(ret, parse_start);
+
+                    nextchar(pRExC_state);
+                    return ret;
+                }
+                RExC_parse++;
+               vFAIL3("Sequence (%.*s...) not recognized", RExC_parse-seqstart, seqstart);
+               /*NOTREACHED*/
+            case '<':           /* (?<...) */
+               if (*RExC_parse == '!')
+                   paren = ',';
+               else if (*RExC_parse != '=') 
+              named_capture:
+               {               /* (?<...>) */
+                   char *name_start;
+                   SV *svname;
+                   paren= '>';
+            case '\'':          /* (?'...') */
+                   name_start= RExC_parse;
+                   svname = reg_scan_name(pRExC_state,
+                       SIZE_ONLY ?  /* reverse test from the others */
+                       REG_RSN_RETURN_NAME : 
+                       REG_RSN_RETURN_NULL);
+                   if (RExC_parse == name_start) {
+                       RExC_parse++;
+                       vFAIL3("Sequence (%.*s...) not recognized", RExC_parse-seqstart, seqstart);
+                       /*NOTREACHED*/
+                    }
+                   if (*RExC_parse != paren)
+                       vFAIL2("Sequence (?%c... not terminated",
+                           paren=='>' ? '<' : paren);
+                   if (SIZE_ONLY) {
+                       HE *he_str;
+                       SV *sv_dat = NULL;
+                        if (!svname) /* shouldn't happen */
+                            Perl_croak(aTHX_
+                                "panic: reg_scan_name returned NULL");
+                        if (!RExC_paren_names) {
+                            RExC_paren_names= newHV();
+                            sv_2mortal(MUTABLE_SV(RExC_paren_names));
+#ifdef DEBUGGING
+                            RExC_paren_name_list= newAV();
+                            sv_2mortal(MUTABLE_SV(RExC_paren_name_list));
+#endif
+                        }
+                        he_str = hv_fetch_ent( RExC_paren_names, svname, 1, 0 );
+                        if ( he_str )
+                            sv_dat = HeVAL(he_str);
+                        if ( ! sv_dat ) {
+                            /* croak baby croak */
+                            Perl_croak(aTHX_
+                                "panic: paren_name hash element allocation failed");
+                        } else if ( SvPOK(sv_dat) ) {
+                            /* (?|...) can mean we have dupes so scan to check
+                               its already been stored. Maybe a flag indicating
+                               we are inside such a construct would be useful,
+                               but the arrays are likely to be quite small, so
+                               for now we punt -- dmq */
+                            IV count = SvIV(sv_dat);
+                            I32 *pv = (I32*)SvPVX(sv_dat);
+                            IV i;
+                            for ( i = 0 ; i < count ; i++ ) {
+                                if ( pv[i] == RExC_npar ) {
+                                    count = 0;
+                                    break;
+                                }
+                            }
+                            if ( count ) {
+                                pv = (I32*)SvGROW(sv_dat, SvCUR(sv_dat) + sizeof(I32)+1);
+                                SvCUR_set(sv_dat, SvCUR(sv_dat) + sizeof(I32));
+                                pv[count] = RExC_npar;
+                                SvIV_set(sv_dat, SvIVX(sv_dat) + 1);
+                            }
+                        } else {
+                            (void)SvUPGRADE(sv_dat,SVt_PVNV);
+                            sv_setpvn(sv_dat, (char *)&(RExC_npar), sizeof(I32));
+                            SvIOK_on(sv_dat);
+                            SvIV_set(sv_dat, 1);
+                        }
+#ifdef DEBUGGING
+                       /* Yes this does cause a memory leak in debugging Perls */
+                        if (!av_store(RExC_paren_name_list, RExC_npar, SvREFCNT_inc(svname)))
+                            SvREFCNT_dec_NN(svname);
+#endif
+
+                        /*sv_dump(sv_dat);*/
+                    }
+                    nextchar(pRExC_state);
+                   paren = 1;
+                   goto capturing_parens;
+               }
+                RExC_seen |= REG_SEEN_LOOKBEHIND;
+               RExC_in_lookbehind++;
+               RExC_parse++;
+           case '=':           /* (?=...) */
+               RExC_seen_zerolen++;
+                break;
+           case '!':           /* (?!...) */
+               RExC_seen_zerolen++;
+               if (*RExC_parse == ')') {
+                   ret=reg_node(pRExC_state, OPFAIL);
+                   nextchar(pRExC_state);
+                   return ret;
+               }
+               break;
+           case '|':           /* (?|...) */
+               /* branch reset, behave like a (?:...) except that
+                  buffers in alternations share the same numbers */
+               paren = ':'; 
+               after_freeze = freeze_paren = RExC_npar;
+               break;
+           case ':':           /* (?:...) */
+           case '>':           /* (?>...) */
+               break;
+           case '$':           /* (?$...) */
+           case '@':           /* (?@...) */
+               vFAIL2("Sequence (?%c...) not implemented", (int)paren);
+               break;
+            case '#':           /* (?#...) */
+                /* XXX As soon as we disallow separating the '?' and '*' (by
+                 * spaces or (?#...) comment), it is believed that this case
+                 * will be unreachable and can be removed.  See
+                 * [perl #117327] */
+                while (*RExC_parse && *RExC_parse != ')')
+                   RExC_parse++;
+               if (*RExC_parse != ')')
+                   FAIL("Sequence (?#... not terminated");
+               nextchar(pRExC_state);
+               *flagp = TRYAGAIN;
+               return NULL;
+           case '0' :           /* (?0) */
+           case 'R' :           /* (?R) */
+               if (*RExC_parse != ')')
+                   FAIL("Sequence (?R) not terminated");
+               ret = reg_node(pRExC_state, GOSTART);
+               *flagp |= POSTPONED;
+               nextchar(pRExC_state);
+               return ret;
+               /*notreached*/
+            { /* named and numeric backreferences */
+                I32 num;
+            case '&':            /* (?&NAME) */
+                parse_start = RExC_parse - 1;
+              named_recursion:
+                {
+                   SV *sv_dat = reg_scan_name(pRExC_state,
+                       SIZE_ONLY ? REG_RSN_RETURN_NULL : REG_RSN_RETURN_DATA);
+                    num = sv_dat ? *((I32 *)SvPVX(sv_dat)) : 0;
+                }
+                goto gen_recurse_regop;
+                assert(0); /* NOT REACHED */
+            case '+':
+                if (!(RExC_parse[0] >= '1' && RExC_parse[0] <= '9')) {
+                    RExC_parse++;
+                    vFAIL("Illegal pattern");
+                }
+                goto parse_recursion;
+                /* NOT REACHED*/
+            case '-': /* (?-1) */
+                if (!(RExC_parse[0] >= '1' && RExC_parse[0] <= '9')) {
+                    RExC_parse--; /* rewind to let it be handled later */
+                    goto parse_flags;
+                } 
+                /*FALLTHROUGH */
+            case '1': case '2': case '3': case '4': /* (?1) */
+           case '5': case '6': case '7': case '8': case '9':
+               RExC_parse--;
+              parse_recursion:
+               num = atoi(RExC_parse);
+               parse_start = RExC_parse - 1; /* MJD */
+               if (*RExC_parse == '-')
+                   RExC_parse++;
+               while (isDIGIT(*RExC_parse))
+                       RExC_parse++;
+               if (*RExC_parse!=')') 
+                   vFAIL("Expecting close bracket");
+
+              gen_recurse_regop:
+                if ( paren == '-' ) {
+                    /*
+                    Diagram of capture buffer numbering.
+                    Top line is the normal capture buffer numbers
+                    Bottom line is the negative indexing as from
+                    the X (the (?-2))
+
+                    +   1 2    3 4 5 X          6 7
+                       /(a(x)y)(a(b(c(?-2)d)e)f)(g(h))/
+                    -   5 4    3 2 1 X          x x
+
+                    */
+                    num = RExC_npar + num;
+                    if (num < 1)  {
+                        RExC_parse++;
+                        vFAIL("Reference to nonexistent group");
+                    }
+                } else if ( paren == '+' ) {
+                    num = RExC_npar + num - 1;
+                }
+
+                ret = reganode(pRExC_state, GOSUB, num);
+                if (!SIZE_ONLY) {
+                   if (num > (I32)RExC_rx->nparens) {
+                       RExC_parse++;
+                       vFAIL("Reference to nonexistent group");
+                   }
+                   ARG2L_SET( ret, RExC_recurse_count++);
+                    RExC_emit++;
+                   DEBUG_OPTIMISE_MORE_r(PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log,
+                       "Recurse #%"UVuf" to %"IVdf"\n", (UV)ARG(ret), (IV)ARG2L(ret)));
+               } else {
+                   RExC_size++;
+               }
+               RExC_seen |= REG_SEEN_RECURSE;
+                Set_Node_Length(ret, 1 + regarglen[OP(ret)]); /* MJD */
+               Set_Node_Offset(ret, parse_start); /* MJD */
+
+                *flagp |= POSTPONED;
+                nextchar(pRExC_state);
+                return ret;
+            } /* named and numeric backreferences */
+            assert(0); /* NOT REACHED */
+
+           case '?':           /* (??...) */
+               is_logical = 1;
+               if (*RExC_parse != '{') {
+                   RExC_parse++;
+                   vFAIL3("Sequence (%.*s...) not recognized", RExC_parse-seqstart, seqstart);
+                   /*NOTREACHED*/
+               }
+               *flagp |= POSTPONED;
+               paren = *RExC_parse++;
+               /* FALL THROUGH */
+           case '{':           /* (?{...}) */
+           {
+               U32 n = 0;
+               struct reg_code_block *cb;
+
+               RExC_seen_zerolen++;
+
+               if (   !pRExC_state->num_code_blocks
+                   || pRExC_state->code_index >= pRExC_state->num_code_blocks
+                   || pRExC_state->code_blocks[pRExC_state->code_index].start
+                       != (STRLEN)((RExC_parse -3 - (is_logical ? 1 : 0))
+                           - RExC_start)
+               ) {
+                   if (RExC_pm_flags & PMf_USE_RE_EVAL)
+                       FAIL("panic: Sequence (?{...}): no code block found\n");
+                   FAIL("Eval-group not allowed at runtime, use re 'eval'");
+               }
+               /* this is a pre-compiled code block (?{...}) */
+               cb = &pRExC_state->code_blocks[pRExC_state->code_index];
+               RExC_parse = RExC_start + cb->end;
+               if (!SIZE_ONLY) {
+                   OP *o = cb->block;
+                   if (cb->src_regex) {
+                       n = add_data(pRExC_state, 2, "rl");
+                       RExC_rxi->data->data[n] =
+                           (void*)SvREFCNT_inc((SV*)cb->src_regex);
+                       RExC_rxi->data->data[n+1] = (void*)o;
+                   }
+                   else {
+                       n = add_data(pRExC_state, 1,
+                              (RExC_pm_flags & PMf_HAS_CV) ? "L" : "l");
+                       RExC_rxi->data->data[n] = (void*)o;
+                   }
+               }
+               pRExC_state->code_index++;
+               nextchar(pRExC_state);
+
+               if (is_logical) {
+                    regnode *eval;
+                   ret = reg_node(pRExC_state, LOGICAL);
+                    eval = reganode(pRExC_state, EVAL, n);
+                   if (!SIZE_ONLY) {
+                       ret->flags = 2;
+                        /* for later propagation into (??{}) return value */
+                        eval->flags = (U8) (RExC_flags & RXf_PMf_COMPILETIME);
+                    }
+                    REGTAIL(pRExC_state, ret, eval);
+                    /* deal with the length of this later - MJD */
+                   return ret;
+               }
+               ret = reganode(pRExC_state, EVAL, n);
+               Set_Node_Length(ret, RExC_parse - parse_start + 1);
+               Set_Node_Offset(ret, parse_start);
+               return ret;
+           }
+           case '(':           /* (?(?{...})...) and (?(?=...)...) */
+           {
+               int is_define= 0;
+               if (RExC_parse[0] == '?') {        /* (?(?...)) */
+                   if (RExC_parse[1] == '=' || RExC_parse[1] == '!'
+                       || RExC_parse[1] == '<'
+                       || RExC_parse[1] == '{') { /* Lookahead or eval. */
+                       I32 flag;
+                        regnode *tail;
+
+                       ret = reg_node(pRExC_state, LOGICAL);
+                       if (!SIZE_ONLY)
+                           ret->flags = 1;
+                        
+                        tail = reg(pRExC_state, 1, &flag, depth+1);
+                        if (flag & RESTART_UTF8) {
+                            *flagp = RESTART_UTF8;
+                            return NULL;
+                        }
+                        REGTAIL(pRExC_state, ret, tail);
+                       goto insert_if;
+                   }
+               }
+               else if ( RExC_parse[0] == '<'     /* (?(<NAME>)...) */
+                        || RExC_parse[0] == '\'' ) /* (?('NAME')...) */
+               {
+                   char ch = RExC_parse[0] == '<' ? '>' : '\'';
+                   char *name_start= RExC_parse++;
+                   U32 num = 0;
+                   SV *sv_dat=reg_scan_name(pRExC_state,
+                       SIZE_ONLY ? REG_RSN_RETURN_NULL : REG_RSN_RETURN_DATA);
+                   if (RExC_parse == name_start || *RExC_parse != ch)
+                        vFAIL2("Sequence (?(%c... not terminated",
+                            (ch == '>' ? '<' : ch));
+                    RExC_parse++;
+                   if (!SIZE_ONLY) {
+                        num = add_data( pRExC_state, 1, "S" );
+                        RExC_rxi->data->data[num]=(void*)sv_dat;
+                        SvREFCNT_inc_simple_void(sv_dat);
+                    }
+                    ret = reganode(pRExC_state,NGROUPP,num);
+                    goto insert_if_check_paren;
+               }
+               else if (RExC_parse[0] == 'D' &&
+                        RExC_parse[1] == 'E' &&
+                        RExC_parse[2] == 'F' &&
+                        RExC_parse[3] == 'I' &&
+                        RExC_parse[4] == 'N' &&
+                        RExC_parse[5] == 'E')
+               {
+                   ret = reganode(pRExC_state,DEFINEP,0);
+                   RExC_parse +=6 ;
+                   is_define = 1;
+                   goto insert_if_check_paren;
+               }
+               else if (RExC_parse[0] == 'R') {
+                   RExC_parse++;
+                   parno = 0;
+                   if (RExC_parse[0] >= '1' && RExC_parse[0] <= '9' ) {
+                       parno = atoi(RExC_parse++);
+                       while (isDIGIT(*RExC_parse))
+                           RExC_parse++;
+                   } else if (RExC_parse[0] == '&') {
+                       SV *sv_dat;
+                       RExC_parse++;
+                       sv_dat = reg_scan_name(pRExC_state,
+                           SIZE_ONLY ? REG_RSN_RETURN_NULL : REG_RSN_RETURN_DATA);
+                       parno = sv_dat ? *((I32 *)SvPVX(sv_dat)) : 0;
+                   }
+                   ret = reganode(pRExC_state,INSUBP,parno); 
+                   goto insert_if_check_paren;
+               }
+               else if (RExC_parse[0] >= '1' && RExC_parse[0] <= '9' ) {
+                    /* (?(1)...) */
+                   char c;
+                   parno = atoi(RExC_parse++);
+
+                   while (isDIGIT(*RExC_parse))
+                       RExC_parse++;
+                    ret = reganode(pRExC_state, GROUPP, parno);
+
+                 insert_if_check_paren:
+                   if ((c = *nextchar(pRExC_state)) != ')')
+                       vFAIL("Switch condition not recognized");
+                 insert_if:
+                    REGTAIL(pRExC_state, ret, reganode(pRExC_state, IFTHEN, 0));
+                    br = regbranch(pRExC_state, &flags, 1,depth+1);
+                   if (br == NULL) {
+                        if (flags & RESTART_UTF8) {
+                            *flagp = RESTART_UTF8;
+                            return NULL;
+                        }
+                        FAIL2("panic: regbranch returned NULL, flags=%#"UVxf"",
+                              (UV) flags);
+                    } else
+                        REGTAIL(pRExC_state, br, reganode(pRExC_state, LONGJMP, 0));
+                   c = *nextchar(pRExC_state);
+                   if (flags&HASWIDTH)
+                       *flagp |= HASWIDTH;
+                   if (c == '|') {
+                       if (is_define) 
+                           vFAIL("(?(DEFINE)....) does not allow branches");
+                       lastbr = reganode(pRExC_state, IFTHEN, 0); /* Fake one for optimizer. */
+                        if (!regbranch(pRExC_state, &flags, 1,depth+1)) {
+                            if (flags & RESTART_UTF8) {
+                                *flagp = RESTART_UTF8;
+                                return NULL;
+                            }
+                            FAIL2("panic: regbranch returned NULL, flags=%#"UVxf"",
+                                  (UV) flags);
+                        }
+                        REGTAIL(pRExC_state, ret, lastbr);
+                       if (flags&HASWIDTH)
+                           *flagp |= HASWIDTH;
+                       c = *nextchar(pRExC_state);
+                   }
+                   else
+                       lastbr = NULL;
+                   if (c != ')')
+                       vFAIL("Switch (?(condition)... contains too many branches");
+                   ender = reg_node(pRExC_state, TAIL);
+                    REGTAIL(pRExC_state, br, ender);
+                   if (lastbr) {
+                        REGTAIL(pRExC_state, lastbr, ender);
+                        REGTAIL(pRExC_state, NEXTOPER(NEXTOPER(lastbr)), ender);
+                   }
+                   else
+                        REGTAIL(pRExC_state, ret, ender);
+                    RExC_size++; /* XXX WHY do we need this?!!
+                                    For large programs it seems to be required
+                                    but I can't figure out why. -- dmq*/
+                   return ret;
+               }
+               else {
+                   vFAIL2("Unknown switch condition (?(%.2s", RExC_parse);
+               }
+           }
+           case '[':           /* (?[ ... ]) */
+                return handle_regex_sets(pRExC_state, NULL, flagp, depth,
+                                         oregcomp_parse);
+            case 0:
+               RExC_parse--; /* for vFAIL to print correctly */
+                vFAIL("Sequence (? incomplete");
+                break;
+           default: /* e.g., (?i) */
+               --RExC_parse;
+              parse_flags:
+               parse_lparen_question_flags(pRExC_state);
+                if (UCHARAT(RExC_parse) != ':') {
+                    nextchar(pRExC_state);
+                    *flagp = TRYAGAIN;
+                    return NULL;
+                }
+                paren = ':';
+                nextchar(pRExC_state);
+                ret = NULL;
+                goto parse_rest;
+            } /* end switch */
+       }
+       else {                  /* (...) */
+         capturing_parens:
+           parno = RExC_npar;
+           RExC_npar++;
+           
+           ret = reganode(pRExC_state, OPEN, parno);
+           if (!SIZE_ONLY ){
+               if (!RExC_nestroot) 
+                   RExC_nestroot = parno;
+               if (RExC_seen & REG_SEEN_RECURSE
+                   && !RExC_open_parens[parno-1])
+               {
+                   DEBUG_OPTIMISE_MORE_r(PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log,
+                       "Setting open paren #%"IVdf" to %d\n", 
+                       (IV)parno, REG_NODE_NUM(ret)));
+                   RExC_open_parens[parno-1]= ret;
+               }
+           }
+            Set_Node_Length(ret, 1); /* MJD */
+            Set_Node_Offset(ret, RExC_parse); /* MJD */
+           is_open = 1;
+       }
+    }
+    else                        /* ! paren */
+       ret = NULL;
+   
+   parse_rest:
+    /* Pick up the branches, linking them together. */
+    parse_start = RExC_parse;   /* MJD */
+    br = regbranch(pRExC_state, &flags, 1,depth+1);
+
+    /*     branch_len = (paren != 0); */
+
+    if (br == NULL) {
+        if (flags & RESTART_UTF8) {
+            *flagp = RESTART_UTF8;
+            return NULL;
+        }
+        FAIL2("panic: regbranch returned NULL, flags=%#"UVxf"", (UV) flags);
+    }
+    if (*RExC_parse == '|') {
+       if (!SIZE_ONLY && RExC_extralen) {
+           reginsert(pRExC_state, BRANCHJ, br, depth+1);
+       }
+       else {                  /* MJD */
+           reginsert(pRExC_state, BRANCH, br, depth+1);
+            Set_Node_Length(br, paren != 0);
+            Set_Node_Offset_To_R(br-RExC_emit_start, parse_start-RExC_start);
+        }
+       have_branch = 1;
+       if (SIZE_ONLY)
+           RExC_extralen += 1;         /* For BRANCHJ-BRANCH. */
+    }
+    else if (paren == ':') {
+       *flagp |= flags&SIMPLE;
+    }
+    if (is_open) {                             /* Starts with OPEN. */
+        REGTAIL(pRExC_state, ret, br);          /* OPEN -> first. */
+    }
+    else if (paren != '?')             /* Not Conditional */
+       ret = br;
+    *flagp |= flags & (SPSTART | HASWIDTH | POSTPONED);
+    lastbr = br;
+    while (*RExC_parse == '|') {
+       if (!SIZE_ONLY && RExC_extralen) {
+           ender = reganode(pRExC_state, LONGJMP,0);
+            REGTAIL(pRExC_state, NEXTOPER(NEXTOPER(lastbr)), ender); /* Append to the previous. */
+       }
+       if (SIZE_ONLY)
+           RExC_extralen += 2;         /* Account for LONGJMP. */
+       nextchar(pRExC_state);
+       if (freeze_paren) {
+           if (RExC_npar > after_freeze)
+               after_freeze = RExC_npar;
+            RExC_npar = freeze_paren;      
+        }
+        br = regbranch(pRExC_state, &flags, 0, depth+1);
+
+       if (br == NULL) {
+            if (flags & RESTART_UTF8) {
+                *flagp = RESTART_UTF8;
+                return NULL;
+            }
+            FAIL2("panic: regbranch returned NULL, flags=%#"UVxf"", (UV) flags);
+        }
+        REGTAIL(pRExC_state, lastbr, br);               /* BRANCH -> BRANCH. */
+       lastbr = br;
+       *flagp |= flags & (SPSTART | HASWIDTH | POSTPONED);
+    }
+
+    if (have_branch || paren != ':') {
+       /* Make a closing node, and hook it on the end. */
+       switch (paren) {
+       case ':':
+           ender = reg_node(pRExC_state, TAIL);
+           break;
+       case 1: case 2:
+           ender = reganode(pRExC_state, CLOSE, parno);
+           if (!SIZE_ONLY && RExC_seen & REG_SEEN_RECURSE) {
+               DEBUG_OPTIMISE_MORE_r(PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log,
+                       "Setting close paren #%"IVdf" to %d\n", 
+                       (IV)parno, REG_NODE_NUM(ender)));
+               RExC_close_parens[parno-1]= ender;
+               if (RExC_nestroot == parno) 
+                   RExC_nestroot = 0;
+           }       
+            Set_Node_Offset(ender,RExC_parse+1); /* MJD */
+            Set_Node_Length(ender,1); /* MJD */
+           break;
+       case '<':
+       case ',':
+       case '=':
+       case '!':
+           *flagp &= ~HASWIDTH;
+           /* FALL THROUGH */
+       case '>':
+           ender = reg_node(pRExC_state, SUCCEED);
+           break;
+       case 0:
+           ender = reg_node(pRExC_state, END);
+           if (!SIZE_ONLY) {
+                assert(!RExC_opend); /* there can only be one! */
+                RExC_opend = ender;
+            }
+           break;
+       }
+        DEBUG_PARSE_r(if (!SIZE_ONLY) {
+            SV * const mysv_val1=sv_newmortal();
+            SV * const mysv_val2=sv_newmortal();
+            DEBUG_PARSE_MSG("lsbr");
+            regprop(RExC_rx, mysv_val1, lastbr);
+            regprop(RExC_rx, mysv_val2, ender);
+            PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log, "~ tying lastbr %s (%"IVdf") to ender %s (%"IVdf") offset %"IVdf"\n",
+                          SvPV_nolen_const(mysv_val1),
+                          (IV)REG_NODE_NUM(lastbr),
+                          SvPV_nolen_const(mysv_val2),
+                          (IV)REG_NODE_NUM(ender),
+                          (IV)(ender - lastbr)
+            );
+        });
+        REGTAIL(pRExC_state, lastbr, ender);
+
+       if (have_branch && !SIZE_ONLY) {
+            char is_nothing= 1;
+           if (depth==1)
+               RExC_seen |= REG_TOP_LEVEL_BRANCHES;
+
+           /* Hook the tails of the branches to the closing node. */
+           for (br = ret; br; br = regnext(br)) {
+               const U8 op = PL_regkind[OP(br)];
+               if (op == BRANCH) {
+                    REGTAIL_STUDY(pRExC_state, NEXTOPER(br), ender);
+                    if (OP(NEXTOPER(br)) != NOTHING || regnext(NEXTOPER(br)) != ender)
+                        is_nothing= 0;
+               }
+               else if (op == BRANCHJ) {
+                    REGTAIL_STUDY(pRExC_state, NEXTOPER(NEXTOPER(br)), ender);
+                    /* for now we always disable this optimisation * /
+                    if (OP(NEXTOPER(NEXTOPER(br))) != NOTHING || regnext(NEXTOPER(NEXTOPER(br))) != ender)
+                    */
+                        is_nothing= 0;
+               }
+           }
+            if (is_nothing) {
+                br= PL_regkind[OP(ret)] != BRANCH ? regnext(ret) : ret;
+                DEBUG_PARSE_r(if (!SIZE_ONLY) {
+                    SV * const mysv_val1=sv_newmortal();
+                    SV * const mysv_val2=sv_newmortal();
+                    DEBUG_PARSE_MSG("NADA");
+                    regprop(RExC_rx, mysv_val1, ret);
+                    regprop(RExC_rx, mysv_val2, ender);
+                    PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log, "~ converting ret %s (%"IVdf") to ender %s (%"IVdf") offset %"IVdf"\n",
+                                  SvPV_nolen_const(mysv_val1),
+                                  (IV)REG_NODE_NUM(ret),
+                                  SvPV_nolen_const(mysv_val2),
+                                  (IV)REG_NODE_NUM(ender),
+                                  (IV)(ender - ret)
+                    );
+                });
+                OP(br)= NOTHING;
+                if (OP(ender) == TAIL) {
+                    NEXT_OFF(br)= 0;
+                    RExC_emit= br + 1;
+                } else {
+                    regnode *opt;
+                    for ( opt= br + 1; opt < ender ; opt++ )
+                        OP(opt)= OPTIMIZED;
+                    NEXT_OFF(br)= ender - br;
+                }
+            }
+       }
+    }
+
+    {
+        const char *p;
+        static const char parens[] = "=!<,>";
+
+       if (paren && (p = strchr(parens, paren))) {
+           U8 node = ((p - parens) % 2) ? UNLESSM : IFMATCH;
+           int flag = (p - parens) > 1;
+
+           if (paren == '>')
+               node = SUSPEND, flag = 0;
+           reginsert(pRExC_state, node,ret, depth+1);
+            Set_Node_Cur_Length(ret, parse_start);
+           Set_Node_Offset(ret, parse_start + 1);
+           ret->flags = flag;
+            REGTAIL_STUDY(pRExC_state, ret, reg_node(pRExC_state, TAIL));
+       }
+    }
+
+    /* Check for proper termination. */
+    if (paren) {
+        /* restore original flags, but keep (?p) */
+       RExC_flags = oregflags | (RExC_flags & RXf_PMf_KEEPCOPY);
+       if (RExC_parse >= RExC_end || *nextchar(pRExC_state) != ')') {
+           RExC_parse = oregcomp_parse;
+           vFAIL("Unmatched (");
+       }
+    }
+    else if (!paren && RExC_parse < RExC_end) {
+       if (*RExC_parse == ')') {
+           RExC_parse++;
+           vFAIL("Unmatched )");
+       }
+       else
+           FAIL("Junk on end of regexp");      /* "Can't happen". */
+       assert(0); /* NOTREACHED */
+    }
+
+    if (RExC_in_lookbehind) {
+       RExC_in_lookbehind--;
+    }
+    if (after_freeze > RExC_npar)
+        RExC_npar = after_freeze;
+    return(ret);
+}
+
+/*
+ - regbranch - one alternative of an | operator
+ *
+ * Implements the concatenation operator.
+ *
+ * Returns NULL, setting *flagp to RESTART_UTF8 if the sizing scan needs to be
+ * restarted.
+ */
+STATIC regnode *
+S_regbranch(pTHX_ RExC_state_t *pRExC_state, I32 *flagp, I32 first, U32 depth)
+{
+    dVAR;
+    regnode *ret;
+    regnode *chain = NULL;
+    regnode *latest;
+    I32 flags = 0, c = 0;
+    GET_RE_DEBUG_FLAGS_DECL;
+
+    PERL_ARGS_ASSERT_REGBRANCH;
+
+    DEBUG_PARSE("brnc");
+
+    if (first)
+       ret = NULL;
+    else {
+       if (!SIZE_ONLY && RExC_extralen)
+           ret = reganode(pRExC_state, BRANCHJ,0);
+       else {
+           ret = reg_node(pRExC_state, BRANCH);
+            Set_Node_Length(ret, 1);
+        }
+    }
+
+    if (!first && SIZE_ONLY)
+       RExC_extralen += 1;                     /* BRANCHJ */
+
+    *flagp = WORST;                    /* Tentatively. */
+
+    RExC_parse--;
+    nextchar(pRExC_state);
+    while (RExC_parse < RExC_end && *RExC_parse != '|' && *RExC_parse != ')') {
+       flags &= ~TRYAGAIN;
+        latest = regpiece(pRExC_state, &flags,depth+1);
+       if (latest == NULL) {
+           if (flags & TRYAGAIN)
+               continue;
+            if (flags & RESTART_UTF8) {
+                *flagp = RESTART_UTF8;
+                return NULL;
+            }
+            FAIL2("panic: regpiece returned NULL, flags=%#"UVxf"", (UV) flags);
+       }
+       else if (ret == NULL)
+           ret = latest;
+       *flagp |= flags&(HASWIDTH|POSTPONED);
+       if (chain == NULL)      /* First piece. */
+           *flagp |= flags&SPSTART;
+       else {
+           RExC_naughty++;
+            REGTAIL(pRExC_state, chain, latest);
+       }
+       chain = latest;
+       c++;
+    }
+    if (chain == NULL) {       /* Loop ran zero times. */
+       chain = reg_node(pRExC_state, NOTHING);
+       if (ret == NULL)
+           ret = chain;
+    }
+    if (c == 1) {
+       *flagp |= flags&SIMPLE;
+    }
+
+    return ret;
+}
+
+/*
+ - regpiece - something followed by possible [*+?]
+ *
+ * Note that the branching code sequences used for ? and the general cases
+ * of * and + are somewhat optimized:  they use the same NOTHING node as
+ * both the endmarker for their branch list and the body of the last branch.
+ * It might seem that this node could be dispensed with entirely, but the
+ * endmarker role is not redundant.
+ *
+ * Returns NULL, setting *flagp to TRYAGAIN if regatom() returns NULL with
+ * TRYAGAIN.
+ * Returns NULL, setting *flagp to RESTART_UTF8 if the sizing scan needs to be
+ * restarted.
+ */
+STATIC regnode *
+S_regpiece(pTHX_ RExC_state_t *pRExC_state, I32 *flagp, U32 depth)
+{
+    dVAR;
+    regnode *ret;
+    char op;
+    char *next;
+    I32 flags;
+    const char * const origparse = RExC_parse;
+    I32 min;
+    I32 max = REG_INFTY;
+#ifdef RE_TRACK_PATTERN_OFFSETS
+    char *parse_start;
+#endif
+    const char *maxpos = NULL;
+
+    /* Save the original in case we change the emitted regop to a FAIL. */
+    regnode * const orig_emit = RExC_emit;
+
+    GET_RE_DEBUG_FLAGS_DECL;
+
+    PERL_ARGS_ASSERT_REGPIECE;
+
+    DEBUG_PARSE("piec");
+
+    ret = regatom(pRExC_state, &flags,depth+1);
+    if (ret == NULL) {
+       if (flags & (TRYAGAIN|RESTART_UTF8))
+           *flagp |= flags & (TRYAGAIN|RESTART_UTF8);
+        else
+            FAIL2("panic: regatom returned NULL, flags=%#"UVxf"", (UV) flags);
+       return(NULL);
+    }
+
+    op = *RExC_parse;
+
+    if (op == '{' && regcurly(RExC_parse, FALSE)) {
+       maxpos = NULL;
+#ifdef RE_TRACK_PATTERN_OFFSETS
+        parse_start = RExC_parse; /* MJD */
+#endif
+       next = RExC_parse + 1;
+       while (isDIGIT(*next) || *next == ',') {
+           if (*next == ',') {
+               if (maxpos)
+                   break;
+               else
+                   maxpos = next;
+           }
+           next++;
+       }
+       if (*next == '}') {             /* got one */
+           if (!maxpos)
+               maxpos = next;
+           RExC_parse++;
+           min = atoi(RExC_parse);
+           if (*maxpos == ',')
+               maxpos++;
+           else
+               maxpos = RExC_parse;
+           max = atoi(maxpos);
+           if (!max && *maxpos != '0')
+               max = REG_INFTY;                /* meaning "infinity" */
+           else if (max >= REG_INFTY)
+               vFAIL2("Quantifier in {,} bigger than %d", REG_INFTY - 1);
+           RExC_parse = next;
+           nextchar(pRExC_state);
+            if (max < min) {    /* If can't match, warn and optimize to fail
+                                   unconditionally */
+                if (SIZE_ONLY) {
+                    ckWARNreg(RExC_parse, "Quantifier {n,m} with n > m can't match");
+
+                    /* We can't back off the size because we have to reserve
+                     * enough space for all the things we are about to throw
+                     * away, but we can shrink it by the ammount we are about
+                     * to re-use here */
+                    RExC_size = PREVOPER(RExC_size) - regarglen[(U8)OPFAIL];
+                }
+                else {
+                    RExC_emit = orig_emit;
+                }
+                ret = reg_node(pRExC_state, OPFAIL);
+                return ret;
+            }
+
+       do_curly:
+           if ((flags&SIMPLE)) {
+               RExC_naughty += 2 + RExC_naughty / 2;
+               reginsert(pRExC_state, CURLY, ret, depth+1);
+                Set_Node_Offset(ret, parse_start+1); /* MJD */
+                Set_Node_Cur_Length(ret, parse_start);
+           }
+           else {
+               regnode * const w = reg_node(pRExC_state, WHILEM);
+
+               w->flags = 0;
+                REGTAIL(pRExC_state, ret, w);
+               if (!SIZE_ONLY && RExC_extralen) {
+                   reginsert(pRExC_state, LONGJMP,ret, depth+1);
+                   reginsert(pRExC_state, NOTHING,ret, depth+1);
+                   NEXT_OFF(ret) = 3;  /* Go over LONGJMP. */
+               }
+               reginsert(pRExC_state, CURLYX,ret, depth+1);
+                                /* MJD hk */
+                Set_Node_Offset(ret, parse_start+1);
+                Set_Node_Length(ret,
+                                op == '{' ? (RExC_parse - parse_start) : 1);
+
+               if (!SIZE_ONLY && RExC_extralen)
+                   NEXT_OFF(ret) = 3;  /* Go over NOTHING to LONGJMP. */
+                REGTAIL(pRExC_state, ret, reg_node(pRExC_state, NOTHING));
+               if (SIZE_ONLY)
+                   RExC_whilem_seen++, RExC_extralen += 3;
+               RExC_naughty += 4 + RExC_naughty;       /* compound interest */
+           }
+           ret->flags = 0;
+
+           if (min > 0)
+               *flagp = WORST;
+           if (max > 0)
+               *flagp |= HASWIDTH;
+           if (!SIZE_ONLY) {
+               ARG1_SET(ret, (U16)min);
+               ARG2_SET(ret, (U16)max);
+           }
+
+           goto nest_check;
+       }
+    }
+
+    if (!ISMULT1(op)) {
+       *flagp = flags;
+       return(ret);
+    }
+
+#if 0                          /* Now runtime fix should be reliable. */
+
+    /* if this is reinstated, don't forget to put this back into perldiag:
+
+           =item Regexp *+ operand could be empty at {#} in regex m/%s/
+
+          (F) The part of the regexp subject to either the * or + quantifier
+           could match an empty string. The {#} shows in the regular
+           expression about where the problem was discovered.
+
+    */
+
+    if (!(flags&HASWIDTH) && op != '?')
+      vFAIL("Regexp *+ operand could be empty");
+#endif
+
+#ifdef RE_TRACK_PATTERN_OFFSETS
+    parse_start = RExC_parse;
+#endif
+    nextchar(pRExC_state);
+
+    *flagp = (op != '+') ? (WORST|SPSTART|HASWIDTH) : (WORST|HASWIDTH);
+
+    if (op == '*' && (flags&SIMPLE)) {
+       reginsert(pRExC_state, STAR, ret, depth+1);
+       ret->flags = 0;
+       RExC_naughty += 4;
+    }
+    else if (op == '*') {
+       min = 0;
+       goto do_curly;
+    }
+    else if (op == '+' && (flags&SIMPLE)) {
+       reginsert(pRExC_state, PLUS, ret, depth+1);
+       ret->flags = 0;
+       RExC_naughty += 3;
+    }
+    else if (op == '+') {
+       min = 1;
+       goto do_curly;
+    }
+    else if (op == '?') {
+       min = 0; max = 1;
+       goto do_curly;
+    }
+  nest_check:
+    if (!SIZE_ONLY && !(flags&(HASWIDTH|POSTPONED)) && max > REG_INFTY/3) {
+       SAVEFREESV(RExC_rx_sv); /* in case of fatal warnings */
+       ckWARN3reg(RExC_parse,
+                  "%.*s matches null string many times",
+                  (int)(RExC_parse >= origparse ? RExC_parse - origparse : 0),
+                  origparse);
+       (void)ReREFCNT_inc(RExC_rx_sv);
+    }
+
+    if (RExC_parse < RExC_end && *RExC_parse == '?') {
+       nextchar(pRExC_state);
+       reginsert(pRExC_state, MINMOD, ret, depth+1);
+        REGTAIL(pRExC_state, ret, ret + NODE_STEP_REGNODE);
+    }
+    else
+    if (RExC_parse < RExC_end && *RExC_parse == '+') {
+        regnode *ender;
+        nextchar(pRExC_state);
+        ender = reg_node(pRExC_state, SUCCEED);
+        REGTAIL(pRExC_state, ret, ender);
+        reginsert(pRExC_state, SUSPEND, ret, depth+1);
+        ret->flags = 0;
+        ender = reg_node(pRExC_state, TAIL);
+        REGTAIL(pRExC_state, ret, ender);
+    }
+
+    if (RExC_parse < RExC_end && ISMULT2(RExC_parse)) {
+       RExC_parse++;
+       vFAIL("Nested quantifiers");
+    }
+
+    return(ret);
+}
+
+STATIC bool
+S_grok_bslash_N(pTHX_ RExC_state_t *pRExC_state, regnode** node_p, UV *valuep, I32 *flagp, U32 depth, bool in_char_class,
+        const bool strict   /* Apply stricter parsing rules? */
+    )
+{
+   
+ /* This is expected to be called by a parser routine that has recognized '\N'
+   and needs to handle the rest. RExC_parse is expected to point at the first
+   char following the N at the time of the call.  On successful return,
+   RExC_parse has been updated to point to just after the sequence identified
+   by this routine, and <*flagp> has been updated.
+
+   The \N may be inside (indicated by the boolean <in_char_class>) or outside a
+   character class.
+
+   \N may begin either a named sequence, or if outside a character class, mean
+   to match a non-newline.  For non single-quoted regexes, the tokenizer has
+   attempted to decide which, and in the case of a named sequence, converted it
+   into one of the forms: \N{} (if the sequence is null), or \N{U+c1.c2...},
+   where c1... are the characters in the sequence.  For single-quoted regexes,
+   the tokenizer passes the \N sequence through unchanged; this code will not
+   attempt to determine this nor expand those, instead raising a syntax error.
+   The net effect is that if the beginning of the passed-in pattern isn't '{U+'
+   or there is no '}', it signals that this \N occurrence means to match a
+   non-newline.
+
+   Only the \N{U+...} form should occur in a character class, for the same
+   reason that '.' inside a character class means to just match a period: it
+   just doesn't make sense.
+
+   The function raises an error (via vFAIL), and doesn't return for various
+   syntax errors.  Otherwise it returns TRUE and sets <node_p> or <valuep> on
+   success; it returns FALSE otherwise. Returns FALSE, setting *flagp to
+   RESTART_UTF8 if the sizing scan needs to be restarted. Such a restart is
+   only possible if node_p is non-NULL.
+
+
+   If <valuep> is non-null, it means the caller can accept an input sequence
+   consisting of a just a single code point; <*valuep> is set to that value
+   if the input is such.
+
+   If <node_p> is non-null it signifies that the caller can accept any other
+   legal sequence (i.e., one that isn't just a single code point).  <*node_p>
+   is set as follows:
+    1) \N means not-a-NL: points to a newly created REG_ANY node;
+    2) \N{}:              points to a new NOTHING node;
+    3) otherwise:         points to a new EXACT node containing the resolved
+                          string.
+   Note that FALSE is returned for single code point sequences if <valuep> is
+   null.
+ */
+
+    char * endbrace;    /* '}' following the name */
+    char* p;
+    char *endchar;     /* Points to '.' or '}' ending cur char in the input
+                           stream */
+    bool has_multiple_chars; /* true if the input stream contains a sequence of
+                                more than one character */
+
+    GET_RE_DEBUG_FLAGS_DECL;
+    PERL_ARGS_ASSERT_GROK_BSLASH_N;
+
+    GET_RE_DEBUG_FLAGS;
+
+    assert(cBOOL(node_p) ^ cBOOL(valuep));  /* Exactly one should be set */
+
+    /* The [^\n] meaning of \N ignores spaces and comments under the /x
+     * modifier.  The other meaning does not */
+    p = (RExC_flags & RXf_PMf_EXTENDED)
+       ? regwhite( pRExC_state, RExC_parse )
+       : RExC_parse;
+
+    /* Disambiguate between \N meaning a named character versus \N meaning
+     * [^\n].  The former is assumed when it can't be the latter. */
+    if (*p != '{' || regcurly(p, FALSE)) {
+       RExC_parse = p;
+       if (! node_p) {
+           /* no bare \N in a charclass */
+            if (in_char_class) {
+                vFAIL("\\N in a character class must be a named character: \\N{...}");
+            }
+            return FALSE;
+        }
+       nextchar(pRExC_state);
+       *node_p = reg_node(pRExC_state, REG_ANY);
+       *flagp |= HASWIDTH|SIMPLE;
+       RExC_naughty++;
+       RExC_parse--;
+        Set_Node_Length(*node_p, 1); /* MJD */
+       return TRUE;
+    }
+
+    /* Here, we have decided it should be a named character or sequence */
+
+    /* The test above made sure that the next real character is a '{', but
+     * under the /x modifier, it could be separated by space (or a comment and
+     * \n) and this is not allowed (for consistency with \x{...} and the
+     * tokenizer handling of \N{NAME}). */
+    if (*RExC_parse != '{') {
+       vFAIL("Missing braces on \\N{}");
+    }
+
+    RExC_parse++;      /* Skip past the '{' */
+
+    if (! (endbrace = strchr(RExC_parse, '}')) /* no trailing brace */
+       || ! (endbrace == RExC_parse            /* nothing between the {} */
+             || (endbrace - RExC_parse >= 2    /* U+ (bad hex is checked below */
+                 && strnEQ(RExC_parse, "U+", 2)))) /* for a better error msg) */
+    {
+       if (endbrace) RExC_parse = endbrace;    /* position msg's '<--HERE' */
+       vFAIL("\\N{NAME} must be resolved by the lexer");
+    }
+
+    if (endbrace == RExC_parse) {   /* empty: \N{} */
+        bool ret = TRUE;
+       if (node_p) {
+           *node_p = reg_node(pRExC_state,NOTHING);
+       }
+        else if (in_char_class) {
+            if (SIZE_ONLY && in_char_class) {
+                if (strict) {
+                    RExC_parse++;   /* Position after the "}" */
+                    vFAIL("Zero length \\N{}");
+                }
+                else {
+                    ckWARNreg(RExC_parse,
+                              "Ignoring zero length \\N{} in character class");
+                }
+            }
+            ret = FALSE;
+       }
+        else {
+            return FALSE;
+        }
+        nextchar(pRExC_state);
+        return ret;
+    }
+
+    RExC_uni_semantics = 1; /* Unicode named chars imply Unicode semantics */
+    RExC_parse += 2;   /* Skip past the 'U+' */
+
+    endchar = RExC_parse + strcspn(RExC_parse, ".}");
+
+    /* Code points are separated by dots.  If none, there is only one code
+     * point, and is terminated by the brace */
+    has_multiple_chars = (endchar < endbrace);
+
+    if (valuep && (! has_multiple_chars || in_char_class)) {
+       /* We only pay attention to the first char of
+        multichar strings being returned in char classes. I kinda wonder
+       if this makes sense as it does change the behaviour
+       from earlier versions, OTOH that behaviour was broken
+       as well. XXX Solution is to recharacterize as
+       [rest-of-class]|multi1|multi2... */
+
+       STRLEN length_of_hex = (STRLEN)(endchar - RExC_parse);
+       I32 grok_hex_flags = PERL_SCAN_ALLOW_UNDERSCORES
+           | PERL_SCAN_DISALLOW_PREFIX
+           | (SIZE_ONLY ? PERL_SCAN_SILENT_ILLDIGIT : 0);
+
+       *valuep = grok_hex(RExC_parse, &length_of_hex, &grok_hex_flags, NULL);
+
+       /* The tokenizer should have guaranteed validity, but it's possible to
+        * bypass it by using single quoting, so check */
+       if (length_of_hex == 0
+           || length_of_hex != (STRLEN)(endchar - RExC_parse) )
+       {
+           RExC_parse += length_of_hex;        /* Includes all the valid */
+           RExC_parse += (RExC_orig_utf8)      /* point to after 1st invalid */
+                           ? UTF8SKIP(RExC_parse)
+                           : 1;
+           /* Guard against malformed utf8 */
+           if (RExC_parse >= endchar) {
+                RExC_parse = endchar;
+            }
+           vFAIL("Invalid hexadecimal number in \\N{U+...}");
+       }
+
+        if (in_char_class && has_multiple_chars) {
+            if (strict) {
+                RExC_parse = endbrace;
+                vFAIL("\\N{} in character class restricted to one character");
+            }
+            else {
+                ckWARNreg(endchar, "Using just the first character returned by \\N{} in character class");
+            }
+        }
+
+        RExC_parse = endbrace + 1;
+    }
+    else if (! node_p || ! has_multiple_chars) {
+
+        /* Here, the input is legal, but not according to the caller's
+         * options.  We fail without advancing the parse, so that the
+         * caller can try again */
+        RExC_parse = p;
+        return FALSE;
+    }
+    else {
+
+       /* What is done here is to convert this to a sub-pattern of the form
+        * (?:\x{char1}\x{char2}...)
+        * and then call reg recursively.  That way, it retains its atomicness,
+        * while not having to worry about special handling that some code
+        * points may have.  toke.c has converted the original Unicode values
+        * to native, so that we can just pass on the hex values unchanged.  We
+        * do have to set a flag to keep recoding from happening in the
+        * recursion */
+
+       SV * substitute_parse = newSVpvn_flags("?:", 2, SVf_UTF8|SVs_TEMP);
+       STRLEN len;
+       char *orig_end = RExC_end;
+        I32 flags;
+
+       while (RExC_parse < endbrace) {
+
+           /* Convert to notation the rest of the code understands */
+           sv_catpv(substitute_parse, "\\x{");
+           sv_catpvn(substitute_parse, RExC_parse, endchar - RExC_parse);
+           sv_catpv(substitute_parse, "}");
+
+           /* Point to the beginning of the next character in the sequence. */
+           RExC_parse = endchar + 1;
+           endchar = RExC_parse + strcspn(RExC_parse, ".}");
+       }
+       sv_catpv(substitute_parse, ")");
+
+       RExC_parse = SvPV(substitute_parse, len);
+
+       /* Don't allow empty number */
+       if (len < 8) {
+           vFAIL("Invalid hexadecimal number in \\N{U+...}");
+       }
+       RExC_end = RExC_parse + len;
+
+       /* The values are Unicode, and therefore not subject to recoding */
+       RExC_override_recoding = 1;
+
+       if (!(*node_p = reg(pRExC_state, 1, &flags, depth+1))) {
+            if (flags & RESTART_UTF8) {
+                *flagp = RESTART_UTF8;
+                return FALSE;
+            }
+            FAIL2("panic: reg returned NULL to grok_bslash_N, flags=%#"UVxf"",
+                  (UV) flags);
+        } 
+       *flagp |= flags&(HASWIDTH|SPSTART|SIMPLE|POSTPONED);
+
+       RExC_parse = endbrace;
+       RExC_end = orig_end;
+       RExC_override_recoding = 0;
+
+        nextchar(pRExC_state);
+    }
+
+    return TRUE;
+}
+
+
+/*
+ * reg_recode
+ *
+ * It returns the code point in utf8 for the value in *encp.
+ *    value: a code value in the source encoding
+ *    encp:  a pointer to an Encode object
+ *
+ * If the result from Encode is not a single character,
+ * it returns U+FFFD (Replacement character) and sets *encp to NULL.
+ */
+STATIC UV
+S_reg_recode(pTHX_ const char value, SV **encp)
+{
+    STRLEN numlen = 1;
+    SV * const sv = newSVpvn_flags(&value, numlen, SVs_TEMP);
+    const char * const s = *encp ? sv_recode_to_utf8(sv, *encp) : SvPVX(sv);
+    const STRLEN newlen = SvCUR(sv);
+    UV uv = UNICODE_REPLACEMENT;
+
+    PERL_ARGS_ASSERT_REG_RECODE;
+
+    if (newlen)
+       uv = SvUTF8(sv)
+            ? utf8n_to_uvchr((U8*)s, newlen, &numlen, UTF8_ALLOW_DEFAULT)
+            : *(U8*)s;
+
+    if (!newlen || numlen != newlen) {
+       uv = UNICODE_REPLACEMENT;
+       *encp = NULL;
+    }
+    return uv;
+}
+
+PERL_STATIC_INLINE U8
+S_compute_EXACTish(pTHX_ RExC_state_t *pRExC_state)
+{
+    U8 op;
+
+    PERL_ARGS_ASSERT_COMPUTE_EXACTISH;
+
+    if (! FOLD) {
+        return EXACT;
+    }
+
+    op = get_regex_charset(RExC_flags);
+    if (op >= REGEX_ASCII_RESTRICTED_CHARSET) {
+        op--; /* /a is same as /u, and map /aa's offset to what /a's would have
+                 been, so there is no hole */
+    }
+
+    return op + EXACTF;
+}
+
+PERL_STATIC_INLINE void
+S_alloc_maybe_populate_EXACT(pTHX_ RExC_state_t *pRExC_state, regnode *node, I32* flagp, STRLEN len, UV code_point)
+{
+    /* This knows the details about sizing an EXACTish node, setting flags for
+     * it (by setting <*flagp>, and potentially populating it with a single
+     * character.
+     *
+     * If <len> (the length in bytes) is non-zero, this function assumes that
+     * the node has already been populated, and just does the sizing.  In this
+     * case <code_point> should be the final code point that has already been
+     * placed into the node.  This value will be ignored except that under some
+     * circumstances <*flagp> is set based on it.
+     *
+     * If <len> is zero, the function assumes that the node is to contain only
+     * the single character given by <code_point> and calculates what <len>
+     * should be.  In pass 1, it sizes the node appropriately.  In pass 2, it
+     * additionally will populate the node's STRING with <code_point>, if <len>
+     * is 0.  In both cases <*flagp> is appropriately set
+     *
+     * It knows that under FOLD, the Latin Sharp S and UTF characters above
+     * 255, must be folded (the former only when the rules indicate it can
+     * match 'ss') */
+
+    bool len_passed_in = cBOOL(len != 0);
+    U8 character[UTF8_MAXBYTES_CASE+1];
+
+    PERL_ARGS_ASSERT_ALLOC_MAYBE_POPULATE_EXACT;
+
+    if (! len_passed_in) {
+        if (UTF) {
+            if (FOLD && (! LOC || code_point > 255)) {
+                _to_uni_fold_flags(NATIVE_TO_UNI(code_point),
+                                   character,
+                                   &len,
+                                   FOLD_FLAGS_FULL | ((LOC)
+                                                     ? FOLD_FLAGS_LOCALE
+                                                     : (ASCII_FOLD_RESTRICTED)
+                                                       ? FOLD_FLAGS_NOMIX_ASCII
+                                                       : 0));
+            }
+            else {
+                uvchr_to_utf8( character, code_point);
+                len = UTF8SKIP(character);
+            }
+        }
+        else if (! FOLD
+                 || code_point != LATIN_SMALL_LETTER_SHARP_S
+                 || ASCII_FOLD_RESTRICTED
+                 || ! AT_LEAST_UNI_SEMANTICS)
+        {
+            *character = (U8) code_point;
+            len = 1;
+        }
+        else {
+            *character = 's';
+            *(character + 1) = 's';
+            len = 2;
+        }
+    }
+
+    if (SIZE_ONLY) {
+        RExC_size += STR_SZ(len);
+    }
+    else {
+        RExC_emit += STR_SZ(len);
+        STR_LEN(node) = len;
+        if (! len_passed_in) {
+            Copy((char *) character, STRING(node), len, char);
+        }
+    }
+
+    *flagp |= HASWIDTH;
+
+    /* A single character node is SIMPLE, except for the special-cased SHARP S
+     * under /di. */
+    if ((len == 1 || (UTF && len == UNISKIP(code_point)))
+        && (code_point != LATIN_SMALL_LETTER_SHARP_S
+            || ! FOLD || ! DEPENDS_SEMANTICS))
+    {
+        *flagp |= SIMPLE;
+    }
+}
+
+/*
+ - regatom - the lowest level
+
+   Try to identify anything special at the start of the pattern. If there
+   is, then handle it as required. This may involve generating a single regop,
+   such as for an assertion; or it may involve recursing, such as to
+   handle a () structure.
+
+   If the string doesn't start with something special then we gobble up
+   as much literal text as we can.
+
+   Once we have been able to handle whatever type of thing started the
+   sequence, we return.
+
+   Note: we have to be careful with escapes, as they can be both literal
+   and special, and in the case of \10 and friends, context determines which.
+
+   A summary of the code structure is:
+
+   switch (first_byte) {
+       cases for each special:
+           handle this special;
+           break;
+       case '\\':
+           switch (2nd byte) {
+               cases for each unambiguous special:
+                   handle this special;
+                   break;
+               cases for each ambigous special/literal:
+                   disambiguate;
+                   if (special)  handle here
+                   else goto defchar;
+               default: // unambiguously literal:
+                   goto defchar;
+           }
+       default:  // is a literal char
+           // FALL THROUGH
+       defchar:
+           create EXACTish node for literal;
+           while (more input and node isn't full) {
+               switch (input_byte) {
+                  cases for each special;
+                       make sure parse pointer is set so that the next call to
+                           regatom will see this special first
+                       goto loopdone; // EXACTish node terminated by prev. char
+                  default:
+                      append char to EXACTISH node;
+               }
+               get next input byte;
+           }
+        loopdone:
+   }
+   return the generated node;
+
+   Specifically there are two separate switches for handling
+   escape sequences, with the one for handling literal escapes requiring
+   a dummy entry for all of the special escapes that are actually handled
+   by the other.
+
+   Returns NULL, setting *flagp to TRYAGAIN if reg() returns NULL with
+   TRYAGAIN.  
+   Returns NULL, setting *flagp to RESTART_UTF8 if the sizing scan needs to be
+   restarted.
+   Otherwise does not return NULL.
+*/
+
+STATIC regnode *
+S_regatom(pTHX_ RExC_state_t *pRExC_state, I32 *flagp, U32 depth)
+{
+    dVAR;
+    regnode *ret = NULL;
+    I32 flags = 0;
+    char *parse_start = RExC_parse;
+    U8 op;
+    int invert = 0;
+
+    GET_RE_DEBUG_FLAGS_DECL;
+
+    *flagp = WORST;            /* Tentatively. */
+
+    DEBUG_PARSE("atom");
+
+    PERL_ARGS_ASSERT_REGATOM;
+
+tryagain:
+    switch ((U8)*RExC_parse) {
+    case '^':
+       RExC_seen_zerolen++;
+       nextchar(pRExC_state);
+       if (RExC_flags & RXf_PMf_MULTILINE)
+           ret = reg_node(pRExC_state, MBOL);
+       else if (RExC_flags & RXf_PMf_SINGLELINE)
+           ret = reg_node(pRExC_state, SBOL);
+       else
+           ret = reg_node(pRExC_state, BOL);
+        Set_Node_Length(ret, 1); /* MJD */
+       break;
+    case '$':
+       nextchar(pRExC_state);
+       if (*RExC_parse)
+           RExC_seen_zerolen++;
+       if (RExC_flags & RXf_PMf_MULTILINE)
+           ret = reg_node(pRExC_state, MEOL);
+       else if (RExC_flags & RXf_PMf_SINGLELINE)
+           ret = reg_node(pRExC_state, SEOL);
+       else
+           ret = reg_node(pRExC_state, EOL);
+        Set_Node_Length(ret, 1); /* MJD */
+       break;
+    case '.':
+       nextchar(pRExC_state);
+       if (RExC_flags & RXf_PMf_SINGLELINE)
+           ret = reg_node(pRExC_state, SANY);
+       else
+           ret = reg_node(pRExC_state, REG_ANY);
+       *flagp |= HASWIDTH|SIMPLE;
+       RExC_naughty++;
+        Set_Node_Length(ret, 1); /* MJD */
+       break;
+    case '[':
+    {
+       char * const oregcomp_parse = ++RExC_parse;
+        ret = regclass(pRExC_state, flagp,depth+1,
+                       FALSE, /* means parse the whole char class */
+                       TRUE, /* allow multi-char folds */
+                       FALSE, /* don't silence non-portable warnings. */
+                       NULL);
+       if (*RExC_parse != ']') {
+           RExC_parse = oregcomp_parse;
+           vFAIL("Unmatched [");
+       }
+        if (ret == NULL) {
+            if (*flagp & RESTART_UTF8)
+                return NULL;
+            FAIL2("panic: regclass returned NULL to regatom, flags=%#"UVxf"",
+                  (UV) *flagp);
+        }
+       nextchar(pRExC_state);
+        Set_Node_Length(ret, RExC_parse - oregcomp_parse + 1); /* MJD */
+       break;
+    }
+    case '(':
+       nextchar(pRExC_state);
+        ret = reg(pRExC_state, 2, &flags,depth+1);
+       if (ret == NULL) {
+               if (flags & TRYAGAIN) {
+                   if (RExC_parse == RExC_end) {
+                        /* Make parent create an empty node if needed. */
+                       *flagp |= TRYAGAIN;
+                       return(NULL);
+                   }
+                   goto tryagain;
+               }
+                if (flags & RESTART_UTF8) {
+                    *flagp = RESTART_UTF8;
+                    return NULL;
+                }
+                FAIL2("panic: reg returned NULL to regatom, flags=%#"UVxf"", (UV) flags);
+       }
+       *flagp |= flags&(HASWIDTH|SPSTART|SIMPLE|POSTPONED);
+       break;
+    case '|':
+    case ')':
+       if (flags & TRYAGAIN) {
+           *flagp |= TRYAGAIN;
+           return NULL;
+       }
+       vFAIL("Internal urp");
+                               /* Supposed to be caught earlier. */
+       break;
+    case '{':
+       if (!regcurly(RExC_parse, FALSE)) {
+           RExC_parse++;
+           goto defchar;
+       }
+       /* FALL THROUGH */
+    case '?':
+    case '+':
+    case '*':
+       RExC_parse++;
+       vFAIL("Quantifier follows nothing");
+       break;
+    case '\\':
+       /* Special Escapes
+
+          This switch handles escape sequences that resolve to some kind
+          of special regop and not to literal text. Escape sequnces that
+          resolve to literal text are handled below in the switch marked
+          "Literal Escapes".
+
+          Every entry in this switch *must* have a corresponding entry
+          in the literal escape switch. However, the opposite is not
+          required, as the default for this switch is to jump to the
+          literal text handling code.
+       */
+       switch ((U8)*++RExC_parse) {
+            U8 arg;
+       /* Special Escapes */
+       case 'A':
+           RExC_seen_zerolen++;
+           ret = reg_node(pRExC_state, SBOL);
+           *flagp |= SIMPLE;
+           goto finish_meta_pat;
+       case 'G':
+           ret = reg_node(pRExC_state, GPOS);
+           RExC_seen |= REG_SEEN_GPOS;
+           *flagp |= SIMPLE;
+           goto finish_meta_pat;
+       case 'K':
+           RExC_seen_zerolen++;
+           ret = reg_node(pRExC_state, KEEPS);
+           *flagp |= SIMPLE;
+           /* XXX:dmq : disabling in-place substitution seems to
+            * be necessary here to avoid cases of memory corruption, as
+            * with: C<$_="x" x 80; s/x\K/y/> -- rgs
+            */
+           RExC_seen |= REG_SEEN_LOOKBEHIND;
+           goto finish_meta_pat;
+       case 'Z':
+           ret = reg_node(pRExC_state, SEOL);
+           *flagp |= SIMPLE;
+           RExC_seen_zerolen++;                /* Do not optimize RE away */
+           goto finish_meta_pat;
+       case 'z':
+           ret = reg_node(pRExC_state, EOS);
+           *flagp |= SIMPLE;
+           RExC_seen_zerolen++;                /* Do not optimize RE away */
+           goto finish_meta_pat;
+       case 'C':
+           ret = reg_node(pRExC_state, CANY);
+           RExC_seen |= REG_SEEN_CANY;
+           *flagp |= HASWIDTH|SIMPLE;
+           goto finish_meta_pat;
+       case 'X':
+           ret = reg_node(pRExC_state, CLUMP);
+           *flagp |= HASWIDTH;
+           goto finish_meta_pat;
+
+       case 'W':
+            invert = 1;
+            /* FALLTHROUGH */
+       case 'w':
+            arg = ANYOF_WORDCHAR;
+            goto join_posix;
+
+       case 'b':
+           RExC_seen_zerolen++;
+           RExC_seen |= REG_SEEN_LOOKBEHIND;
+           op = BOUND + get_regex_charset(RExC_flags);
+            if (op > BOUNDA) {  /* /aa is same as /a */
+                op = BOUNDA;
+            }
+           ret = reg_node(pRExC_state, op);
+           FLAGS(ret) = get_regex_charset(RExC_flags);
+           *flagp |= SIMPLE;
+           if (! SIZE_ONLY && (U8) *(RExC_parse + 1) == '{') {
+               ckWARNdep(RExC_parse, "\"\\b{\" is deprecated; use \"\\b\\{\" or \"\\b[{]\" instead");
+           }
+           goto finish_meta_pat;
+       case 'B':
+           RExC_seen_zerolen++;
+           RExC_seen |= REG_SEEN_LOOKBEHIND;
+           op = NBOUND + get_regex_charset(RExC_flags);
+            if (op > NBOUNDA) { /* /aa is same as /a */
+                op = NBOUNDA;
+            }
+           ret = reg_node(pRExC_state, op);
+           FLAGS(ret) = get_regex_charset(RExC_flags);
+           *flagp |= SIMPLE;
+           if (! SIZE_ONLY && (U8) *(RExC_parse + 1) == '{') {
+               ckWARNdep(RExC_parse, "\"\\B{\" is deprecated; use \"\\B\\{\" or \"\\B[{]\" instead");
+           }
+           goto finish_meta_pat;
+
+       case 'D':
+            invert = 1;
+            /* FALLTHROUGH */
+       case 'd':
+            arg = ANYOF_DIGIT;
+            goto join_posix;
+
+       case 'R':
+           ret = reg_node(pRExC_state, LNBREAK);
+           *flagp |= HASWIDTH|SIMPLE;
+           goto finish_meta_pat;
+
+       case 'H':
+            invert = 1;
+            /* FALLTHROUGH */
+       case 'h':
+           arg = ANYOF_BLANK;
+            op = POSIXU;
+            goto join_posix_op_known;
+
+       case 'V':
+            invert = 1;
+            /* FALLTHROUGH */
+       case 'v':
+           arg = ANYOF_VERTWS;
+            op = POSIXU;
+            goto join_posix_op_known;
+
+       case 'S':
+            invert = 1;
+            /* FALLTHROUGH */
+       case 's':
+            arg = ANYOF_SPACE;
+
+        join_posix:
+
+           op = POSIXD + get_regex_charset(RExC_flags);
+            if (op > POSIXA) {  /* /aa is same as /a */
+                op = POSIXA;
+            }
+
+        join_posix_op_known:
+
+            if (invert) {
+                op += NPOSIXD - POSIXD;
+            }
+
+           ret = reg_node(pRExC_state, op);
+            if (! SIZE_ONLY) {
+                FLAGS(ret) = namedclass_to_classnum(arg);
+            }
+
+           *flagp |= HASWIDTH|SIMPLE;
+            /* FALL THROUGH */
+
+         finish_meta_pat:          
+           nextchar(pRExC_state);
+            Set_Node_Length(ret, 2); /* MJD */
+           break;          
+       case 'p':
+       case 'P':
+           {
+#ifdef DEBUGGING
+               char* parse_start = RExC_parse - 2;
+#endif
+
+               RExC_parse--;
+
+                ret = regclass(pRExC_state, flagp,depth+1,
+                               TRUE, /* means just parse this element */
+                               FALSE, /* don't allow multi-char folds */
+                               FALSE, /* don't silence non-portable warnings.
+                                         It would be a bug if these returned
+                                         non-portables */
+                               NULL);
+                /* regclass() can only return RESTART_UTF8 if multi-char folds
+                   are allowed.  */
+                if (!ret)
+                    FAIL2("panic: regclass returned NULL to regatom, flags=%#"UVxf"",
+                          (UV) *flagp);
+
+               RExC_parse--;
+
+               Set_Node_Offset(ret, parse_start + 2);
+                Set_Node_Cur_Length(ret, parse_start);
+               nextchar(pRExC_state);
+           }
+           break;
+        case 'N': 
+            /* Handle \N and \N{NAME} with multiple code points here and not
+             * below because it can be multicharacter. join_exact() will join
+             * them up later on.  Also this makes sure that things like
+             * /\N{BLAH}+/ and \N{BLAH} being multi char Just Happen. dmq.
+             * The options to the grok function call causes it to fail if the
+             * sequence is just a single code point.  We then go treat it as
+             * just another character in the current EXACT node, and hence it
+             * gets uniform treatment with all the other characters.  The
+             * special treatment for quantifiers is not needed for such single
+             * character sequences */
+            ++RExC_parse;
+            if (! grok_bslash_N(pRExC_state, &ret, NULL, flagp, depth, FALSE,
+                                FALSE /* not strict */ )) {
+                if (*flagp & RESTART_UTF8)
+                    return NULL;
+                RExC_parse--;
+                goto defchar;
+            }
+            break;
+       case 'k':    /* Handle \k<NAME> and \k'NAME' */
+       parse_named_seq:
+        {   
+            char ch= RExC_parse[1];        
+           if (ch != '<' && ch != '\'' && ch != '{') {
+               RExC_parse++;
+               vFAIL2("Sequence %.2s... not terminated",parse_start);
+           } else {
+               /* this pretty much dupes the code for (?P=...) in reg(), if
+                   you change this make sure you change that */
+               char* name_start = (RExC_parse += 2);
+               U32 num = 0;
+                SV *sv_dat = reg_scan_name(pRExC_state,
+                    SIZE_ONLY ? REG_RSN_RETURN_NULL : REG_RSN_RETURN_DATA);
+                ch= (ch == '<') ? '>' : (ch == '{') ? '}' : '\'';
+                if (RExC_parse == name_start || *RExC_parse != ch)
+                    vFAIL2("Sequence %.3s... not terminated",parse_start);
+
+                if (!SIZE_ONLY) {
+                    num = add_data( pRExC_state, 1, "S" );
+                    RExC_rxi->data->data[num]=(void*)sv_dat;
+                    SvREFCNT_inc_simple_void(sv_dat);
+                }
+
+                RExC_sawback = 1;
+                ret = reganode(pRExC_state,
+                               ((! FOLD)
+                                 ? NREF
+                                : (ASCII_FOLD_RESTRICTED)
+                                  ? NREFFA
+                                   : (AT_LEAST_UNI_SEMANTICS)
+                                     ? NREFFU
+                                     : (LOC)
+                                       ? NREFFL
+                                       : NREFF),
+                                num);
+                *flagp |= HASWIDTH;
+
+                /* override incorrect value set in reganode MJD */
+                Set_Node_Offset(ret, parse_start+1);
+                Set_Node_Cur_Length(ret, parse_start);
+                nextchar(pRExC_state);
+
+            }
+            break;
+       }
+       case 'g': 
+       case '1': case '2': case '3': case '4':
+       case '5': case '6': case '7': case '8': case '9':
+           {
+               I32 num;
+               bool isg = *RExC_parse == 'g';
+               bool isrel = 0; 
+               bool hasbrace = 0;
+               if (isg) {
+                   RExC_parse++;
+                   if (*RExC_parse == '{') {
+                       RExC_parse++;
+                       hasbrace = 1;
+                   }
+                   if (*RExC_parse == '-') {
+                       RExC_parse++;
+                       isrel = 1;
+                   }
+                   if (hasbrace && !isDIGIT(*RExC_parse)) {
+                       if (isrel) RExC_parse--;
+                        RExC_parse -= 2;                           
+                       goto parse_named_seq;
+               }   }
+               num = atoi(RExC_parse);
+               if (isg && num == 0) {
+                   if (*RExC_parse == '0') {
+                        vFAIL("Reference to invalid group 0");
+                    }
+                    else {
+                       vFAIL("Unterminated \\g... pattern");
+                    }
+                }
+                if (isrel) {
+                    num = RExC_npar - num;
+                    if (num < 1)
+                        vFAIL("Reference to nonexistent or unclosed group");
+                }
+                if (!isg && num > 9 && num >= RExC_npar && *RExC_parse != '8' && *RExC_parse != '9')
+                    /* Probably a character specified in octal, e.g. \35 */
+                   goto defchar;
+               else {
+#ifdef RE_TRACK_PATTERN_OFFSETS
+                   char * const parse_start = RExC_parse - 1; /* MJD */
+#endif
+                   while (isDIGIT(*RExC_parse))
+                       RExC_parse++;
+                    if (hasbrace) {
+                        if (*RExC_parse != '}') 
+                            vFAIL("Unterminated \\g{...} pattern");
+                        RExC_parse++;
+                    }    
+                   if (!SIZE_ONLY) {
+                       if (num > (I32)RExC_rx->nparens)
+                           vFAIL("Reference to nonexistent group");
+                   }
+                   RExC_sawback = 1;
+                   ret = reganode(pRExC_state,
+                                  ((! FOLD)
+                                    ? REF
+                                    : (ASCII_FOLD_RESTRICTED)
+                                      ? REFFA
+                                       : (AT_LEAST_UNI_SEMANTICS)
+                                         ? REFFU
+                                         : (LOC)
+                                           ? REFFL
+                                           : REFF),
+                                   num);
+                   *flagp |= HASWIDTH;
+
+                    /* override incorrect value set in reganode MJD */
+                    Set_Node_Offset(ret, parse_start+1);
+                    Set_Node_Cur_Length(ret, parse_start);
+                   RExC_parse--;
+                   nextchar(pRExC_state);
+               }
+           }
+           break;
+       case '\0':
+           if (RExC_parse >= RExC_end)
+               FAIL("Trailing \\");
+           /* FALL THROUGH */
+       default:
+           /* Do not generate "unrecognized" warnings here, we fall
+              back into the quick-grab loop below */
+           parse_start--;
+           goto defchar;
+       }
+       break;
+
+    case '#':
+       if (RExC_flags & RXf_PMf_EXTENDED) {
+           if ( reg_skipcomment( pRExC_state ) )
+               goto tryagain;
+       }
+       /* FALL THROUGH */
+
+    default:
+
+            parse_start = RExC_parse - 1;
+
+           RExC_parse++;
+
+       defchar: {
+           STRLEN len = 0;
+           UV ender;
+           char *p;
+           char *s;
+#define MAX_NODE_STRING_SIZE 127
+           char foldbuf[MAX_NODE_STRING_SIZE+UTF8_MAXBYTES_CASE];
+           char *s0;
+           U8 upper_parse = MAX_NODE_STRING_SIZE;
+           STRLEN foldlen;
+            U8 node_type;
+            bool next_is_quantifier;
+            char * oldp = NULL;
+
+            /* If a folding node contains only code points that don't
+             * participate in folds, it can be changed into an EXACT node,
+             * which allows the optimizer more things to look for */
+            bool maybe_exact;
+
+           ender = 0;
+            node_type = compute_EXACTish(pRExC_state);
+           ret = reg_node(pRExC_state, node_type);
+
+            /* In pass1, folded, we use a temporary buffer instead of the
+             * actual node, as the node doesn't exist yet */
+           s = (SIZE_ONLY && FOLD) ? foldbuf : STRING(ret);
+
+            s0 = s;
+
+       reparse:
+
+            /* We do the EXACTFish to EXACT node only if folding, and not if in
+             * locale, as whether a character folds or not isn't known until
+             * runtime */
+            maybe_exact = FOLD && ! LOC;
+
+           /* XXX The node can hold up to 255 bytes, yet this only goes to
+             * 127.  I (khw) do not know why.  Keeping it somewhat less than
+             * 255 allows us to not have to worry about overflow due to
+             * converting to utf8 and fold expansion, but that value is
+             * 255-UTF8_MAXBYTES_CASE.  join_exact() may join adjacent nodes
+             * split up by this limit into a single one using the real max of
+             * 255.  Even at 127, this breaks under rare circumstances.  If
+             * folding, we do not want to split a node at a character that is a
+             * non-final in a multi-char fold, as an input string could just
+             * happen to want to match across the node boundary.  The join
+             * would solve that problem if the join actually happens.  But a
+             * series of more than two nodes in a row each of 127 would cause
+             * the first join to succeed to get to 254, but then there wouldn't
+             * be room for the next one, which could at be one of those split
+             * multi-char folds.  I don't know of any fool-proof solution.  One
+             * could back off to end with only a code point that isn't such a
+             * non-final, but it is possible for there not to be any in the
+             * entire node. */
+           for (p = RExC_parse - 1;
+                len < upper_parse && p < RExC_end;
+                len++)
+           {
+               oldp = p;
+
+               if (RExC_flags & RXf_PMf_EXTENDED)
+                   p = regwhite( pRExC_state, p );
+               switch ((U8)*p) {
+               case '^':
+               case '$':
+               case '.':
+               case '[':
+               case '(':
+               case ')':
+               case '|':
+                   goto loopdone;
+               case '\\':
+                   /* Literal Escapes Switch
+
+                      This switch is meant to handle escape sequences that
+                      resolve to a literal character.
+
+                      Every escape sequence that represents something
+                      else, like an assertion or a char class, is handled
+                      in the switch marked 'Special Escapes' above in this
+                      routine, but also has an entry here as anything that
+                      isn't explicitly mentioned here will be treated as
+                      an unescaped equivalent literal.
+                   */
+
+                   switch ((U8)*++p) {
+                   /* These are all the special escapes. */
+                   case 'A':             /* Start assertion */
+                   case 'b': case 'B':   /* Word-boundary assertion*/
+                   case 'C':             /* Single char !DANGEROUS! */
+                   case 'd': case 'D':   /* digit class */
+                   case 'g': case 'G':   /* generic-backref, pos assertion */
+                   case 'h': case 'H':   /* HORIZWS */
+                   case 'k': case 'K':   /* named backref, keep marker */
+                   case 'p': case 'P':   /* Unicode property */
+                             case 'R':   /* LNBREAK */
+                   case 's': case 'S':   /* space class */
+                   case 'v': case 'V':   /* VERTWS */
+                   case 'w': case 'W':   /* word class */
+                   case 'X':             /* eXtended Unicode "combining character sequence" */
+                   case 'z': case 'Z':   /* End of line/string assertion */
+                       --p;
+                       goto loopdone;
+
+                   /* Anything after here is an escape that resolves to a
+                      literal. (Except digits, which may or may not)
+                    */
+                   case 'n':
+                       ender = '\n';
+                       p++;
+                       break;
+                   case 'N': /* Handle a single-code point named character. */
+                        /* The options cause it to fail if a multiple code
+                         * point sequence.  Handle those in the switch() above
+                         * */
+                        RExC_parse = p + 1;
+                        if (! grok_bslash_N(pRExC_state, NULL, &ender,
+                                            flagp, depth, FALSE,
+                                            FALSE /* not strict */ ))
+                        {
+                            if (*flagp & RESTART_UTF8)
+                                FAIL("panic: grok_bslash_N set RESTART_UTF8");
+                            RExC_parse = p = oldp;
+                            goto loopdone;
+                        }
+                        p = RExC_parse;
+                        if (ender > 0xff) {
+                            REQUIRE_UTF8;
+                        }
+                        break;
+                   case 'r':
+                       ender = '\r';
+                       p++;
+                       break;
+                   case 't':
+                       ender = '\t';
+                       p++;
+                       break;
+                   case 'f':
+                       ender = '\f';
+                       p++;
+                       break;
+                   case 'e':
+                         ender = ASCII_TO_NATIVE('\033');
+                       p++;
+                       break;
+                   case 'a':
+                         ender = ASCII_TO_NATIVE('\007');
+                       p++;
+                       break;
+                   case 'o':
+                       {
+                           UV result;
+                           const char* error_msg;
+
+                           bool valid = grok_bslash_o(&p,
+                                                      &result,
+                                                      &error_msg,
+                                                      TRUE, /* out warnings */
+                                                       FALSE, /* not strict */
+                                                       TRUE, /* Output warnings
+                                                                for non-
+                                                                portables */
+                                                       UTF);
+                           if (! valid) {
+                               RExC_parse = p; /* going to die anyway; point
+                                                  to exact spot of failure */
+                               vFAIL(error_msg);
+                           }
+                            ender = result;
+                           if (PL_encoding && ender < 0x100) {
+                               goto recode_encoding;
+                           }
+                           if (ender > 0xff) {
+                               REQUIRE_UTF8;
+                           }
+                           break;
+                       }
+                   case 'x':
+                       {
+                            UV result = UV_MAX; /* initialize to erroneous
+                                                   value */
+                           const char* error_msg;
+
+                           bool valid = grok_bslash_x(&p,
+                                                      &result,
+                                                      &error_msg,
+                                                      TRUE, /* out warnings */
+                                                       FALSE, /* not strict */
+                                                       TRUE, /* Output warnings
+                                                                for non-
+                                                                portables */
+                                                       UTF);
+                           if (! valid) {
+                               RExC_parse = p; /* going to die anyway; point
+                                                  to exact spot of failure */
+                               vFAIL(error_msg);
+                           }
+                            ender = result;
+
+                           if (PL_encoding && ender < 0x100) {
+                               goto recode_encoding;
+                           }
+                           if (ender > 0xff) {
+                               REQUIRE_UTF8;
+                           }
+                           break;
+                       }
+                   case 'c':
+                       p++;
+                       ender = grok_bslash_c(*p++, UTF, SIZE_ONLY);
+                       break;
+                    case '8': case '9': /* must be a backreference */
+                        --p;
+                        goto loopdone;
+                    case '1': case '2': case '3':case '4':
+                   case '5': case '6': case '7':
+                        /* When we parse backslash escapes there is ambiguity between
+                         * backreferences and octal escapes. Any escape from \1 - \9 is
+                         * a backreference, any multi-digit escape which does not start with
+                         * 0 and which when evaluated as decimal could refer to an already
+                         * parsed capture buffer is a backslash. Anything else is octal.
+                         *
+                         * Note this implies that \118 could be interpreted as 118 OR as
+                         * "\11" . "8" depending on whether there were 118 capture buffers
+                         * defined already in the pattern.
+                         */
+                        if ( !isDIGIT(p[1]) || atoi(p) <= RExC_npar )
+                        {  /* Not to be treated as an octal constant, go
+                                   find backref */
+                            --p;
+                            goto loopdone;
+                        }
+                    case '0':
+                       {
+                           I32 flags = PERL_SCAN_SILENT_ILLDIGIT;
+                           STRLEN numlen = 3;
+                           ender = grok_oct(p, &numlen, &flags, NULL);
+                           if (ender > 0xff) {
+                               REQUIRE_UTF8;
+                           }
+                           p += numlen;
+                            if (SIZE_ONLY   /* like \08, \178 */
+                                && numlen < 3
+                                && p < RExC_end
+                                && isDIGIT(*p) && ckWARN(WARN_REGEXP))
+                            {
+                               reg_warn_non_literal_string(
+                                         p + 1,
+                                         form_short_octal_warning(p, numlen));
+                            }
+                       }
+                       if (PL_encoding && ender < 0x100)
+                           goto recode_encoding;
+                       break;
+                   recode_encoding:
+                       if (! RExC_override_recoding) {
+                           SV* enc = PL_encoding;
+                           ender = reg_recode((const char)(U8)ender, &enc);
+                           if (!enc && SIZE_ONLY)
+                               ckWARNreg(p, "Invalid escape in the specified encoding");
+                           REQUIRE_UTF8;
+                       }
+                       break;
+                   case '\0':
+                       if (p >= RExC_end)
+                           FAIL("Trailing \\");
+                       /* FALL THROUGH */
+                   default:
+                       if (!SIZE_ONLY&& isALPHANUMERIC(*p)) {
+                           /* Include any { following the alpha to emphasize
+                            * that it could be part of an escape at some point
+                            * in the future */
+                           int len = (isALPHA(*p) && *(p + 1) == '{') ? 2 : 1;
+                           ckWARN3reg(p + len, "Unrecognized escape \\%.*s passed through", len, p);
+                       }
+                       goto normal_default;
+                   } /* End of switch on '\' */
+                   break;
+               default:    /* A literal character */
+
+                    if (! SIZE_ONLY
+                        && RExC_flags & RXf_PMf_EXTENDED
+                        && ckWARN_d(WARN_DEPRECATED)
+                        && is_PATWS_non_low(p, UTF))
+                    {
+                        vWARN_dep(p + ((UTF) ? UTF8SKIP(p) : 1),
+                                "Escape literal pattern white space under /x");
+                    }
+
+                 normal_default:
+                   if (UTF8_IS_START(*p) && UTF) {
+                       STRLEN numlen;
+                       ender = utf8n_to_uvchr((U8*)p, RExC_end - p,
+                                              &numlen, UTF8_ALLOW_DEFAULT);
+                       p += numlen;
+                   }
+                   else
+                       ender = (U8) *p++;
+                   break;
+               } /* End of switch on the literal */
+
+               /* Here, have looked at the literal character and <ender>
+                * contains its ordinal, <p> points to the character after it
+                */
+
+               if ( RExC_flags & RXf_PMf_EXTENDED)
+                   p = regwhite( pRExC_state, p );
+
+                /* If the next thing is a quantifier, it applies to this
+                 * character only, which means that this character has to be in
+                 * its own node and can't just be appended to the string in an
+                 * existing node, so if there are already other characters in
+                 * the node, close the node with just them, and set up to do
+                 * this character again next time through, when it will be the
+                 * only thing in its new node */
+                if ((next_is_quantifier = (p < RExC_end && ISMULT2(p))) && len)
+               {
+                    p = oldp;
+                    goto loopdone;
+                }
+
+                if (! FOLD) {
+                    if (UTF) {
+                        const STRLEN unilen = reguni(pRExC_state, ender, s);
+                        if (unilen > 0) {
+                           s   += unilen;
+                           len += unilen;
+                        }
+
+                        /* The loop increments <len> each time, as all but this
+                         * path (and one other) through it add a single byte to
+                         * the EXACTish node.  But this one has changed len to
+                         * be the correct final value, so subtract one to
+                         * cancel out the increment that follows */
+                        len--;
+                    }
+                    else {
+                        REGC((char)ender, s++);
+                    }
+                }
+                else /* FOLD */
+                     if (! ( UTF
+                        /* See comments for join_exact() as to why we fold this
+                         * non-UTF at compile time */
+                        || (node_type == EXACTFU
+                            && ender == LATIN_SMALL_LETTER_SHARP_S)))
+                {
+                    *(s++) = (char) ender;
+                    maybe_exact &= ! IS_IN_SOME_FOLD_L1(ender);
+                }
+                else {  /* UTF */
+
+                    /* Prime the casefolded buffer.  Locale rules, which apply
+                     * only to code points < 256, aren't known until execution,
+                     * so for them, just output the original character using
+                     * utf8.  If we start to fold non-UTF patterns, be sure to
+                     * update join_exact() */
+                    if (LOC && ender < 256) {
+                        if (UNI_IS_INVARIANT(ender)) {
+                            *s = (U8) ender;
+                            foldlen = 1;
+                        } else {
+                            *s = UTF8_TWO_BYTE_HI(ender);
+                            *(s + 1) = UTF8_TWO_BYTE_LO(ender);
+                            foldlen = 2;
+                        }
+                    }
+                    else {
+                        UV folded = _to_uni_fold_flags(
+                                       ender,
+                                       (U8 *) s,
+                                       &foldlen,
+                                       FOLD_FLAGS_FULL
+                                       | ((LOC) ?  FOLD_FLAGS_LOCALE
+                                                : (ASCII_FOLD_RESTRICTED)
+                                                  ? FOLD_FLAGS_NOMIX_ASCII
+                                                  : 0)
+                                        );
+
+                        /* If this node only contains non-folding code points
+                         * so far, see if this new one is also non-folding */
+                        if (maybe_exact) {
+                            if (folded != ender) {
+                                maybe_exact = FALSE;
+                            }
+                            else {
+                                /* Here the fold is the original; we have
+                                 * to check further to see if anything
+                                 * folds to it */
+                                if (! PL_utf8_foldable) {
+                                    SV* swash = swash_init("utf8",
+                                                       "_Perl_Any_Folds",
+                                                       &PL_sv_undef, 1, 0);
+                                    PL_utf8_foldable =
+                                                _get_swash_invlist(swash);
+                                    SvREFCNT_dec_NN(swash);
+                                }
+                                if (_invlist_contains_cp(PL_utf8_foldable,
+                                                         ender))
+                                {
+                                    maybe_exact = FALSE;
+                                }
+                            }
+                        }
+                        ender = folded;
+                    }
+                    s += foldlen;
+
+                    /* The loop increments <len> each time, as all but this
+                     * path (and one other) through it add a single byte to the
+                     * EXACTish node.  But this one has changed len to be the
+                     * correct final value, so subtract one to cancel out the
+                     * increment that follows */
+                    len += foldlen - 1;
+               }
+
+               if (next_is_quantifier) {
+
+                    /* Here, the next input is a quantifier, and to get here,
+                     * the current character is the only one in the node.
+                     * Also, here <len> doesn't include the final byte for this
+                     * character */
+                    len++;
+                    goto loopdone;
+               }
+
+           } /* End of loop through literal characters */
+
+            /* Here we have either exhausted the input or ran out of room in
+             * the node.  (If we encountered a character that can't be in the
+             * node, transfer is made directly to <loopdone>, and so we
+             * wouldn't have fallen off the end of the loop.)  In the latter
+             * case, we artificially have to split the node into two, because
+             * we just don't have enough space to hold everything.  This
+             * creates a problem if the final character participates in a
+             * multi-character fold in the non-final position, as a match that
+             * should have occurred won't, due to the way nodes are matched,
+             * and our artificial boundary.  So back off until we find a non-
+             * problematic character -- one that isn't at the beginning or
+             * middle of such a fold.  (Either it doesn't participate in any
+             * folds, or appears only in the final position of all the folds it
+             * does participate in.)  A better solution with far fewer false
+             * positives, and that would fill the nodes more completely, would
+             * be to actually have available all the multi-character folds to
+             * test against, and to back-off only far enough to be sure that
+             * this node isn't ending with a partial one.  <upper_parse> is set
+             * further below (if we need to reparse the node) to include just
+             * up through that final non-problematic character that this code
+             * identifies, so when it is set to less than the full node, we can
+             * skip the rest of this */
+            if (FOLD && p < RExC_end && upper_parse == MAX_NODE_STRING_SIZE) {
+
+                const STRLEN full_len = len;
+
+               assert(len >= MAX_NODE_STRING_SIZE);
+
+                /* Here, <s> points to the final byte of the final character.
+                 * Look backwards through the string until find a non-
+                 * problematic character */
+
+               if (! UTF) {
+
+                    /* These two have no multi-char folds to non-UTF characters
+                     */
+                    if (ASCII_FOLD_RESTRICTED || LOC) {
+                        goto loopdone;
+                    }
+
+                    while (--s >= s0 && IS_NON_FINAL_FOLD(*s)) { }
+                    len = s - s0 + 1;
+               }
+                else {
+                    if (!  PL_NonL1NonFinalFold) {
+                        PL_NonL1NonFinalFold = _new_invlist_C_array(
+                                        NonL1_Perl_Non_Final_Folds_invlist);
+                    }
+
+                    /* Point to the first byte of the final character */
+                    s = (char *) utf8_hop((U8 *) s, -1);
+
+                    while (s >= s0) {   /* Search backwards until find
+                                           non-problematic char */
+                        if (UTF8_IS_INVARIANT(*s)) {
+
+                            /* There are no ascii characters that participate
+                             * in multi-char folds under /aa.  In EBCDIC, the
+                             * non-ascii invariants are all control characters,
+                             * so don't ever participate in any folds. */
+                            if (ASCII_FOLD_RESTRICTED
+                                || ! IS_NON_FINAL_FOLD(*s))
+                            {
+                                break;
+                            }
+                        }
+                        else if (UTF8_IS_DOWNGRADEABLE_START(*s)) {
+
+                            /* No Latin1 characters participate in multi-char
+                             * folds under /l */
+                            if (LOC
+                                || ! IS_NON_FINAL_FOLD(TWO_BYTE_UTF8_TO_UNI(
+                                                                *s, *(s+1))))
+                            {
+                                break;
+                            }
+                        }
+                        else if (! _invlist_contains_cp(
+                                        PL_NonL1NonFinalFold,
+                                        valid_utf8_to_uvchr((U8 *) s, NULL)))
+                        {
+                            break;
+                        }
+
+                        /* Here, the current character is problematic in that
+                         * it does occur in the non-final position of some
+                         * fold, so try the character before it, but have to
+                         * special case the very first byte in the string, so
+                         * we don't read outside the string */
+                        s = (s == s0) ? s -1 : (char *) utf8_hop((U8 *) s, -1);
+                    } /* End of loop backwards through the string */
+
+                    /* If there were only problematic characters in the string,
+                     * <s> will point to before s0, in which case the length
+                     * should be 0, otherwise include the length of the
+                     * non-problematic character just found */
+                    len = (s < s0) ? 0 : s - s0 + UTF8SKIP(s);
+               }
+
+                /* Here, have found the final character, if any, that is
+                 * non-problematic as far as ending the node without splitting
+                 * it across a potential multi-char fold.  <len> contains the
+                 * number of bytes in the node up-to and including that
+                 * character, or is 0 if there is no such character, meaning
+                 * the whole node contains only problematic characters.  In
+                 * this case, give up and just take the node as-is.  We can't
+                 * do any better */
+                if (len == 0) {
+                    len = full_len;
+                } else {
+
+                    /* Here, the node does contain some characters that aren't
+                     * problematic.  If one such is the final character in the
+                     * node, we are done */
+                    if (len == full_len) {
+                        goto loopdone;
+                    }
+                    else if (len + ((UTF) ? UTF8SKIP(s) : 1) == full_len) {
+
+                        /* If the final character is problematic, but the
+                         * penultimate is not, back-off that last character to
+                         * later start a new node with it */
+                        p = oldp;
+                        goto loopdone;
+                    }
+
+                    /* Here, the final non-problematic character is earlier
+                     * in the input than the penultimate character.  What we do
+                     * is reparse from the beginning, going up only as far as
+                     * this final ok one, thus guaranteeing that the node ends
+                     * in an acceptable character.  The reason we reparse is
+                     * that we know how far in the character is, but we don't
+                     * know how to correlate its position with the input parse.
+                     * An alternate implementation would be to build that
+                     * correlation as we go along during the original parse,
+                     * but that would entail extra work for every node, whereas
+                     * this code gets executed only when the string is too
+                     * large for the node, and the final two characters are
+                     * problematic, an infrequent occurrence.  Yet another
+                     * possible strategy would be to save the tail of the
+                     * string, and the next time regatom is called, initialize
+                     * with that.  The problem with this is that unless you
+                     * back off one more character, you won't be guaranteed
+                     * regatom will get called again, unless regbranch,
+                     * regpiece ... are also changed.  If you do back off that
+                     * extra character, so that there is input guaranteed to
+                     * force calling regatom, you can't handle the case where
+                     * just the first character in the node is acceptable.  I
+                     * (khw) decided to try this method which doesn't have that
+                     * pitfall; if performance issues are found, we can do a
+                     * combination of the current approach plus that one */
+                    upper_parse = len;
+                    len = 0;
+                    s = s0;
+                    goto reparse;
+                }
+           }   /* End of verifying node ends with an appropriate char */
+
+       loopdone:   /* Jumped to when encounters something that shouldn't be in
+                      the node */
+
+            /* I (khw) don't know if you can get here with zero length, but the
+             * old code handled this situation by creating a zero-length EXACT
+             * node.  Might as well be NOTHING instead */
+            if (len == 0) {
+                OP(ret) = NOTHING;
+            }
+            else{
+
+                /* If 'maybe_exact' is still set here, means there are no
+                 * code points in the node that participate in folds */
+                if (FOLD && maybe_exact) {
+                    OP(ret) = EXACT;
+                }
+                alloc_maybe_populate_EXACT(pRExC_state, ret, flagp, len, ender);
+            }
+
+           RExC_parse = p - 1;
+            Set_Node_Cur_Length(ret, parse_start);
+           nextchar(pRExC_state);
+           {
+               /* len is STRLEN which is unsigned, need to copy to signed */
+               IV iv = len;
+               if (iv < 0)
+                   vFAIL("Internal disaster");
+           }
+
+       } /* End of label 'defchar:' */
+       break;
+    } /* End of giant switch on input character */
+
+    return(ret);
+}
+
+STATIC char *
+S_regwhite( RExC_state_t *pRExC_state, char *p )
+{
+    const char *e = RExC_end;
+
+    PERL_ARGS_ASSERT_REGWHITE;
+
+    while (p < e) {
+       if (isSPACE(*p))
+           ++p;
+       else if (*p == '#') {
+            bool ended = 0;
+           do {
+               if (*p++ == '\n') {
+                   ended = 1;
+                   break;
+               }
+           } while (p < e);
+           if (!ended)
+               RExC_seen |= REG_SEEN_RUN_ON_COMMENT;
+       }
+       else
+           break;
+    }
+    return p;
+}
+
+STATIC char *
+S_regpatws( RExC_state_t *pRExC_state, char *p , const bool recognize_comment )
+{
+    /* Returns the next non-pattern-white space, non-comment character (the
+     * latter only if 'recognize_comment is true) in the string p, which is
+     * ended by RExC_end.  If there is no line break ending a comment,
+     * RExC_seen has added the REG_SEEN_RUN_ON_COMMENT flag; */
+    const char *e = RExC_end;
+
+    PERL_ARGS_ASSERT_REGPATWS;
+
+    while (p < e) {
+        STRLEN len;
+       if ((len = is_PATWS_safe(p, e, UTF))) {
+           p += len;
+        }
+       else if (recognize_comment && *p == '#') {
+            bool ended = 0;
+           do {
+                p++;
+                if (is_LNBREAK_safe(p, e, UTF)) {
+                   ended = 1;
+                   break;
+               }
+           } while (p < e);
+           if (!ended)
+               RExC_seen |= REG_SEEN_RUN_ON_COMMENT;
+       }
+       else
+           break;
+    }
+    return p;
+}
+
+/* Parse POSIX character classes: [[:foo:]], [[=foo=]], [[.foo.]].
+   Character classes ([:foo:]) can also be negated ([:^foo:]).
+   Returns a named class id (ANYOF_XXX) if successful, -1 otherwise.
+   Equivalence classes ([=foo=]) and composites ([.foo.]) are parsed,
+   but trigger failures because they are currently unimplemented. */
+
+#define POSIXCC_DONE(c)   ((c) == ':')
+#define POSIXCC_NOTYET(c) ((c) == '=' || (c) == '.')
+#define POSIXCC(c) (POSIXCC_DONE(c) || POSIXCC_NOTYET(c))
+
+PERL_STATIC_INLINE I32
+S_regpposixcc(pTHX_ RExC_state_t *pRExC_state, I32 value, const bool strict)
+{
+    dVAR;
+    I32 namedclass = OOB_NAMEDCLASS;
+
+    PERL_ARGS_ASSERT_REGPPOSIXCC;
+
+    if (value == '[' && RExC_parse + 1 < RExC_end &&
+       /* I smell either [: or [= or [. -- POSIX has been here, right? */
+       POSIXCC(UCHARAT(RExC_parse)))
+    {
+       const char c = UCHARAT(RExC_parse);
+       char* const s = RExC_parse++;
+
+       while (RExC_parse < RExC_end && UCHARAT(RExC_parse) != c)
+           RExC_parse++;
+       if (RExC_parse == RExC_end) {
+            if (strict) {
+
+                /* Try to give a better location for the error (than the end of
+                 * the string) by looking for the matching ']' */
+                RExC_parse = s;
+                while (RExC_parse < RExC_end && UCHARAT(RExC_parse) != ']') {
+                    RExC_parse++;
+                }
+                vFAIL2("Unmatched '%c' in POSIX class", c);
+            }
+           /* Grandfather lone [:, [=, [. */
+           RExC_parse = s;
+        }
+       else {
+           const char* const t = RExC_parse++; /* skip over the c */
+           assert(*t == c);
+
+           if (UCHARAT(RExC_parse) == ']') {
+               const char *posixcc = s + 1;
+               RExC_parse++; /* skip over the ending ] */
+
+               if (*s == ':') {
+                   const I32 complement = *posixcc == '^' ? *posixcc++ : 0;
+                   const I32 skip = t - posixcc;
+
+                   /* Initially switch on the length of the name.  */
+                   switch (skip) {
+                   case 4:
+                        if (memEQ(posixcc, "word", 4)) /* this is not POSIX,
+                                                          this is the Perl \w
+                                                        */
+                           namedclass = ANYOF_WORDCHAR;
+                       break;
+                   case 5:
+                       /* Names all of length 5.  */
+                       /* alnum alpha ascii blank cntrl digit graph lower
+                          print punct space upper  */
+                       /* Offset 4 gives the best switch position.  */
+                       switch (posixcc[4]) {
+                       case 'a':
+                           if (memEQ(posixcc, "alph", 4)) /* alpha */
+                               namedclass = ANYOF_ALPHA;
+                           break;
+                       case 'e':
+                           if (memEQ(posixcc, "spac", 4)) /* space */
+                               namedclass = ANYOF_PSXSPC;
+                           break;
+                       case 'h':
+                           if (memEQ(posixcc, "grap", 4)) /* graph */
+                               namedclass = ANYOF_GRAPH;
+                           break;
+                       case 'i':
+                           if (memEQ(posixcc, "asci", 4)) /* ascii */
+                               namedclass = ANYOF_ASCII;
+                           break;
+                       case 'k':
+                           if (memEQ(posixcc, "blan", 4)) /* blank */
+                               namedclass = ANYOF_BLANK;
+                           break;
+                       case 'l':
+                           if (memEQ(posixcc, "cntr", 4)) /* cntrl */
+                               namedclass = ANYOF_CNTRL;
+                           break;
+                       case 'm':
+                           if (memEQ(posixcc, "alnu", 4)) /* alnum */
+                               namedclass = ANYOF_ALPHANUMERIC;
+                           break;
+                       case 'r':
+                           if (memEQ(posixcc, "lowe", 4)) /* lower */
+                               namedclass = (FOLD) ? ANYOF_CASED : ANYOF_LOWER;
+                           else if (memEQ(posixcc, "uppe", 4)) /* upper */
+                               namedclass = (FOLD) ? ANYOF_CASED : ANYOF_UPPER;
+                           break;
+                       case 't':
+                           if (memEQ(posixcc, "digi", 4)) /* digit */
+                               namedclass = ANYOF_DIGIT;
+                           else if (memEQ(posixcc, "prin", 4)) /* print */
+                               namedclass = ANYOF_PRINT;
+                           else if (memEQ(posixcc, "punc", 4)) /* punct */
+                               namedclass = ANYOF_PUNCT;
+                           break;
+                       }
+                       break;
+                   case 6:
+                       if (memEQ(posixcc, "xdigit", 6))
+                           namedclass = ANYOF_XDIGIT;
+                       break;
+                   }
+
+                   if (namedclass == OOB_NAMEDCLASS)
+                       Simple_vFAIL3("POSIX class [:%.*s:] unknown",
+                                     t - s - 1, s + 1);
+
+                    /* The #defines are structured so each complement is +1 to
+                     * the normal one */
+                    if (complement) {
+                        namedclass++;
+                    }
+                   assert (posixcc[skip] == ':');
+                   assert (posixcc[skip+1] == ']');
+               } else if (!SIZE_ONLY) {
+                   /* [[=foo=]] and [[.foo.]] are still future. */
+
+                   /* adjust RExC_parse so the warning shows after
+                      the class closes */
+                   while (UCHARAT(RExC_parse) && UCHARAT(RExC_parse) != ']')
+                       RExC_parse++;
+                   vFAIL3("POSIX syntax [%c %c] is reserved for future extensions", c, c);
+               }
+           } else {
+               /* Maternal grandfather:
+                * "[:" ending in ":" but not in ":]" */
+                if (strict) {
+                    vFAIL("Unmatched '[' in POSIX class");
+                }
+
+                /* Grandfather lone [:, [=, [. */
+               RExC_parse = s;
+           }
+       }
+    }
+
+    return namedclass;
+}
+
+STATIC bool
+S_could_it_be_a_POSIX_class(pTHX_ RExC_state_t *pRExC_state)
+{
+    /* This applies some heuristics at the current parse position (which should
+     * be at a '[') to see if what follows might be intended to be a [:posix:]
+     * class.  It returns true if it really is a posix class, of course, but it
+     * also can return true if it thinks that what was intended was a posix
+     * class that didn't quite make it.
+     *
+     * It will return true for
+     *      [:alphanumerics:
+     *      [:alphanumerics]  (as long as the ] isn't followed immediately by a
+     *                         ')' indicating the end of the (?[
+     *      [:any garbage including %^&$ punctuation:]
+     *
+     * This is designed to be called only from S_handle_regex_sets; it could be
+     * easily adapted to be called from the spot at the beginning of regclass()
+     * that checks to see in a normal bracketed class if the surrounding []
+     * have been omitted ([:word:] instead of [[:word:]]).  But doing so would
+     * change long-standing behavior, so I (khw) didn't do that */
+    char* p = RExC_parse + 1;
+    char first_char = *p;
+
+    PERL_ARGS_ASSERT_COULD_IT_BE_A_POSIX_CLASS;
+
+    assert(*(p - 1) == '[');
+
+    if (! POSIXCC(first_char)) {
+        return FALSE;
+    }
+
+    p++;
+    while (p < RExC_end && isWORDCHAR(*p)) p++;
+
+    if (p >= RExC_end) {
+        return FALSE;
+    }
+
+    if (p - RExC_parse > 2    /* Got at least 1 word character */
+        && (*p == first_char
+            || (*p == ']' && p + 1 < RExC_end && *(p + 1) != ')')))
+    {
+        return TRUE;
+    }
+
+    p = (char *) memchr(RExC_parse, ']', RExC_end - RExC_parse);
+
+    return (p
+            && p - RExC_parse > 2 /* [:] evaluates to colon;
+                                      [::] is a bad posix class. */
+            && first_char == *(p - 1));
+}
+
+STATIC regnode *
+S_handle_regex_sets(pTHX_ RExC_state_t *pRExC_state, SV** return_invlist, I32 *flagp, U32 depth,
+                   char * const oregcomp_parse)
+{
+    /* Handle the (?[...]) construct to do set operations */
+
+    U8 curchar;
+    UV start, end;     /* End points of code point ranges */
+    SV* result_string;
+    char *save_end, *save_parse;
+    SV* final;
+    STRLEN len;
+    regnode* node;
+    AV* stack;
+    const bool save_fold = FOLD;
+
+    GET_RE_DEBUG_FLAGS_DECL;
+
+    PERL_ARGS_ASSERT_HANDLE_REGEX_SETS;
+
+    if (LOC) {
+        vFAIL("(?[...]) not valid in locale");
+    }
+    RExC_uni_semantics = 1;
+
+    /* This will return only an ANYOF regnode, or (unlikely) something smaller
+     * (such as EXACT).  Thus we can skip most everything if just sizing.  We
+     * call regclass to handle '[]' so as to not have to reinvent its parsing
+     * rules here (throwing away the size it computes each time).  And, we exit
+     * upon an unescaped ']' that isn't one ending a regclass.  To do both
+     * these things, we need to realize that something preceded by a backslash
+     * is escaped, so we have to keep track of backslashes */
+    if (SIZE_ONLY) {
+        UV depth = 0; /* how many nested (?[...]) constructs */
+
+        Perl_ck_warner_d(aTHX_
+            packWARN(WARN_EXPERIMENTAL__REGEX_SETS),
+            "The regex_sets feature is experimental" REPORT_LOCATION,
+            (int) (RExC_parse - RExC_precomp) , RExC_precomp, RExC_parse);
+
+        while (RExC_parse < RExC_end) {
+            SV* current = NULL;
+            RExC_parse = regpatws(pRExC_state, RExC_parse,
+                                TRUE); /* means recognize comments */
+            switch (*RExC_parse) {
+                case '?':
+                    if (RExC_parse[1] == '[') depth++, RExC_parse++;
+                    /* FALL THROUGH */
+                default:
+                    break;
+                case '\\':
+                    /* Skip the next byte (which could cause us to end up in
+                     * the middle of a UTF-8 character, but since none of those
+                     * are confusable with anything we currently handle in this
+                     * switch (invariants all), it's safe.  We'll just hit the
+                     * default: case next time and keep on incrementing until
+                     * we find one of the invariants we do handle. */
+                    RExC_parse++;
+                    break;
+                case '[':
+                {
+                    /* If this looks like it is a [:posix:] class, leave the
+                     * parse pointer at the '[' to fool regclass() into
+                     * thinking it is part of a '[[:posix:]]'.  That function
+                     * will use strict checking to force a syntax error if it
+                     * doesn't work out to a legitimate class */
+                    bool is_posix_class
+                                    = could_it_be_a_POSIX_class(pRExC_state);
+                    if (! is_posix_class) {
+                        RExC_parse++;
+                    }
+
+                    /* regclass() can only return RESTART_UTF8 if multi-char
+                       folds are allowed.  */
+                    if (!regclass(pRExC_state, flagp,depth+1,
+                                  is_posix_class, /* parse the whole char
+                                                     class only if not a
+                                                     posix class */
+                                  FALSE, /* don't allow multi-char folds */
+                                  TRUE, /* silence non-portable warnings. */
+                                  &current))
+                        FAIL2("panic: regclass returned NULL to handle_sets, flags=%#"UVxf"",
+                              (UV) *flagp);
+
+                    /* function call leaves parse pointing to the ']', except
+                     * if we faked it */
+                    if (is_posix_class) {
+                        RExC_parse--;
+                    }
+
+                    SvREFCNT_dec(current);   /* In case it returned something */
+                    break;
+                }
+
+                case ']':
+                    if (depth--) break;
+                    RExC_parse++;
+                    if (RExC_parse < RExC_end
+                        && *RExC_parse == ')')
+                    {
+                        node = reganode(pRExC_state, ANYOF, 0);
+                        RExC_size += ANYOF_SKIP;
+                        nextchar(pRExC_state);
+                        Set_Node_Length(node,
+                                RExC_parse - oregcomp_parse + 1); /* MJD */
+                        return node;
+                    }
+                    goto no_close;
+            }
+            RExC_parse++;
+        }
+
+        no_close:
+        FAIL("Syntax error in (?[...])");
+    }
+
+    /* Pass 2 only after this.  Everything in this construct is a
+     * metacharacter.  Operands begin with either a '\' (for an escape
+     * sequence), or a '[' for a bracketed character class.  Any other
+     * character should be an operator, or parenthesis for grouping.  Both
+     * types of operands are handled by calling regclass() to parse them.  It
+     * is called with a parameter to indicate to return the computed inversion
+     * list.  The parsing here is implemented via a stack.  Each entry on the
+     * stack is a single character representing one of the operators, or the
+     * '('; or else a pointer to an operand inversion list. */
+
+#define IS_OPERAND(a)  (! SvIOK(a))
+
+    /* The stack starts empty.  It is a syntax error if the first thing parsed
+     * is a binary operator; everything else is pushed on the stack.  When an
+     * operand is parsed, the top of the stack is examined.  If it is a binary
+     * operator, the item before it should be an operand, and both are replaced
+     * by the result of doing that operation on the new operand and the one on
+     * the stack.   Thus a sequence of binary operands is reduced to a single
+     * one before the next one is parsed.
+     *
+     * A unary operator may immediately follow a binary in the input, for
+     * example
+     *      [a] + ! [b]
+     * When an operand is parsed and the top of the stack is a unary operator,
+     * the operation is performed, and then the stack is rechecked to see if
+     * this new operand is part of a binary operation; if so, it is handled as
+     * above.
+     *
+     * A '(' is simply pushed on the stack; it is valid only if the stack is
+     * empty, or the top element of the stack is an operator or another '('
+     * (for which the parenthesized expression will become an operand).  By the
+     * time the corresponding ')' is parsed everything in between should have
+     * been parsed and evaluated to a single operand (or else is a syntax
+     * error), and is handled as a regular operand */
+
+    sv_2mortal((SV *)(stack = newAV()));
+
+    while (RExC_parse < RExC_end) {
+        I32 top_index = av_tindex(stack);
+        SV** top_ptr;
+        SV* current = NULL;
+
+        /* Skip white space */
+        RExC_parse = regpatws(pRExC_state, RExC_parse,
+                                TRUE); /* means recognize comments */
+        if (RExC_parse >= RExC_end) {
+            Perl_croak(aTHX_ "panic: Read past end of '(?[ ])'");
+        }
+        if ((curchar = UCHARAT(RExC_parse)) == ']') {
+            break;
+        }
+
+        switch (curchar) {
+
+            case '?':
+                if (av_tindex(stack) >= 0   /* This makes sure that we can
+                                               safely subtract 1 from
+                                               RExC_parse in the next clause.
+                                               If we have something on the
+                                               stack, we have parsed something
+                                             */
+                    && UCHARAT(RExC_parse - 1) == '('
+                    && RExC_parse < RExC_end)
+                {
+                    /* If is a '(?', could be an embedded '(?flags:(?[...])'.
+                     * This happens when we have some thing like
+                     *
+                     *   my $thai_or_lao = qr/(?[ \p{Thai} + \p{Lao} ])/;
+                     *   ...
+                     *   qr/(?[ \p{Digit} & $thai_or_lao ])/;
+                     *
+                     * Here we would be handling the interpolated
+                     * '$thai_or_lao'.  We handle this by a recursive call to
+                     * ourselves which returns the inversion list the
+                     * interpolated expression evaluates to.  We use the flags
+                     * from the interpolated pattern. */
+                    U32 save_flags = RExC_flags;
+                    const char * const save_parse = ++RExC_parse;
+
+                    parse_lparen_question_flags(pRExC_state);
+
+                    if (RExC_parse == save_parse  /* Makes sure there was at
+                                                     least one flag (or this
+                                                     embedding wasn't compiled)
+                                                   */
+                        || RExC_parse >= RExC_end - 4
+                        || UCHARAT(RExC_parse) != ':'
+                        || UCHARAT(++RExC_parse) != '('
+                        || UCHARAT(++RExC_parse) != '?'
+                        || UCHARAT(++RExC_parse) != '[')
+                    {
+
+                        /* In combination with the above, this moves the
+                         * pointer to the point just after the first erroneous
+                         * character (or if there are no flags, to where they
+                         * should have been) */
+                        if (RExC_parse >= RExC_end - 4) {
+                            RExC_parse = RExC_end;
+                        }
+                        else if (RExC_parse != save_parse) {
+                            RExC_parse += (UTF) ? UTF8SKIP(RExC_parse) : 1;
+                        }
+                        vFAIL("Expecting '(?flags:(?[...'");
+                    }
+                    RExC_parse++;
+                    (void) handle_regex_sets(pRExC_state, &current, flagp,
+                                                    depth+1, oregcomp_parse);
+
+                    /* Here, 'current' contains the embedded expression's
+                     * inversion list, and RExC_parse points to the trailing
+                     * ']'; the next character should be the ')' which will be
+                     * paired with the '(' that has been put on the stack, so
+                     * the whole embedded expression reduces to '(operand)' */
+                    RExC_parse++;
+
+                    RExC_flags = save_flags;
+                    goto handle_operand;
+                }
+                /* FALL THROUGH */
+
+            default:
+                RExC_parse += (UTF) ? UTF8SKIP(RExC_parse) : 1;
+                vFAIL("Unexpected character");
+
+            case '\\':
+                /* regclass() can only return RESTART_UTF8 if multi-char
+                   folds are allowed.  */
+                if (!regclass(pRExC_state, flagp,depth+1,
+                              TRUE, /* means parse just the next thing */
+                              FALSE, /* don't allow multi-char folds */
+                              FALSE, /* don't silence non-portable warnings.  */
+                              &current))
+                    FAIL2("panic: regclass returned NULL to handle_sets, flags=%#"UVxf"",
+                          (UV) *flagp);
+                /* regclass() will return with parsing just the \ sequence,
+                 * leaving the parse pointer at the next thing to parse */
+                RExC_parse--;
+                goto handle_operand;
+
+            case '[':   /* Is a bracketed character class */
+            {
+                bool is_posix_class = could_it_be_a_POSIX_class(pRExC_state);
+
+                if (! is_posix_class) {
+                    RExC_parse++;
+                }
+
+                /* regclass() can only return RESTART_UTF8 if multi-char
+                   folds are allowed.  */
+                if(!regclass(pRExC_state, flagp,depth+1,
+                             is_posix_class, /* parse the whole char class
+                                                only if not a posix class */
+                             FALSE, /* don't allow multi-char folds */
+                             FALSE, /* don't silence non-portable warnings.  */
+                             &current))
+                    FAIL2("panic: regclass returned NULL to handle_sets, flags=%#"UVxf"",
+                          (UV) *flagp);
+                /* function call leaves parse pointing to the ']', except if we
+                 * faked it */
+                if (is_posix_class) {
+                    RExC_parse--;
+                }
+
+                goto handle_operand;
+            }
+
+            case '&':
+            case '|':
+            case '+':
+            case '-':
+            case '^':
+                if (top_index < 0
+                    || ( ! (top_ptr = av_fetch(stack, top_index, FALSE)))
+                    || ! IS_OPERAND(*top_ptr))
+                {
+                    RExC_parse++;
+                    vFAIL2("Unexpected binary operator '%c' with no preceding operand", curchar);
+                }
+                av_push(stack, newSVuv(curchar));
+                break;
+
+            case '!':
+                av_push(stack, newSVuv(curchar));
+                break;
+
+            case '(':
+                if (top_index >= 0) {
+                    top_ptr = av_fetch(stack, top_index, FALSE);
+                    assert(top_ptr);
+                    if (IS_OPERAND(*top_ptr)) {
+                        RExC_parse++;
+                        vFAIL("Unexpected '(' with no preceding operator");
+                    }
+                }
+                av_push(stack, newSVuv(curchar));
+                break;
+
+            case ')':
+            {
+                SV* lparen;
+                if (top_index < 1
+                    || ! (current = av_pop(stack))
+                    || ! IS_OPERAND(current)
+                    || ! (lparen = av_pop(stack))
+                    || IS_OPERAND(lparen)
+                    || SvUV(lparen) != '(')
+                {
+                    SvREFCNT_dec(current);
+                    RExC_parse++;
+                    vFAIL("Unexpected ')'");
+                }
+                top_index -= 2;
+                SvREFCNT_dec_NN(lparen);
+
+                /* FALL THROUGH */
+            }
+
+              handle_operand:
+
+                /* Here, we have an operand to process, in 'current' */
+
+                if (top_index < 0) {    /* Just push if stack is empty */
+                    av_push(stack, current);
+                }
+                else {
+                    SV* top = av_pop(stack);
+                    SV *prev = NULL;
+                    char current_operator;
+
+                    if (IS_OPERAND(top)) {
+                        SvREFCNT_dec_NN(top);
+                        SvREFCNT_dec_NN(current);
+                        vFAIL("Operand with no preceding operator");
+                    }
+                    current_operator = (char) SvUV(top);
+                    switch (current_operator) {
+                        case '(':   /* Push the '(' back on followed by the new
+                                       operand */
+                            av_push(stack, top);
+                            av_push(stack, current);
+                            SvREFCNT_inc(top);  /* Counters the '_dec' done
+                                                   just after the 'break', so
+                                                   it doesn't get wrongly freed
+                                                 */
+                            break;
+
+                        case '!':
+                            _invlist_invert(current);
+
+                            /* Unlike binary operators, the top of the stack,
+                             * now that this unary one has been popped off, may
+                             * legally be an operator, and we now have operand
+                             * for it. */
+                            top_index--;
+                            SvREFCNT_dec_NN(top);
+                            goto handle_operand;
+
+                        case '&':
+                            prev = av_pop(stack);
+                            _invlist_intersection(prev,
+                                                   current,
+                                                   &current);
+                            av_push(stack, current);
+                            break;
+
+                        case '|':
+                        case '+':
+                            prev = av_pop(stack);
+                            _invlist_union(prev, current, &current);
+                            av_push(stack, current);
+                            break;
+
+                        case '-':
+                            prev = av_pop(stack);;
+                            _invlist_subtract(prev, current, &current);
+                            av_push(stack, current);
+                            break;
+
+                        case '^':   /* The union minus the intersection */
+                        {
+                            SV* i = NULL;
+                            SV* u = NULL;
+                            SV* element;
+
+                            prev = av_pop(stack);
+                            _invlist_union(prev, current, &u);
+                            _invlist_intersection(prev, current, &i);
+                            /* _invlist_subtract will overwrite current
+                                without freeing what it already contains */
+                            element = current;
+                            _invlist_subtract(u, i, &current);
+                            av_push(stack, current);
+                            SvREFCNT_dec_NN(i);
+                            SvREFCNT_dec_NN(u);
+                            SvREFCNT_dec_NN(element);
+                            break;
+                        }
+
+                        default:
+                            Perl_croak(aTHX_ "panic: Unexpected item on '(?[ ])' stack");
+                }
+                SvREFCNT_dec_NN(top);
+                SvREFCNT_dec(prev);
+            }
+        }
+
+        RExC_parse += (UTF) ? UTF8SKIP(RExC_parse) : 1;
+    }
+
+    if (av_tindex(stack) < 0   /* Was empty */
+        || ((final = av_pop(stack)) == NULL)
+        || ! IS_OPERAND(final)
+        || av_tindex(stack) >= 0)  /* More left on stack */
+    {
+        vFAIL("Incomplete expression within '(?[ ])'");
+    }
+
+    /* Here, 'final' is the resultant inversion list from evaluating the
+     * expression.  Return it if so requested */
+    if (return_invlist) {
+        *return_invlist = final;
+        return END;
+    }
+
+    /* Otherwise generate a resultant node, based on 'final'.  regclass() is
+     * expecting a string of ranges and individual code points */
+    invlist_iterinit(final);
+    result_string = newSVpvs("");
+    while (invlist_iternext(final, &start, &end)) {
+        if (start == end) {
+            Perl_sv_catpvf(aTHX_ result_string, "\\x{%"UVXf"}", start);
+        }
+        else {
+            Perl_sv_catpvf(aTHX_ result_string, "\\x{%"UVXf"}-\\x{%"UVXf"}",
+                                                     start,          end);
+        }
+    }
+
+    save_parse = RExC_parse;
+    RExC_parse = SvPV(result_string, len);
+    save_end = RExC_end;
+    RExC_end = RExC_parse + len;
+
+    /* We turn off folding around the call, as the class we have constructed
+     * already has all folding taken into consideration, and we don't want
+     * regclass() to add to that */
+    RExC_flags &= ~RXf_PMf_FOLD;
+    /* regclass() can only return RESTART_UTF8 if multi-char folds are allowed.
+     */
+    node = regclass(pRExC_state, flagp,depth+1,
+                    FALSE, /* means parse the whole char class */
+                    FALSE, /* don't allow multi-char folds */
+                    TRUE, /* silence non-portable warnings.  The above may very
+                             well have generated non-portable code points, but
+                             they're valid on this machine */
+                    NULL);
+    if (!node)
+        FAIL2("panic: regclass returned NULL to handle_sets, flags=%#"UVxf,
+                    PTR2UV(flagp));
+    if (save_fold) {
+        RExC_flags |= RXf_PMf_FOLD;
+    }
+    RExC_parse = save_parse + 1;
+    RExC_end = save_end;
+    SvREFCNT_dec_NN(final);
+    SvREFCNT_dec_NN(result_string);
+
+    nextchar(pRExC_state);
+    Set_Node_Length(node, RExC_parse - oregcomp_parse + 1); /* MJD */
+    return node;
+}
+#undef IS_OPERAND
+
+/* The names of properties whose definitions are not known at compile time are
+ * stored in this SV, after a constant heading.  So if the length has been
+ * changed since initialization, then there is a run-time definition. */
+#define HAS_NONLOCALE_RUNTIME_PROPERTY_DEFINITION (SvCUR(listsv) != initial_listsv_len)
+
+STATIC regnode *
+S_regclass(pTHX_ RExC_state_t *pRExC_state, I32 *flagp, U32 depth,
+                 const bool stop_at_1,  /* Just parse the next thing, don't
+                                           look for a full character class */
+                 bool allow_multi_folds,
+                 const bool silence_non_portable,   /* Don't output warnings
+                                                       about too large
+                                                       characters */
+                 SV** ret_invlist)  /* Return an inversion list, not a node */
+{
+    /* parse a bracketed class specification.  Most of these will produce an
+     * ANYOF node; but something like [a] will produce an EXACT node; [aA], an
+     * EXACTFish node; [[:ascii:]], a POSIXA node; etc.  It is more complex
+     * under /i with multi-character folds: it will be rewritten following the
+     * paradigm of this example, where the <multi-fold>s are characters which
+     * fold to multiple character sequences:
+     *      /[abc\x{multi-fold1}def\x{multi-fold2}ghi]/i
+     * gets effectively rewritten as:
+     *      /(?:\x{multi-fold1}|\x{multi-fold2}|[abcdefghi]/i
+     * reg() gets called (recursively) on the rewritten version, and this
+     * function will return what it constructs.  (Actually the <multi-fold>s
+     * aren't physically removed from the [abcdefghi], it's just that they are
+     * ignored in the recursion by means of a flag:
+     * <RExC_in_multi_char_class>.)
+     *
+     * ANYOF nodes contain a bit map for the first 256 characters, with the
+     * corresponding bit set if that character is in the list.  For characters
+     * above 255, a range list or swash is used.  There are extra bits for \w,
+     * etc. in locale ANYOFs, as what these match is not determinable at
+     * compile time
+     *
+     * Returns NULL, setting *flagp to RESTART_UTF8 if the sizing scan needs
+     * to be restarted.  This can only happen if ret_invlist is non-NULL.
+     */
+
+    dVAR;
+    UV prevvalue = OOB_UNICODE, save_prevvalue = OOB_UNICODE;
+    IV range = 0;
+    UV value = OOB_UNICODE, save_value = OOB_UNICODE;
+    regnode *ret;
+    STRLEN numlen;
+    IV namedclass = OOB_NAMEDCLASS;
+    char *rangebegin = NULL;
+    bool need_class = 0;
+    SV *listsv = NULL;
+    STRLEN initial_listsv_len = 0; /* Kind of a kludge to see if it is more
+                                     than just initialized.  */
+    SV* properties = NULL;    /* Code points that match \p{} \P{} */
+    SV* posixes = NULL;     /* Code points that match classes like, [:word:],
+                               extended beyond the Latin1 range */
+    UV element_count = 0;   /* Number of distinct elements in the class.
+                              Optimizations may be possible if this is tiny */
+    AV * multi_char_matches = NULL; /* Code points that fold to more than one
+                                       character; used under /i */
+    UV n;
+    char * stop_ptr = RExC_end;    /* where to stop parsing */
+    const bool skip_white = cBOOL(ret_invlist); /* ignore unescaped white
+                                                   space? */
+    const bool strict = cBOOL(ret_invlist); /* Apply strict parsing rules? */
+
+    /* Unicode properties are stored in a swash; this holds the current one
+     * being parsed.  If this swash is the only above-latin1 component of the
+     * character class, an optimization is to pass it directly on to the
+     * execution engine.  Otherwise, it is set to NULL to indicate that there
+     * are other things in the class that have to be dealt with at execution
+     * time */
+    SV* swash = NULL;          /* Code points that match \p{} \P{} */
+
+    /* Set if a component of this character class is user-defined; just passed
+     * on to the engine */
+    bool has_user_defined_property = FALSE;
+
+    /* inversion list of code points this node matches only when the target
+     * string is in UTF-8.  (Because is under /d) */
+    SV* depends_list = NULL;
+
+    /* inversion list of code points this node matches.  For much of the
+     * function, it includes only those that match regardless of the utf8ness
+     * of the target string */
+    SV* cp_list = NULL;
+
+#ifdef EBCDIC
+    /* In a range, counts how many 0-2 of the ends of it came from literals,
+     * not escapes.  Thus we can tell if 'A' was input vs \x{C1} */
+    UV literal_endpoint = 0;
+#endif
+    bool invert = FALSE;    /* Is this class to be complemented */
+
+    /* Is there any thing like \W or [:^digit:] that matches above the legal
+     * Unicode range? */
+    bool runtime_posix_matches_above_Unicode = FALSE;
+
+    regnode * const orig_emit = RExC_emit; /* Save the original RExC_emit in
+        case we need to change the emitted regop to an EXACT. */
+    const char * orig_parse = RExC_parse;
+    const I32 orig_size = RExC_size;
+    GET_RE_DEBUG_FLAGS_DECL;
+
+    PERL_ARGS_ASSERT_REGCLASS;
+#ifndef DEBUGGING
+    PERL_UNUSED_ARG(depth);
+#endif
+
+    DEBUG_PARSE("clas");
+
+    /* Assume we are going to generate an ANYOF node. */
+    ret = reganode(pRExC_state, ANYOF, 0);
+
+    if (SIZE_ONLY) {
+       RExC_size += ANYOF_SKIP;
+       listsv = &PL_sv_undef; /* For code scanners: listsv always non-NULL. */
+    }
+    else {
+        ANYOF_FLAGS(ret) = 0;
+
+       RExC_emit += ANYOF_SKIP;
+       if (LOC) {
+           ANYOF_FLAGS(ret) |= ANYOF_LOCALE;
+       }
+       listsv = newSVpvs_flags("# comment\n", SVs_TEMP);
+       initial_listsv_len = SvCUR(listsv);
+        SvTEMP_off(listsv); /* Grr, TEMPs and mortals are conflated.  */
+    }
+
+    if (skip_white) {
+        RExC_parse = regpatws(pRExC_state, RExC_parse,
+                              FALSE /* means don't recognize comments */);
+    }
+
+    if (UCHARAT(RExC_parse) == '^') {  /* Complement of range. */
+       RExC_parse++;
+        invert = TRUE;
+        allow_multi_folds = FALSE;
+        RExC_naughty++;
+        if (skip_white) {
+            RExC_parse = regpatws(pRExC_state, RExC_parse,
+                                  FALSE /* means don't recognize comments */);
+        }
+    }
+
+    /* Check that they didn't say [:posix:] instead of [[:posix:]] */
+    if (!SIZE_ONLY && RExC_parse < RExC_end && POSIXCC(UCHARAT(RExC_parse))) {
+       const char *s = RExC_parse;
+       const char  c = *s++;
+
+       while (isWORDCHAR(*s))
+           s++;
+       if (*s && c == *s && s[1] == ']') {
+           SAVEFREESV(RExC_rx_sv);
+           ckWARN3reg(s+2,
+                      "POSIX syntax [%c %c] belongs inside character classes",
+                      c, c);
+           (void)ReREFCNT_inc(RExC_rx_sv);
+       }
+    }
+
+    /* If the caller wants us to just parse a single element, accomplish this
+     * by faking the loop ending condition */
+    if (stop_at_1 && RExC_end > RExC_parse) {
+        stop_ptr = RExC_parse + 1;
+    }
+
+    /* allow 1st char to be ']' (allowing it to be '-' is dealt with later) */
+    if (UCHARAT(RExC_parse) == ']')
+       goto charclassloop;
+
+parseit:
+    while (1) {
+        if  (RExC_parse >= stop_ptr) {
+            break;
+        }
+
+        if (skip_white) {
+            RExC_parse = regpatws(pRExC_state, RExC_parse,
+                                  FALSE /* means don't recognize comments */);
+        }
+
+        if  (UCHARAT(RExC_parse) == ']') {
+            break;
+        }
+
+    charclassloop:
+
+       namedclass = OOB_NAMEDCLASS; /* initialize as illegal */
+        save_value = value;
+        save_prevvalue = prevvalue;
+
+       if (!range) {
+           rangebegin = RExC_parse;
+           element_count++;
+       }
+       if (UTF) {
+           value = utf8n_to_uvchr((U8*)RExC_parse,
+                                  RExC_end - RExC_parse,
+                                  &numlen, UTF8_ALLOW_DEFAULT);
+           RExC_parse += numlen;
+       }
+       else
+           value = UCHARAT(RExC_parse++);
+
+        if (value == '['
+            && RExC_parse < RExC_end
+            && POSIXCC(UCHARAT(RExC_parse)))
+        {
+            namedclass = regpposixcc(pRExC_state, value, strict);
+        }
+        else if (value == '\\') {
+           if (UTF) {
+               value = utf8n_to_uvchr((U8*)RExC_parse,
+                                  RExC_end - RExC_parse,
+                                  &numlen, UTF8_ALLOW_DEFAULT);
+               RExC_parse += numlen;
+           }
+           else
+               value = UCHARAT(RExC_parse++);
+
+           /* Some compilers cannot handle switching on 64-bit integer
+            * values, therefore value cannot be an UV.  Yes, this will
+            * be a problem later if we want switch on Unicode.
+            * A similar issue a little bit later when switching on
+            * namedclass. --jhi */
+
+            /* If the \ is escaping white space when white space is being
+             * skipped, it means that that white space is wanted literally, and
+             * is already in 'value'.  Otherwise, need to translate the escape
+             * into what it signifies. */
+            if (! skip_white || ! is_PATWS_cp(value)) switch ((I32)value) {
+
+           case 'w':   namedclass = ANYOF_WORDCHAR;    break;
+           case 'W':   namedclass = ANYOF_NWORDCHAR;   break;
+           case 's':   namedclass = ANYOF_SPACE;       break;
+           case 'S':   namedclass = ANYOF_NSPACE;      break;
+           case 'd':   namedclass = ANYOF_DIGIT;       break;
+           case 'D':   namedclass = ANYOF_NDIGIT;      break;
+           case 'v':   namedclass = ANYOF_VERTWS;      break;
+           case 'V':   namedclass = ANYOF_NVERTWS;     break;
+           case 'h':   namedclass = ANYOF_HORIZWS;     break;
+           case 'H':   namedclass = ANYOF_NHORIZWS;    break;
+            case 'N':  /* Handle \N{NAME} in class */
+                {
+                    /* We only pay attention to the first char of 
+                    multichar strings being returned. I kinda wonder
+                    if this makes sense as it does change the behaviour
+                    from earlier versions, OTOH that behaviour was broken
+                    as well. */
+                    if (! grok_bslash_N(pRExC_state, NULL, &value, flagp, depth,
+                                      TRUE, /* => charclass */
+                                      strict))
+                    {
+                        if (*flagp & RESTART_UTF8)
+                            FAIL("panic: grok_bslash_N set RESTART_UTF8");
+                        goto parseit;
+                    }
+                }
+                break;
+           case 'p':
+           case 'P':
+               {
+               char *e;
+
+                /* We will handle any undefined properties ourselves */
+                U8 swash_init_flags = _CORE_SWASH_INIT_RETURN_IF_UNDEF;
+
+               if (RExC_parse >= RExC_end)
+                   vFAIL2("Empty \\%c{}", (U8)value);
+               if (*RExC_parse == '{') {
+                   const U8 c = (U8)value;
+                   e = strchr(RExC_parse++, '}');
+                    if (!e)
+                        vFAIL2("Missing right brace on \\%c{}", c);
+                   while (isSPACE(UCHARAT(RExC_parse)))
+                       RExC_parse++;
+                    if (e == RExC_parse)
+                        vFAIL2("Empty \\%c{}", c);
+                   n = e - RExC_parse;
+                   while (isSPACE(UCHARAT(RExC_parse + n - 1)))
+                       n--;
+               }
+               else {
+                   e = RExC_parse;
+                   n = 1;
+               }
+               if (!SIZE_ONLY) {
+                    SV* invlist;
+                    char* name;
+
+                   if (UCHARAT(RExC_parse) == '^') {
+                        RExC_parse++;
+                        n--;
+                         /* toggle.  (The rhs xor gets the single bit that
+                          * differs between P and p; the other xor inverts just
+                          * that bit) */
+                         value ^= 'P' ^ 'p';
+
+                        while (isSPACE(UCHARAT(RExC_parse))) {
+                             RExC_parse++;
+                             n--;
+                        }
+                   }
+                    /* Try to get the definition of the property into
+                     * <invlist>.  If /i is in effect, the effective property
+                     * will have its name be <__NAME_i>.  The design is
+                     * discussed in commit
+                     * 2f833f5208e26b208886e51e09e2c072b5eabb46 */
+                    Newx(name, n + sizeof("_i__\n"), char);
+
+                    sprintf(name, "%s%.*s%s\n",
+                                    (FOLD) ? "__" : "",
+                                    (int)n,
+                                    RExC_parse,
+                                    (FOLD) ? "_i" : ""
+                    );
+
+                    /* Look up the property name, and get its swash and
+                     * inversion list, if the property is found  */
+                    if (swash) {
+                        SvREFCNT_dec_NN(swash);
+                    }
+                    swash = _core_swash_init("utf8", name, &PL_sv_undef,
+                                             1, /* binary */
+                                             0, /* not tr/// */
+                                             NULL, /* No inversion list */
+                                             &swash_init_flags
+                                            );
+                    if (! swash || ! (invlist = _get_swash_invlist(swash))) {
+                        if (swash) {
+                            SvREFCNT_dec_NN(swash);
+                            swash = NULL;
+                        }
+
+                        /* Here didn't find it.  It could be a user-defined
+                         * property that will be available at run-time.  If we
+                         * accept only compile-time properties, is an error;
+                         * otherwise add it to the list for run-time look up */
+                        if (ret_invlist) {
+                            RExC_parse = e + 1;
+                            vFAIL3("Property '%.*s' is unknown", (int) n, name);
+                        }
+                        Perl_sv_catpvf(aTHX_ listsv, "%cutf8::%s\n",
+                                        (value == 'p' ? '+' : '!'),
+                                        name);
+                        has_user_defined_property = TRUE;
+
+                        /* We don't know yet, so have to assume that the
+                         * property could match something in the Latin1 range,
+                         * hence something that isn't utf8.  Note that this
+                         * would cause things in <depends_list> to match
+                         * inappropriately, except that any \p{}, including
+                         * this one forces Unicode semantics, which means there
+                         * is <no depends_list> */
+                        ANYOF_FLAGS(ret) |= ANYOF_NONBITMAP_NON_UTF8;
+                    }
+                    else {
+
+                        /* Here, did get the swash and its inversion list.  If
+                         * the swash is from a user-defined property, then this
+                         * whole character class should be regarded as such */
+                        has_user_defined_property =
+                                    (swash_init_flags
+                                     & _CORE_SWASH_INIT_USER_DEFINED_PROPERTY);
+
+                        /* Invert if asking for the complement */
+                        if (value == 'P') {
+                           _invlist_union_complement_2nd(properties,
+                                                          invlist,
+                                                          &properties);
+
+                            /* The swash can't be used as-is, because we've
+                            * inverted things; delay removing it to here after
+                            * have copied its invlist above */
+                            SvREFCNT_dec_NN(swash);
+                            swash = NULL;
+                        }
+                        else {
+                            _invlist_union(properties, invlist, &properties);
+                       }
+                   }
+                   Safefree(name);
+               }
+               RExC_parse = e + 1;
+                namedclass = ANYOF_UNIPROP;  /* no official name, but it's
+                                                named */
+
+               /* \p means they want Unicode semantics */
+               RExC_uni_semantics = 1;
+               }
+               break;
+           case 'n':   value = '\n';                   break;
+           case 'r':   value = '\r';                   break;
+           case 't':   value = '\t';                   break;
+           case 'f':   value = '\f';                   break;
+           case 'b':   value = '\b';                   break;
+           case 'e':   value = ASCII_TO_NATIVE('\033');break;
+           case 'a':   value = ASCII_TO_NATIVE('\007');break;
+           case 'o':
+               RExC_parse--;   /* function expects to be pointed at the 'o' */
+               {
+                   const char* error_msg;
+                   bool valid = grok_bslash_o(&RExC_parse,
+                                              &value,
+                                              &error_msg,
+                                               SIZE_ONLY,   /* warnings in pass
+                                                               1 only */
+                                               strict,
+                                               silence_non_portable,
+                                               UTF);
+                   if (! valid) {
+                       vFAIL(error_msg);
+                   }
+               }
+               if (PL_encoding && value < 0x100) {
+                   goto recode_encoding;
+               }
+               break;
+           case 'x':
+               RExC_parse--;   /* function expects to be pointed at the 'x' */
+               {
+                   const char* error_msg;
+                   bool valid = grok_bslash_x(&RExC_parse,
+                                              &value,
+                                              &error_msg,
+                                              TRUE, /* Output warnings */
+                                               strict,
+                                               silence_non_portable,
+                                               UTF);
+                    if (! valid) {
+                       vFAIL(error_msg);
+                   }
+               }
+               if (PL_encoding && value < 0x100)
+                   goto recode_encoding;
+               break;
+           case 'c':
+               value = grok_bslash_c(*RExC_parse++, UTF, SIZE_ONLY);
+               break;
+           case '0': case '1': case '2': case '3': case '4':
+           case '5': case '6': case '7':
+               {
+                   /* Take 1-3 octal digits */
+                   I32 flags = PERL_SCAN_SILENT_ILLDIGIT;
+                    numlen = (strict) ? 4 : 3;
+                    value = grok_oct(--RExC_parse, &numlen, &flags, NULL);
+                   RExC_parse += numlen;
+                    if (numlen != 3) {
+                        if (strict) {
+                            RExC_parse += (UTF) ? UTF8SKIP(RExC_parse) : 1;
+                            vFAIL("Need exactly 3 octal digits");
+                        }
+                        else if (! SIZE_ONLY /* like \08, \178 */
+                                 && numlen < 3
+                                 && RExC_parse < RExC_end
+                                 && isDIGIT(*RExC_parse)
+                                 && ckWARN(WARN_REGEXP))
+                        {
+                            SAVEFREESV(RExC_rx_sv);
+                            reg_warn_non_literal_string(
+                                 RExC_parse + 1,
+                                 form_short_octal_warning(RExC_parse, numlen));
+                            (void)ReREFCNT_inc(RExC_rx_sv);
+                        }
+                    }
+                   if (PL_encoding && value < 0x100)
+                       goto recode_encoding;
+                   break;
+               }
+           recode_encoding:
+               if (! RExC_override_recoding) {
+                   SV* enc = PL_encoding;
+                   value = reg_recode((const char)(U8)value, &enc);
+                   if (!enc) {
+                        if (strict) {
+                            vFAIL("Invalid escape in the specified encoding");
+                        }
+                        else if (SIZE_ONLY) {
+                            ckWARNreg(RExC_parse,
+                                 "Invalid escape in the specified encoding");
+                        }
+                    }
+                   break;
+               }
+           default:
+               /* Allow \_ to not give an error */
+               if (!SIZE_ONLY && isWORDCHAR(value) && value != '_') {
+                    if (strict) {
+                        vFAIL2("Unrecognized escape \\%c in character class",
+                               (int)value);
+                    }
+                    else {
+                        SAVEFREESV(RExC_rx_sv);
+                        ckWARN2reg(RExC_parse,
+                            "Unrecognized escape \\%c in character class passed through",
+                            (int)value);
+                        (void)ReREFCNT_inc(RExC_rx_sv);
+                    }
+               }
+               break;
+           }   /* End of switch on char following backslash */
+       } /* end of handling backslash escape sequences */
+#ifdef EBCDIC
+        else
+            literal_endpoint++;
+#endif
+
+        /* Here, we have the current token in 'value' */
+
+        /* What matches in a locale is not known until runtime.  This includes
+         * what the Posix classes (like \w, [:space:]) match.  Room must be
+         * reserved (one time per class) to store such classes, either if Perl
+         * is compiled so that locale nodes always should have this space, or
+         * if there is such class info to be stored.  The space will contain a
+         * bit for each named class that is to be matched against.  This isn't
+         * needed for \p{} and pseudo-classes, as they are not affected by
+         * locale, and hence are dealt with separately */
+        if (LOC
+            && ! need_class
+            && (ANYOF_LOCALE == ANYOF_CLASS
+                || (namedclass > OOB_NAMEDCLASS && namedclass < ANYOF_MAX)))
+        {
+            need_class = 1;
+            if (SIZE_ONLY) {
+                RExC_size += ANYOF_CLASS_SKIP - ANYOF_SKIP;
+            }
+            else {
+                RExC_emit += ANYOF_CLASS_SKIP - ANYOF_SKIP;
+                ANYOF_CLASS_ZERO(ret);
+            }
+            ANYOF_FLAGS(ret) |= ANYOF_CLASS;
+        }
+
+       if (namedclass > OOB_NAMEDCLASS) { /* this is a named class \blah */
+
+           /* a bad range like a-\d, a-[:digit:].  The '-' is taken as a
+            * literal, as is the character that began the false range, i.e.
+            * the 'a' in the examples */
+           if (range) {
+               if (!SIZE_ONLY) {
+                   const int w = (RExC_parse >= rangebegin)
+                                  ? RExC_parse - rangebegin
+                                  : 0;
+                    if (strict) {
+                        vFAIL4("False [] range \"%*.*s\"", w, w, rangebegin);
+                    }
+                    else {
+                        SAVEFREESV(RExC_rx_sv); /* in case of fatal warnings */
+                        ckWARN4reg(RExC_parse,
+                                "False [] range \"%*.*s\"",
+                                w, w, rangebegin);
+                        (void)ReREFCNT_inc(RExC_rx_sv);
+                        cp_list = add_cp_to_invlist(cp_list, '-');
+                        cp_list = add_cp_to_invlist(cp_list, prevvalue);
+                    }
+               }
+
+               range = 0; /* this was not a true range */
+                element_count += 2; /* So counts for three values */
+           }
+
+           if (! SIZE_ONLY) {
+                U8 classnum = namedclass_to_classnum(namedclass);
+                if (namedclass >= ANYOF_MAX) {  /* If a special class */
+                    if (namedclass != ANYOF_UNIPROP) { /* UNIPROP = \p and \P */
+
+                        /* Here, should be \h, \H, \v, or \V.  Neither /d nor
+                         * /l make a difference in what these match.  There
+                         * would be problems if these characters had folds
+                         * other than themselves, as cp_list is subject to
+                         * folding. */
+                        if (classnum != _CC_VERTSPACE) {
+                            assert(   namedclass == ANYOF_HORIZWS
+                                   || namedclass == ANYOF_NHORIZWS);
+
+                            /* It turns out that \h is just a synonym for
+                             * XPosixBlank */
+                            classnum = _CC_BLANK;
+                        }
+
+                        _invlist_union_maybe_complement_2nd(
+                                cp_list,
+                                PL_XPosix_ptrs[classnum],
+                                cBOOL(namedclass % 2), /* Complement if odd
+                                                          (NHORIZWS, NVERTWS)
+                                                        */
+                                &cp_list);
+                    }
+                }
+                else if (classnum == _CC_ASCII) {
+#ifdef HAS_ISASCII
+                    if (LOC) {
+                        ANYOF_CLASS_SET(ret, namedclass);
+                    }
+                    else
+#endif  /* Not isascii(); just use the hard-coded definition for it */
+                        _invlist_union_maybe_complement_2nd(
+                                posixes,
+                                PL_ASCII,
+                                cBOOL(namedclass % 2), /* Complement if odd
+                                                          (NASCII) */
+                                &posixes);
+                }
+                else {  /* Garden variety class */
+
+                    /* The ascii range inversion list */
+                    SV* ascii_source = PL_Posix_ptrs[classnum];
+
+                    /* The full Latin1 range inversion list */
+                    SV* l1_source = PL_L1Posix_ptrs[classnum];
+
+                    /* This code is structured into two major clauses.  The
+                     * first is for classes whose complete definitions may not
+                     * already be known.  It not, the Latin1 definition
+                     * (guaranteed to already known) is used plus code is
+                     * generated to load the rest at run-time (only if needed).
+                     * If the complete definition is known, it drops down to
+                     * the second clause, where the complete definition is
+                     * known */
+
+                    if (classnum < _FIRST_NON_SWASH_CC) {
+
+                        /* Here, the class has a swash, which may or not
+                         * already be loaded */
+
+                        /* The name of the property to use to match the full
+                         * eXtended Unicode range swash for this character
+                         * class */
+                        const char *Xname = swash_property_names[classnum];
+
+                        /* If returning the inversion list, we can't defer
+                         * getting this until runtime */
+                        if (ret_invlist && !  PL_utf8_swash_ptrs[classnum]) {
+                            PL_utf8_swash_ptrs[classnum] =
+                                _core_swash_init("utf8", Xname, &PL_sv_undef,
+                                             1, /* binary */
+                                             0, /* not tr/// */
+                                             NULL, /* No inversion list */
+                                             NULL  /* No flags */
+                                            );
+                            assert(PL_utf8_swash_ptrs[classnum]);
+                        }
+                        if ( !  PL_utf8_swash_ptrs[classnum]) {
+                            if (namedclass % 2 == 0) { /* A non-complemented
+                                                          class */
+                                /* If not /a matching, there are code points we
+                                 * don't know at compile time.  Arrange for the
+                                 * unknown matches to be loaded at run-time, if
+                                 * needed */
+                                if (! AT_LEAST_ASCII_RESTRICTED) {
+                                    Perl_sv_catpvf(aTHX_ listsv, "+utf8::%s\n",
+                                                                 Xname);
+                                }
+                                if (LOC) {  /* Under locale, set run-time
+                                               lookup */
+                                    ANYOF_CLASS_SET(ret, namedclass);
+                                }
+                                else {
+                                    /* Add the current class's code points to
+                                     * the running total */
+                                    _invlist_union(posixes,
+                                                   (AT_LEAST_ASCII_RESTRICTED)
+                                                        ? ascii_source
+                                                        : l1_source,
+                                                   &posixes);
+                                }
+                            }
+                            else {  /* A complemented class */
+                                if (AT_LEAST_ASCII_RESTRICTED) {
+                                    /* Under /a should match everything above
+                                     * ASCII, plus the complement of the set's
+                                     * ASCII matches */
+                                    _invlist_union_complement_2nd(posixes,
+                                                                  ascii_source,
+                                                                  &posixes);
+                                }
+                                else {
+                                    /* Arrange for the unknown matches to be
+                                     * loaded at run-time, if needed */
+                                    Perl_sv_catpvf(aTHX_ listsv, "!utf8::%s\n",
+                                                                 Xname);
+                                    runtime_posix_matches_above_Unicode = TRUE;
+                                    if (LOC) {
+                                        ANYOF_CLASS_SET(ret, namedclass);
+                                    }
+                                    else {
+
+                                        /* We want to match everything in
+                                         * Latin1, except those things that
+                                         * l1_source matches */
+                                        SV* scratch_list = NULL;
+                                        _invlist_subtract(PL_Latin1, l1_source,
+                                                          &scratch_list);
+
+                                        /* Add the list from this class to the
+                                         * running total */
+                                        if (! posixes) {
+                                            posixes = scratch_list;
+                                        }
+                                        else {
+                                            _invlist_union(posixes,
+                                                           scratch_list,
+                                                           &posixes);
+                                            SvREFCNT_dec_NN(scratch_list);
+                                        }
+                                        if (DEPENDS_SEMANTICS) {
+                                            ANYOF_FLAGS(ret)
+                                                  |= ANYOF_NON_UTF8_LATIN1_ALL;
+                                        }
+                                    }
+                                }
+                            }
+                            goto namedclass_done;
+                        }
+
+                        /* Here, there is a swash loaded for the class.  If no
+                         * inversion list for it yet, get it */
+                        if (! PL_XPosix_ptrs[classnum]) {
+                            PL_XPosix_ptrs[classnum]
+                             = _swash_to_invlist(PL_utf8_swash_ptrs[classnum]);
+                        }
+                    }
+
+                    /* Here there is an inversion list already loaded for the
+                     * entire class */
+
+                    if (namedclass % 2 == 0) {  /* A non-complemented class,
+                                                   like ANYOF_PUNCT */
+                        if (! LOC) {
+                            /* For non-locale, just add it to any existing list
+                             * */
+                            _invlist_union(posixes,
+                                           (AT_LEAST_ASCII_RESTRICTED)
+                                               ? ascii_source
+                                               : PL_XPosix_ptrs[classnum],
+                                           &posixes);
+                        }
+                        else {  /* Locale */
+                            SV* scratch_list = NULL;
+
+                            /* For above Latin1 code points, we use the full
+                             * Unicode range */
+                            _invlist_intersection(PL_AboveLatin1,
+                                                  PL_XPosix_ptrs[classnum],
+                                                  &scratch_list);
+                            /* And set the output to it, adding instead if
+                             * there already is an output.  Checking if
+                             * 'posixes' is NULL first saves an extra clone.
+                             * Its reference count will be decremented at the
+                             * next union, etc, or if this is the only
+                             * instance, at the end of the routine */
+                            if (! posixes) {
+                                posixes = scratch_list;
+                            }
+                            else {
+                                _invlist_union(posixes, scratch_list, &posixes);
+                                SvREFCNT_dec_NN(scratch_list);
+                            }
+
+#ifndef HAS_ISBLANK
+                            if (namedclass != ANYOF_BLANK) {
+#endif
+                                /* Set this class in the node for runtime
+                                 * matching */
+                                ANYOF_CLASS_SET(ret, namedclass);
+#ifndef HAS_ISBLANK
+                            }
+                            else {
+                                /* No isblank(), use the hard-coded ASCII-range
+                                 * blanks, adding them to the running total. */
+
+                                _invlist_union(posixes, ascii_source, &posixes);
+                            }
+#endif
+                        }
+                    }
+                    else {  /* A complemented class, like ANYOF_NPUNCT */
+                        if (! LOC) {
+                            _invlist_union_complement_2nd(
+                                                posixes,
+                                                (AT_LEAST_ASCII_RESTRICTED)
+                                                    ? ascii_source
+                                                    : PL_XPosix_ptrs[classnum],
+                                                &posixes);
+                            /* Under /d, everything in the upper half of the
+                             * Latin1 range matches this complement */
+                            if (DEPENDS_SEMANTICS) {
+                                ANYOF_FLAGS(ret) |= ANYOF_NON_UTF8_LATIN1_ALL;
+                            }
+                        }
+                        else {  /* Locale */
+                            SV* scratch_list = NULL;
+                            _invlist_subtract(PL_AboveLatin1,
+                                              PL_XPosix_ptrs[classnum],
+                                              &scratch_list);
+                            if (! posixes) {
+                                posixes = scratch_list;
+                            }
+                            else {
+                                _invlist_union(posixes, scratch_list, &posixes);
+                                SvREFCNT_dec_NN(scratch_list);
+                            }
+#ifndef HAS_ISBLANK
+                            if (namedclass != ANYOF_NBLANK) {
+#endif
+                                ANYOF_CLASS_SET(ret, namedclass);
+#ifndef HAS_ISBLANK
+                            }
+                            else {
+                                /* Get the list of all code points in Latin1
+                                 * that are not ASCII blanks, and add them to
+                                 * the running total */
+                                _invlist_subtract(PL_Latin1, ascii_source,
+                                                  &scratch_list);
+                                _invlist_union(posixes, scratch_list, &posixes);
+                                SvREFCNT_dec_NN(scratch_list);
+                            }
+#endif
+                        }
+                    }
+                }
+              namedclass_done:
+               continue;   /* Go get next character */
+           }
+       } /* end of namedclass \blah */
+
+        /* Here, we have a single value.  If 'range' is set, it is the ending
+         * of a range--check its validity.  Later, we will handle each
+         * individual code point in the range.  If 'range' isn't set, this
+         * could be the beginning of a range, so check for that by looking
+         * ahead to see if the next real character to be processed is the range
+         * indicator--the minus sign */
+
+        if (skip_white) {
+            RExC_parse = regpatws(pRExC_state, RExC_parse,
+                                FALSE /* means don't recognize comments */);
+        }
+
+       if (range) {
+           if (prevvalue > value) /* b-a */ {
+               const int w = RExC_parse - rangebegin;
+               Simple_vFAIL4("Invalid [] range \"%*.*s\"", w, w, rangebegin);
+               range = 0; /* not a valid range */
+           }
+       }
+       else {
+            prevvalue = value; /* save the beginning of the potential range */
+            if (! stop_at_1     /* Can't be a range if parsing just one thing */
+                && *RExC_parse == '-')
+            {
+                char* next_char_ptr = RExC_parse + 1;
+                if (skip_white) {   /* Get the next real char after the '-' */
+                    next_char_ptr = regpatws(pRExC_state,
+                                             RExC_parse + 1,
+                                             FALSE); /* means don't recognize
+                                                        comments */
+                }
+
+                /* If the '-' is at the end of the class (just before the ']',
+                 * it is a literal minus; otherwise it is a range */
+                if (next_char_ptr < RExC_end && *next_char_ptr != ']') {
+                    RExC_parse = next_char_ptr;
+
+                    /* a bad range like \w-, [:word:]- ? */
+                    if (namedclass > OOB_NAMEDCLASS) {
+                        if (strict || ckWARN(WARN_REGEXP)) {
+                            const int w =
+                                RExC_parse >= rangebegin ?
+                                RExC_parse - rangebegin : 0;
+                            if (strict) {
+                                vFAIL4("False [] range \"%*.*s\"",
+                                    w, w, rangebegin);
+                            }
+                            else {
+                                vWARN4(RExC_parse,
+                                    "False [] range \"%*.*s\"",
+                                    w, w, rangebegin);
+                            }
+                        }
+                        if (!SIZE_ONLY) {
+                            cp_list = add_cp_to_invlist(cp_list, '-');
+                        }
+                        element_count++;
+                    } else
+                        range = 1;     /* yeah, it's a range! */
+                    continue;  /* but do it the next time */
+                }
+           }
+       }
+
+        /* Here, <prevvalue> is the beginning of the range, if any; or <value>
+         * if not */
+
+       /* non-Latin1 code point implies unicode semantics.  Must be set in
+        * pass1 so is there for the whole of pass 2 */
+       if (value > 255) {
+           RExC_uni_semantics = 1;
+       }
+
+        /* Ready to process either the single value, or the completed range.
+         * For single-valued non-inverted ranges, we consider the possibility
+         * of multi-char folds.  (We made a conscious decision to not do this
+         * for the other cases because it can often lead to non-intuitive
+         * results.  For example, you have the peculiar case that:
+         *  "s s" =~ /^[^\xDF]+$/i => Y
+         *  "ss"  =~ /^[^\xDF]+$/i => N
+         *
+         * See [perl #89750] */
+        if (FOLD && allow_multi_folds && value == prevvalue) {
+            if (value == LATIN_SMALL_LETTER_SHARP_S
+                || (value > 255 && _invlist_contains_cp(PL_HasMultiCharFold,
+                                                        value)))
+            {
+                /* Here <value> is indeed a multi-char fold.  Get what it is */
+
+                U8 foldbuf[UTF8_MAXBYTES_CASE];
+                STRLEN foldlen;
+
+                UV folded = _to_uni_fold_flags(
+                                value,
+                                foldbuf,
+                                &foldlen,
+                                FOLD_FLAGS_FULL
+                                | ((LOC) ?  FOLD_FLAGS_LOCALE
+                                            : (ASCII_FOLD_RESTRICTED)
+                                              ? FOLD_FLAGS_NOMIX_ASCII
+                                              : 0)
+                                );
+
+                /* Here, <folded> should be the first character of the
+                 * multi-char fold of <value>, with <foldbuf> containing the
+                 * whole thing.  But, if this fold is not allowed (because of
+                 * the flags), <fold> will be the same as <value>, and should
+                 * be processed like any other character, so skip the special
+                 * handling */
+                if (folded != value) {
+
+                    /* Skip if we are recursed, currently parsing the class
+                     * again.  Otherwise add this character to the list of
+                     * multi-char folds. */
+                    if (! RExC_in_multi_char_class) {
+                        AV** this_array_ptr;
+                        AV* this_array;
+                        STRLEN cp_count = utf8_length(foldbuf,
+                                                      foldbuf + foldlen);
+                        SV* multi_fold = sv_2mortal(newSVpvn("", 0));
+
+                        Perl_sv_catpvf(aTHX_ multi_fold, "\\x{%"UVXf"}", value);
+
+
+                        if (! multi_char_matches) {
+                            multi_char_matches = newAV();
+                        }
+
+                        /* <multi_char_matches> is actually an array of arrays.
+                         * There will be one or two top-level elements: [2],
+                         * and/or [3].  The [2] element is an array, each
+                         * element thereof is a character which folds to TWO
+                         * characters; [3] is for folds to THREE characters.
+                         * (Unicode guarantees a maximum of 3 characters in any
+                         * fold.)  When we rewrite the character class below,
+                         * we will do so such that the longest folds are
+                         * written first, so that it prefers the longest
+                         * matching strings first.  This is done even if it
+                         * turns out that any quantifier is non-greedy, out of
+                         * programmer laziness.  Tom Christiansen has agreed
+                         * that this is ok.  This makes the test for the
+                         * ligature 'ffi' come before the test for 'ff' */
+                        if (av_exists(multi_char_matches, cp_count)) {
+                            this_array_ptr = (AV**) av_fetch(multi_char_matches,
+                                                             cp_count, FALSE);
+                            this_array = *this_array_ptr;
+                        }
+                        else {
+                            this_array = newAV();
+                            av_store(multi_char_matches, cp_count,
+                                     (SV*) this_array);
+                        }
+                        av_push(this_array, multi_fold);
+                    }
+
+                    /* This element should not be processed further in this
+                     * class */
+                    element_count--;
+                    value = save_value;
+                    prevvalue = save_prevvalue;
+                    continue;
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        /* Deal with this element of the class */
+       if (! SIZE_ONLY) {
+#ifndef EBCDIC
+            cp_list = _add_range_to_invlist(cp_list, prevvalue, value);
+#else
+            SV* this_range = _new_invlist(1);
+            _append_range_to_invlist(this_range, prevvalue, value);
+
+            /* In EBCDIC, the ranges 'A-Z' and 'a-z' are each not contiguous.
+             * If this range was specified using something like 'i-j', we want
+             * to include only the 'i' and the 'j', and not anything in
+             * between, so exclude non-ASCII, non-alphabetics from it.
+             * However, if the range was specified with something like
+             * [\x89-\x91] or [\x89-j], all code points within it should be
+             * included.  literal_endpoint==2 means both ends of the range used
+             * a literal character, not \x{foo} */
+           if (literal_endpoint == 2
+                && (prevvalue >= 'a' && value <= 'z')
+                    || (prevvalue >= 'A' && value <= 'Z'))
+            {
+                _invlist_intersection(this_range, PL_Posix_ptrs[_CC_ALPHA],
+                                      &this_range);
+            }
+            _invlist_union(cp_list, this_range, &cp_list);
+            literal_endpoint = 0;
+#endif
+        }
+
+       range = 0; /* this range (if it was one) is done now */
+    } /* End of loop through all the text within the brackets */
+
+    /* If anything in the class expands to more than one character, we have to
+     * deal with them by building up a substitute parse string, and recursively
+     * calling reg() on it, instead of proceeding */
+    if (multi_char_matches) {
+       SV * substitute_parse = newSVpvn_flags("?:", 2, SVs_TEMP);
+        I32 cp_count;
+       STRLEN len;
+       char *save_end = RExC_end;
+       char *save_parse = RExC_parse;
+        bool first_time = TRUE;     /* First multi-char occurrence doesn't get
+                                       a "|" */
+        I32 reg_flags;
+
+        assert(! invert);
+#if 0   /* Have decided not to deal with multi-char folds in inverted classes,
+           because too confusing */
+        if (invert) {
+            sv_catpv(substitute_parse, "(?:");
+        }
+#endif
+
+        /* Look at the longest folds first */
+        for (cp_count = av_len(multi_char_matches); cp_count > 0; cp_count--) {
+
+            if (av_exists(multi_char_matches, cp_count)) {
+                AV** this_array_ptr;
+                SV* this_sequence;
+
+                this_array_ptr = (AV**) av_fetch(multi_char_matches,
+                                                 cp_count, FALSE);
+                while ((this_sequence = av_pop(*this_array_ptr)) !=
+                                                                &PL_sv_undef)
+                {
+                    if (! first_time) {
+                        sv_catpv(substitute_parse, "|");
+                    }
+                    first_time = FALSE;
+
+                    sv_catpv(substitute_parse, SvPVX(this_sequence));
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        /* If the character class contains anything else besides these
+         * multi-character folds, have to include it in recursive parsing */
+        if (element_count) {
+            sv_catpv(substitute_parse, "|[");
+            sv_catpvn(substitute_parse, orig_parse, RExC_parse - orig_parse);
+            sv_catpv(substitute_parse, "]");
+        }
+
+        sv_catpv(substitute_parse, ")");
+#if 0
+        if (invert) {
+            /* This is a way to get the parse to skip forward a whole named
+             * sequence instead of matching the 2nd character when it fails the
+             * first */
+            sv_catpv(substitute_parse, "(*THEN)(*SKIP)(*FAIL)|.)");
+        }
+#endif
+
+       RExC_parse = SvPV(substitute_parse, len);
+       RExC_end = RExC_parse + len;
+        RExC_in_multi_char_class = 1;
+        RExC_emit = (regnode *)orig_emit;
+
+       ret = reg(pRExC_state, 1, &reg_flags, depth+1);
+
+       *flagp |= reg_flags&(HASWIDTH|SIMPLE|SPSTART|POSTPONED|RESTART_UTF8);
+
+       RExC_parse = save_parse;
+       RExC_end = save_end;
+       RExC_in_multi_char_class = 0;
+        SvREFCNT_dec_NN(multi_char_matches);
+        return ret;
+    }
+
+    /* If the character class contains only a single element, it may be
+     * optimizable into another node type which is smaller and runs faster.
+     * Check if this is the case for this class */
+    if (element_count == 1 && ! ret_invlist) {
+        U8 op = END;
+        U8 arg = 0;
+
+        if (namedclass > OOB_NAMEDCLASS) { /* this is a named class, like \w or
+                                              [:digit:] or \p{foo} */
+
+            /* All named classes are mapped into POSIXish nodes, with its FLAG
+             * argument giving which class it is */
+            switch ((I32)namedclass) {
+                case ANYOF_UNIPROP:
+                    break;
+
+                /* These don't depend on the charset modifiers.  They always
+                 * match under /u rules */
+                case ANYOF_NHORIZWS:
+                case ANYOF_HORIZWS:
+                    namedclass = ANYOF_BLANK + namedclass - ANYOF_HORIZWS;
+                    /* FALLTHROUGH */
+
+                case ANYOF_NVERTWS:
+                case ANYOF_VERTWS:
+                    op = POSIXU;
+                    goto join_posix;
+
+                /* The actual POSIXish node for all the rest depends on the
+                 * charset modifier.  The ones in the first set depend only on
+                 * ASCII or, if available on this platform, locale */
+                case ANYOF_ASCII:
+                case ANYOF_NASCII:
+#ifdef HAS_ISASCII
+                    op = (LOC) ? POSIXL : POSIXA;
+#else
+                    op = POSIXA;
+#endif
+                    goto join_posix;
+
+                case ANYOF_NCASED:
+                case ANYOF_LOWER:
+                case ANYOF_NLOWER:
+                case ANYOF_UPPER:
+                case ANYOF_NUPPER:
+                    /* under /a could be alpha */
+                    if (FOLD) {
+                        if (ASCII_RESTRICTED) {
+                            namedclass = ANYOF_ALPHA + (namedclass % 2);
+                        }
+                        else if (! LOC) {
+                            break;
+                        }
+                    }
+                    /* FALLTHROUGH */
+
+                /* The rest have more possibilities depending on the charset.
+                 * We take advantage of the enum ordering of the charset
+                 * modifiers to get the exact node type, */
+                default:
+                    op = POSIXD + get_regex_charset(RExC_flags);
+                    if (op > POSIXA) { /* /aa is same as /a */
+                        op = POSIXA;
+                    }
+#ifndef HAS_ISBLANK
+                    if (op == POSIXL
+                        && (namedclass == ANYOF_BLANK
+                            || namedclass == ANYOF_NBLANK))
+                    {
+                        op = POSIXA;
+                    }
+#endif
+
+                join_posix:
+                    /* The odd numbered ones are the complements of the
+                     * next-lower even number one */
+                    if (namedclass % 2 == 1) {
+                        invert = ! invert;
+                        namedclass--;
+                    }
+                    arg = namedclass_to_classnum(namedclass);
+                    break;
+            }
+        }
+        else if (value == prevvalue) {
+
+            /* Here, the class consists of just a single code point */
+
+            if (invert) {
+                if (! LOC && value == '\n') {
+                    op = REG_ANY; /* Optimize [^\n] */
+                    *flagp |= HASWIDTH|SIMPLE;
+                    RExC_naughty++;
+                }
+            }
+            else if (value < 256 || UTF) {
+
+                /* Optimize a single value into an EXACTish node, but not if it
+                 * would require converting the pattern to UTF-8. */
+                op = compute_EXACTish(pRExC_state);
+            }
+        } /* Otherwise is a range */
+        else if (! LOC) {   /* locale could vary these */
+            if (prevvalue == '0') {
+                if (value == '9') {
+                    arg = _CC_DIGIT;
+                    op = POSIXA;
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        /* Here, we have changed <op> away from its initial value iff we found
+         * an optimization */
+        if (op != END) {
+
+            /* Throw away this ANYOF regnode, and emit the calculated one,
+             * which should correspond to the beginning, not current, state of
+             * the parse */
+            const char * cur_parse = RExC_parse;
+            RExC_parse = (char *)orig_parse;
+            if ( SIZE_ONLY) {
+                if (! LOC) {
+
+                    /* To get locale nodes to not use the full ANYOF size would
+                     * require moving the code above that writes the portions
+                     * of it that aren't in other nodes to after this point.
+                     * e.g.  ANYOF_CLASS_SET */
+                    RExC_size = orig_size;
+                }
+            }
+            else {
+                RExC_emit = (regnode *)orig_emit;
+                if (PL_regkind[op] == POSIXD) {
+                    if (invert) {
+                        op += NPOSIXD - POSIXD;
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+
+            ret = reg_node(pRExC_state, op);
+
+            if (PL_regkind[op] == POSIXD || PL_regkind[op] == NPOSIXD) {
+                if (! SIZE_ONLY) {
+                    FLAGS(ret) = arg;
+                }
+                *flagp |= HASWIDTH|SIMPLE;
+            }
+            else if (PL_regkind[op] == EXACT) {
+                alloc_maybe_populate_EXACT(pRExC_state, ret, flagp, 0, value);
+            }
+
+            RExC_parse = (char *) cur_parse;
+
+            SvREFCNT_dec(posixes);
+            SvREFCNT_dec(cp_list);
+            return ret;
+        }
+    }
+
+    if (SIZE_ONLY)
+        return ret;
+    /****** !SIZE_ONLY (Pass 2) AFTER HERE *********/
+
+    /* If folding, we calculate all characters that could fold to or from the
+     * ones already on the list */
+    if (FOLD && cp_list) {
+       UV start, end;  /* End points of code point ranges */
+
+       SV* fold_intersection = NULL;
+
+        /* If the highest code point is within Latin1, we can use the
+         * compiled-in Alphas list, and not have to go out to disk.  This
+         * yields two false positives, the masculine and feminine ordinal
+         * indicators, which are weeded out below using the
+         * IS_IN_SOME_FOLD_L1() macro */
+        if (invlist_highest(cp_list) < 256) {
+            _invlist_intersection(PL_L1Posix_ptrs[_CC_ALPHA], cp_list,
+                                                           &fold_intersection);
+        }
+        else {
+
+            /* Here, there are non-Latin1 code points, so we will have to go
+             * fetch the list of all the characters that participate in folds
+             */
+            if (! PL_utf8_foldable) {
+                SV* swash = swash_init("utf8", "_Perl_Any_Folds",
+                                       &PL_sv_undef, 1, 0);
+                PL_utf8_foldable = _get_swash_invlist(swash);
+                SvREFCNT_dec_NN(swash);
+            }
+
+            /* This is a hash that for a particular fold gives all characters
+             * that are involved in it */
+            if (! PL_utf8_foldclosures) {
+
+                /* If we were unable to find any folds, then we likely won't be
+                 * able to find the closures.  So just create an empty list.
+                 * Folding will effectively be restricted to the non-Unicode
+                 * rules hard-coded into Perl.  (This case happens legitimately
+                 * during compilation of Perl itself before the Unicode tables
+                 * are generated) */
+                if (_invlist_len(PL_utf8_foldable) == 0) {
+                    PL_utf8_foldclosures = newHV();
+                }
+                else {
+                    /* If the folds haven't been read in, call a fold function
+                     * to force that */
+                    if (! PL_utf8_tofold) {
+                        U8 dummy[UTF8_MAXBYTES+1];
+
+                        /* This string is just a short named one above \xff */
+                        to_utf8_fold((U8*) HYPHEN_UTF8, dummy, NULL);
+                        assert(PL_utf8_tofold); /* Verify that worked */
+                    }
+                    PL_utf8_foldclosures =
+                                    _swash_inversion_hash(PL_utf8_tofold);
+                }
+            }
+
+            /* Only the characters in this class that participate in folds need
+             * be checked.  Get the intersection of this class and all the
+             * possible characters that are foldable.  This can quickly narrow
+             * down a large class */
+            _invlist_intersection(PL_utf8_foldable, cp_list,
+                                  &fold_intersection);
+        }
+
+       /* Now look at the foldable characters in this class individually */
+       invlist_iterinit(fold_intersection);
+       while (invlist_iternext(fold_intersection, &start, &end)) {
+           UV j;
+
+            /* Locale folding for Latin1 characters is deferred until runtime */
+            if (LOC && start < 256) {
+                start = 256;
+            }
+
+           /* Look at every character in the range */
+           for (j = start; j <= end; j++) {
+
+               U8 foldbuf[UTF8_MAXBYTES_CASE+1];
+               STRLEN foldlen;
+                SV** listp;
+
+                if (j < 256) {
+
+                    /* We have the latin1 folding rules hard-coded here so that
+                     * an innocent-looking character class, like /[ks]/i won't
+                     * have to go out to disk to find the possible matches.
+                     * XXX It would be better to generate these via regen, in
+                     * case a new version of the Unicode standard adds new
+                     * mappings, though that is not really likely, and may be
+                     * caught by the default: case of the switch below. */
+
+                    if (IS_IN_SOME_FOLD_L1(j)) {
+
+                        /* ASCII is always matched; non-ASCII is matched only
+                         * under Unicode rules */
+                        if (isASCII(j) || AT_LEAST_UNI_SEMANTICS) {
+                            cp_list =
+                                add_cp_to_invlist(cp_list, PL_fold_latin1[j]);
+                        }
+                        else {
+                            depends_list =
+                             add_cp_to_invlist(depends_list, PL_fold_latin1[j]);
+                        }
+                    }
+
+                    if (HAS_NONLATIN1_FOLD_CLOSURE(j)
+                        && (! isASCII(j) || ! ASCII_FOLD_RESTRICTED))
+                    {
+                        /* Certain Latin1 characters have matches outside
+                         * Latin1.  To get here, <j> is one of those
+                         * characters.   None of these matches is valid for
+                         * ASCII characters under /aa, which is why the 'if'
+                         * just above excludes those.  These matches only
+                         * happen when the target string is utf8.  The code
+                         * below adds the single fold closures for <j> to the
+                         * inversion list. */
+                        switch (j) {
+                            case 'k':
+                            case 'K':
+                                cp_list =
+                                    add_cp_to_invlist(cp_list, KELVIN_SIGN);
+                                break;
+                            case 's':
+                            case 'S':
+                                cp_list = add_cp_to_invlist(cp_list,
+                                                    LATIN_SMALL_LETTER_LONG_S);
+                                break;
+                            case MICRO_SIGN:
+                                cp_list = add_cp_to_invlist(cp_list,
+                                                    GREEK_CAPITAL_LETTER_MU);
+                                cp_list = add_cp_to_invlist(cp_list,
+                                                    GREEK_SMALL_LETTER_MU);
+                                break;
+                            case LATIN_CAPITAL_LETTER_A_WITH_RING_ABOVE:
+                            case LATIN_SMALL_LETTER_A_WITH_RING_ABOVE:
+                                cp_list =
+                                    add_cp_to_invlist(cp_list, ANGSTROM_SIGN);
+                                break;
+                            case LATIN_SMALL_LETTER_Y_WITH_DIAERESIS:
+                                cp_list = add_cp_to_invlist(cp_list,
+                                        LATIN_CAPITAL_LETTER_Y_WITH_DIAERESIS);
+                                break;
+                            case LATIN_SMALL_LETTER_SHARP_S:
+                                cp_list = add_cp_to_invlist(cp_list,
+                                                LATIN_CAPITAL_LETTER_SHARP_S);
+                                break;
+                            case 'F': case 'f':
+                            case 'I': case 'i':
+                            case 'L': case 'l':
+                            case 'T': case 't':
+                            case 'A': case 'a':
+                            case 'H': case 'h':
+                            case 'J': case 'j':
+                            case 'N': case 'n':
+                            case 'W': case 'w':
+                            case 'Y': case 'y':
+                                /* These all are targets of multi-character
+                                 * folds from code points that require UTF8 to
+                                 * express, so they can't match unless the
+                                 * target string is in UTF-8, so no action here
+                                 * is necessary, as regexec.c properly handles
+                                 * the general case for UTF-8 matching and
+                                 * multi-char folds */
+                                break;
+                            default:
+                                /* Use deprecated warning to increase the
+                                 * chances of this being output */
+                                ckWARN2reg_d(RExC_parse, "Perl folding rules are not up-to-date for 0x%"UVXf"; please use the perlbug utility to report;", j);
+                                break;
+                        }
+                    }
+                    continue;
+                }
+
+                /* Here is an above Latin1 character.  We don't have the rules
+                 * hard-coded for it.  First, get its fold.  This is the simple
+                 * fold, as the multi-character folds have been handled earlier
+                 * and separated out */
+               _to_uni_fold_flags(j, foldbuf, &foldlen,
+                                               ((LOC)
+                                               ? FOLD_FLAGS_LOCALE
+                                               : (ASCII_FOLD_RESTRICTED)
+                                                  ? FOLD_FLAGS_NOMIX_ASCII
+                                                  : 0));
+
+                /* Single character fold of above Latin1.  Add everything in
+                 * its fold closure to the list that this node should match.
+                 * The fold closures data structure is a hash with the keys
+                 * being the UTF-8 of every character that is folded to, like
+                 * 'k', and the values each an array of all code points that
+                 * fold to its key.  e.g. [ 'k', 'K', KELVIN_SIGN ].
+                 * Multi-character folds are not included */
+                if ((listp = hv_fetch(PL_utf8_foldclosures,
+                                      (char *) foldbuf, foldlen, FALSE)))
+                {
+                    AV* list = (AV*) *listp;
+                    IV k;
+                    for (k = 0; k <= av_len(list); k++) {
+                        SV** c_p = av_fetch(list, k, FALSE);
+                        UV c;
+                        if (c_p == NULL) {
+                            Perl_croak(aTHX_ "panic: invalid PL_utf8_foldclosures structure");
+                        }
+                        c = SvUV(*c_p);
+
+                        /* /aa doesn't allow folds between ASCII and non-; /l
+                         * doesn't allow them between above and below 256 */
+                        if ((ASCII_FOLD_RESTRICTED
+                                  && (isASCII(c) != isASCII(j)))
+                            || (LOC && c < 256)) {
+                            continue;
+                        }
+
+                        /* Folds involving non-ascii Latin1 characters
+                         * under /d are added to a separate list */
+                        if (isASCII(c) || c > 255 || AT_LEAST_UNI_SEMANTICS)
+                        {
+                            cp_list = add_cp_to_invlist(cp_list, c);
+                        }
+                        else {
+                          depends_list = add_cp_to_invlist(depends_list, c);
+                        }
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+       }
+       SvREFCNT_dec_NN(fold_intersection);
+    }
+
+    /* And combine the result (if any) with any inversion list from posix
+     * classes.  The lists are kept separate up to now because we don't want to
+     * fold the classes (folding of those is automatically handled by the swash
+     * fetching code) */
+    if (posixes) {
+        if (! DEPENDS_SEMANTICS) {
+            if (cp_list) {
+                _invlist_union(cp_list, posixes, &cp_list);
+                SvREFCNT_dec_NN(posixes);
+            }
+            else {
+                cp_list = posixes;
+            }
+        }
+        else {
+            /* Under /d, we put into a separate list the Latin1 things that
+             * match only when the target string is utf8 */
+            SV* nonascii_but_latin1_properties = NULL;
+            _invlist_intersection(posixes, PL_Latin1,
+                                  &nonascii_but_latin1_properties);
+            _invlist_subtract(nonascii_but_latin1_properties, PL_ASCII,
+                              &nonascii_but_latin1_properties);
+            _invlist_subtract(posixes, nonascii_but_latin1_properties,
+                              &posixes);
+            if (cp_list) {
+                _invlist_union(cp_list, posixes, &cp_list);
+                SvREFCNT_dec_NN(posixes);
+            }
+            else {
+                cp_list = posixes;
+            }
+
+            if (depends_list) {
+                _invlist_union(depends_list, nonascii_but_latin1_properties,
+                               &depends_list);
+                SvREFCNT_dec_NN(nonascii_but_latin1_properties);
+            }
+            else {
+                depends_list = nonascii_but_latin1_properties;
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    /* And combine the result (if any) with any inversion list from properties.
+     * The lists are kept separate up to now so that we can distinguish the two
+     * in regards to matching above-Unicode.  A run-time warning is generated
+     * if a Unicode property is matched against a non-Unicode code point. But,
+     * we allow user-defined properties to match anything, without any warning,
+     * and we also suppress the warning if there is a portion of the character
+     * class that isn't a Unicode property, and which matches above Unicode, \W
+     * or [\x{110000}] for example.
+     * (Note that in this case, unlike the Posix one above, there is no
+     * <depends_list>, because having a Unicode property forces Unicode
+     * semantics */
+    if (properties) {
+        bool warn_super = ! has_user_defined_property;
+        if (cp_list) {
+
+            /* If it matters to the final outcome, see if a non-property
+             * component of the class matches above Unicode.  If so, the
+             * warning gets suppressed.  This is true even if just a single
+             * such code point is specified, as though not strictly correct if
+             * another such code point is matched against, the fact that they
+             * are using above-Unicode code points indicates they should know
+             * the issues involved */
+            if (warn_super) {
+                bool non_prop_matches_above_Unicode =
+                            runtime_posix_matches_above_Unicode
+                            | (invlist_highest(cp_list) > PERL_UNICODE_MAX);
+                if (invert) {
+                    non_prop_matches_above_Unicode =
+                                            !  non_prop_matches_above_Unicode;
+                }
+                warn_super = ! non_prop_matches_above_Unicode;
+            }
+
+            _invlist_union(properties, cp_list, &cp_list);
+            SvREFCNT_dec_NN(properties);
+        }
+        else {
+            cp_list = properties;
+        }
+
+        if (warn_super) {
+            OP(ret) = ANYOF_WARN_SUPER;
+        }
+    }
+
+    /* Here, we have calculated what code points should be in the character
+     * class.
+     *
+     * Now we can see about various optimizations.  Fold calculation (which we
+     * did above) needs to take place before inversion.  Otherwise /[^k]/i
+     * would invert to include K, which under /i would match k, which it
+     * shouldn't.  Therefore we can't invert folded locale now, as it won't be
+     * folded until runtime */
+
+    /* Optimize inverted simple patterns (e.g. [^a-z]) when everything is known
+     * at compile time.  Besides not inverting folded locale now, we can't
+     * invert if there are things such as \w, which aren't known until runtime
+     * */
+    if (invert
+        && ! (LOC && (FOLD || (ANYOF_FLAGS(ret) & ANYOF_CLASS)))
+       && ! depends_list
+       && ! HAS_NONLOCALE_RUNTIME_PROPERTY_DEFINITION)
+    {
+        _invlist_invert(cp_list);
+
+        /* Any swash can't be used as-is, because we've inverted things */
+        if (swash) {
+            SvREFCNT_dec_NN(swash);
+            swash = NULL;
+        }
+
+       /* Clear the invert flag since have just done it here */
+       invert = FALSE;
+    }
+
+    if (ret_invlist) {
+        *ret_invlist = cp_list;
+        SvREFCNT_dec(swash);
+
+        /* Discard the generated node */
+        if (SIZE_ONLY) {
+            RExC_size = orig_size;
+        }
+        else {
+            RExC_emit = orig_emit;
+        }
+        return orig_emit;
+    }
+
+    /* If we didn't do folding, it's because some information isn't available
+     * until runtime; set the run-time fold flag for these.  (We don't have to
+     * worry about properties folding, as that is taken care of by the swash
+     * fetching) */
+    if (FOLD && LOC)
+    {
+       ANYOF_FLAGS(ret) |= ANYOF_LOC_FOLD;
+    }
+
+    /* Some character classes are equivalent to other nodes.  Such nodes take
+     * up less room and generally fewer operations to execute than ANYOF nodes.
+     * Above, we checked for and optimized into some such equivalents for
+     * certain common classes that are easy to test.  Getting to this point in
+     * the code means that the class didn't get optimized there.  Since this
+     * code is only executed in Pass 2, it is too late to save space--it has
+     * been allocated in Pass 1, and currently isn't given back.  But turning
+     * things into an EXACTish node can allow the optimizer to join it to any
+     * adjacent such nodes.  And if the class is equivalent to things like /./,
+     * expensive run-time swashes can be avoided.  Now that we have more
+     * complete information, we can find things necessarily missed by the
+     * earlier code.  I (khw) am not sure how much to look for here.  It would
+     * be easy, but perhaps too slow, to check any candidates against all the
+     * node types they could possibly match using _invlistEQ(). */
+
+    if (cp_list
+        && ! invert
+        && ! depends_list
+        && ! (ANYOF_FLAGS(ret) & ANYOF_CLASS)
+        && ! HAS_NONLOCALE_RUNTIME_PROPERTY_DEFINITION)
+    {
+        UV start, end;
+        U8 op = END;  /* The optimzation node-type */
+        const char * cur_parse= RExC_parse;
+
+        invlist_iterinit(cp_list);
+        if (! invlist_iternext(cp_list, &start, &end)) {
+
+            /* Here, the list is empty.  This happens, for example, when a
+             * Unicode property is the only thing in the character class, and
+             * it doesn't match anything.  (perluniprops.pod notes such
+             * properties) */
+            op = OPFAIL;
+            *flagp |= HASWIDTH|SIMPLE;
+        }
+        else if (start == end) {    /* The range is a single code point */
+            if (! invlist_iternext(cp_list, &start, &end)
+
+                    /* Don't do this optimization if it would require changing
+                     * the pattern to UTF-8 */
+                && (start < 256 || UTF))
+            {
+                /* Here, the list contains a single code point.  Can optimize
+                 * into an EXACT node */
+
+                value = start;
+
+                if (! FOLD) {
+                    op = EXACT;
+                }
+                else if (LOC) {
+
+                    /* A locale node under folding with one code point can be
+                     * an EXACTFL, as its fold won't be calculated until
+                     * runtime */
+                    op = EXACTFL;
+                }
+                else {
+
+                    /* Here, we are generally folding, but there is only one
+                     * code point to match.  If we have to, we use an EXACT
+                     * node, but it would be better for joining with adjacent
+                     * nodes in the optimization pass if we used the same
+                     * EXACTFish node that any such are likely to be.  We can
+                     * do this iff the code point doesn't participate in any
+                     * folds.  For example, an EXACTF of a colon is the same as
+                     * an EXACT one, since nothing folds to or from a colon. */
+                    if (value < 256) {
+                        if (IS_IN_SOME_FOLD_L1(value)) {
+                            op = EXACT;
+                        }
+                    }
+                    else {
+                        if (! PL_utf8_foldable) {
+                            SV* swash = swash_init("utf8", "_Perl_Any_Folds",
+                                                &PL_sv_undef, 1, 0);
+                            PL_utf8_foldable = _get_swash_invlist(swash);
+                            SvREFCNT_dec_NN(swash);
+                        }
+                        if (_invlist_contains_cp(PL_utf8_foldable, value)) {
+                            op = EXACT;
+                        }
+                    }
+
+                    /* If we haven't found the node type, above, it means we
+                     * can use the prevailing one */
+                    if (op == END) {
+                        op = compute_EXACTish(pRExC_state);
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        else if (start == 0) {
+            if (end == UV_MAX) {
+                op = SANY;
+                *flagp |= HASWIDTH|SIMPLE;
+                RExC_naughty++;
+            }
+            else if (end == '\n' - 1
+                    && invlist_iternext(cp_list, &start, &end)
+                    && start == '\n' + 1 && end == UV_MAX)
+            {
+                op = REG_ANY;
+                *flagp |= HASWIDTH|SIMPLE;
+                RExC_naughty++;
+            }
+        }
+        invlist_iterfinish(cp_list);
+
+        if (op != END) {
+            RExC_parse = (char *)orig_parse;
+            RExC_emit = (regnode *)orig_emit;
+
+            ret = reg_node(pRExC_state, op);
+
+            RExC_parse = (char *)cur_parse;
+
+            if (PL_regkind[op] == EXACT) {
+                alloc_maybe_populate_EXACT(pRExC_state, ret, flagp, 0, value);
+            }
+
+            SvREFCNT_dec_NN(cp_list);
+            return ret;
+        }
+    }
+
+    /* Here, <cp_list> contains all the code points we can determine at
+     * compile time that match under all conditions.  Go through it, and
+     * for things that belong in the bitmap, put them there, and delete from
+     * <cp_list>.  While we are at it, see if everything above 255 is in the
+     * list, and if so, set a flag to speed up execution */
+    ANYOF_BITMAP_ZERO(ret);
+    if (cp_list) {
+
+       /* This gets set if we actually need to modify things */
+       bool change_invlist = FALSE;
+
+       UV start, end;
+
+       /* Start looking through <cp_list> */
+       invlist_iterinit(cp_list);
+       while (invlist_iternext(cp_list, &start, &end)) {
+           UV high;
+           int i;
+
+            if (end == UV_MAX && start <= 256) {
+                ANYOF_FLAGS(ret) |= ANYOF_UNICODE_ALL;
+            }
+
+           /* Quit if are above what we should change */
+           if (start > 255) {
+               break;
+           }
+
+           change_invlist = TRUE;
+
+           /* Set all the bits in the range, up to the max that we are doing */
+           high = (end < 255) ? end : 255;
+           for (i = start; i <= (int) high; i++) {
+               if (! ANYOF_BITMAP_TEST(ret, i)) {
+                   ANYOF_BITMAP_SET(ret, i);
+                   prevvalue = value;
+                   value = i;
+               }
+           }
+       }
+       invlist_iterfinish(cp_list);
+
+        /* Done with loop; remove any code points that are in the bitmap from
+         * <cp_list> */
+       if (change_invlist) {
+           _invlist_subtract(cp_list, PL_Latin1, &cp_list);
+       }
+
+       /* If have completely emptied it, remove it completely */
+       if (_invlist_len(cp_list) == 0) {
+           SvREFCNT_dec_NN(cp_list);
+           cp_list = NULL;
+       }
+    }
+
+    if (invert) {
+        ANYOF_FLAGS(ret) |= ANYOF_INVERT;
+    }
+
+    /* Here, the bitmap has been populated with all the Latin1 code points that
+     * always match.  Can now add to the overall list those that match only
+     * when the target string is UTF-8 (<depends_list>). */
+    if (depends_list) {
+       if (cp_list) {
+           _invlist_union(cp_list, depends_list, &cp_list);
+           SvREFCNT_dec_NN(depends_list);
+       }
+       else {
+           cp_list = depends_list;
+       }
+    }
+
+    /* If there is a swash and more than one element, we can't use the swash in
+     * the optimization below. */
+    if (swash && element_count > 1) {
+       SvREFCNT_dec_NN(swash);
+       swash = NULL;
+    }
+
+    if (! cp_list
+       && ! HAS_NONLOCALE_RUNTIME_PROPERTY_DEFINITION)
+    {
+       ARG_SET(ret, ANYOF_NONBITMAP_EMPTY);
+    }
+    else {
+       /* av[0] stores the character class description in its textual form:
+        *       used later (regexec.c:Perl_regclass_swash()) to initialize the
+        *       appropriate swash, and is also useful for dumping the regnode.
+        * av[1] if NULL, is a placeholder to later contain the swash computed
+        *       from av[0].  But if no further computation need be done, the
+        *       swash is stored there now.
+        * av[2] stores the cp_list inversion list for use in addition or
+        *       instead of av[0]; used only if av[1] is NULL
+        * av[3] is set if any component of the class is from a user-defined
+        *       property; used only if av[1] is NULL */
+       AV * const av = newAV();
+       SV *rv;
+
+       av_store(av, 0, (HAS_NONLOCALE_RUNTIME_PROPERTY_DEFINITION)
+                       ? SvREFCNT_inc(listsv) : &PL_sv_undef);
+       if (swash) {
+           av_store(av, 1, swash);
+           SvREFCNT_dec_NN(cp_list);
+       }
+       else {
+           av_store(av, 1, NULL);
+           if (cp_list) {
+               av_store(av, 2, cp_list);
+               av_store(av, 3, newSVuv(has_user_defined_property));
+           }
+       }
+
+       rv = newRV_noinc(MUTABLE_SV(av));
+       n = add_data(pRExC_state, 1, "s");
+       RExC_rxi->data->data[n] = (void*)rv;
+       ARG_SET(ret, n);
+    }
+
+    *flagp |= HASWIDTH|SIMPLE;
+    return ret;
+}
+#undef HAS_NONLOCALE_RUNTIME_PROPERTY_DEFINITION
+
+
+/* reg_skipcomment()
+
+   Absorbs an /x style # comments from the input stream.
+   Returns true if there is more text remaining in the stream.
+   Will set the REG_SEEN_RUN_ON_COMMENT flag if the comment
+   terminates the pattern without including a newline.
+
+   Note its the callers responsibility to ensure that we are
+   actually in /x mode
+
+*/
+
+STATIC bool
+S_reg_skipcomment(pTHX_ RExC_state_t *pRExC_state)
+{
+    bool ended = 0;
+
+    PERL_ARGS_ASSERT_REG_SKIPCOMMENT;
+
+    while (RExC_parse < RExC_end)
+        if (*RExC_parse++ == '\n') {
+            ended = 1;
+            break;
+        }
+    if (!ended) {
+        /* we ran off the end of the pattern without ending
+           the comment, so we have to add an \n when wrapping */
+        RExC_seen |= REG_SEEN_RUN_ON_COMMENT;
+        return 0;
+    } else
+        return 1;
+}
+
+/* nextchar()
+
+   Advances the parse position, and optionally absorbs
+   "whitespace" from the inputstream.
+
+   Without /x "whitespace" means (?#...) style comments only,
+   with /x this means (?#...) and # comments and whitespace proper.
+
+   Returns the RExC_parse point from BEFORE the scan occurs.
+
+   This is the /x friendly way of saying RExC_parse++.
+*/
+
+STATIC char*
+S_nextchar(pTHX_ RExC_state_t *pRExC_state)
+{
+    char* const retval = RExC_parse++;
+
+    PERL_ARGS_ASSERT_NEXTCHAR;
+
+    for (;;) {
+       if (RExC_end - RExC_parse >= 3
+           && *RExC_parse == '('
+           && RExC_parse[1] == '?'
+           && RExC_parse[2] == '#')
+       {
+           while (*RExC_parse != ')') {
+               if (RExC_parse == RExC_end)
+                   FAIL("Sequence (?#... not terminated");
+               RExC_parse++;
+           }
+           RExC_parse++;
+           continue;
+       }
+       if (RExC_flags & RXf_PMf_EXTENDED) {
+           if (isSPACE(*RExC_parse)) {
+               RExC_parse++;
+               continue;
+           }
+           else if (*RExC_parse == '#') {
+               if ( reg_skipcomment( pRExC_state ) )
+                   continue;
+           }
+       }
+       return retval;
+    }
+}
+
+/*
+- reg_node - emit a node
+*/
+STATIC regnode *                       /* Location. */
+S_reg_node(pTHX_ RExC_state_t *pRExC_state, U8 op)
+{
+    dVAR;
+    regnode *ptr;
+    regnode * const ret = RExC_emit;
+    GET_RE_DEBUG_FLAGS_DECL;
+
+    PERL_ARGS_ASSERT_REG_NODE;
+
+    if (SIZE_ONLY) {
+       SIZE_ALIGN(RExC_size);
+       RExC_size += 1;
+       return(ret);
+    }
+    if (RExC_emit >= RExC_emit_bound)
+        Perl_croak(aTHX_ "panic: reg_node overrun trying to emit %d, %p>=%p",
+                  op, RExC_emit, RExC_emit_bound);
+
+    NODE_ALIGN_FILL(ret);
+    ptr = ret;
+    FILL_ADVANCE_NODE(ptr, op);
+    REH_CALL_COMP_NODE_HOOK(pRExC_state->rx, (ptr) - 1);
+#ifdef RE_TRACK_PATTERN_OFFSETS
+    if (RExC_offsets) {         /* MJD */
+       MJD_OFFSET_DEBUG(("%s:%d: (op %s) %s %"UVuf" (len %"UVuf") (max %"UVuf").\n", 
+              "reg_node", __LINE__, 
+              PL_reg_name[op],
+              (UV)(RExC_emit - RExC_emit_start) > RExC_offsets[0] 
+               ? "Overwriting end of array!\n" : "OK",
+              (UV)(RExC_emit - RExC_emit_start),
+              (UV)(RExC_parse - RExC_start),
+              (UV)RExC_offsets[0])); 
+       Set_Node_Offset(RExC_emit, RExC_parse + (op == END));
+    }
+#endif
+    RExC_emit = ptr;
+    return(ret);
+}
+
+/*
+- reganode - emit a node with an argument
+*/
+STATIC regnode *                       /* Location. */
+S_reganode(pTHX_ RExC_state_t *pRExC_state, U8 op, U32 arg)
+{
+    dVAR;
+    regnode *ptr;
+    regnode * const ret = RExC_emit;
+    GET_RE_DEBUG_FLAGS_DECL;
+
+    PERL_ARGS_ASSERT_REGANODE;
+
+    if (SIZE_ONLY) {
+       SIZE_ALIGN(RExC_size);
+       RExC_size += 2;
+       /* 
+          We can't do this:
+          
+          assert(2==regarglen[op]+1); 
+
+          Anything larger than this has to allocate the extra amount.
+          If we changed this to be:
+          
+          RExC_size += (1 + regarglen[op]);
+          
+          then it wouldn't matter. Its not clear what side effect
+          might come from that so its not done so far.
+          -- dmq
+       */
+       return(ret);
+    }
+    if (RExC_emit >= RExC_emit_bound)
+        Perl_croak(aTHX_ "panic: reg_node overrun trying to emit %d, %p>=%p",
+                  op, RExC_emit, RExC_emit_bound);
+
+    NODE_ALIGN_FILL(ret);
+    ptr = ret;
+    FILL_ADVANCE_NODE_ARG(ptr, op, arg);
+    REH_CALL_COMP_NODE_HOOK(pRExC_state->rx, (ptr) - 2);
+#ifdef RE_TRACK_PATTERN_OFFSETS
+    if (RExC_offsets) {         /* MJD */
+       MJD_OFFSET_DEBUG(("%s(%d): (op %s) %s %"UVuf" <- %"UVuf" (max %"UVuf").\n", 
+              "reganode",
+             __LINE__,
+             PL_reg_name[op],
+              (UV)(RExC_emit - RExC_emit_start) > RExC_offsets[0] ? 
+              "Overwriting end of array!\n" : "OK",
+              (UV)(RExC_emit - RExC_emit_start),
+              (UV)(RExC_parse - RExC_start),
+              (UV)RExC_offsets[0])); 
+       Set_Cur_Node_Offset;
+    }
+#endif            
+    RExC_emit = ptr;
+    return(ret);
+}
+
+/*
+- reguni - emit (if appropriate) a Unicode character
+*/
+STATIC STRLEN
+S_reguni(pTHX_ const RExC_state_t *pRExC_state, UV uv, char* s)
+{
+    dVAR;
+
+    PERL_ARGS_ASSERT_REGUNI;
+
+    return SIZE_ONLY ? UNISKIP(uv) : (uvchr_to_utf8((U8*)s, uv) - (U8*)s);
+}
+
+/*
+- reginsert - insert an operator in front of already-emitted operand
+*
+* Means relocating the operand.
+*/
+STATIC void
+S_reginsert(pTHX_ RExC_state_t *pRExC_state, U8 op, regnode *opnd, U32 depth)
+{
+    dVAR;
+    regnode *src;
+    regnode *dst;
+    regnode *place;
+    const int offset = regarglen[(U8)op];
+    const int size = NODE_STEP_REGNODE + offset;
+    GET_RE_DEBUG_FLAGS_DECL;
+
+    PERL_ARGS_ASSERT_REGINSERT;
+    PERL_UNUSED_ARG(depth);
+/* (PL_regkind[(U8)op] == CURLY ? EXTRA_STEP_2ARGS : 0); */
+    DEBUG_PARSE_FMT("inst"," - %s",PL_reg_name[op]);
+    if (SIZE_ONLY) {
+       RExC_size += size;
+       return;
+    }
+
+    src = RExC_emit;
+    RExC_emit += size;
+    dst = RExC_emit;
+    if (RExC_open_parens) {
+        int paren;
+        /*DEBUG_PARSE_FMT("inst"," - %"IVdf, (IV)RExC_npar);*/
+        for ( paren=0 ; paren < RExC_npar ; paren++ ) {
+            if ( RExC_open_parens[paren] >= opnd ) {
+                /*DEBUG_PARSE_FMT("open"," - %d",size);*/
+                RExC_open_parens[paren] += size;
+            } else {
+                /*DEBUG_PARSE_FMT("open"," - %s","ok");*/
+            }
+            if ( RExC_close_parens[paren] >= opnd ) {
+                /*DEBUG_PARSE_FMT("close"," - %d",size);*/
+                RExC_close_parens[paren] += size;
+            } else {
+                /*DEBUG_PARSE_FMT("close"," - %s","ok");*/
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    while (src > opnd) {
+       StructCopy(--src, --dst, regnode);
+#ifdef RE_TRACK_PATTERN_OFFSETS
+        if (RExC_offsets) {     /* MJD 20010112 */
+           MJD_OFFSET_DEBUG(("%s(%d): (op %s) %s copy %"UVuf" -> %"UVuf" (max %"UVuf").\n",
+                  "reg_insert",
+                 __LINE__,
+                 PL_reg_name[op],
+                  (UV)(dst - RExC_emit_start) > RExC_offsets[0] 
+                   ? "Overwriting end of array!\n" : "OK",
+                  (UV)(src - RExC_emit_start),
+                  (UV)(dst - RExC_emit_start),
+                  (UV)RExC_offsets[0])); 
+           Set_Node_Offset_To_R(dst-RExC_emit_start, Node_Offset(src));
+           Set_Node_Length_To_R(dst-RExC_emit_start, Node_Length(src));
+        }
+#endif
+    }
+    
+
+    place = opnd;              /* Op node, where operand used to be. */
+#ifdef RE_TRACK_PATTERN_OFFSETS
+    if (RExC_offsets) {         /* MJD */
+       MJD_OFFSET_DEBUG(("%s(%d): (op %s) %s %"UVuf" <- %"UVuf" (max %"UVuf").\n", 
+              "reginsert",
+             __LINE__,
+             PL_reg_name[op],
+              (UV)(place - RExC_emit_start) > RExC_offsets[0] 
+              ? "Overwriting end of array!\n" : "OK",
+              (UV)(place - RExC_emit_start),
+              (UV)(RExC_parse - RExC_start),
+              (UV)RExC_offsets[0]));
+       Set_Node_Offset(place, RExC_parse);
+       Set_Node_Length(place, 1);
+    }
+#endif    
+    src = NEXTOPER(place);
+    FILL_ADVANCE_NODE(place, op);
+    REH_CALL_COMP_NODE_HOOK(pRExC_state->rx, (place) - 1);
+    Zero(src, offset, regnode);
+}
+
+/*
+- regtail - set the next-pointer at the end of a node chain of p to val.
+- SEE ALSO: regtail_study
+*/
+/* TODO: All three parms should be const */
+STATIC void
+S_regtail(pTHX_ RExC_state_t *pRExC_state, regnode *p, const regnode *val,U32 depth)
+{
+    dVAR;
+    regnode *scan;
+    GET_RE_DEBUG_FLAGS_DECL;
+
+    PERL_ARGS_ASSERT_REGTAIL;
+#ifndef DEBUGGING
+    PERL_UNUSED_ARG(depth);
+#endif
+
+    if (SIZE_ONLY)
+       return;
+
+    /* Find last node. */
+    scan = p;
+    for (;;) {
+       regnode * const temp = regnext(scan);
+        DEBUG_PARSE_r({
+            SV * const mysv=sv_newmortal();
+            DEBUG_PARSE_MSG((scan==p ? "tail" : ""));
+            regprop(RExC_rx, mysv, scan);
+            PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log, "~ %s (%d) %s %s\n",
+                SvPV_nolen_const(mysv), REG_NODE_NUM(scan),
+                    (temp == NULL ? "->" : ""),
+                    (temp == NULL ? PL_reg_name[OP(val)] : "")
+            );
+        });
+        if (temp == NULL)
+            break;
+        scan = temp;
+    }
+
+    if (reg_off_by_arg[OP(scan)]) {
+        ARG_SET(scan, val - scan);
+    }
+    else {
+        NEXT_OFF(scan) = val - scan;
+    }
+}
+
+#ifdef DEBUGGING
+/*
+- regtail_study - set the next-pointer at the end of a node chain of p to val.
+- Look for optimizable sequences at the same time.
+- currently only looks for EXACT chains.
+
+This is experimental code. The idea is to use this routine to perform 
+in place optimizations on branches and groups as they are constructed,
+with the long term intention of removing optimization from study_chunk so
+that it is purely analytical.
+
+Currently only used when in DEBUG mode. The macro REGTAIL_STUDY() is used
+to control which is which.
+
+*/
+/* TODO: All four parms should be const */
+
+STATIC U8
+S_regtail_study(pTHX_ RExC_state_t *pRExC_state, regnode *p, const regnode *val,U32 depth)
+{
+    dVAR;
+    regnode *scan;
+    U8 exact = PSEUDO;
+#ifdef EXPERIMENTAL_INPLACESCAN
+    I32 min = 0;
+#endif
+    GET_RE_DEBUG_FLAGS_DECL;
+
+    PERL_ARGS_ASSERT_REGTAIL_STUDY;
+
+
+    if (SIZE_ONLY)
+        return exact;
+
+    /* Find last node. */
+
+    scan = p;
+    for (;;) {
+        regnode * const temp = regnext(scan);
+#ifdef EXPERIMENTAL_INPLACESCAN
+        if (PL_regkind[OP(scan)] == EXACT) {
+           bool has_exactf_sharp_s;    /* Unexamined in this routine */
+            if (join_exact(pRExC_state,scan,&min, &has_exactf_sharp_s, 1,val,depth+1))
+                return EXACT;
+       }
+#endif
+        if ( exact ) {
+            switch (OP(scan)) {
+                case EXACT:
+                case EXACTF:
+                case EXACTFA:
+                case EXACTFU:
+                case EXACTFU_SS:
+                case EXACTFU_TRICKYFOLD:
+                case EXACTFL:
+                        if( exact == PSEUDO )
+                            exact= OP(scan);
+                        else if ( exact != OP(scan) )
+                            exact= 0;
+                case NOTHING:
+                    break;
+                default:
+                    exact= 0;
+            }
+        }
+        DEBUG_PARSE_r({
+            SV * const mysv=sv_newmortal();
+            DEBUG_PARSE_MSG((scan==p ? "tsdy" : ""));
+            regprop(RExC_rx, mysv, scan);
+            PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log, "~ %s (%d) -> %s\n",
+                SvPV_nolen_const(mysv),
+                REG_NODE_NUM(scan),
+                PL_reg_name[exact]);
+        });
+       if (temp == NULL)
+           break;
+       scan = temp;
+    }
+    DEBUG_PARSE_r({
+        SV * const mysv_val=sv_newmortal();
+        DEBUG_PARSE_MSG("");
+        regprop(RExC_rx, mysv_val, val);
+        PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log, "~ attach to %s (%"IVdf") offset to %"IVdf"\n",
+                     SvPV_nolen_const(mysv_val),
+                     (IV)REG_NODE_NUM(val),
+                     (IV)(val - scan)
+        );
+    });
+    if (reg_off_by_arg[OP(scan)]) {
+       ARG_SET(scan, val - scan);
+    }
+    else {
+       NEXT_OFF(scan) = val - scan;
+    }
+
+    return exact;
+}
+#endif
+
+/*
+ - regdump - dump a regexp onto Perl_debug_log in vaguely comprehensible form
+ */
+#ifdef DEBUGGING
+
+static void
+S_regdump_intflags(pTHX_ const char *lead, const U32 flags)
+{
+    int bit;
+    int set=0;
+
+    for (bit=0; bit<32; bit++) {
+        if (flags & (1<<bit)) {
+            if (!set++ && lead)
+                PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log, "%s",lead);
+            PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log, "%s ",PL_reg_intflags_name[bit]);
+        }
+    }
+    if (lead)  {
+        if (set)
+            PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log, "\n");
+        else
+            PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log, "%s[none-set]\n",lead);
+    }
+}
+
+static void 
+S_regdump_extflags(pTHX_ const char *lead, const U32 flags)
+{
+    int bit;
+    int set=0;
+    regex_charset cs;
+
+    for (bit=0; bit<32; bit++) {
+        if (flags & (1<<bit)) {
+           if ((1<<bit) & RXf_PMf_CHARSET) {   /* Output separately, below */
+               continue;
+           }
+            if (!set++ && lead) 
+                PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log, "%s",lead);
+            PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log, "%s ",PL_reg_extflags_name[bit]);
+        }              
+    }     
+    if ((cs = get_regex_charset(flags)) != REGEX_DEPENDS_CHARSET) {
+            if (!set++ && lead) {
+                PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log, "%s",lead);
+            }
+            switch (cs) {
+                case REGEX_UNICODE_CHARSET:
+                    PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log, "UNICODE");
+                    break;
+                case REGEX_LOCALE_CHARSET:
+                    PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log, "LOCALE");
+                    break;
+                case REGEX_ASCII_RESTRICTED_CHARSET:
+                    PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log, "ASCII-RESTRICTED");
+                    break;
+                case REGEX_ASCII_MORE_RESTRICTED_CHARSET:
+                    PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log, "ASCII-MORE_RESTRICTED");
+                    break;
+                default:
+                    PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log, "UNKNOWN CHARACTER SET");
+                    break;
+            }
+    }
+    if (lead)  {
+        if (set) 
+            PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log, "\n");
+        else 
+            PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log, "%s[none-set]\n",lead);
+    }            
+}   
+#endif
+
+void
+Perl_regdump(pTHX_ const regexp *r)
+{
+#ifdef DEBUGGING
+    dVAR;
+    SV * const sv = sv_newmortal();
+    SV *dsv= sv_newmortal();
+    RXi_GET_DECL(r,ri);
+    GET_RE_DEBUG_FLAGS_DECL;
+
+    PERL_ARGS_ASSERT_REGDUMP;
+
+    (void)dumpuntil(r, ri->program, ri->program + 1, NULL, NULL, sv, 0, 0);
+
+    /* Header fields of interest. */
+    if (r->anchored_substr) {
+       RE_PV_QUOTED_DECL(s, 0, dsv, SvPVX_const(r->anchored_substr), 
+           RE_SV_DUMPLEN(r->anchored_substr), 30);
+       PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log,
+                     "anchored %s%s at %"IVdf" ",
+                     s, RE_SV_TAIL(r->anchored_substr),
+                     (IV)r->anchored_offset);
+    } else if (r->anchored_utf8) {
+       RE_PV_QUOTED_DECL(s, 1, dsv, SvPVX_const(r->anchored_utf8), 
+           RE_SV_DUMPLEN(r->anchored_utf8), 30);
+       PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log,
+                     "anchored utf8 %s%s at %"IVdf" ",
+                     s, RE_SV_TAIL(r->anchored_utf8),
+                     (IV)r->anchored_offset);
+    }                
+    if (r->float_substr) {
+       RE_PV_QUOTED_DECL(s, 0, dsv, SvPVX_const(r->float_substr), 
+           RE_SV_DUMPLEN(r->float_substr), 30);
+       PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log,
+                     "floating %s%s at %"IVdf"..%"UVuf" ",
+                     s, RE_SV_TAIL(r->float_substr),
+                     (IV)r->float_min_offset, (UV)r->float_max_offset);
+    } else if (r->float_utf8) {
+       RE_PV_QUOTED_DECL(s, 1, dsv, SvPVX_const(r->float_utf8), 
+           RE_SV_DUMPLEN(r->float_utf8), 30);
+       PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log,
+                     "floating utf8 %s%s at %"IVdf"..%"UVuf" ",
+                     s, RE_SV_TAIL(r->float_utf8),
+                     (IV)r->float_min_offset, (UV)r->float_max_offset);
+    }
+    if (r->check_substr || r->check_utf8)
+       PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log,
+                     (const char *)
+                     (r->check_substr == r->float_substr
+                      && r->check_utf8 == r->float_utf8
+                      ? "(checking floating" : "(checking anchored"));
+    if (r->extflags & RXf_NOSCAN)
+       PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log, " noscan");
+    if (r->extflags & RXf_CHECK_ALL)
+       PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log, " isall");
+    if (r->check_substr || r->check_utf8)
+       PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log, ") ");
+
+    if (ri->regstclass) {
+       regprop(r, sv, ri->regstclass);
+       PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log, "stclass %s ", SvPVX_const(sv));
+    }
+    if (r->extflags & RXf_ANCH) {
+       PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log, "anchored");
+       if (r->extflags & RXf_ANCH_BOL)
+           PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log, "(BOL)");
+       if (r->extflags & RXf_ANCH_MBOL)
+           PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log, "(MBOL)");
+       if (r->extflags & RXf_ANCH_SBOL)
+           PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log, "(SBOL)");
+       if (r->extflags & RXf_ANCH_GPOS)
+           PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log, "(GPOS)");
+       PerlIO_putc(Perl_debug_log, ' ');
+    }
+    if (r->extflags & RXf_GPOS_SEEN)
+       PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log, "GPOS:%"UVuf" ", (UV)r->gofs);
+    if (r->intflags & PREGf_SKIP)
+       PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log, "plus ");
+    if (r->intflags & PREGf_IMPLICIT)
+       PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log, "implicit ");
+    PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log, "minlen %"IVdf" ", (IV)r->minlen);
+    if (r->extflags & RXf_EVAL_SEEN)
+       PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log, "with eval ");
+    PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log, "\n");
+    DEBUG_FLAGS_r({
+        regdump_extflags("r->extflags: ",r->extflags);
+        regdump_intflags("r->intflags: ",r->intflags);
+    });
+#else
+    PERL_ARGS_ASSERT_REGDUMP;
+    PERL_UNUSED_CONTEXT;
+    PERL_UNUSED_ARG(r);
+#endif /* DEBUGGING */
+}
+
+/*
+- regprop - printable representation of opcode
+*/
+#define EMIT_ANYOF_TEST_SEPARATOR(do_sep,sv,flags) \
+STMT_START { \
+        if (do_sep) {                           \
+            Perl_sv_catpvf(aTHX_ sv,"%s][%s",PL_colors[1],PL_colors[0]); \
+            if (flags & ANYOF_INVERT)           \
+                /*make sure the invert info is in each */ \
+                sv_catpvs(sv, "^");             \
+            do_sep = 0;                         \
+        }                                       \
+} STMT_END
+
+void
+Perl_regprop(pTHX_ const regexp *prog, SV *sv, const regnode *o)
+{
+#ifdef DEBUGGING
+    dVAR;
+    int k;
+
+    /* Should be synchronized with * ANYOF_ #xdefines in regcomp.h */
+    static const char * const anyofs[] = {
+#if _CC_WORDCHAR != 0 || _CC_DIGIT != 1 || _CC_ALPHA != 2 || _CC_LOWER != 3 \
+    || _CC_UPPER != 4 || _CC_PUNCT != 5 || _CC_PRINT != 6                   \
+    || _CC_ALPHANUMERIC != 7 || _CC_GRAPH != 8 || _CC_CASED != 9            \
+    || _CC_SPACE != 10 || _CC_BLANK != 11 || _CC_XDIGIT != 12               \
+    || _CC_PSXSPC != 13 || _CC_CNTRL != 14 || _CC_ASCII != 15               \
+    || _CC_VERTSPACE != 16
+  #error Need to adjust order of anyofs[]
+#endif
+        "[\\w]",
+        "[\\W]",
+        "[\\d]",
+        "[\\D]",
+        "[:alpha:]",
+        "[:^alpha:]",
+        "[:lower:]",
+        "[:^lower:]",
+        "[:upper:]",
+        "[:^upper:]",
+        "[:punct:]",
+        "[:^punct:]",
+        "[:print:]",
+        "[:^print:]",
+        "[:alnum:]",
+        "[:^alnum:]",
+        "[:graph:]",
+        "[:^graph:]",
+        "[:cased:]",
+        "[:^cased:]",
+        "[\\s]",
+        "[\\S]",
+        "[:blank:]",
+        "[:^blank:]",
+        "[:xdigit:]",
+        "[:^xdigit:]",
+        "[:space:]",
+        "[:^space:]",
+        "[:cntrl:]",
+        "[:^cntrl:]",
+        "[:ascii:]",
+        "[:^ascii:]",
+        "[\\v]",
+        "[\\V]"
+    };
+    RXi_GET_DECL(prog,progi);
+    GET_RE_DEBUG_FLAGS_DECL;
+    
+    PERL_ARGS_ASSERT_REGPROP;
+
+    sv_setpvs(sv, "");
+
+    if (OP(o) > REGNODE_MAX)           /* regnode.type is unsigned */
+       /* It would be nice to FAIL() here, but this may be called from
+          regexec.c, and it would be hard to supply pRExC_state. */
+       Perl_croak(aTHX_ "Corrupted regexp opcode %d > %d", (int)OP(o), (int)REGNODE_MAX);
+    sv_catpv(sv, PL_reg_name[OP(o)]); /* Take off const! */
+
+    k = PL_regkind[OP(o)];
+
+    if (k == EXACT) {
+       sv_catpvs(sv, " ");
+       /* Using is_utf8_string() (via PERL_PV_UNI_DETECT) 
+        * is a crude hack but it may be the best for now since 
+        * we have no flag "this EXACTish node was UTF-8" 
+        * --jhi */
+       pv_pretty(sv, STRING(o), STR_LEN(o), 60, PL_colors[0], PL_colors[1],
+                 PERL_PV_ESCAPE_UNI_DETECT |
+                 PERL_PV_ESCAPE_NONASCII   |
+                 PERL_PV_PRETTY_ELLIPSES   |
+                 PERL_PV_PRETTY_LTGT       |
+                 PERL_PV_PRETTY_NOCLEAR
+                 );
+    } else if (k == TRIE) {
+       /* print the details of the trie in dumpuntil instead, as
+        * progi->data isn't available here */
+        const char op = OP(o);
+        const U32 n = ARG(o);
+        const reg_ac_data * const ac = IS_TRIE_AC(op) ?
+               (reg_ac_data *)progi->data->data[n] :
+               NULL;
+        const reg_trie_data * const trie
+           = (reg_trie_data*)progi->data->data[!IS_TRIE_AC(op) ? n : ac->trie];
+        
+        Perl_sv_catpvf(aTHX_ sv, "-%s",PL_reg_name[o->flags]);
+        DEBUG_TRIE_COMPILE_r(
+            Perl_sv_catpvf(aTHX_ sv,
+                "<S:%"UVuf"/%"IVdf" W:%"UVuf" L:%"UVuf"/%"UVuf" C:%"UVuf"/%"UVuf">",
+                (UV)trie->startstate,
+                (IV)trie->statecount-1, /* -1 because of the unused 0 element */
+                (UV)trie->wordcount,
+                (UV)trie->minlen,
+                (UV)trie->maxlen,
+                (UV)TRIE_CHARCOUNT(trie),
+                (UV)trie->uniquecharcount
+            )
+        );
+        if ( IS_ANYOF_TRIE(op) || trie->bitmap ) {
+            int i;
+            int rangestart = -1;
+            U8* bitmap = IS_ANYOF_TRIE(op) ? (U8*)ANYOF_BITMAP(o) : (U8*)TRIE_BITMAP(trie);
+            sv_catpvs(sv, "[");
+            for (i = 0; i <= 256; i++) {
+                if (i < 256 && BITMAP_TEST(bitmap,i)) {
+                    if (rangestart == -1)
+                        rangestart = i;
+                } else if (rangestart != -1) {
+                    if (i <= rangestart + 3)
+                        for (; rangestart < i; rangestart++)
+                            put_byte(sv, rangestart);
+                    else {
+                        put_byte(sv, rangestart);
+                        sv_catpvs(sv, "-");
+                        put_byte(sv, i - 1);
+                    }
+                    rangestart = -1;
+                }
+            }
+            sv_catpvs(sv, "]");
+        } 
+        
+    } else if (k == CURLY) {
+       if (OP(o) == CURLYM || OP(o) == CURLYN || OP(o) == CURLYX)
+           Perl_sv_catpvf(aTHX_ sv, "[%d]", o->flags); /* Parenth number */
+       Perl_sv_catpvf(aTHX_ sv, " {%d,%d}", ARG1(o), ARG2(o));
+    }
+    else if (k == WHILEM && o->flags)                  /* Ordinal/of */
+       Perl_sv_catpvf(aTHX_ sv, "[%d/%d]", o->flags & 0xf, o->flags>>4);
+    else if (k == REF || k == OPEN || k == CLOSE || k == GROUPP || OP(o)==ACCEPT) {
+       Perl_sv_catpvf(aTHX_ sv, "%d", (int)ARG(o));    /* Parenth number */
+       if ( RXp_PAREN_NAMES(prog) ) {
+            if ( k != REF || (OP(o) < NREF)) {
+               AV *list= MUTABLE_AV(progi->data->data[progi->name_list_idx]);
+               SV **name= av_fetch(list, ARG(o), 0 );
+               if (name)
+                   Perl_sv_catpvf(aTHX_ sv, " '%"SVf"'", SVfARG(*name));
+            }      
+            else {
+                AV *list= MUTABLE_AV(progi->data->data[ progi->name_list_idx ]);
+                SV *sv_dat= MUTABLE_SV(progi->data->data[ ARG( o ) ]);
+                I32 *nums=(I32*)SvPVX(sv_dat);
+                SV **name= av_fetch(list, nums[0], 0 );
+                I32 n;
+                if (name) {
+                    for ( n=0; n<SvIVX(sv_dat); n++ ) {
+                        Perl_sv_catpvf(aTHX_ sv, "%s%"IVdf,
+                                   (n ? "," : ""), (IV)nums[n]);
+                    }
+                    Perl_sv_catpvf(aTHX_ sv, " '%"SVf"'", SVfARG(*name));
+                }
+            }
+        }            
+    } else if (k == GOSUB) 
+       Perl_sv_catpvf(aTHX_ sv, "%d[%+d]", (int)ARG(o),(int)ARG2L(o)); /* Paren and offset */
+    else if (k == VERB) {
+        if (!o->flags) 
+            Perl_sv_catpvf(aTHX_ sv, ":%"SVf, 
+                          SVfARG((MUTABLE_SV(progi->data->data[ ARG( o ) ]))));
+    } else if (k == LOGICAL)
+       Perl_sv_catpvf(aTHX_ sv, "[%d]", o->flags);     /* 2: embedded, otherwise 1 */
+    else if (k == ANYOF) {
+       int i, rangestart = -1;
+       const U8 flags = ANYOF_FLAGS(o);
+       int do_sep = 0;
+
+
+       if (flags & ANYOF_LOCALE)
+           sv_catpvs(sv, "{loc}");
+       if (flags & ANYOF_LOC_FOLD)
+           sv_catpvs(sv, "{i}");
+       Perl_sv_catpvf(aTHX_ sv, "[%s", PL_colors[0]);
+       if (flags & ANYOF_INVERT)
+           sv_catpvs(sv, "^");
+
+       /* output what the standard cp 0-255 bitmap matches */
+       for (i = 0; i <= 256; i++) {
+           if (i < 256 && ANYOF_BITMAP_TEST(o,i)) {
+               if (rangestart == -1)
+                   rangestart = i;
+           } else if (rangestart != -1) {
+               if (i <= rangestart + 3)
+                   for (; rangestart < i; rangestart++)
+                       put_byte(sv, rangestart);
+               else {
+                   put_byte(sv, rangestart);
+                   sv_catpvs(sv, "-");
+                   put_byte(sv, i - 1);
+               }
+               do_sep = 1;
+               rangestart = -1;
+           }
+       }
+        
+        EMIT_ANYOF_TEST_SEPARATOR(do_sep,sv,flags);
+        /* output any special charclass tests (used entirely under use locale) */
+       if (ANYOF_CLASS_TEST_ANY_SET(o))
+           for (i = 0; i < (int)(sizeof(anyofs)/sizeof(char*)); i++)
+               if (ANYOF_CLASS_TEST(o,i)) {
+                   sv_catpv(sv, anyofs[i]);
+                   do_sep = 1;
+               }
+        
+        EMIT_ANYOF_TEST_SEPARATOR(do_sep,sv,flags);
+        
+       if (flags & ANYOF_NON_UTF8_LATIN1_ALL) {
+           sv_catpvs(sv, "{non-utf8-latin1-all}");
+       }
+
+        /* output information about the unicode matching */
+       if (flags & ANYOF_UNICODE_ALL)
+           sv_catpvs(sv, "{unicode_all}");
+       else if (ANYOF_NONBITMAP(o))
+           sv_catpvs(sv, "{unicode}");
+       if (flags & ANYOF_NONBITMAP_NON_UTF8)
+           sv_catpvs(sv, "{outside bitmap}");
+
+       if (ANYOF_NONBITMAP(o)) {
+           SV *lv; /* Set if there is something outside the bit map */
+           SV * const sw = regclass_swash(prog, o, FALSE, &lv, NULL);
+            bool byte_output = FALSE;   /* If something in the bitmap has been
+                                           output */
+
+           if (lv && lv != &PL_sv_undef) {
+               if (sw) {
+                   U8 s[UTF8_MAXBYTES_CASE+1];
+
+                   for (i = 0; i <= 256; i++) { /* Look at chars in bitmap */
+                       uvchr_to_utf8(s, i);
+
+                       if (i < 256
+                            && ! ANYOF_BITMAP_TEST(o, i)    /* Don't duplicate
+                                                               things already
+                                                               output as part
+                                                               of the bitmap */
+                            && swash_fetch(sw, s, TRUE))
+                        {
+                           if (rangestart == -1)
+                               rangestart = i;
+                       } else if (rangestart != -1) {
+                            byte_output = TRUE;
+                           if (i <= rangestart + 3)
+                               for (; rangestart < i; rangestart++) {
+                                   put_byte(sv, rangestart);
+                               }
+                           else {
+                               put_byte(sv, rangestart);
+                               sv_catpvs(sv, "-");
+                               put_byte(sv, i-1);
+                           }
+                           rangestart = -1;
+                       }
+                   }
+               }
+
+               {
+                   char *s = savesvpv(lv);
+                   char * const origs = s;
+
+                   while (*s && *s != '\n')
+                       s++;
+
+                   if (*s == '\n') {
+                       const char * const t = ++s;
+
+                        if (byte_output) {
+                            sv_catpvs(sv, " ");
+                        }
+
+                       while (*s) {
+                           if (*s == '\n') {
+
+                                /* Truncate very long output */
+                               if (s - origs > 256) {
+                                   Perl_sv_catpvf(aTHX_ sv,
+                                                  "%.*s...",
+                                                  (int) (s - origs - 1),
+                                                  t);
+                                   goto out_dump;
+                               }
+                               *s = ' ';
+                           }
+                           else if (*s == '\t') {
+                               *s = '-';
+                           }
+                           s++;
+                       }
+                       if (s[-1] == ' ')
+                           s[-1] = 0;
+
+                       sv_catpv(sv, t);
+                   }
+
+               out_dump:
+
+                   Safefree(origs);
+               }
+               SvREFCNT_dec_NN(lv);
+           }
+       }
+
+       Perl_sv_catpvf(aTHX_ sv, "%s]", PL_colors[1]);
+    }
+    else if (k == POSIXD || k == NPOSIXD) {
+        U8 index = FLAGS(o) * 2;
+        if (index > (sizeof(anyofs) / sizeof(anyofs[0]))) {
+            Perl_sv_catpvf(aTHX_ sv, "[illegal type=%d])", index);
+        }
+        else {
+            sv_catpv(sv, anyofs[index]);
+        }
+    }
+    else if (k == BRANCHJ && (OP(o) == UNLESSM || OP(o) == IFMATCH))
+       Perl_sv_catpvf(aTHX_ sv, "[%d]", -(o->flags));
+#else
+    PERL_UNUSED_CONTEXT;
+    PERL_UNUSED_ARG(sv);
+    PERL_UNUSED_ARG(o);
+    PERL_UNUSED_ARG(prog);
+#endif /* DEBUGGING */
+}
+
+SV *
+Perl_re_intuit_string(pTHX_ REGEXP * const r)
+{                              /* Assume that RE_INTUIT is set */
+    dVAR;
+    struct regexp *const prog = ReANY(r);
+    GET_RE_DEBUG_FLAGS_DECL;
+
+    PERL_ARGS_ASSERT_RE_INTUIT_STRING;
+    PERL_UNUSED_CONTEXT;
+
+    DEBUG_COMPILE_r(
+       {
+           const char * const s = SvPV_nolen_const(prog->check_substr
+                     ? prog->check_substr : prog->check_utf8);
+
+           if (!PL_colorset) reginitcolors();
+           PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log,
+                     "%sUsing REx %ssubstr:%s \"%s%.60s%s%s\"\n",
+                     PL_colors[4],
+                     prog->check_substr ? "" : "utf8 ",
+                     PL_colors[5],PL_colors[0],
+                     s,
+                     PL_colors[1],
+                     (strlen(s) > 60 ? "..." : ""));
+       } );
+
+    return prog->check_substr ? prog->check_substr : prog->check_utf8;
+}
+
+/* 
+   pregfree() 
+   
+   handles refcounting and freeing the perl core regexp structure. When 
+   it is necessary to actually free the structure the first thing it 
+   does is call the 'free' method of the regexp_engine associated to
+   the regexp, allowing the handling of the void *pprivate; member 
+   first. (This routine is not overridable by extensions, which is why 
+   the extensions free is called first.)
+   
+   See regdupe and regdupe_internal if you change anything here. 
+*/
+#ifndef PERL_IN_XSUB_RE
+void
+Perl_pregfree(pTHX_ REGEXP *r)
+{
+    SvREFCNT_dec(r);
+}
+
+void
+Perl_pregfree2(pTHX_ REGEXP *rx)
+{
+    dVAR;
+    struct regexp *const r = ReANY(rx);
+    GET_RE_DEBUG_FLAGS_DECL;
+
+    PERL_ARGS_ASSERT_PREGFREE2;
+
+    if (r->mother_re) {
+        ReREFCNT_dec(r->mother_re);
+    } else {
+        CALLREGFREE_PVT(rx); /* free the private data */
+        SvREFCNT_dec(RXp_PAREN_NAMES(r));
+       Safefree(r->xpv_len_u.xpvlenu_pv);
+    }        
+    if (r->substrs) {
+        SvREFCNT_dec(r->anchored_substr);
+        SvREFCNT_dec(r->anchored_utf8);
+        SvREFCNT_dec(r->float_substr);
+        SvREFCNT_dec(r->float_utf8);
+       Safefree(r->substrs);
+    }
+    RX_MATCH_COPY_FREE(rx);
+#ifdef PERL_ANY_COW
+    SvREFCNT_dec(r->saved_copy);
+#endif
+    Safefree(r->offs);
+    SvREFCNT_dec(r->qr_anoncv);
+    rx->sv_u.svu_rx = 0;
+}
+
+/*  reg_temp_copy()
+    
+    This is a hacky workaround to the structural issue of match results
+    being stored in the regexp structure which is in turn stored in
+    PL_curpm/PL_reg_curpm. The problem is that due to qr// the pattern
+    could be PL_curpm in multiple contexts, and could require multiple
+    result sets being associated with the pattern simultaneously, such
+    as when doing a recursive match with (??{$qr})
+    
+    The solution is to make a lightweight copy of the regexp structure 
+    when a qr// is returned from the code executed by (??{$qr}) this
+    lightweight copy doesn't actually own any of its data except for
+    the starp/end and the actual regexp structure itself. 
+    
+*/    
+    
+    
+REGEXP *
+Perl_reg_temp_copy (pTHX_ REGEXP *ret_x, REGEXP *rx)
+{
+    struct regexp *ret;
+    struct regexp *const r = ReANY(rx);
+    const bool islv = ret_x && SvTYPE(ret_x) == SVt_PVLV;
+
+    PERL_ARGS_ASSERT_REG_TEMP_COPY;
+
+    if (!ret_x)
+       ret_x = (REGEXP*) newSV_type(SVt_REGEXP);
+    else {
+       SvOK_off((SV *)ret_x);
+       if (islv) {
+           /* For PVLVs, SvANY points to the xpvlv body while sv_u points
+              to the regexp.  (For SVt_REGEXPs, sv_upgrade has already
+              made both spots point to the same regexp body.) */
+           REGEXP *temp = (REGEXP *)newSV_type(SVt_REGEXP);
+           assert(!SvPVX(ret_x));
+           ret_x->sv_u.svu_rx = temp->sv_any;
+           temp->sv_any = NULL;
+           SvFLAGS(temp) = (SvFLAGS(temp) & ~SVTYPEMASK) | SVt_NULL;
+           SvREFCNT_dec_NN(temp);
+           /* SvCUR still resides in the xpvlv struct, so the regexp copy-
+              ing below will not set it. */
+           SvCUR_set(ret_x, SvCUR(rx));
+       }
+    }
+    /* This ensures that SvTHINKFIRST(sv) is true, and hence that
+       sv_force_normal(sv) is called.  */
+    SvFAKE_on(ret_x);
+    ret = ReANY(ret_x);
+    
+    SvFLAGS(ret_x) |= SvUTF8(rx);
+    /* We share the same string buffer as the original regexp, on which we
+       hold a reference count, incremented when mother_re is set below.
+       The string pointer is copied here, being part of the regexp struct.
+     */
+    memcpy(&(ret->xpv_cur), &(r->xpv_cur),
+          sizeof(regexp) - STRUCT_OFFSET(regexp, xpv_cur));
+    if (r->offs) {
+        const I32 npar = r->nparens+1;
+        Newx(ret->offs, npar, regexp_paren_pair);
+        Copy(r->offs, ret->offs, npar, regexp_paren_pair);
+    }
+    if (r->substrs) {
+        Newx(ret->substrs, 1, struct reg_substr_data);
+       StructCopy(r->substrs, ret->substrs, struct reg_substr_data);
+
+       SvREFCNT_inc_void(ret->anchored_substr);
+       SvREFCNT_inc_void(ret->anchored_utf8);
+       SvREFCNT_inc_void(ret->float_substr);
+       SvREFCNT_inc_void(ret->float_utf8);
+
+       /* check_substr and check_utf8, if non-NULL, point to either their
+          anchored or float namesakes, and don't hold a second reference.  */
+    }
+    RX_MATCH_COPIED_off(ret_x);
+#ifdef PERL_ANY_COW
+    ret->saved_copy = NULL;
+#endif
+    ret->mother_re = ReREFCNT_inc(r->mother_re ? r->mother_re : rx);
+    SvREFCNT_inc_void(ret->qr_anoncv);
+    
+    return ret_x;
+}
+#endif
+
+/* regfree_internal() 
+
+   Free the private data in a regexp. This is overloadable by 
+   extensions. Perl takes care of the regexp structure in pregfree(), 
+   this covers the *pprivate pointer which technically perl doesn't 
+   know about, however of course we have to handle the 
+   regexp_internal structure when no extension is in use. 
+   
+   Note this is called before freeing anything in the regexp 
+   structure. 
+ */
+void
+Perl_regfree_internal(pTHX_ REGEXP * const rx)
+{
+    dVAR;
+    struct regexp *const r = ReANY(rx);
+    RXi_GET_DECL(r,ri);
+    GET_RE_DEBUG_FLAGS_DECL;
+
+    PERL_ARGS_ASSERT_REGFREE_INTERNAL;
+
+    DEBUG_COMPILE_r({
+       if (!PL_colorset)
+           reginitcolors();
+       {
+           SV *dsv= sv_newmortal();
+            RE_PV_QUOTED_DECL(s, RX_UTF8(rx),
+                dsv, RX_PRECOMP(rx), RX_PRELEN(rx), 60);
+            PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log,"%sFreeing REx:%s %s\n", 
+                PL_colors[4],PL_colors[5],s);
+        }
+    });
+#ifdef RE_TRACK_PATTERN_OFFSETS
+    if (ri->u.offsets)
+        Safefree(ri->u.offsets);             /* 20010421 MJD */
+#endif
+    if (ri->code_blocks) {
+       int n;
+       for (n = 0; n < ri->num_code_blocks; n++)
+           SvREFCNT_dec(ri->code_blocks[n].src_regex);
+       Safefree(ri->code_blocks);
+    }
+
+    if (ri->data) {
+       int n = ri->data->count;
+
+       while (--n >= 0) {
+          /* If you add a ->what type here, update the comment in regcomp.h */
+           switch (ri->data->what[n]) {
+           case 'a':
+           case 'r':
+           case 's':
+           case 'S':
+           case 'u':
+               SvREFCNT_dec(MUTABLE_SV(ri->data->data[n]));
+               break;
+           case 'f':
+               Safefree(ri->data->data[n]);
+               break;
+           case 'l':
+           case 'L':
+               break;
+            case 'T':          
+                { /* Aho Corasick add-on structure for a trie node.
+                     Used in stclass optimization only */
+                    U32 refcount;
+                    reg_ac_data *aho=(reg_ac_data*)ri->data->data[n];
+                    OP_REFCNT_LOCK;
+                    refcount = --aho->refcount;
+                    OP_REFCNT_UNLOCK;
+                    if ( !refcount ) {
+                        PerlMemShared_free(aho->states);
+                        PerlMemShared_free(aho->fail);
+                        /* do this last!!!! */
+                        PerlMemShared_free(ri->data->data[n]);
+                        PerlMemShared_free(ri->regstclass);
+                    }
+                }
+                break;
+           case 't':
+               {
+                   /* trie structure. */
+                   U32 refcount;
+                   reg_trie_data *trie=(reg_trie_data*)ri->data->data[n];
+                    OP_REFCNT_LOCK;
+                    refcount = --trie->refcount;
+                    OP_REFCNT_UNLOCK;
+                    if ( !refcount ) {
+                        PerlMemShared_free(trie->charmap);
+                        PerlMemShared_free(trie->states);
+                        PerlMemShared_free(trie->trans);
+                        if (trie->bitmap)
+                            PerlMemShared_free(trie->bitmap);
+                        if (trie->jump)
+                            PerlMemShared_free(trie->jump);
+                       PerlMemShared_free(trie->wordinfo);
+                        /* do this last!!!! */
+                        PerlMemShared_free(ri->data->data[n]);
+                   }
+               }
+               break;
+           default:
+               Perl_croak(aTHX_ "panic: regfree data code '%c'", ri->data->what[n]);
+           }
+       }
+       Safefree(ri->data->what);
+       Safefree(ri->data);
+    }
+
+    Safefree(ri);
+}
+
+#define av_dup_inc(s,t)        MUTABLE_AV(sv_dup_inc((const SV *)s,t))
+#define hv_dup_inc(s,t)        MUTABLE_HV(sv_dup_inc((const SV *)s,t))
+#define SAVEPVN(p,n)   ((p) ? savepvn(p,n) : NULL)
+
+/* 
+   re_dup - duplicate a regexp. 
+   
+   This routine is expected to clone a given regexp structure. It is only
+   compiled under USE_ITHREADS.
+
+   After all of the core data stored in struct regexp is duplicated
+   the regexp_engine.dupe method is used to copy any private data
+   stored in the *pprivate pointer. This allows extensions to handle
+   any duplication it needs to do.
+
+   See pregfree() and regfree_internal() if you change anything here. 
+*/
+#if defined(USE_ITHREADS)
+#ifndef PERL_IN_XSUB_RE
+void
+Perl_re_dup_guts(pTHX_ const REGEXP *sstr, REGEXP *dstr, CLONE_PARAMS *param)
+{
+    dVAR;
+    I32 npar;
+    const struct regexp *r = ReANY(sstr);
+    struct regexp *ret = ReANY(dstr);
+    
+    PERL_ARGS_ASSERT_RE_DUP_GUTS;
+
+    npar = r->nparens+1;
+    Newx(ret->offs, npar, regexp_paren_pair);
+    Copy(r->offs, ret->offs, npar, regexp_paren_pair);
+
+    if (ret->substrs) {
+       /* Do it this way to avoid reading from *r after the StructCopy().
+          That way, if any of the sv_dup_inc()s dislodge *r from the L1
+          cache, it doesn't matter.  */
+       const bool anchored = r->check_substr
+           ? r->check_substr == r->anchored_substr
+           : r->check_utf8 == r->anchored_utf8;
+        Newx(ret->substrs, 1, struct reg_substr_data);
+       StructCopy(r->substrs, ret->substrs, struct reg_substr_data);
+
+       ret->anchored_substr = sv_dup_inc(ret->anchored_substr, param);
+       ret->anchored_utf8 = sv_dup_inc(ret->anchored_utf8, param);
+       ret->float_substr = sv_dup_inc(ret->float_substr, param);
+       ret->float_utf8 = sv_dup_inc(ret->float_utf8, param);
+
+       /* check_substr and check_utf8, if non-NULL, point to either their
+          anchored or float namesakes, and don't hold a second reference.  */
+
+       if (ret->check_substr) {
+           if (anchored) {
+               assert(r->check_utf8 == r->anchored_utf8);
+               ret->check_substr = ret->anchored_substr;
+               ret->check_utf8 = ret->anchored_utf8;
+           } else {
+               assert(r->check_substr == r->float_substr);
+               assert(r->check_utf8 == r->float_utf8);
+               ret->check_substr = ret->float_substr;
+               ret->check_utf8 = ret->float_utf8;
+           }
+       } else if (ret->check_utf8) {
+           if (anchored) {
+               ret->check_utf8 = ret->anchored_utf8;
+           } else {
+               ret->check_utf8 = ret->float_utf8;
+           }
+       }
+    }
+
+    RXp_PAREN_NAMES(ret) = hv_dup_inc(RXp_PAREN_NAMES(ret), param);
+    ret->qr_anoncv = MUTABLE_CV(sv_dup_inc((const SV *)ret->qr_anoncv, param));
+
+    if (ret->pprivate)
+       RXi_SET(ret,CALLREGDUPE_PVT(dstr,param));
+
+    if (RX_MATCH_COPIED(dstr))
+       ret->subbeg  = SAVEPVN(ret->subbeg, ret->sublen);
+    else
+       ret->subbeg = NULL;
+#ifdef PERL_ANY_COW
+    ret->saved_copy = NULL;
+#endif
+
+    /* Whether mother_re be set or no, we need to copy the string.  We
+       cannot refrain from copying it when the storage points directly to
+       our mother regexp, because that's
+              1: a buffer in a different thread
+              2: something we no longer hold a reference on
+              so we need to copy it locally.  */
+    RX_WRAPPED(dstr) = SAVEPVN(RX_WRAPPED(sstr), SvCUR(sstr)+1);
+    ret->mother_re   = NULL;
+    ret->gofs = 0;
+}
+#endif /* PERL_IN_XSUB_RE */
+
+/*
+   regdupe_internal()
+   
+   This is the internal complement to regdupe() which is used to copy
+   the structure pointed to by the *pprivate pointer in the regexp.
+   This is the core version of the extension overridable cloning hook.
+   The regexp structure being duplicated will be copied by perl prior
+   to this and will be provided as the regexp *r argument, however 
+   with the /old/ structures pprivate pointer value. Thus this routine
+   may override any copying normally done by perl.
+   
+   It returns a pointer to the new regexp_internal structure.
+*/
+
+void *
+Perl_regdupe_internal(pTHX_ REGEXP * const rx, CLONE_PARAMS *param)
+{
+    dVAR;
+    struct regexp *const r = ReANY(rx);
+    regexp_internal *reti;
+    int len;
+    RXi_GET_DECL(r,ri);
+
+    PERL_ARGS_ASSERT_REGDUPE_INTERNAL;
+    
+    len = ProgLen(ri);
+    
+    Newxc(reti, sizeof(regexp_internal) + len*sizeof(regnode), char, regexp_internal);
+    Copy(ri->program, reti->program, len+1, regnode);
+
+    reti->num_code_blocks = ri->num_code_blocks;
+    if (ri->code_blocks) {
+       int n;
+       Newxc(reti->code_blocks, ri->num_code_blocks, struct reg_code_block,
+               struct reg_code_block);
+       Copy(ri->code_blocks, reti->code_blocks, ri->num_code_blocks,
+               struct reg_code_block);
+       for (n = 0; n < ri->num_code_blocks; n++)
+            reti->code_blocks[n].src_regex = (REGEXP*)
+                   sv_dup_inc((SV*)(ri->code_blocks[n].src_regex), param);
+    }
+    else
+       reti->code_blocks = NULL;
+
+    reti->regstclass = NULL;
+
+    if (ri->data) {
+       struct reg_data *d;
+        const int count = ri->data->count;
+       int i;
+
+       Newxc(d, sizeof(struct reg_data) + count*sizeof(void *),
+               char, struct reg_data);
+       Newx(d->what, count, U8);
+
+       d->count = count;
+       for (i = 0; i < count; i++) {
+           d->what[i] = ri->data->what[i];
+           switch (d->what[i]) {
+               /* see also regcomp.h and regfree_internal() */
+           case 'a': /* actually an AV, but the dup function is identical.  */
+           case 'r':
+           case 's':
+           case 'S':
+           case 'u': /* actually an HV, but the dup function is identical.  */
+               d->data[i] = sv_dup_inc((const SV *)ri->data->data[i], param);
+               break;
+           case 'f':
+               /* This is cheating. */
+               Newx(d->data[i], 1, struct regnode_charclass_class);
+               StructCopy(ri->data->data[i], d->data[i],
+                           struct regnode_charclass_class);
+               reti->regstclass = (regnode*)d->data[i];
+               break;
+           case 'T':
+               /* Trie stclasses are readonly and can thus be shared
+                * without duplication. We free the stclass in pregfree
+                * when the corresponding reg_ac_data struct is freed.
+                */
+               reti->regstclass= ri->regstclass;
+               /* Fall through */
+           case 't':
+               OP_REFCNT_LOCK;
+               ((reg_trie_data*)ri->data->data[i])->refcount++;
+               OP_REFCNT_UNLOCK;
+               /* Fall through */
+           case 'l':
+           case 'L':
+               d->data[i] = ri->data->data[i];
+               break;
+            default:
+               Perl_croak(aTHX_ "panic: re_dup unknown data code '%c'", ri->data->what[i]);
+           }
+       }
+
+       reti->data = d;
+    }
+    else
+       reti->data = NULL;
+
+    reti->name_list_idx = ri->name_list_idx;
+
+#ifdef RE_TRACK_PATTERN_OFFSETS
+    if (ri->u.offsets) {
+        Newx(reti->u.offsets, 2*len+1, U32);
+        Copy(ri->u.offsets, reti->u.offsets, 2*len+1, U32);
+    }
+#else
+    SetProgLen(reti,len);
+#endif
+
+    return (void*)reti;
+}
+
+#endif    /* USE_ITHREADS */
+
+#ifndef PERL_IN_XSUB_RE
+
+/*
+ - regnext - dig the "next" pointer out of a node
+ */
+regnode *
+Perl_regnext(pTHX_ regnode *p)
+{
+    dVAR;
+    I32 offset;
+
+    if (!p)
+       return(NULL);
+
+    if (OP(p) > REGNODE_MAX) {         /* regnode.type is unsigned */
+       Perl_croak(aTHX_ "Corrupted regexp opcode %d > %d", (int)OP(p), (int)REGNODE_MAX);
+    }
+
+    offset = (reg_off_by_arg[OP(p)] ? ARG(p) : NEXT_OFF(p));
+    if (offset == 0)
+       return(NULL);
+
+    return(p+offset);
+}
+#endif
+
+STATIC void
+S_re_croak2(pTHX_ const char* pat1,const char* pat2,...)
+{
+    va_list args;
+    STRLEN l1 = strlen(pat1);
+    STRLEN l2 = strlen(pat2);
+    char buf[512];
+    SV *msv;
+    const char *message;
+
+    PERL_ARGS_ASSERT_RE_CROAK2;
+
+    if (l1 > 510)
+       l1 = 510;
+    if (l1 + l2 > 510)
+       l2 = 510 - l1;
+    Copy(pat1, buf, l1 , char);
+    Copy(pat2, buf + l1, l2 , char);
+    buf[l1 + l2] = '\n';
+    buf[l1 + l2 + 1] = '\0';
+#ifdef I_STDARG
+    /* ANSI variant takes additional second argument */
+    va_start(args, pat2);
+#else
+    va_start(args);
+#endif
+    msv = vmess(buf, &args);
+    va_end(args);
+    message = SvPV_const(msv,l1);
+    if (l1 > 512)
+       l1 = 512;
+    Copy(message, buf, l1 , char);
+    buf[l1-1] = '\0';                  /* Overwrite \n */
+    Perl_croak(aTHX_ "%s", buf);
+}
+
+/* XXX Here's a total kludge.  But we need to re-enter for swash routines. */
+
+#ifndef PERL_IN_XSUB_RE
+void
+Perl_save_re_context(pTHX)
+{
+    dVAR;
+
+    /* Save $1..$n (#18107: UTF-8 s/(\w+)/uc($1)/e); AMS 20021106. */
+    if (PL_curpm) {
+       const REGEXP * const rx = PM_GETRE(PL_curpm);
+       if (rx) {
+           U32 i;
+           for (i = 1; i <= RX_NPARENS(rx); i++) {
+               char digits[TYPE_CHARS(long)];
+               const STRLEN len = my_snprintf(digits, sizeof(digits), "%lu", (long)i);
+               GV *const *const gvp
+                   = (GV**)hv_fetch(PL_defstash, digits, len, 0);
+
+               if (gvp) {
+                   GV * const gv = *gvp;
+                   if (SvTYPE(gv) == SVt_PVGV && GvSV(gv))
+                       save_scalar(gv);
+               }
+           }
+       }
+    }
+}
+#endif
+
+#ifdef DEBUGGING
+
+STATIC void
+S_put_byte(pTHX_ SV *sv, int c)
+{
+    PERL_ARGS_ASSERT_PUT_BYTE;
+
+    /* Our definition of isPRINT() ignores locales, so only bytes that are
+       not part of UTF-8 are considered printable. I assume that the same
+       holds for UTF-EBCDIC.
+       Also, code point 255 is not printable in either (it's E0 in EBCDIC,
+       which Wikipedia says:
+
+       EO, or Eight Ones, is an 8-bit EBCDIC character code represented as all
+       ones (binary 1111 1111, hexadecimal FF). It is similar, but not
+       identical, to the ASCII delete (DEL) or rubout control character. ...
+       it is typically mapped to hexadecimal code 9F, in order to provide a
+       unique character mapping in both directions)
+
+       So the old condition can be simplified to !isPRINT(c)  */
+    if (!isPRINT(c)) {
+       if (c < 256) {
+           Perl_sv_catpvf(aTHX_ sv, "\\x%02x", c);
+       }
+       else {
+           Perl_sv_catpvf(aTHX_ sv, "\\x{%x}", c);
+       }
+    }
+    else {
+       const char string = c;
+       if (c == '-' || c == ']' || c == '\\' || c == '^')
+           sv_catpvs(sv, "\\");
+       sv_catpvn(sv, &string, 1);
+    }
+}
+
+
+#define CLEAR_OPTSTART \
+    if (optstart) STMT_START { \
+           DEBUG_OPTIMISE_r(PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log, " (%"IVdf" nodes)\n", (IV)(node - optstart))); \
+           optstart=NULL; \
+    } STMT_END
+
+#define DUMPUNTIL(b,e) CLEAR_OPTSTART; node=dumpuntil(r,start,(b),(e),last,sv,indent+1,depth+1);
+
+STATIC const regnode *
+S_dumpuntil(pTHX_ const regexp *r, const regnode *start, const regnode *node,
+           const regnode *last, const regnode *plast, 
+           SV* sv, I32 indent, U32 depth)
+{
+    dVAR;
+    U8 op = PSEUDO;    /* Arbitrary non-END op. */
+    const regnode *next;
+    const regnode *optstart= NULL;
+    
+    RXi_GET_DECL(r,ri);
+    GET_RE_DEBUG_FLAGS_DECL;
+
+    PERL_ARGS_ASSERT_DUMPUNTIL;
+
+#ifdef DEBUG_DUMPUNTIL
+    PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log, "--- %d : %d - %d - %d\n",indent,node-start,
+        last ? last-start : 0,plast ? plast-start : 0);
+#endif
+            
+    if (plast && plast < last) 
+        last= plast;
+
+    while (PL_regkind[op] != END && (!last || node < last)) {
+       /* While that wasn't END last time... */
+       NODE_ALIGN(node);
+       op = OP(node);
+       if (op == CLOSE || op == WHILEM)
+           indent--;
+       next = regnext((regnode *)node);
+
+       /* Where, what. */
+       if (OP(node) == OPTIMIZED) {
+           if (!optstart && RE_DEBUG_FLAG(RE_DEBUG_COMPILE_OPTIMISE))
+               optstart = node;
+           else
+               goto after_print;
+       } else
+           CLEAR_OPTSTART;
+
+       regprop(r, sv, node);
+       PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log, "%4"IVdf":%*s%s", (IV)(node - start),
+                     (int)(2*indent + 1), "", SvPVX_const(sv));
+        
+        if (OP(node) != OPTIMIZED) {                 
+            if (next == NULL)          /* Next ptr. */
+                PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log, " (0)");
+            else if (PL_regkind[(U8)op] == BRANCH && PL_regkind[OP(next)] != BRANCH )
+                PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log, " (FAIL)");
+            else 
+                PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log, " (%"IVdf")", (IV)(next - start));
+            (void)PerlIO_putc(Perl_debug_log, '\n'); 
+        }
+        
+      after_print:
+       if (PL_regkind[(U8)op] == BRANCHJ) {
+           assert(next);
+           {
+                const regnode *nnode = (OP(next) == LONGJMP
+                                       ? regnext((regnode *)next)
+                                       : next);
+                if (last && nnode > last)
+                    nnode = last;
+                DUMPUNTIL(NEXTOPER(NEXTOPER(node)), nnode);
+           }
+       }
+       else if (PL_regkind[(U8)op] == BRANCH) {
+           assert(next);
+           DUMPUNTIL(NEXTOPER(node), next);
+       }
+       else if ( PL_regkind[(U8)op]  == TRIE ) {
+           const regnode *this_trie = node;
+           const char op = OP(node);
+            const U32 n = ARG(node);
+           const reg_ac_data * const ac = op>=AHOCORASICK ?
+               (reg_ac_data *)ri->data->data[n] :
+               NULL;
+           const reg_trie_data * const trie =
+               (reg_trie_data*)ri->data->data[op<AHOCORASICK ? n : ac->trie];
+#ifdef DEBUGGING
+           AV *const trie_words = MUTABLE_AV(ri->data->data[n + TRIE_WORDS_OFFSET]);
+#endif
+           const regnode *nextbranch= NULL;
+           I32 word_idx;
+            sv_setpvs(sv, "");
+           for (word_idx= 0; word_idx < (I32)trie->wordcount; word_idx++) {
+               SV ** const elem_ptr = av_fetch(trie_words,word_idx,0);
+
+                PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log, "%*s%s ",
+                   (int)(2*(indent+3)), "",
+                    elem_ptr ? pv_pretty(sv, SvPV_nolen_const(*elem_ptr), SvCUR(*elem_ptr), 60,
+                           PL_colors[0], PL_colors[1],
+                           (SvUTF8(*elem_ptr) ? PERL_PV_ESCAPE_UNI : 0) |
+                           PERL_PV_PRETTY_ELLIPSES    |
+                           PERL_PV_PRETTY_LTGT
+                            )
+                            : "???"
+                );
+                if (trie->jump) {
+                    U16 dist= trie->jump[word_idx+1];
+                   PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log, "(%"UVuf")\n",
+                                 (UV)((dist ? this_trie + dist : next) - start));
+                    if (dist) {
+                        if (!nextbranch)
+                            nextbranch= this_trie + trie->jump[0];    
+                       DUMPUNTIL(this_trie + dist, nextbranch);
+                    }
+                    if (nextbranch && PL_regkind[OP(nextbranch)]==BRANCH)
+                        nextbranch= regnext((regnode *)nextbranch);
+                } else {
+                    PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log, "\n");
+               }
+           }
+           if (last && next > last)
+               node= last;
+           else
+               node= next;
+       }
+       else if ( op == CURLY ) {   /* "next" might be very big: optimizer */
+           DUMPUNTIL(NEXTOPER(node) + EXTRA_STEP_2ARGS,
+                    NEXTOPER(node) + EXTRA_STEP_2ARGS + 1);
+       }
+       else if (PL_regkind[(U8)op] == CURLY && op != CURLYX) {
+           assert(next);
+           DUMPUNTIL(NEXTOPER(node) + EXTRA_STEP_2ARGS, next);
+       }
+       else if ( op == PLUS || op == STAR) {
+           DUMPUNTIL(NEXTOPER(node), NEXTOPER(node) + 1);
+       }
+       else if (PL_regkind[(U8)op] == ANYOF) {
+           /* arglen 1 + class block */
+           node += 1 + ((ANYOF_FLAGS(node) & ANYOF_CLASS)
+                   ? ANYOF_CLASS_SKIP : ANYOF_SKIP);
+           node = NEXTOPER(node);
+       }
+       else if (PL_regkind[(U8)op] == EXACT) {
+            /* Literal string, where present. */
+           node += NODE_SZ_STR(node) - 1;
+           node = NEXTOPER(node);
+       }
+       else {
+           node = NEXTOPER(node);
+           node += regarglen[(U8)op];
+       }
+       if (op == CURLYX || op == OPEN)
+           indent++;
+    }
+    CLEAR_OPTSTART;
+#ifdef DEBUG_DUMPUNTIL    
+    PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log, "--- %d\n", (int)indent);
+#endif
+    return node;
+}
+
+#endif /* DEBUGGING */
+
+/*
+ * Local variables:
+ * c-indentation-style: bsd
+ * c-basic-offset: 4
+ * indent-tabs-mode: nil
+ * End:
+ *
+ * ex: set ts=8 sts=4 sw=4 et:
+ */
diff --git a/src/5019002/regexec.c b/src/5019002/regexec.c
new file mode 100644 (file)
index 0000000..6c23c71
--- /dev/null
@@ -0,0 +1,7719 @@
+/*    regexec.c
+ */
+
+/*
+ *     One Ring to rule them all, One Ring to find them
+ &
+ *     [p.v of _The Lord of the Rings_, opening poem]
+ *     [p.50 of _The Lord of the Rings_, I/iii: "The Shadow of the Past"]
+ *     [p.254 of _The Lord of the Rings_, II/ii: "The Council of Elrond"]
+ */
+
+/* This file contains functions for executing a regular expression.  See
+ * also regcomp.c which funnily enough, contains functions for compiling
+ * a regular expression.
+ *
+ * This file is also copied at build time to ext/re/re_exec.c, where
+ * it's built with -DPERL_EXT_RE_BUILD -DPERL_EXT_RE_DEBUG -DPERL_EXT.
+ * This causes the main functions to be compiled under new names and with
+ * debugging support added, which makes "use re 'debug'" work.
+ */
+
+/* NOTE: this is derived from Henry Spencer's regexp code, and should not
+ * confused with the original package (see point 3 below).  Thanks, Henry!
+ */
+
+/* Additional note: this code is very heavily munged from Henry's version
+ * in places.  In some spots I've traded clarity for efficiency, so don't
+ * blame Henry for some of the lack of readability.
+ */
+
+/* The names of the functions have been changed from regcomp and
+ * regexec to  pregcomp and pregexec in order to avoid conflicts
+ * with the POSIX routines of the same names.
+*/
+
+#ifdef PERL_EXT_RE_BUILD
+#include "re_top.h"
+#endif
+
+/* At least one required character in the target string is expressible only in
+ * UTF-8. */
+static const char* const non_utf8_target_but_utf8_required
+                = "Can't match, because target string needs to be in UTF-8\n";
+
+#define NON_UTF8_TARGET_BUT_UTF8_REQUIRED(target) STMT_START { \
+    DEBUG_EXECUTE_r(PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log, "%s", non_utf8_target_but_utf8_required));\
+    goto target; \
+} STMT_END
+
+/*
+ * pregcomp and pregexec -- regsub and regerror are not used in perl
+ *
+ *     Copyright (c) 1986 by University of Toronto.
+ *     Written by Henry Spencer.  Not derived from licensed software.
+ *
+ *     Permission is granted to anyone to use this software for any
+ *     purpose on any computer system, and to redistribute it freely,
+ *     subject to the following restrictions:
+ *
+ *     1. The author is not responsible for the consequences of use of
+ *             this software, no matter how awful, even if they arise
+ *             from defects in it.
+ *
+ *     2. The origin of this software must not be misrepresented, either
+ *             by explicit claim or by omission.
+ *
+ *     3. Altered versions must be plainly marked as such, and must not
+ *             be misrepresented as being the original software.
+ *
+ ****    Alterations to Henry's code are...
+ ****
+ ****    Copyright (C) 1991, 1992, 1993, 1994, 1995, 1996, 1997, 1998, 1999,
+ ****    2000, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2008
+ ****    by Larry Wall and others
+ ****
+ ****    You may distribute under the terms of either the GNU General Public
+ ****    License or the Artistic License, as specified in the README file.
+ *
+ * Beware that some of this code is subtly aware of the way operator
+ * precedence is structured in regular expressions.  Serious changes in
+ * regular-expression syntax might require a total rethink.
+ */
+#include "EXTERN.h"
+#define PERL_IN_REGEXEC_C
+#include "perl.h"
+#include "re_defs.h"
+
+#ifdef PERL_IN_XSUB_RE
+#  include "re_comp.h"
+#else
+#  include "regcomp.h"
+#endif
+
+#include "inline_invlist.c"
+#include "unicode_constants.h"
+
+#define HAS_NONLATIN1_FOLD_CLOSURE(i) _HAS_NONLATIN1_FOLD_CLOSURE_ONLY_FOR_USE_BY_REGCOMP_DOT_C_AND_REGEXEC_DOT_C(i)
+
+#ifndef STATIC
+#define        STATIC  static
+#endif
+
+/* Valid for non-utf8 strings: avoids the reginclass
+ * call if there are no complications: i.e., if everything matchable is
+ * straight forward in the bitmap */
+#define REGINCLASS(prog,p,c)  (ANYOF_FLAGS(p) ? reginclass(prog,p,c,0)   \
+                                             : ANYOF_BITMAP_TEST(p,*(c)))
+
+/*
+ * Forwards.
+ */
+
+#define CHR_SVLEN(sv) (utf8_target ? sv_len_utf8(sv) : SvCUR(sv))
+#define CHR_DIST(a,b) (reginfo->is_utf8_target ? utf8_distance(a,b) : a - b)
+
+#define HOPc(pos,off) \
+       (char *)(reginfo->is_utf8_target \
+           ? reghop3((U8*)pos, off, \
+                    (U8*)(off >= 0 ? reginfo->strend : reginfo->strbeg)) \
+           : (U8*)(pos + off))
+#define HOPBACKc(pos, off) \
+       (char*)(reginfo->is_utf8_target \
+           ? reghopmaybe3((U8*)pos, -off, (U8*)(reginfo->strbeg)) \
+           : (pos - off >= reginfo->strbeg)    \
+               ? (U8*)pos - off                \
+               : NULL)
+
+#define HOP3(pos,off,lim) (reginfo->is_utf8_target  ? reghop3((U8*)(pos), off, (U8*)(lim)) : (U8*)(pos + off))
+#define HOP3c(pos,off,lim) ((char*)HOP3(pos,off,lim))
+
+
+#define NEXTCHR_EOS -10 /* nextchr has fallen off the end */
+#define NEXTCHR_IS_EOS (nextchr < 0)
+
+#define SET_nextchr \
+    nextchr = ((locinput < reginfo->strend) ? UCHARAT(locinput) : NEXTCHR_EOS)
+
+#define SET_locinput(p) \
+    locinput = (p);  \
+    SET_nextchr
+
+
+#define LOAD_UTF8_CHARCLASS(swash_ptr, property_name) STMT_START {            \
+        if (!swash_ptr) {                                                     \
+            U8 flags = _CORE_SWASH_INIT_ACCEPT_INVLIST;                       \
+            swash_ptr = _core_swash_init("utf8", property_name, &PL_sv_undef, \
+                                         1, 0, NULL, &flags);                 \
+            assert(swash_ptr);                                                \
+        }                                                                     \
+    } STMT_END
+
+/* If in debug mode, we test that a known character properly matches */
+#ifdef DEBUGGING
+#   define LOAD_UTF8_CHARCLASS_DEBUG_TEST(swash_ptr,                          \
+                                          property_name,                      \
+                                          utf8_char_in_property)              \
+        LOAD_UTF8_CHARCLASS(swash_ptr, property_name);                        \
+        assert(swash_fetch(swash_ptr, (U8 *) utf8_char_in_property, TRUE));
+#else
+#   define LOAD_UTF8_CHARCLASS_DEBUG_TEST(swash_ptr,                          \
+                                          property_name,                      \
+                                          utf8_char_in_property)              \
+        LOAD_UTF8_CHARCLASS(swash_ptr, property_name)
+#endif
+
+#define LOAD_UTF8_CHARCLASS_ALNUM() LOAD_UTF8_CHARCLASS_DEBUG_TEST(           \
+                                        PL_utf8_swash_ptrs[_CC_WORDCHAR],     \
+                                        swash_property_names[_CC_WORDCHAR],   \
+                                        GREEK_SMALL_LETTER_IOTA_UTF8)
+
+#define LOAD_UTF8_CHARCLASS_GCB()  /* Grapheme cluster boundaries */          \
+    STMT_START {                                                              \
+       LOAD_UTF8_CHARCLASS_DEBUG_TEST(PL_utf8_X_regular_begin,               \
+                                       "_X_regular_begin",                    \
+                                       GREEK_SMALL_LETTER_IOTA_UTF8);         \
+       LOAD_UTF8_CHARCLASS_DEBUG_TEST(PL_utf8_X_extend,                      \
+                                       "_X_extend",                           \
+                                       COMBINING_GRAVE_ACCENT_UTF8);          \
+    } STMT_END
+
+#define PLACEHOLDER    /* Something for the preprocessor to grab onto */
+/* TODO: Combine JUMPABLE and HAS_TEXT to cache OP(rn) */
+
+/* for use after a quantifier and before an EXACT-like node -- japhy */
+/* it would be nice to rework regcomp.sym to generate this stuff. sigh
+ *
+ * NOTE that *nothing* that affects backtracking should be in here, specifically
+ * VERBS must NOT be included. JUMPABLE is used to determine  if we can ignore a
+ * node that is in between two EXACT like nodes when ascertaining what the required
+ * "follow" character is. This should probably be moved to regex compile time
+ * although it may be done at run time beause of the REF possibility - more
+ * investigation required. -- demerphq
+*/
+#define JUMPABLE(rn) (      \
+    OP(rn) == OPEN ||       \
+    (OP(rn) == CLOSE && (!cur_eval || cur_eval->u.eval.close_paren != ARG(rn))) || \
+    OP(rn) == EVAL ||   \
+    OP(rn) == SUSPEND || OP(rn) == IFMATCH || \
+    OP(rn) == PLUS || OP(rn) == MINMOD || \
+    OP(rn) == KEEPS || \
+    (PL_regkind[OP(rn)] == CURLY && ARG1(rn) > 0) \
+)
+#define IS_EXACT(rn) (PL_regkind[OP(rn)] == EXACT)
+
+#define HAS_TEXT(rn) ( IS_EXACT(rn) || PL_regkind[OP(rn)] == REF )
+
+#if 0 
+/* Currently these are only used when PL_regkind[OP(rn)] == EXACT so
+   we don't need this definition. */
+#define IS_TEXT(rn)   ( OP(rn)==EXACT   || OP(rn)==REF   || OP(rn)==NREF   )
+#define IS_TEXTF(rn)  ( OP(rn)==EXACTFU || OP(rn)==EXACTFU_SS || OP(rn)==EXACTFU_TRICKYFOLD || OP(rn)==EXACTFA || OP(rn)==EXACTF || OP(rn)==REFF  || OP(rn)==NREFF )
+#define IS_TEXTFL(rn) ( OP(rn)==EXACTFL || OP(rn)==REFFL || OP(rn)==NREFFL )
+
+#else
+/* ... so we use this as its faster. */
+#define IS_TEXT(rn)   ( OP(rn)==EXACT   )
+#define IS_TEXTFU(rn)  ( OP(rn)==EXACTFU || OP(rn)==EXACTFU_SS || OP(rn)==EXACTFU_TRICKYFOLD || OP(rn) == EXACTFA)
+#define IS_TEXTF(rn)  ( OP(rn)==EXACTF  )
+#define IS_TEXTFL(rn) ( OP(rn)==EXACTFL )
+
+#endif
+
+/*
+  Search for mandatory following text node; for lookahead, the text must
+  follow but for lookbehind (rn->flags != 0) we skip to the next step.
+*/
+#define FIND_NEXT_IMPT(rn) STMT_START { \
+    while (JUMPABLE(rn)) { \
+       const OPCODE type = OP(rn); \
+       if (type == SUSPEND || PL_regkind[type] == CURLY) \
+           rn = NEXTOPER(NEXTOPER(rn)); \
+       else if (type == PLUS) \
+           rn = NEXTOPER(rn); \
+       else if (type == IFMATCH) \
+           rn = (rn->flags == 0) ? NEXTOPER(NEXTOPER(rn)) : rn + ARG(rn); \
+       else rn += NEXT_OFF(rn); \
+    } \
+} STMT_END 
+
+/* These constants are for finding GCB=LV and GCB=LVT in the CLUMP regnode.
+ * These are for the pre-composed Hangul syllables, which are all in a
+ * contiguous block and arranged there in such a way so as to facilitate
+ * alorithmic determination of their characteristics.  As such, they don't need
+ * a swash, but can be determined by simple arithmetic.  Almost all are
+ * GCB=LVT, but every 28th one is a GCB=LV */
+#define SBASE 0xAC00    /* Start of block */
+#define SCount 11172    /* Length of block */
+#define TCount 28
+
+#define SLAB_FIRST(s) (&(s)->states[0])
+#define SLAB_LAST(s)  (&(s)->states[PERL_REGMATCH_SLAB_SLOTS-1])
+
+static void S_setup_eval_state(pTHX_ regmatch_info *const reginfo);
+static void S_cleanup_regmatch_info_aux(pTHX_ void *arg);
+static regmatch_state * S_push_slab(pTHX);
+
+#define REGCP_PAREN_ELEMS 3
+#define REGCP_OTHER_ELEMS 3
+#define REGCP_FRAME_ELEMS 1
+/* REGCP_FRAME_ELEMS are not part of the REGCP_OTHER_ELEMS and
+ * are needed for the regexp context stack bookkeeping. */
+
+STATIC CHECKPOINT
+S_regcppush(pTHX_ const regexp *rex, I32 parenfloor, U32 maxopenparen)
+{
+    dVAR;
+    const int retval = PL_savestack_ix;
+    const int paren_elems_to_push =
+                (maxopenparen - parenfloor) * REGCP_PAREN_ELEMS;
+    const UV total_elems = paren_elems_to_push + REGCP_OTHER_ELEMS;
+    const UV elems_shifted = total_elems << SAVE_TIGHT_SHIFT;
+    I32 p;
+    GET_RE_DEBUG_FLAGS_DECL;
+
+    PERL_ARGS_ASSERT_REGCPPUSH;
+
+    if (paren_elems_to_push < 0)
+       Perl_croak(aTHX_ "panic: paren_elems_to_push, %i < 0",
+                  paren_elems_to_push);
+
+    if ((elems_shifted >> SAVE_TIGHT_SHIFT) != total_elems)
+       Perl_croak(aTHX_ "panic: paren_elems_to_push offset %"UVuf
+                  " out of range (%lu-%ld)",
+                  total_elems,
+                   (unsigned long)maxopenparen,
+                   (long)parenfloor);
+
+    SSGROW(total_elems + REGCP_FRAME_ELEMS);
+    
+    DEBUG_BUFFERS_r(
+       if ((int)maxopenparen > (int)parenfloor)
+           PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log,
+               "rex=0x%"UVxf" offs=0x%"UVxf": saving capture indices:\n",
+               PTR2UV(rex),
+               PTR2UV(rex->offs)
+           );
+    );
+    for (p = parenfloor+1; p <= (I32)maxopenparen;  p++) {
+/* REGCP_PARENS_ELEMS are pushed per pairs of parentheses. */
+       SSPUSHINT(rex->offs[p].end);
+       SSPUSHINT(rex->offs[p].start);
+       SSPUSHINT(rex->offs[p].start_tmp);
+       DEBUG_BUFFERS_r(PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log,
+           "    \\%"UVuf": %"IVdf"(%"IVdf")..%"IVdf"\n",
+           (UV)p,
+           (IV)rex->offs[p].start,
+           (IV)rex->offs[p].start_tmp,
+           (IV)rex->offs[p].end
+       ));
+    }
+/* REGCP_OTHER_ELEMS are pushed in any case, parentheses or no. */
+    SSPUSHINT(maxopenparen);
+    SSPUSHINT(rex->lastparen);
+    SSPUSHINT(rex->lastcloseparen);
+    SSPUSHUV(SAVEt_REGCONTEXT | elems_shifted); /* Magic cookie. */
+
+    return retval;
+}
+
+/* These are needed since we do not localize EVAL nodes: */
+#define REGCP_SET(cp)                                           \
+    DEBUG_STATE_r(                                              \
+            PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log,                      \
+               "  Setting an EVAL scope, savestack=%"IVdf"\n", \
+               (IV)PL_savestack_ix));                          \
+    cp = PL_savestack_ix
+
+#define REGCP_UNWIND(cp)                                        \
+    DEBUG_STATE_r(                                              \
+        if (cp != PL_savestack_ix)                             \
+           PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log,                       \
+               "  Clearing an EVAL scope, savestack=%"IVdf"..%"IVdf"\n", \
+               (IV)(cp), (IV)PL_savestack_ix));                \
+    regcpblow(cp)
+
+#define UNWIND_PAREN(lp, lcp)               \
+    for (n = rex->lastparen; n > lp; n--)   \
+        rex->offs[n].end = -1;              \
+    rex->lastparen = n;                     \
+    rex->lastcloseparen = lcp;
+
+
+STATIC void
+S_regcppop(pTHX_ regexp *rex, U32 *maxopenparen_p)
+{
+    dVAR;
+    UV i;
+    U32 paren;
+    GET_RE_DEBUG_FLAGS_DECL;
+
+    PERL_ARGS_ASSERT_REGCPPOP;
+
+    /* Pop REGCP_OTHER_ELEMS before the parentheses loop starts. */
+    i = SSPOPUV;
+    assert((i & SAVE_MASK) == SAVEt_REGCONTEXT); /* Check that the magic cookie is there. */
+    i >>= SAVE_TIGHT_SHIFT; /* Parentheses elements to pop. */
+    rex->lastcloseparen = SSPOPINT;
+    rex->lastparen = SSPOPINT;
+    *maxopenparen_p = SSPOPINT;
+
+    i -= REGCP_OTHER_ELEMS;
+    /* Now restore the parentheses context. */
+    DEBUG_BUFFERS_r(
+       if (i || rex->lastparen + 1 <= rex->nparens)
+           PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log,
+               "rex=0x%"UVxf" offs=0x%"UVxf": restoring capture indices to:\n",
+               PTR2UV(rex),
+               PTR2UV(rex->offs)
+           );
+    );
+    paren = *maxopenparen_p;
+    for ( ; i > 0; i -= REGCP_PAREN_ELEMS) {
+       I32 tmps;
+       rex->offs[paren].start_tmp = SSPOPINT;
+       rex->offs[paren].start = SSPOPINT;
+       tmps = SSPOPINT;
+       if (paren <= rex->lastparen)
+           rex->offs[paren].end = tmps;
+       DEBUG_BUFFERS_r( PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log,
+           "    \\%"UVuf": %"IVdf"(%"IVdf")..%"IVdf"%s\n",
+           (UV)paren,
+           (IV)rex->offs[paren].start,
+           (IV)rex->offs[paren].start_tmp,
+           (IV)rex->offs[paren].end,
+           (paren > rex->lastparen ? "(skipped)" : ""));
+       );
+       paren--;
+    }
+#if 1
+    /* It would seem that the similar code in regtry()
+     * already takes care of this, and in fact it is in
+     * a better location to since this code can #if 0-ed out
+     * but the code in regtry() is needed or otherwise tests
+     * requiring null fields (pat.t#187 and split.t#{13,14}
+     * (as of patchlevel 7877)  will fail.  Then again,
+     * this code seems to be necessary or otherwise
+     * this erroneously leaves $1 defined: "1" =~ /^(?:(\d)x)?\d$/
+     * --jhi updated by dapm */
+    for (i = rex->lastparen + 1; i <= rex->nparens; i++) {
+       if (i > *maxopenparen_p)
+           rex->offs[i].start = -1;
+       rex->offs[i].end = -1;
+       DEBUG_BUFFERS_r( PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log,
+           "    \\%"UVuf": %s   ..-1 undeffing\n",
+           (UV)i,
+           (i > *maxopenparen_p) ? "-1" : "  "
+       ));
+    }
+#endif
+}
+
+/* restore the parens and associated vars at savestack position ix,
+ * but without popping the stack */
+
+STATIC void
+S_regcp_restore(pTHX_ regexp *rex, I32 ix, U32 *maxopenparen_p)
+{
+    I32 tmpix = PL_savestack_ix;
+    PL_savestack_ix = ix;
+    regcppop(rex, maxopenparen_p);
+    PL_savestack_ix = tmpix;
+}
+
+#define regcpblow(cp) LEAVE_SCOPE(cp)  /* Ignores regcppush()ed data. */
+
+STATIC bool
+S_isFOO_lc(pTHX_ const U8 classnum, const U8 character)
+{
+    /* Returns a boolean as to whether or not 'character' is a member of the
+     * Posix character class given by 'classnum' that should be equivalent to a
+     * value in the typedef '_char_class_number'.
+     *
+     * Ideally this could be replaced by a just an array of function pointers
+     * to the C library functions that implement the macros this calls.
+     * However, to compile, the precise function signatures are required, and
+     * these may vary from platform to to platform.  To avoid having to figure
+     * out what those all are on each platform, I (khw) am using this method,
+     * which adds an extra layer of function call overhead (unless the C
+     * optimizer strips it away).  But we don't particularly care about
+     * performance with locales anyway. */
+
+    switch ((_char_class_number) classnum) {
+        case _CC_ENUM_ALPHANUMERIC: return isALPHANUMERIC_LC(character);
+        case _CC_ENUM_ALPHA:     return isALPHA_LC(character);
+        case _CC_ENUM_ASCII:     return isASCII_LC(character);
+        case _CC_ENUM_BLANK:     return isBLANK_LC(character);
+        case _CC_ENUM_CASED:     return isLOWER_LC(character)
+                                        || isUPPER_LC(character);
+        case _CC_ENUM_CNTRL:     return isCNTRL_LC(character);
+        case _CC_ENUM_DIGIT:     return isDIGIT_LC(character);
+        case _CC_ENUM_GRAPH:     return isGRAPH_LC(character);
+        case _CC_ENUM_LOWER:     return isLOWER_LC(character);
+        case _CC_ENUM_PRINT:     return isPRINT_LC(character);
+        case _CC_ENUM_PSXSPC:    return isPSXSPC_LC(character);
+        case _CC_ENUM_PUNCT:     return isPUNCT_LC(character);
+        case _CC_ENUM_SPACE:     return isSPACE_LC(character);
+        case _CC_ENUM_UPPER:     return isUPPER_LC(character);
+        case _CC_ENUM_WORDCHAR:  return isWORDCHAR_LC(character);
+        case _CC_ENUM_XDIGIT:    return isXDIGIT_LC(character);
+        default:    /* VERTSPACE should never occur in locales */
+            Perl_croak(aTHX_ "panic: isFOO_lc() has an unexpected character class '%d'", classnum);
+    }
+
+    assert(0); /* NOTREACHED */
+    return FALSE;
+}
+
+STATIC bool
+S_isFOO_utf8_lc(pTHX_ const U8 classnum, const U8* character)
+{
+    /* Returns a boolean as to whether or not the (well-formed) UTF-8-encoded
+     * 'character' is a member of the Posix character class given by 'classnum'
+     * that should be equivalent to a value in the typedef
+     * '_char_class_number'.
+     *
+     * This just calls isFOO_lc on the code point for the character if it is in
+     * the range 0-255.  Outside that range, all characters avoid Unicode
+     * rules, ignoring any locale.  So use the Unicode function if this class
+     * requires a swash, and use the Unicode macro otherwise. */
+
+    PERL_ARGS_ASSERT_ISFOO_UTF8_LC;
+
+    if (UTF8_IS_INVARIANT(*character)) {
+        return isFOO_lc(classnum, *character);
+    }
+    else if (UTF8_IS_DOWNGRADEABLE_START(*character)) {
+        return isFOO_lc(classnum,
+                        TWO_BYTE_UTF8_TO_UNI(*character, *(character + 1)));
+    }
+
+    if (classnum < _FIRST_NON_SWASH_CC) {
+
+        /* Initialize the swash unless done already */
+        if (! PL_utf8_swash_ptrs[classnum]) {
+            U8 flags = _CORE_SWASH_INIT_ACCEPT_INVLIST;
+            PL_utf8_swash_ptrs[classnum] = _core_swash_init("utf8",
+                swash_property_names[classnum], &PL_sv_undef, 1, 0, NULL, &flags);
+        }
+
+        return cBOOL(swash_fetch(PL_utf8_swash_ptrs[classnum], (U8 *)
+                                 character,
+                                 TRUE /* is UTF */ ));
+    }
+
+    switch ((_char_class_number) classnum) {
+        case _CC_ENUM_SPACE:
+        case _CC_ENUM_PSXSPC:    return is_XPERLSPACE_high(character);
+
+        case _CC_ENUM_BLANK:     return is_HORIZWS_high(character);
+        case _CC_ENUM_XDIGIT:    return is_XDIGIT_high(character);
+        case _CC_ENUM_VERTSPACE: return is_VERTWS_high(character);
+        default:                 return 0;  /* Things like CNTRL are always
+                                               below 256 */
+    }
+
+    assert(0); /* NOTREACHED */
+    return FALSE;
+}
+
+/*
+ * pregexec and friends
+ */
+
+#ifndef PERL_IN_XSUB_RE
+/*
+ - pregexec - match a regexp against a string
+ */
+I32
+Perl_pregexec(pTHX_ REGEXP * const prog, char* stringarg, char *strend,
+        char *strbeg, I32 minend, SV *screamer, U32 nosave)
+/* stringarg: the point in the string at which to begin matching */
+/* strend:    pointer to null at end of string */
+/* strbeg:    real beginning of string */
+/* minend:    end of match must be >= minend bytes after stringarg. */
+/* screamer:  SV being matched: only used for utf8 flag, pos() etc; string
+ *            itself is accessed via the pointers above */
+/* nosave:    For optimizations. */
+{
+    PERL_ARGS_ASSERT_PREGEXEC;
+
+    return
+       regexec_flags(prog, stringarg, strend, strbeg, minend, screamer, NULL,
+                     nosave ? 0 : REXEC_COPY_STR);
+}
+#endif
+
+/*
+ * Need to implement the following flags for reg_anch:
+ *
+ * USE_INTUIT_NOML             - Useful to call re_intuit_start() first
+ * USE_INTUIT_ML
+ * INTUIT_AUTORITATIVE_NOML    - Can trust a positive answer
+ * INTUIT_AUTORITATIVE_ML
+ * INTUIT_ONCE_NOML            - Intuit can match in one location only.
+ * INTUIT_ONCE_ML
+ *
+ * Another flag for this function: SECOND_TIME (so that float substrs
+ * with giant delta may be not rechecked).
+ */
+
+/* Assumptions: if ANCH_GPOS, then strpos is anchored. XXXX Check GPOS logic */
+
+/* If SCREAM, then SvPVX_const(sv) should be compatible with strpos and strend.
+   Otherwise, only SvCUR(sv) is used to get strbeg. */
+
+/* XXXX We assume that strpos is strbeg unless sv. */
+
+/* XXXX Some places assume that there is a fixed substring.
+       An update may be needed if optimizer marks as "INTUITable"
+       RExen without fixed substrings.  Similarly, it is assumed that
+       lengths of all the strings are no more than minlen, thus they
+       cannot come from lookahead.
+       (Or minlen should take into account lookahead.) 
+  NOTE: Some of this comment is not correct. minlen does now take account
+  of lookahead/behind. Further research is required. -- demerphq
+
+*/
+
+/* A failure to find a constant substring means that there is no need to make
+   an expensive call to REx engine, thus we celebrate a failure.  Similarly,
+   finding a substring too deep into the string means that fewer calls to
+   regtry() should be needed.
+
+   REx compiler's optimizer found 4 possible hints:
+       a) Anchored substring;
+       b) Fixed substring;
+       c) Whether we are anchored (beginning-of-line or \G);
+       d) First node (of those at offset 0) which may distinguish positions;
+   We use a)b)d) and multiline-part of c), and try to find a position in the
+   string which does not contradict any of them.
+ */
+
+/* Most of decisions we do here should have been done at compile time.
+   The nodes of the REx which we used for the search should have been
+   deleted from the finite automaton. */
+
+/* args:
+ * rx:     the regex to match against
+ * sv:     the SV being matched: only used for utf8 flag; the string
+ *         itself is accessed via the pointers below. Note that on
+ *         something like an overloaded SV, SvPOK(sv) may be false
+ *         and the string pointers may point to something unrelated to
+ *         the SV itself.
+ * strbeg: real beginning of string
+ * strpos: the point in the string at which to begin matching
+ * strend: pointer to the byte following the last char of the string
+ * flags   currently unused; set to 0
+ * data:   currently unused; set to NULL
+ */
+
+char *
+Perl_re_intuit_start(pTHX_
+                    REGEXP * const rx,
+                    SV *sv,
+                    const char * const strbeg,
+                    char *strpos,
+                    char *strend,
+                    const U32 flags,
+                    re_scream_pos_data *data)
+{
+    dVAR;
+    struct regexp *const prog = ReANY(rx);
+    I32 start_shift = 0;
+    /* Should be nonnegative! */
+    I32 end_shift   = 0;
+    char *s;
+    SV *check;
+    char *t;
+    const bool utf8_target = (sv && SvUTF8(sv)) ? 1 : 0; /* if no sv we have to assume bytes */
+    I32 ml_anch;
+    char *other_last = NULL;   /* other substr checked before this */
+    char *check_at = NULL;             /* check substr found at this pos */
+    char *checked_upto = NULL;          /* how far into the string we have already checked using find_byclass*/
+    const I32 multiline = prog->extflags & RXf_PMf_MULTILINE;
+    RXi_GET_DECL(prog,progi);
+    regmatch_info reginfo_buf;  /* create some info to pass to find_byclass */
+    regmatch_info *const reginfo = &reginfo_buf;
+#ifdef DEBUGGING
+    const char * const i_strpos = strpos;
+#endif
+    GET_RE_DEBUG_FLAGS_DECL;
+
+    PERL_ARGS_ASSERT_RE_INTUIT_START;
+    PERL_UNUSED_ARG(flags);
+    PERL_UNUSED_ARG(data);
+
+    /* CHR_DIST() would be more correct here but it makes things slow. */
+    if (prog->minlen > strend - strpos) {
+       DEBUG_EXECUTE_r(PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log,
+                             "String too short... [re_intuit_start]\n"));
+       goto fail;
+    }
+
+    reginfo->is_utf8_target = cBOOL(utf8_target);
+    reginfo->info_aux = NULL;
+    reginfo->strbeg = strbeg;
+    reginfo->strend = strend;
+    reginfo->is_utf8_pat = cBOOL(RX_UTF8(rx));
+    reginfo->intuit = 1;
+    /* not actually used within intuit, but zero for safety anyway */
+    reginfo->poscache_maxiter = 0;
+
+    if (utf8_target) {
+       if (!prog->check_utf8 && prog->check_substr)
+           to_utf8_substr(prog);
+       check = prog->check_utf8;
+    } else {
+       if (!prog->check_substr && prog->check_utf8) {
+           if (! to_byte_substr(prog)) {
+                NON_UTF8_TARGET_BUT_UTF8_REQUIRED(fail);
+            }
+        }
+       check = prog->check_substr;
+    }
+    if (prog->extflags & RXf_ANCH) {   /* Match at beg-of-str or after \n */
+       ml_anch = !( (prog->extflags & RXf_ANCH_SINGLE)
+                    || ( (prog->extflags & RXf_ANCH_BOL)
+                         && !multiline ) );    /* Check after \n? */
+
+       if (!ml_anch) {
+         if ( !(prog->extflags & RXf_ANCH_GPOS) /* Checked by the caller */
+               && !(prog->intflags & PREGf_IMPLICIT) /* not a real BOL */
+              && (strpos != strbeg)) {
+             DEBUG_EXECUTE_r(PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log, "Not at start...\n"));
+             goto fail;
+         }
+         if (prog->check_offset_min == prog->check_offset_max
+              && !(prog->extflags & RXf_CANY_SEEN)
+              && ! multiline)   /* /m can cause \n's to match that aren't
+                                   accounted for in the string max length.
+                                   See [perl #115242] */
+          {
+           /* Substring at constant offset from beg-of-str... */
+           I32 slen;
+
+           s = HOP3c(strpos, prog->check_offset_min, strend);
+           
+           if (SvTAIL(check)) {
+               slen = SvCUR(check);    /* >= 1 */
+
+               if ( strend - s > slen || strend - s < slen - 1
+                    || (strend - s == slen && strend[-1] != '\n')) {
+                   DEBUG_EXECUTE_r(PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log, "String too long...\n"));
+                   goto fail_finish;
+               }
+               /* Now should match s[0..slen-2] */
+               slen--;
+               if (slen && (*SvPVX_const(check) != *s
+                            || (slen > 1
+                                && memNE(SvPVX_const(check), s, slen)))) {
+                 report_neq:
+                   DEBUG_EXECUTE_r(PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log, "String not equal...\n"));
+                   goto fail_finish;
+               }
+           }
+           else if (*SvPVX_const(check) != *s
+                    || ((slen = SvCUR(check)) > 1
+                        && memNE(SvPVX_const(check), s, slen)))
+               goto report_neq;
+           check_at = s;
+           goto success_at_start;
+         }
+       }
+       /* Match is anchored, but substr is not anchored wrt beg-of-str. */
+       s = strpos;
+       start_shift = prog->check_offset_min; /* okay to underestimate on CC */
+       end_shift = prog->check_end_shift;
+       
+       if (!ml_anch) {
+           const I32 end = prog->check_offset_max + CHR_SVLEN(check)
+                                        - (SvTAIL(check) != 0);
+           const I32 eshift = CHR_DIST((U8*)strend, (U8*)s) - end;
+
+           if (end_shift < eshift)
+               end_shift = eshift;
+       }
+    }
+    else {                             /* Can match at random position */
+       ml_anch = 0;
+       s = strpos;
+       start_shift = prog->check_offset_min;  /* okay to underestimate on CC */
+       end_shift = prog->check_end_shift;
+       
+       /* end shift should be non negative here */
+    }
+
+#ifdef QDEBUGGING      /* 7/99: reports of failure (with the older version) */
+    if (end_shift < 0)
+       Perl_croak(aTHX_ "panic: end_shift: %"IVdf" pattern:\n%s\n ",
+                  (IV)end_shift, RX_PRECOMP(prog));
+#endif
+
+  restart:
+    /* Find a possible match in the region s..strend by looking for
+       the "check" substring in the region corrected by start/end_shift. */
+    
+    {
+        I32 srch_start_shift = start_shift;
+        I32 srch_end_shift = end_shift;
+        U8* start_point;
+        U8* end_point;
+        if (srch_start_shift < 0 && strbeg - s > srch_start_shift) {
+           srch_end_shift -= ((strbeg - s) - srch_start_shift); 
+           srch_start_shift = strbeg - s;
+       }
+    DEBUG_OPTIMISE_MORE_r({
+        PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log, "Check offset min: %"IVdf" Start shift: %"IVdf" End shift %"IVdf" Real End Shift: %"IVdf"\n",
+            (IV)prog->check_offset_min,
+            (IV)srch_start_shift,
+            (IV)srch_end_shift, 
+            (IV)prog->check_end_shift);
+    });       
+        
+        if (prog->extflags & RXf_CANY_SEEN) {
+            start_point= (U8*)(s + srch_start_shift);
+            end_point= (U8*)(strend - srch_end_shift);
+        } else {
+           start_point= HOP3(s, srch_start_shift, srch_start_shift < 0 ? strbeg : strend);
+            end_point= HOP3(strend, -srch_end_shift, strbeg);
+       }
+       DEBUG_OPTIMISE_MORE_r({
+            PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log, "fbm_instr len=%d str=<%.*s>\n", 
+                (int)(end_point - start_point),
+                (int)(end_point - start_point) > 20 ? 20 : (int)(end_point - start_point), 
+                start_point);
+        });
+
+       s = fbm_instr( start_point, end_point,
+                     check, multiline ? FBMrf_MULTILINE : 0);
+    }
+    /* Update the count-of-usability, remove useless subpatterns,
+       unshift s.  */
+
+    DEBUG_EXECUTE_r({
+        RE_PV_QUOTED_DECL(quoted, utf8_target, PERL_DEBUG_PAD_ZERO(0),
+            SvPVX_const(check), RE_SV_DUMPLEN(check), 30);
+        PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log, "%s %s substr %s%s%s",
+                         (s ? "Found" : "Did not find"),
+           (check == (utf8_target ? prog->anchored_utf8 : prog->anchored_substr)
+               ? "anchored" : "floating"),
+           quoted,
+           RE_SV_TAIL(check),
+           (s ? " at offset " : "...\n") ); 
+    });
+
+    if (!s)
+       goto fail_finish;
+    /* Finish the diagnostic message */
+    DEBUG_EXECUTE_r(PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log, "%ld...\n", (long)(s - i_strpos)) );
+
+    /* XXX dmq: first branch is for positive lookbehind...
+       Our check string is offset from the beginning of the pattern.
+       So we need to do any stclass tests offset forward from that 
+       point. I think. :-(
+     */
+    
+        
+    
+    check_at=s;
+     
+
+    /* Got a candidate.  Check MBOL anchoring, and the *other* substr.
+       Start with the other substr.
+       XXXX no SCREAM optimization yet - and a very coarse implementation
+       XXXX /ttx+/ results in anchored="ttx", floating="x".  floating will
+               *always* match.  Probably should be marked during compile...
+       Probably it is right to do no SCREAM here...
+     */
+
+    if (utf8_target ? (prog->float_utf8 && prog->anchored_utf8)
+                : (prog->float_substr && prog->anchored_substr)) 
+    {
+       /* Take into account the "other" substring. */
+       /* XXXX May be hopelessly wrong for UTF... */
+       if (!other_last)
+           other_last = strpos;
+       if (check == (utf8_target ? prog->float_utf8 : prog->float_substr)) {
+         do_other_anchored:
+           {
+               char * const last = HOP3c(s, -start_shift, strbeg);
+               char *last1, *last2;
+               char * const saved_s = s;
+               SV* must;
+
+               t = s - prog->check_offset_max;
+               if (s - strpos > prog->check_offset_max  /* signed-corrected t > strpos */
+                   && (!utf8_target
+                       || ((t = (char*)reghopmaybe3((U8*)s, -(prog->check_offset_max), (U8*)strpos))
+                           && t > strpos)))
+                   NOOP;
+               else
+                   t = strpos;
+               t = HOP3c(t, prog->anchored_offset, strend);
+               if (t < other_last)     /* These positions already checked */
+                   t = other_last;
+               last2 = last1 = HOP3c(strend, -prog->minlen, strbeg);
+               if (last < last1)
+                   last1 = last;
+                /* XXXX It is not documented what units *_offsets are in.  
+                   We assume bytes, but this is clearly wrong. 
+                   Meaning this code needs to be carefully reviewed for errors.
+                   dmq.
+                  */
+               /* On end-of-str: see comment below. */
+               must = utf8_target ? prog->anchored_utf8 : prog->anchored_substr;
+               if (must == &PL_sv_undef) {
+                   s = (char*)NULL;
+                   DEBUG_r(must = prog->anchored_utf8);        /* for debug */
+               }
+               else
+                   s = fbm_instr(
+                       (unsigned char*)t,
+                       HOP3(HOP3(last1, prog->anchored_offset, strend)
+                               + SvCUR(must), -(SvTAIL(must)!=0), strbeg),
+                       must,
+                       multiline ? FBMrf_MULTILINE : 0
+                   );
+                DEBUG_EXECUTE_r({
+                    RE_PV_QUOTED_DECL(quoted, utf8_target, PERL_DEBUG_PAD_ZERO(0),
+                        SvPVX_const(must), RE_SV_DUMPLEN(must), 30);
+                    PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log, "%s anchored substr %s%s",
+                       (s ? "Found" : "Contradicts"),
+                        quoted, RE_SV_TAIL(must));
+                });                
+               
+                           
+               if (!s) {
+                   if (last1 >= last2) {
+                       DEBUG_EXECUTE_r(PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log,
+                                               ", giving up...\n"));
+                       goto fail_finish;
+                   }
+                   DEBUG_EXECUTE_r(PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log,
+                       ", trying floating at offset %ld...\n",
+                       (long)(HOP3c(saved_s, 1, strend) - i_strpos)));
+                   other_last = HOP3c(last1, prog->anchored_offset+1, strend);
+                   s = HOP3c(last, 1, strend);
+                   goto restart;
+               }
+               else {
+                   DEBUG_EXECUTE_r(PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log, " at offset %ld...\n",
+                         (long)(s - i_strpos)));
+                   t = HOP3c(s, -prog->anchored_offset, strbeg);
+                   other_last = HOP3c(s, 1, strend);
+                   s = saved_s;
+                   if (t == strpos)
+                       goto try_at_start;
+                   goto try_at_offset;
+               }
+           }
+       }
+       else {          /* Take into account the floating substring. */
+           char *last, *last1;
+           char * const saved_s = s;
+           SV* must;
+
+           t = HOP3c(s, -start_shift, strbeg);
+           last1 = last =
+               HOP3c(strend, -prog->minlen + prog->float_min_offset, strbeg);
+           if (CHR_DIST((U8*)last, (U8*)t) > prog->float_max_offset)
+               last = HOP3c(t, prog->float_max_offset, strend);
+           s = HOP3c(t, prog->float_min_offset, strend);
+           if (s < other_last)
+               s = other_last;
+ /* XXXX It is not documented what units *_offsets are in.  Assume bytes.  */
+           must = utf8_target ? prog->float_utf8 : prog->float_substr;
+           /* fbm_instr() takes into account exact value of end-of-str
+              if the check is SvTAIL(ed).  Since false positives are OK,
+              and end-of-str is not later than strend we are OK. */
+           if (must == &PL_sv_undef) {
+               s = (char*)NULL;
+               DEBUG_r(must = prog->float_utf8);       /* for debug message */
+           }
+           else
+               s = fbm_instr((unsigned char*)s,
+                             (unsigned char*)last + SvCUR(must)
+                                 - (SvTAIL(must)!=0),
+                             must, multiline ? FBMrf_MULTILINE : 0);
+           DEBUG_EXECUTE_r({
+               RE_PV_QUOTED_DECL(quoted, utf8_target, PERL_DEBUG_PAD_ZERO(0),
+                   SvPVX_const(must), RE_SV_DUMPLEN(must), 30);
+               PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log, "%s floating substr %s%s",
+                   (s ? "Found" : "Contradicts"),
+                   quoted, RE_SV_TAIL(must));
+            });
+           if (!s) {
+               if (last1 == last) {
+                   DEBUG_EXECUTE_r(PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log,
+                                           ", giving up...\n"));
+                   goto fail_finish;
+               }
+               DEBUG_EXECUTE_r(PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log,
+                   ", trying anchored starting at offset %ld...\n",
+                   (long)(saved_s + 1 - i_strpos)));
+               other_last = last;
+               s = HOP3c(t, 1, strend);
+               goto restart;
+           }
+           else {
+               DEBUG_EXECUTE_r(PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log, " at offset %ld...\n",
+                     (long)(s - i_strpos)));
+               other_last = s; /* Fix this later. --Hugo */
+               s = saved_s;
+               if (t == strpos)
+                   goto try_at_start;
+               goto try_at_offset;
+           }
+       }
+    }
+
+    
+    t= (char*)HOP3( s, -prog->check_offset_max, (prog->check_offset_max<0) ? strend : strpos);
+        
+    DEBUG_OPTIMISE_MORE_r(
+        PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log, 
+            "Check offset min:%"IVdf" max:%"IVdf" S:%"IVdf" t:%"IVdf" D:%"IVdf" end:%"IVdf"\n",
+            (IV)prog->check_offset_min,
+            (IV)prog->check_offset_max,
+            (IV)(s-strpos),
+            (IV)(t-strpos),
+            (IV)(t-s),
+            (IV)(strend-strpos)
+        )
+    );
+
+    if (s - strpos > prog->check_offset_max  /* signed-corrected t > strpos */
+        && (!utf8_target
+           || ((t = (char*)reghopmaybe3((U8*)s, -prog->check_offset_max, (U8*) ((prog->check_offset_max<0) ? strend : strpos)))
+                && t > strpos))) 
+    {
+       /* Fixed substring is found far enough so that the match
+          cannot start at strpos. */
+      try_at_offset:
+       if (ml_anch && t[-1] != '\n') {
+           /* Eventually fbm_*() should handle this, but often
+              anchored_offset is not 0, so this check will not be wasted. */
+           /* XXXX In the code below we prefer to look for "^" even in
+              presence of anchored substrings.  And we search even
+              beyond the found float position.  These pessimizations
+              are historical artefacts only.  */
+         find_anchor:
+           while (t < strend - prog->minlen) {
+               if (*t == '\n') {
+                   if (t < check_at - prog->check_offset_min) {
+                       if (utf8_target ? prog->anchored_utf8 : prog->anchored_substr) {
+                           /* Since we moved from the found position,
+                              we definitely contradict the found anchored
+                              substr.  Due to the above check we do not
+                              contradict "check" substr.
+                              Thus we can arrive here only if check substr
+                              is float.  Redo checking for "other"=="fixed".
+                            */
+                           strpos = t + 1;                     
+                           DEBUG_EXECUTE_r(PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log, "Found /%s^%s/m at offset %ld, rescanning for anchored from offset %ld...\n",
+                               PL_colors[0], PL_colors[1], (long)(strpos - i_strpos), (long)(strpos - i_strpos + prog->anchored_offset)));
+                           goto do_other_anchored;
+                       }
+                       /* We don't contradict the found floating substring. */
+                       /* XXXX Why not check for STCLASS? */
+                       s = t + 1;
+                       DEBUG_EXECUTE_r(PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log, "Found /%s^%s/m at offset %ld...\n",
+                           PL_colors[0], PL_colors[1], (long)(s - i_strpos)));
+                       goto set_useful;
+                   }
+                   /* Position contradicts check-string */
+                   /* XXXX probably better to look for check-string
+                      than for "\n", so one should lower the limit for t? */
+                   DEBUG_EXECUTE_r(PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log, "Found /%s^%s/m, restarting lookup for check-string at offset %ld...\n",
+                       PL_colors[0], PL_colors[1], (long)(t + 1 - i_strpos)));
+                   other_last = strpos = s = t + 1;
+                   goto restart;
+               }
+               t++;
+           }
+           DEBUG_EXECUTE_r(PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log, "Did not find /%s^%s/m...\n",
+                       PL_colors[0], PL_colors[1]));
+           goto fail_finish;
+       }
+       else {
+           DEBUG_EXECUTE_r(PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log, "Starting position does not contradict /%s^%s/m...\n",
+                       PL_colors[0], PL_colors[1]));
+       }
+       s = t;
+      set_useful:
+       ++BmUSEFUL(utf8_target ? prog->check_utf8 : prog->check_substr);        /* hooray/5 */
+    }
+    else {
+       /* The found string does not prohibit matching at strpos,
+          - no optimization of calling REx engine can be performed,
+          unless it was an MBOL and we are not after MBOL,
+          or a future STCLASS check will fail this. */
+      try_at_start:
+       /* Even in this situation we may use MBOL flag if strpos is offset
+          wrt the start of the string. */
+       if (ml_anch && (strpos != strbeg) && strpos[-1] != '\n'
+           /* May be due to an implicit anchor of m{.*foo}  */
+           && !(prog->intflags & PREGf_IMPLICIT))
+       {
+           t = strpos;
+           goto find_anchor;
+       }
+       DEBUG_EXECUTE_r( if (ml_anch)
+           PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log, "Position at offset %ld does not contradict /%s^%s/m...\n",
+                         (long)(strpos - i_strpos), PL_colors[0], PL_colors[1]);
+       );
+      success_at_start:
+       if (!(prog->intflags & PREGf_NAUGHTY)   /* XXXX If strpos moved? */
+           && (utf8_target ? (
+               prog->check_utf8                /* Could be deleted already */
+               && --BmUSEFUL(prog->check_utf8) < 0
+               && (prog->check_utf8 == prog->float_utf8)
+           ) : (
+               prog->check_substr              /* Could be deleted already */
+               && --BmUSEFUL(prog->check_substr) < 0
+               && (prog->check_substr == prog->float_substr)
+           )))
+       {
+           /* If flags & SOMETHING - do not do it many times on the same match */
+           DEBUG_EXECUTE_r(PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log, "... Disabling check substring...\n"));
+           /* XXX Does the destruction order has to change with utf8_target? */
+           SvREFCNT_dec(utf8_target ? prog->check_utf8 : prog->check_substr);
+           SvREFCNT_dec(utf8_target ? prog->check_substr : prog->check_utf8);
+           prog->check_substr = prog->check_utf8 = NULL;       /* disable */
+           prog->float_substr = prog->float_utf8 = NULL;       /* clear */
+           check = NULL;                       /* abort */
+           s = strpos;
+           /* XXXX If the check string was an implicit check MBOL, then we need to unset the relevant flag
+                   see http://bugs.activestate.com/show_bug.cgi?id=87173 */
+           if (prog->intflags & PREGf_IMPLICIT)
+               prog->extflags &= ~RXf_ANCH_MBOL;
+           /* XXXX This is a remnant of the old implementation.  It
+                   looks wasteful, since now INTUIT can use many
+                   other heuristics. */
+           prog->extflags &= ~RXf_USE_INTUIT;
+           /* XXXX What other flags might need to be cleared in this branch? */
+       }
+       else
+           s = strpos;
+    }
+
+    /* Last resort... */
+    /* XXXX BmUSEFUL already changed, maybe multiple change is meaningful... */
+    /* trie stclasses are too expensive to use here, we are better off to
+       leave it to regmatch itself */
+    if (progi->regstclass && PL_regkind[OP(progi->regstclass)]!=TRIE) {
+       /* minlen == 0 is possible if regstclass is \b or \B,
+          and the fixed substr is ''$.
+          Since minlen is already taken into account, s+1 is before strend;
+          accidentally, minlen >= 1 guaranties no false positives at s + 1
+          even for \b or \B.  But (minlen? 1 : 0) below assumes that
+          regstclass does not come from lookahead...  */
+       /* If regstclass takes bytelength more than 1: If charlength==1, OK.
+          This leaves EXACTF-ish only, which are dealt with in find_byclass().  */
+        const U8* const str = (U8*)STRING(progi->regstclass);
+        const int cl_l = (PL_regkind[OP(progi->regstclass)] == EXACT
+                   ? CHR_DIST(str+STR_LEN(progi->regstclass), str)
+                   : 1);
+       char * endpos;
+       if (prog->anchored_substr || prog->anchored_utf8 || ml_anch)
+            endpos= HOP3c(s, (prog->minlen ? cl_l : 0), strend);
+        else if (prog->float_substr || prog->float_utf8)
+           endpos= HOP3c(HOP3c(check_at, -start_shift, strbeg), cl_l, strend);
+        else 
+            endpos= strend;
+                   
+        if (checked_upto < s)
+           checked_upto = s;
+        DEBUG_EXECUTE_r(PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log, "start_shift: %"IVdf" check_at: %"IVdf" s: %"IVdf" endpos: %"IVdf" checked_upto: %"IVdf"\n",
+                                      (IV)start_shift, (IV)(check_at - strbeg), (IV)(s - strbeg), (IV)(endpos - strbeg), (IV)(checked_upto- strbeg)));
+
+       t = s;
+        s = find_byclass(prog, progi->regstclass, checked_upto, endpos,
+                            reginfo);
+       if (s) {
+           checked_upto = s;
+       } else {
+#ifdef DEBUGGING
+           const char *what = NULL;
+#endif
+           if (endpos == strend) {
+               DEBUG_EXECUTE_r( PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log,
+                               "Could not match STCLASS...\n") );
+               goto fail;
+           }
+           DEBUG_EXECUTE_r( PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log,
+                                  "This position contradicts STCLASS...\n") );
+           if ((prog->extflags & RXf_ANCH) && !ml_anch)
+               goto fail;
+           checked_upto = HOPBACKc(endpos, start_shift);
+           DEBUG_EXECUTE_r(PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log, "start_shift: %"IVdf" check_at: %"IVdf" endpos: %"IVdf" checked_upto: %"IVdf"\n",
+                                      (IV)start_shift, (IV)(check_at - strbeg), (IV)(endpos - strbeg), (IV)(checked_upto- strbeg)));
+           /* Contradict one of substrings */
+           if (prog->anchored_substr || prog->anchored_utf8) {
+               if ((utf8_target ? prog->anchored_utf8 : prog->anchored_substr) == check) {
+                   DEBUG_EXECUTE_r( what = "anchored" );
+                 hop_and_restart:
+                   s = HOP3c(t, 1, strend);
+                   if (s + start_shift + end_shift > strend) {
+                       /* XXXX Should be taken into account earlier? */
+                       DEBUG_EXECUTE_r( PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log,
+                                              "Could not match STCLASS...\n") );
+                       goto fail;
+                   }
+                   if (!check)
+                       goto giveup;
+                   DEBUG_EXECUTE_r( PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log,
+                               "Looking for %s substr starting at offset %ld...\n",
+                                what, (long)(s + start_shift - i_strpos)) );
+                   goto restart;
+               }
+               /* Have both, check_string is floating */
+               if (t + start_shift >= check_at) /* Contradicts floating=check */
+                   goto retry_floating_check;
+               /* Recheck anchored substring, but not floating... */
+               s = check_at;
+               if (!check)
+                   goto giveup;
+               DEBUG_EXECUTE_r( PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log,
+                         "Looking for anchored substr starting at offset %ld...\n",
+                         (long)(other_last - i_strpos)) );
+               goto do_other_anchored;
+           }
+           /* Another way we could have checked stclass at the
+               current position only: */
+           if (ml_anch) {
+               s = t = t + 1;
+               if (!check)
+                   goto giveup;
+               DEBUG_EXECUTE_r( PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log,
+                         "Looking for /%s^%s/m starting at offset %ld...\n",
+                         PL_colors[0], PL_colors[1], (long)(t - i_strpos)) );
+               goto try_at_offset;
+           }
+           if (!(utf8_target ? prog->float_utf8 : prog->float_substr)) /* Could have been deleted */
+               goto fail;
+           /* Check is floating substring. */
+         retry_floating_check:
+           t = check_at - start_shift;
+           DEBUG_EXECUTE_r( what = "floating" );
+           goto hop_and_restart;
+       }
+       if (t != s) {
+            DEBUG_EXECUTE_r(PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log,
+                       "By STCLASS: moving %ld --> %ld\n",
+                                  (long)(t - i_strpos), (long)(s - i_strpos))
+                   );
+        }
+        else {
+            DEBUG_EXECUTE_r(PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log,
+                                  "Does not contradict STCLASS...\n"); 
+                   );
+        }
+    }
+  giveup:
+    DEBUG_EXECUTE_r(PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log, "%s%s:%s match at offset %ld\n",
+                         PL_colors[4], (check ? "Guessed" : "Giving up"),
+                         PL_colors[5], (long)(s - i_strpos)) );
+    return s;
+
+  fail_finish:                         /* Substring not found */
+    if (prog->check_substr || prog->check_utf8)                /* could be removed already */
+       BmUSEFUL(utf8_target ? prog->check_utf8 : prog->check_substr) += 5; /* hooray */
+  fail:
+    DEBUG_EXECUTE_r(PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log, "%sMatch rejected by optimizer%s\n",
+                         PL_colors[4], PL_colors[5]));
+    return NULL;
+}
+
+#define DECL_TRIE_TYPE(scan) \
+    const enum { trie_plain, trie_utf8, trie_utf8_fold, trie_latin_utf8_fold } \
+                    trie_type = ((scan->flags == EXACT) \
+                              ? (utf8_target ? trie_utf8 : trie_plain) \
+                              : (utf8_target ? trie_utf8_fold : trie_latin_utf8_fold))
+
+#define REXEC_TRIE_READ_CHAR(trie_type, trie, widecharmap, uc, uscan, len, uvc, charid, foldlen, foldbuf, uniflags) \
+STMT_START {                               \
+    STRLEN skiplen;                                                                 \
+    switch (trie_type) {                                                            \
+    case trie_utf8_fold:                                                            \
+        if ( foldlen>0 ) {                                                          \
+            uvc = utf8n_to_uvuni( (const U8*) uscan, UTF8_MAXLEN, &len, uniflags ); \
+            foldlen -= len;                                                         \
+            uscan += len;                                                           \
+            len=0;                                                                  \
+        } else {                                                                    \
+            uvc = to_utf8_fold( (const U8*) uc, foldbuf, &foldlen );                \
+            len = UTF8SKIP(uc);                                                     \
+            skiplen = UNISKIP( uvc );                                               \
+            foldlen -= skiplen;                                                     \
+            uscan = foldbuf + skiplen;                                              \
+        }                                                                           \
+        break;                                                                      \
+    case trie_latin_utf8_fold:                                                      \
+        if ( foldlen>0 ) {                                                          \
+            uvc = utf8n_to_uvuni( (const U8*) uscan, UTF8_MAXLEN, &len, uniflags ); \
+            foldlen -= len;                                                         \
+            uscan += len;                                                           \
+            len=0;                                                                  \
+        } else {                                                                    \
+            len = 1;                                                                \
+            uvc = _to_fold_latin1( (U8) *uc, foldbuf, &foldlen, FOLD_FLAGS_FULL);   \
+            skiplen = UNISKIP( uvc );                                               \
+            foldlen -= skiplen;                                                     \
+            uscan = foldbuf + skiplen;                                              \
+        }                                                                           \
+        break;                                                                      \
+    case trie_utf8:                                                                 \
+        uvc = utf8n_to_uvuni( (const U8*) uc, UTF8_MAXLEN, &len, uniflags );        \
+        break;                                                                      \
+    case trie_plain:                                                                \
+        uvc = (UV)*uc;                                                              \
+        len = 1;                                                                    \
+    }                                                                               \
+    if (uvc < 256) {                                                                \
+        charid = trie->charmap[ uvc ];                                              \
+    }                                                                               \
+    else {                                                                          \
+        charid = 0;                                                                 \
+        if (widecharmap) {                                                          \
+            SV** const svpp = hv_fetch(widecharmap,                                 \
+                        (char*)&uvc, sizeof(UV), 0);                                \
+            if (svpp)                                                               \
+                charid = (U16)SvIV(*svpp);                                          \
+        }                                                                           \
+    }                                                                               \
+} STMT_END
+
+#define REXEC_FBC_EXACTISH_SCAN(CoNd)                     \
+STMT_START {                                              \
+    while (s <= e) {                                      \
+       if ( (CoNd)                                       \
+            && (ln == 1 || folder(s, pat_string, ln))    \
+            && (reginfo->intuit || regtry(reginfo, &s)) )\
+           goto got_it;                                  \
+       s++;                                              \
+    }                                                     \
+} STMT_END
+
+#define REXEC_FBC_UTF8_SCAN(CoDe)                     \
+STMT_START {                                          \
+    while (s < strend) {                              \
+       CoDe                                          \
+       s += UTF8SKIP(s);                             \
+    }                                                 \
+} STMT_END
+
+#define REXEC_FBC_SCAN(CoDe)                          \
+STMT_START {                                          \
+    while (s < strend) {                              \
+       CoDe                                          \
+       s++;                                          \
+    }                                                 \
+} STMT_END
+
+#define REXEC_FBC_UTF8_CLASS_SCAN(CoNd)               \
+REXEC_FBC_UTF8_SCAN(                                  \
+    if (CoNd) {                                       \
+       if (tmp && (reginfo->intuit || regtry(reginfo, &s))) \
+           goto got_it;                              \
+       else                                          \
+           tmp = doevery;                            \
+    }                                                 \
+    else                                              \
+       tmp = 1;                                      \
+)
+
+#define REXEC_FBC_CLASS_SCAN(CoNd)                    \
+REXEC_FBC_SCAN(                                       \
+    if (CoNd) {                                       \
+       if (tmp && (reginfo->intuit || regtry(reginfo, &s)))  \
+           goto got_it;                              \
+       else                                          \
+           tmp = doevery;                            \
+    }                                                 \
+    else                                              \
+       tmp = 1;                                      \
+)
+
+#define REXEC_FBC_TRYIT               \
+if ((reginfo->intuit || regtry(reginfo, &s))) \
+    goto got_it
+
+#define REXEC_FBC_CSCAN(CoNdUtF8,CoNd)                         \
+    if (utf8_target) {                                             \
+       REXEC_FBC_UTF8_CLASS_SCAN(CoNdUtF8);                   \
+    }                                                          \
+    else {                                                     \
+       REXEC_FBC_CLASS_SCAN(CoNd);                            \
+    }
+    
+#define DUMP_EXEC_POS(li,s,doutf8) \
+    dump_exec_pos(li,s,(reginfo->strend),(reginfo->strbeg), \
+                startpos, doutf8)
+
+
+#define UTF8_NOLOAD(TEST_NON_UTF8, IF_SUCCESS, IF_FAIL) \
+       tmp = (s != reginfo->strbeg) ? UCHARAT(s - 1) : '\n';                  \
+       tmp = TEST_NON_UTF8(tmp);                                              \
+       REXEC_FBC_UTF8_SCAN(                                                   \
+           if (tmp == ! TEST_NON_UTF8((U8) *s)) { \
+               tmp = !tmp;                                                    \
+               IF_SUCCESS;                                                    \
+           }                                                                  \
+           else {                                                             \
+               IF_FAIL;                                                       \
+           }                                                                  \
+       );                                                                     \
+
+#define UTF8_LOAD(TeSt1_UtF8, TeSt2_UtF8, IF_SUCCESS, IF_FAIL) \
+       if (s == reginfo->strbeg) {                                            \
+           tmp = '\n';                                                        \
+       }                                                                      \
+       else {                                                                 \
+           U8 * const r = reghop3((U8*)s, -1, (U8*)reginfo->strbeg);          \
+           tmp = utf8n_to_uvchr(r, UTF8SKIP(r), 0, UTF8_ALLOW_DEFAULT);       \
+       }                                                                      \
+       tmp = TeSt1_UtF8;                                                      \
+       LOAD_UTF8_CHARCLASS_ALNUM();                                                                \
+       REXEC_FBC_UTF8_SCAN(                                                   \
+           if (tmp == ! (TeSt2_UtF8)) { \
+               tmp = !tmp;                                                    \
+               IF_SUCCESS;                                                    \
+           }                                                                  \
+           else {                                                             \
+               IF_FAIL;                                                       \
+           }                                                                  \
+       );                                                                     \
+
+/* The only difference between the BOUND and NBOUND cases is that
+ * REXEC_FBC_TRYIT is called when matched in BOUND, and when non-matched in
+ * NBOUND.  This is accomplished by passing it in either the if or else clause,
+ * with the other one being empty */
+#define FBC_BOUND(TEST_NON_UTF8, TEST1_UTF8, TEST2_UTF8) \
+    FBC_BOUND_COMMON(UTF8_LOAD(TEST1_UTF8, TEST2_UTF8, REXEC_FBC_TRYIT, PLACEHOLDER), TEST_NON_UTF8, REXEC_FBC_TRYIT, PLACEHOLDER)
+
+#define FBC_BOUND_NOLOAD(TEST_NON_UTF8, TEST1_UTF8, TEST2_UTF8) \
+    FBC_BOUND_COMMON(UTF8_NOLOAD(TEST_NON_UTF8, REXEC_FBC_TRYIT, PLACEHOLDER), TEST_NON_UTF8, REXEC_FBC_TRYIT, PLACEHOLDER)
+
+#define FBC_NBOUND(TEST_NON_UTF8, TEST1_UTF8, TEST2_UTF8) \
+    FBC_BOUND_COMMON(UTF8_LOAD(TEST1_UTF8, TEST2_UTF8, PLACEHOLDER, REXEC_FBC_TRYIT), TEST_NON_UTF8, PLACEHOLDER, REXEC_FBC_TRYIT)
+
+#define FBC_NBOUND_NOLOAD(TEST_NON_UTF8, TEST1_UTF8, TEST2_UTF8) \
+    FBC_BOUND_COMMON(UTF8_NOLOAD(TEST_NON_UTF8, PLACEHOLDER, REXEC_FBC_TRYIT), TEST_NON_UTF8, PLACEHOLDER, REXEC_FBC_TRYIT)
+
+
+/* Common to the BOUND and NBOUND cases.  Unfortunately the UTF8 tests need to
+ * be passed in completely with the variable name being tested, which isn't
+ * such a clean interface, but this is easier to read than it was before.  We
+ * are looking for the boundary (or non-boundary between a word and non-word
+ * character.  The utf8 and non-utf8 cases have the same logic, but the details
+ * must be different.  Find the "wordness" of the character just prior to this
+ * one, and compare it with the wordness of this one.  If they differ, we have
+ * a boundary.  At the beginning of the string, pretend that the previous
+ * character was a new-line */
+#define FBC_BOUND_COMMON(UTF8_CODE, TEST_NON_UTF8, IF_SUCCESS, IF_FAIL) \
+    if (utf8_target) {                                                         \
+               UTF8_CODE \
+    }                                                                          \
+    else {  /* Not utf8 */                                                     \
+       tmp = (s != reginfo->strbeg) ? UCHARAT(s - 1) : '\n';                  \
+       tmp = TEST_NON_UTF8(tmp);                                              \
+       REXEC_FBC_SCAN(                                                        \
+           if (tmp == ! TEST_NON_UTF8((U8) *s)) {                             \
+               tmp = !tmp;                                                    \
+               IF_SUCCESS;                                                    \
+           }                                                                  \
+           else {                                                             \
+               IF_FAIL;                                                       \
+           }                                                                  \
+       );                                                                     \
+    }                                                                          \
+    if ((!prog->minlen && tmp) && (reginfo->intuit || regtry(reginfo, &s)))           \
+       goto got_it;
+
+/* We know what class REx starts with.  Try to find this position... */
+/* if reginfo->intuit, its a dryrun */
+/* annoyingly all the vars in this routine have different names from their counterparts
+   in regmatch. /grrr */
+
+STATIC char *
+S_find_byclass(pTHX_ regexp * prog, const regnode *c, char *s, 
+    const char *strend, regmatch_info *reginfo)
+{
+    dVAR;
+    const I32 doevery = (prog->intflags & PREGf_SKIP) == 0;
+    char *pat_string;   /* The pattern's exactish string */
+    char *pat_end;         /* ptr to end char of pat_string */
+    re_fold_t folder;  /* Function for computing non-utf8 folds */
+    const U8 *fold_array;   /* array for folding ords < 256 */
+    STRLEN ln;
+    STRLEN lnc;
+    U8 c1;
+    U8 c2;
+    char *e;
+    I32 tmp = 1;       /* Scratch variable? */
+    const bool utf8_target = reginfo->is_utf8_target;
+    UV utf8_fold_flags = 0;
+    const bool is_utf8_pat = reginfo->is_utf8_pat;
+    bool to_complement = FALSE; /* Invert the result?  Taking the xor of this
+                                   with a result inverts that result, as 0^1 =
+                                   1 and 1^1 = 0 */
+    _char_class_number classnum;
+
+    RXi_GET_DECL(prog,progi);
+
+    PERL_ARGS_ASSERT_FIND_BYCLASS;
+
+    /* We know what class it must start with. */
+    switch (OP(c)) {
+    case ANYOF:
+    case ANYOF_SYNTHETIC:
+    case ANYOF_WARN_SUPER:
+        if (utf8_target) {
+            REXEC_FBC_UTF8_CLASS_SCAN(
+                      reginclass(prog, c, (U8*)s, utf8_target));
+        }
+        else {
+            REXEC_FBC_CLASS_SCAN(REGINCLASS(prog, c, (U8*)s));
+        }
+        break;
+    case CANY:
+        REXEC_FBC_SCAN(
+            if (tmp && (reginfo->intuit || regtry(reginfo, &s)))
+                goto got_it;
+            else
+                tmp = doevery;
+        );
+        break;
+
+    case EXACTFA:
+        if (is_utf8_pat || utf8_target) {
+            utf8_fold_flags = FOLDEQ_UTF8_NOMIX_ASCII;
+            goto do_exactf_utf8;
+        }
+        fold_array = PL_fold_latin1;    /* Latin1 folds are not affected by */
+        folder = foldEQ_latin1;                /* /a, except the sharp s one which */
+        goto do_exactf_non_utf8;       /* isn't dealt with by these */
+
+    case EXACTF:
+        if (utf8_target) {
+
+            /* regcomp.c already folded this if pattern is in UTF-8 */
+            utf8_fold_flags = 0;
+            goto do_exactf_utf8;
+        }
+        fold_array = PL_fold;
+        folder = foldEQ;
+        goto do_exactf_non_utf8;
+
+    case EXACTFL:
+        if (is_utf8_pat || utf8_target) {
+            utf8_fold_flags = FOLDEQ_UTF8_LOCALE;
+            goto do_exactf_utf8;
+        }
+        fold_array = PL_fold_locale;
+        folder = foldEQ_locale;
+        goto do_exactf_non_utf8;
+
+    case EXACTFU_SS:
+        if (is_utf8_pat) {
+            utf8_fold_flags = FOLDEQ_S2_ALREADY_FOLDED;
+        }
+        goto do_exactf_utf8;
+
+    case EXACTFU_TRICKYFOLD:
+    case EXACTFU:
+        if (is_utf8_pat || utf8_target) {
+            utf8_fold_flags = is_utf8_pat ? FOLDEQ_S2_ALREADY_FOLDED : 0;
+            goto do_exactf_utf8;
+        }
+
+        /* Any 'ss' in the pattern should have been replaced by regcomp,
+         * so we don't have to worry here about this single special case
+         * in the Latin1 range */
+        fold_array = PL_fold_latin1;
+        folder = foldEQ_latin1;
+
+        /* FALL THROUGH */
+
+    do_exactf_non_utf8: /* Neither pattern nor string are UTF8, and there
+                           are no glitches with fold-length differences
+                           between the target string and pattern */
+
+        /* The idea in the non-utf8 EXACTF* cases is to first find the
+         * first character of the EXACTF* node and then, if necessary,
+         * case-insensitively compare the full text of the node.  c1 is the
+         * first character.  c2 is its fold.  This logic will not work for
+         * Unicode semantics and the german sharp ss, which hence should
+         * not be compiled into a node that gets here. */
+        pat_string = STRING(c);
+        ln  = STR_LEN(c);      /* length to match in octets/bytes */
+
+        /* We know that we have to match at least 'ln' bytes (which is the
+         * same as characters, since not utf8).  If we have to match 3
+         * characters, and there are only 2 availabe, we know without
+         * trying that it will fail; so don't start a match past the
+         * required minimum number from the far end */
+        e = HOP3c(strend, -((I32)ln), s);
+
+        if (reginfo->intuit && e < s) {
+            e = s;                     /* Due to minlen logic of intuit() */
+        }
+
+        c1 = *pat_string;
+        c2 = fold_array[c1];
+        if (c1 == c2) { /* If char and fold are the same */
+            REXEC_FBC_EXACTISH_SCAN(*(U8*)s == c1);
+        }
+        else {
+            REXEC_FBC_EXACTISH_SCAN(*(U8*)s == c1 || *(U8*)s == c2);
+        }
+        break;
+
+    do_exactf_utf8:
+    {
+        unsigned expansion;
+
+        /* If one of the operands is in utf8, we can't use the simpler folding
+         * above, due to the fact that many different characters can have the
+         * same fold, or portion of a fold, or different- length fold */
+        pat_string = STRING(c);
+        ln  = STR_LEN(c);      /* length to match in octets/bytes */
+        pat_end = pat_string + ln;
+        lnc = is_utf8_pat       /* length to match in characters */
+                ? utf8_length((U8 *) pat_string, (U8 *) pat_end)
+                : ln;
+
+        /* We have 'lnc' characters to match in the pattern, but because of
+         * multi-character folding, each character in the target can match
+         * up to 3 characters (Unicode guarantees it will never exceed
+         * this) if it is utf8-encoded; and up to 2 if not (based on the
+         * fact that the Latin 1 folds are already determined, and the
+         * only multi-char fold in that range is the sharp-s folding to
+         * 'ss'.  Thus, a pattern character can match as little as 1/3 of a
+         * string character.  Adjust lnc accordingly, rounding up, so that
+         * if we need to match at least 4+1/3 chars, that really is 5. */
+        expansion = (utf8_target) ? UTF8_MAX_FOLD_CHAR_EXPAND : 2;
+        lnc = (lnc + expansion - 1) / expansion;
+
+        /* As in the non-UTF8 case, if we have to match 3 characters, and
+         * only 2 are left, it's guaranteed to fail, so don't start a
+         * match that would require us to go beyond the end of the string
+         */
+        e = HOP3c(strend, -((I32)lnc), s);
+
+        if (reginfo->intuit && e < s) {
+            e = s;                     /* Due to minlen logic of intuit() */
+        }
+
+        /* XXX Note that we could recalculate e to stop the loop earlier,
+         * as the worst case expansion above will rarely be met, and as we
+         * go along we would usually find that e moves further to the left.
+         * This would happen only after we reached the point in the loop
+         * where if there were no expansion we should fail.  Unclear if
+         * worth the expense */
+
+        while (s <= e) {
+            char *my_strend= (char *)strend;
+            if (foldEQ_utf8_flags(s, &my_strend, 0,  utf8_target,
+                  pat_string, NULL, ln, is_utf8_pat, utf8_fold_flags)
+                && (reginfo->intuit || regtry(reginfo, &s)) )
+            {
+                goto got_it;
+            }
+            s += (utf8_target) ? UTF8SKIP(s) : 1;
+        }
+        break;
+    }
+    case BOUNDL:
+        RXp_MATCH_TAINTED_on(prog);
+        FBC_BOUND(isWORDCHAR_LC,
+                  isWORDCHAR_LC_uvchr(UNI_TO_NATIVE(tmp)),
+                  isWORDCHAR_LC_utf8((U8*)s));
+        break;
+    case NBOUNDL:
+        RXp_MATCH_TAINTED_on(prog);
+        FBC_NBOUND(isWORDCHAR_LC,
+                   isWORDCHAR_LC_uvchr(UNI_TO_NATIVE(tmp)),
+                   isWORDCHAR_LC_utf8((U8*)s));
+        break;
+    case BOUND:
+        FBC_BOUND(isWORDCHAR,
+                  isWORDCHAR_uni(tmp),
+                  cBOOL(swash_fetch(PL_utf8_swash_ptrs[_CC_WORDCHAR], (U8*)s, utf8_target)));
+        break;
+    case BOUNDA:
+        FBC_BOUND_NOLOAD(isWORDCHAR_A,
+                         isWORDCHAR_A(tmp),
+                         isWORDCHAR_A((U8*)s));
+        break;
+    case NBOUND:
+        FBC_NBOUND(isWORDCHAR,
+                   isWORDCHAR_uni(tmp),
+                   cBOOL(swash_fetch(PL_utf8_swash_ptrs[_CC_WORDCHAR], (U8*)s, utf8_target)));
+        break;
+    case NBOUNDA:
+        FBC_NBOUND_NOLOAD(isWORDCHAR_A,
+                          isWORDCHAR_A(tmp),
+                          isWORDCHAR_A((U8*)s));
+        break;
+    case BOUNDU:
+        FBC_BOUND(isWORDCHAR_L1,
+                  isWORDCHAR_uni(tmp),
+                  cBOOL(swash_fetch(PL_utf8_swash_ptrs[_CC_WORDCHAR], (U8*)s, utf8_target)));
+        break;
+    case NBOUNDU:
+        FBC_NBOUND(isWORDCHAR_L1,
+                   isWORDCHAR_uni(tmp),
+                   cBOOL(swash_fetch(PL_utf8_swash_ptrs[_CC_WORDCHAR], (U8*)s, utf8_target)));
+        break;
+    case LNBREAK:
+        REXEC_FBC_CSCAN(is_LNBREAK_utf8_safe(s, strend),
+                        is_LNBREAK_latin1_safe(s, strend)
+        );
+        break;
+
+    /* The argument to all the POSIX node types is the class number to pass to
+     * _generic_isCC() to build a mask for searching in PL_charclass[] */
+
+    case NPOSIXL:
+        to_complement = 1;
+        /* FALLTHROUGH */
+
+    case POSIXL:
+        RXp_MATCH_TAINTED_on(prog);
+        REXEC_FBC_CSCAN(to_complement ^ cBOOL(isFOO_utf8_lc(FLAGS(c), (U8 *) s)),
+                        to_complement ^ cBOOL(isFOO_lc(FLAGS(c), *s)));
+        break;
+
+    case NPOSIXD:
+        to_complement = 1;
+        /* FALLTHROUGH */
+
+    case POSIXD:
+        if (utf8_target) {
+            goto posix_utf8;
+        }
+        goto posixa;
+
+    case NPOSIXA:
+        if (utf8_target) {
+            /* The complement of something that matches only ASCII matches all
+             * UTF-8 variant code points, plus everything in ASCII that isn't
+             * in the class */
+            REXEC_FBC_UTF8_CLASS_SCAN(! UTF8_IS_INVARIANT(*s)
+                                      || ! _generic_isCC_A(*s, FLAGS(c)));
+            break;
+        }
+
+        to_complement = 1;
+        /* FALLTHROUGH */
+
+    case POSIXA:
+      posixa:
+        /* Don't need to worry about utf8, as it can match only a single
+         * byte invariant character. */
+        REXEC_FBC_CLASS_SCAN(
+                        to_complement ^ cBOOL(_generic_isCC_A(*s, FLAGS(c))));
+        break;
+
+    case NPOSIXU:
+        to_complement = 1;
+        /* FALLTHROUGH */
+
+    case POSIXU:
+        if (! utf8_target) {
+            REXEC_FBC_CLASS_SCAN(to_complement ^ cBOOL(_generic_isCC(*s,
+                                                                    FLAGS(c))));
+        }
+        else {
+
+      posix_utf8:
+            classnum = (_char_class_number) FLAGS(c);
+            if (classnum < _FIRST_NON_SWASH_CC) {
+                while (s < strend) {
+
+                    /* We avoid loading in the swash as long as possible, but
+                     * should we have to, we jump to a separate loop.  This
+                     * extra 'if' statement is what keeps this code from being
+                     * just a call to REXEC_FBC_UTF8_CLASS_SCAN() */
+                    if (UTF8_IS_ABOVE_LATIN1(*s)) {
+                        goto found_above_latin1;
+                    }
+                    if ((UTF8_IS_INVARIANT(*s)
+                         && to_complement ^ cBOOL(_generic_isCC((U8) *s,
+                                                                classnum)))
+                        || (UTF8_IS_DOWNGRADEABLE_START(*s)
+                            && to_complement ^ cBOOL(
+                                _generic_isCC(TWO_BYTE_UTF8_TO_UNI(*s, *(s + 1)),
+                                              classnum))))
+                    {
+                        if (tmp && (reginfo->intuit || regtry(reginfo, &s)))
+                            goto got_it;
+                        else {
+                            tmp = doevery;
+                        }
+                    }
+                    else {
+                        tmp = 1;
+                    }
+                    s += UTF8SKIP(s);
+                }
+            }
+            else switch (classnum) {    /* These classes are implemented as
+                                           macros */
+                case _CC_ENUM_SPACE: /* XXX would require separate code if we
+                                        revert the change of \v matching this */
+                    /* FALL THROUGH */
+
+                case _CC_ENUM_PSXSPC:
+                    REXEC_FBC_UTF8_CLASS_SCAN(
+                                        to_complement ^ cBOOL(isSPACE_utf8(s)));
+                    break;
+
+                case _CC_ENUM_BLANK:
+                    REXEC_FBC_UTF8_CLASS_SCAN(
+                                        to_complement ^ cBOOL(isBLANK_utf8(s)));
+                    break;
+
+                case _CC_ENUM_XDIGIT:
+                    REXEC_FBC_UTF8_CLASS_SCAN(
+                                       to_complement ^ cBOOL(isXDIGIT_utf8(s)));
+                    break;
+
+                case _CC_ENUM_VERTSPACE:
+                    REXEC_FBC_UTF8_CLASS_SCAN(
+                                       to_complement ^ cBOOL(isVERTWS_utf8(s)));
+                    break;
+
+                case _CC_ENUM_CNTRL:
+                    REXEC_FBC_UTF8_CLASS_SCAN(
+                                        to_complement ^ cBOOL(isCNTRL_utf8(s)));
+                    break;
+
+                default:
+                    Perl_croak(aTHX_ "panic: find_byclass() node %d='%s' has an unexpected character class '%d'", OP(c), PL_reg_name[OP(c)], classnum);
+                    assert(0); /* NOTREACHED */
+            }
+        }
+        break;
+
+      found_above_latin1:   /* Here we have to load a swash to get the result
+                               for the current code point */
+        if (! PL_utf8_swash_ptrs[classnum]) {
+            U8 flags = _CORE_SWASH_INIT_ACCEPT_INVLIST;
+            PL_utf8_swash_ptrs[classnum] =
+                    _core_swash_init("utf8", swash_property_names[classnum],
+                                     &PL_sv_undef, 1, 0, NULL, &flags);
+        }
+
+        /* This is a copy of the loop above for swash classes, though using the
+         * FBC macro instead of being expanded out.  Since we've loaded the
+         * swash, we don't have to check for that each time through the loop */
+        REXEC_FBC_UTF8_CLASS_SCAN(
+                to_complement ^ cBOOL(_generic_utf8(
+                                      classnum,
+                                      s,
+                                      swash_fetch(PL_utf8_swash_ptrs[classnum],
+                                                  (U8 *) s, TRUE))));
+        break;
+
+    case AHOCORASICKC:
+    case AHOCORASICK:
+        {
+            DECL_TRIE_TYPE(c);
+            /* what trie are we using right now */
+            reg_ac_data *aho = (reg_ac_data*)progi->data->data[ ARG( c ) ];
+            reg_trie_data *trie = (reg_trie_data*)progi->data->data[ aho->trie ];
+            HV *widecharmap = MUTABLE_HV(progi->data->data[ aho->trie + 1 ]);
+
+            const char *last_start = strend - trie->minlen;
+#ifdef DEBUGGING
+            const char *real_start = s;
+#endif
+            STRLEN maxlen = trie->maxlen;
+            SV *sv_points;
+            U8 **points; /* map of where we were in the input string
+                            when reading a given char. For ASCII this
+                            is unnecessary overhead as the relationship
+                            is always 1:1, but for Unicode, especially
+                            case folded Unicode this is not true. */
+            U8 foldbuf[ UTF8_MAXBYTES_CASE + 1 ];
+            U8 *bitmap=NULL;
+
+
+            GET_RE_DEBUG_FLAGS_DECL;
+
+            /* We can't just allocate points here. We need to wrap it in
+             * an SV so it gets freed properly if there is a croak while
+             * running the match */
+            ENTER;
+            SAVETMPS;
+            sv_points=newSV(maxlen * sizeof(U8 *));
+            SvCUR_set(sv_points,
+                maxlen * sizeof(U8 *));
+            SvPOK_on(sv_points);
+            sv_2mortal(sv_points);
+            points=(U8**)SvPV_nolen(sv_points );
+            if ( trie_type != trie_utf8_fold
+                 && (trie->bitmap || OP(c)==AHOCORASICKC) )
+            {
+                if (trie->bitmap)
+                    bitmap=(U8*)trie->bitmap;
+                else
+                    bitmap=(U8*)ANYOF_BITMAP(c);
+            }
+            /* this is the Aho-Corasick algorithm modified a touch
+               to include special handling for long "unknown char" sequences.
+               The basic idea being that we use AC as long as we are dealing
+               with a possible matching char, when we encounter an unknown char
+               (and we have not encountered an accepting state) we scan forward
+               until we find a legal starting char.
+               AC matching is basically that of trie matching, except that when
+               we encounter a failing transition, we fall back to the current
+               states "fail state", and try the current char again, a process
+               we repeat until we reach the root state, state 1, or a legal
+               transition. If we fail on the root state then we can either
+               terminate if we have reached an accepting state previously, or
+               restart the entire process from the beginning if we have not.
+
+             */
+            while (s <= last_start) {
+                const U32 uniflags = UTF8_ALLOW_DEFAULT;
+                U8 *uc = (U8*)s;
+                U16 charid = 0;
+                U32 base = 1;
+                U32 state = 1;
+                UV uvc = 0;
+                STRLEN len = 0;
+                STRLEN foldlen = 0;
+                U8 *uscan = (U8*)NULL;
+                U8 *leftmost = NULL;
+#ifdef DEBUGGING
+                U32 accepted_word= 0;
+#endif
+                U32 pointpos = 0;
+
+                while ( state && uc <= (U8*)strend ) {
+                    int failed=0;
+                    U32 word = aho->states[ state ].wordnum;
+
+                    if( state==1 ) {
+                        if ( bitmap ) {
+                            DEBUG_TRIE_EXECUTE_r(
+                                if ( uc <= (U8*)last_start && !BITMAP_TEST(bitmap,*uc) ) {
+                                    dump_exec_pos( (char *)uc, c, strend, real_start,
+                                        (char *)uc, utf8_target );
+                                    PerlIO_printf( Perl_debug_log,
+                                        " Scanning for legal start char...\n");
+                                }
+                            );
+                            if (utf8_target) {
+                                while ( uc <= (U8*)last_start && !BITMAP_TEST(bitmap,*uc) ) {
+                                    uc += UTF8SKIP(uc);
+                                }
+                            } else {
+                                while ( uc <= (U8*)last_start  && !BITMAP_TEST(bitmap,*uc) ) {
+                                    uc++;
+                                }
+                            }
+                            s= (char *)uc;
+                        }
+                        if (uc >(U8*)last_start) break;
+                    }
+
+                    if ( word ) {
+                        U8 *lpos= points[ (pointpos - trie->wordinfo[word].len) % maxlen ];
+                        if (!leftmost || lpos < leftmost) {
+                            DEBUG_r(accepted_word=word);
+                            leftmost= lpos;
+                        }
+                        if (base==0) break;
+
+                    }
+                    points[pointpos++ % maxlen]= uc;
+                    if (foldlen || uc < (U8*)strend) {
+                        REXEC_TRIE_READ_CHAR(trie_type, trie,
+                                         widecharmap, uc,
+                                         uscan, len, uvc, charid, foldlen,
+                                         foldbuf, uniflags);
+                        DEBUG_TRIE_EXECUTE_r({
+                            dump_exec_pos( (char *)uc, c, strend,
+                                        real_start, s, utf8_target);
+                            PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log,
+                                " Charid:%3u CP:%4"UVxf" ",
+                                 charid, uvc);
+                        });
+                    }
+                    else {
+                        len = 0;
+                        charid = 0;
+                    }
+
+
+                    do {
+#ifdef DEBUGGING
+                        word = aho->states[ state ].wordnum;
+#endif
+                        base = aho->states[ state ].trans.base;
+
+                        DEBUG_TRIE_EXECUTE_r({
+                            if (failed)
+                                dump_exec_pos( (char *)uc, c, strend, real_start,
+                                    s,   utf8_target );
+                            PerlIO_printf( Perl_debug_log,
+                                "%sState: %4"UVxf", word=%"UVxf,
+                                failed ? " Fail transition to " : "",
+                                (UV)state, (UV)word);
+                        });
+                        if ( base ) {
+                            U32 tmp;
+                            I32 offset;
+                            if (charid &&
+                                 ( ((offset = base + charid
+                                    - 1 - trie->uniquecharcount)) >= 0)
+                                 && ((U32)offset < trie->lasttrans)
+                                 && trie->trans[offset].check == state
+                                 && (tmp=trie->trans[offset].next))
+                            {
+                                DEBUG_TRIE_EXECUTE_r(
+                                    PerlIO_printf( Perl_debug_log," - legal\n"));
+                                state = tmp;
+                                break;
+                            }
+                            else {
+                                DEBUG_TRIE_EXECUTE_r(
+                                    PerlIO_printf( Perl_debug_log," - fail\n"));
+                                failed = 1;
+                                state = aho->fail[state];
+                            }
+                        }
+                        else {
+                            /* we must be accepting here */
+                            DEBUG_TRIE_EXECUTE_r(
+                                    PerlIO_printf( Perl_debug_log," - accepting\n"));
+                            failed = 1;
+                            break;
+                        }
+                    } while(state);
+                    uc += len;
+                    if (failed) {
+                        if (leftmost)
+                            break;
+                        if (!state) state = 1;
+                    }
+                }
+                if ( aho->states[ state ].wordnum ) {
+                    U8 *lpos = points[ (pointpos - trie->wordinfo[aho->states[ state ].wordnum].len) % maxlen ];
+                    if (!leftmost || lpos < leftmost) {
+                        DEBUG_r(accepted_word=aho->states[ state ].wordnum);
+                        leftmost = lpos;
+                    }
+                }
+                if (leftmost) {
+                    s = (char*)leftmost;
+                    DEBUG_TRIE_EXECUTE_r({
+                        PerlIO_printf(
+                            Perl_debug_log,"Matches word #%"UVxf" at position %"IVdf". Trying full pattern...\n",
+                            (UV)accepted_word, (IV)(s - real_start)
+                        );
+                    });
+                    if (reginfo->intuit || regtry(reginfo, &s)) {
+                        FREETMPS;
+                        LEAVE;
+                        goto got_it;
+                    }
+                    s = HOPc(s,1);
+                    DEBUG_TRIE_EXECUTE_r({
+                        PerlIO_printf( Perl_debug_log,"Pattern failed. Looking for new start point...\n");
+                    });
+                } else {
+                    DEBUG_TRIE_EXECUTE_r(
+                        PerlIO_printf( Perl_debug_log,"No match.\n"));
+                    break;
+                }
+            }
+            FREETMPS;
+            LEAVE;
+        }
+        break;
+    default:
+        Perl_croak(aTHX_ "panic: unknown regstclass %d", (int)OP(c));
+        break;
+    }
+    return 0;
+  got_it:
+    return s;
+}
+
+
+/*
+ - regexec_flags - match a regexp against a string
+ */
+I32
+Perl_regexec_flags(pTHX_ REGEXP * const rx, char *stringarg, char *strend,
+             char *strbeg, I32 minend, SV *sv, void *data, U32 flags)
+/* stringarg: the point in the string at which to begin matching */
+/* strend:    pointer to null at end of string */
+/* strbeg:    real beginning of string */
+/* minend:    end of match must be >= minend bytes after stringarg. */
+/* sv:        SV being matched: only used for utf8 flag, pos() etc; string
+ *            itself is accessed via the pointers above */
+/* data:      May be used for some additional optimizations.
+              Currently its only used, with a U32 cast, for transmitting
+              the ganch offset when doing a /g match. This will change */
+/* nosave:    For optimizations. */
+
+{
+    dVAR;
+    struct regexp *const prog = ReANY(rx);
+    char *s;
+    regnode *c;
+    char *startpos = stringarg;
+    I32 minlen;                /* must match at least this many chars */
+    I32 dontbother = 0;        /* how many characters not to try at end */
+    I32 end_shift = 0;                 /* Same for the end. */         /* CC */
+    I32 scream_pos = -1;               /* Internal iterator of scream. */
+    char *scream_olds = NULL;
+    const bool utf8_target = cBOOL(DO_UTF8(sv));
+    I32 multiline;
+    RXi_GET_DECL(prog,progi);
+    regmatch_info reginfo_buf;  /* create some info to pass to regtry etc */
+    regmatch_info *const reginfo = &reginfo_buf;
+    regexp_paren_pair *swap = NULL;
+    I32 oldsave;
+    GET_RE_DEBUG_FLAGS_DECL;
+
+    PERL_ARGS_ASSERT_REGEXEC_FLAGS;
+    PERL_UNUSED_ARG(data);
+
+    /* Be paranoid... */
+    if (prog == NULL || startpos == NULL) {
+       Perl_croak(aTHX_ "NULL regexp parameter");
+       return 0;
+    }
+
+    DEBUG_EXECUTE_r(
+        debug_start_match(rx, utf8_target, startpos, strend,
+        "Matching");
+    );
+
+
+    /* at the end of this function, we'll do a LEAVE_SCOPE(oldsave),
+     * which will call destuctors to reset PL_regmatch_state, free higher
+     * PL_regmatch_slabs, and clean up regmatch_info_aux and
+     * regmatch_info_aux_eval */
+
+    oldsave = PL_savestack_ix;
+
+    multiline = prog->extflags & RXf_PMf_MULTILINE;
+    minlen = prog->minlen;
+    
+    if (strend - startpos < (minlen+(prog->check_offset_min<0?prog->check_offset_min:0))) {
+        DEBUG_EXECUTE_r(PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log,
+                             "String too short [regexec_flags]...\n"));
+       goto phooey;
+    }
+    
+    /* Check validity of program. */
+    if (UCHARAT(progi->program) != REG_MAGIC) {
+       Perl_croak(aTHX_ "corrupted regexp program");
+    }
+
+    RX_MATCH_TAINTED_off(rx);
+
+    reginfo->prog = rx;         /* Yes, sorry that this is confusing.  */
+    reginfo->intuit = 0;
+    reginfo->is_utf8_target = cBOOL(utf8_target);
+    reginfo->is_utf8_pat = cBOOL(RX_UTF8(rx));
+    reginfo->warned = FALSE;
+    reginfo->strbeg  = strbeg;
+    reginfo->sv = sv;
+    reginfo->poscache_maxiter = 0; /* not yet started a countdown */
+    reginfo->strend = strend;
+    /* see how far we have to get to not match where we matched before */
+    reginfo->till = startpos+minend;
+
+    /* reserve next 2 or 3 slots in PL_regmatch_state:
+     * slot N+0: may currently be in use: skip it
+     * slot N+1: use for regmatch_info_aux struct
+     * slot N+2: use for regmatch_info_aux_eval struct if we have (?{})'s
+     * slot N+3: ready for use by regmatch()
+     */
+
+    {
+        regmatch_state *old_regmatch_state;
+        regmatch_slab  *old_regmatch_slab;
+        int i, max = (prog->extflags & RXf_EVAL_SEEN) ? 2 : 1;
+
+        /* on first ever match, allocate first slab */
+        if (!PL_regmatch_slab) {
+            Newx(PL_regmatch_slab, 1, regmatch_slab);
+            PL_regmatch_slab->prev = NULL;
+            PL_regmatch_slab->next = NULL;
+            PL_regmatch_state = SLAB_FIRST(PL_regmatch_slab);
+        }
+
+        old_regmatch_state = PL_regmatch_state;
+        old_regmatch_slab  = PL_regmatch_slab;
+
+        for (i=0; i <= max; i++) {
+            if (i == 1)
+                reginfo->info_aux = &(PL_regmatch_state->u.info_aux);
+            else if (i ==2)
+                reginfo->info_aux_eval =
+                reginfo->info_aux->info_aux_eval =
+                            &(PL_regmatch_state->u.info_aux_eval);
+
+            if (++PL_regmatch_state >  SLAB_LAST(PL_regmatch_slab))
+                PL_regmatch_state = S_push_slab(aTHX);
+        }
+
+        /* note initial PL_regmatch_state position; at end of match we'll
+         * pop back to there and free any higher slabs */
+
+        reginfo->info_aux->old_regmatch_state = old_regmatch_state;
+        reginfo->info_aux->old_regmatch_slab  = old_regmatch_slab;
+        reginfo->info_aux->poscache = NULL;
+
+        SAVEDESTRUCTOR_X(S_cleanup_regmatch_info_aux, reginfo->info_aux);
+
+        if ((prog->extflags & RXf_EVAL_SEEN))
+            S_setup_eval_state(aTHX_ reginfo);
+        else
+            reginfo->info_aux_eval = reginfo->info_aux->info_aux_eval = NULL;
+    }
+
+    /* If there is a "must appear" string, look for it. */
+    s = startpos;
+
+    if (prog->extflags & RXf_GPOS_SEEN) { /* Need to set reginfo->ganch */
+       MAGIC *mg;
+       if (flags & REXEC_IGNOREPOS){   /* Means: check only at start */
+           reginfo->ganch = startpos + prog->gofs;
+           DEBUG_GPOS_r(PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log,
+             "GPOS IGNOREPOS: reginfo->ganch = startpos + %"UVxf"\n",(UV)prog->gofs));
+       } else if (sv && (mg = mg_find_mglob(sv))
+                 && mg->mg_len >= 0) {
+           reginfo->ganch = strbeg + mg->mg_len;       /* Defined pos() */
+           DEBUG_GPOS_r(PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log,
+               "GPOS MAGIC: reginfo->ganch = strbeg + %"IVdf"\n",(IV)mg->mg_len));
+
+           if (prog->extflags & RXf_ANCH_GPOS) {
+               if (s > reginfo->ganch)
+                   goto phooey;
+               s = reginfo->ganch - prog->gofs;
+               DEBUG_GPOS_r(PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log,
+                    "GPOS ANCH_GPOS: s = ganch - %"UVxf"\n",(UV)prog->gofs));
+               if (s < strbeg)
+                   goto phooey;
+           }
+       }
+       else if (data) {
+           reginfo->ganch = strbeg + PTR2UV(data);
+            DEBUG_GPOS_r(PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log,
+                "GPOS DATA: reginfo->ganch= strbeg + %"UVxf"\n",PTR2UV(data)));
+
+       } else {                                /* pos() not defined */
+           reginfo->ganch = strbeg;
+            DEBUG_GPOS_r(PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log,
+                "GPOS: reginfo->ganch = strbeg\n"));
+       }
+    }
+    if (PL_curpm && (PM_GETRE(PL_curpm) == rx)) {
+        /* We have to be careful. If the previous successful match
+           was from this regex we don't want a subsequent partially
+           successful match to clobber the old results.
+           So when we detect this possibility we add a swap buffer
+           to the re, and switch the buffer each match. If we fail,
+           we switch it back; otherwise we leave it swapped.
+        */
+        swap = prog->offs;
+        /* do we need a save destructor here for eval dies? */
+        Newxz(prog->offs, (prog->nparens + 1), regexp_paren_pair);
+       DEBUG_BUFFERS_r(PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log,
+           "rex=0x%"UVxf" saving  offs: orig=0x%"UVxf" new=0x%"UVxf"\n",
+           PTR2UV(prog),
+           PTR2UV(swap),
+           PTR2UV(prog->offs)
+       ));
+    }
+    if (!(flags & REXEC_CHECKED) && (prog->check_substr != NULL || prog->check_utf8 != NULL)) {
+       re_scream_pos_data d;
+
+       d.scream_olds = &scream_olds;
+       d.scream_pos = &scream_pos;
+       s = re_intuit_start(rx, sv, strbeg, s, strend, flags, &d);
+       if (!s) {
+           DEBUG_EXECUTE_r(PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log, "Not present...\n"));
+           goto phooey;        /* not present */
+       }
+    }
+
+
+
+    /* Simplest case:  anchored match need be tried only once. */
+    /*  [unless only anchor is BOL and multiline is set] */
+    if (prog->extflags & (RXf_ANCH & ~RXf_ANCH_GPOS)) {
+       if (s == startpos && regtry(reginfo, &startpos))
+           goto got_it;
+       else if (multiline || (prog->intflags & PREGf_IMPLICIT)
+                || (prog->extflags & RXf_ANCH_MBOL)) /* XXXX SBOL? */
+       {
+           char *end;
+
+           if (minlen)
+               dontbother = minlen - 1;
+           end = HOP3c(strend, -dontbother, strbeg) - 1;
+           /* for multiline we only have to try after newlines */
+           if (prog->check_substr || prog->check_utf8) {
+                /* because of the goto we can not easily reuse the macros for bifurcating the
+                   unicode/non-unicode match modes here like we do elsewhere - demerphq */
+                if (utf8_target) {
+                    if (s == startpos)
+                        goto after_try_utf8;
+                    while (1) {
+                        if (regtry(reginfo, &s)) {
+                            goto got_it;
+                        }
+                      after_try_utf8:
+                        if (s > end) {
+                            goto phooey;
+                        }
+                        if (prog->extflags & RXf_USE_INTUIT) {
+                            s = re_intuit_start(rx, sv, strbeg,
+                                    s + UTF8SKIP(s), strend, flags, NULL);
+                            if (!s) {
+                                goto phooey;
+                            }
+                        }
+                        else {
+                            s += UTF8SKIP(s);
+                        }
+                    }
+                } /* end search for check string in unicode */
+                else {
+                    if (s == startpos) {
+                        goto after_try_latin;
+                    }
+                    while (1) {
+                        if (regtry(reginfo, &s)) {
+                            goto got_it;
+                        }
+                      after_try_latin:
+                        if (s > end) {
+                            goto phooey;
+                        }
+                        if (prog->extflags & RXf_USE_INTUIT) {
+                            s = re_intuit_start(rx, sv, strbeg,
+                                        s + 1, strend, flags, NULL);
+                            if (!s) {
+                                goto phooey;
+                            }
+                        }
+                        else {
+                            s++;
+                        }
+                    }
+                } /* end search for check string in latin*/
+           } /* end search for check string */
+           else { /* search for newline */
+               if (s > startpos) {
+                    /*XXX: The s-- is almost definitely wrong here under unicode - demeprhq*/
+                   s--;
+               }
+               /* We can use a more efficient search as newlines are the same in unicode as they are in latin */
+               while (s <= end) { /* note it could be possible to match at the end of the string */
+                   if (*s++ == '\n') { /* don't need PL_utf8skip here */
+                       if (regtry(reginfo, &s))
+                           goto got_it;
+                   }
+               }
+           } /* end search for newline */
+       } /* end anchored/multiline check string search */
+       goto phooey;
+    } else if (RXf_GPOS_CHECK == (prog->extflags & RXf_GPOS_CHECK)) 
+    {
+        /* the warning about reginfo->ganch being used without initialization
+           is bogus -- we set it above, when prog->extflags & RXf_GPOS_SEEN 
+           and we only enter this block when the same bit is set. */
+        char *tmp_s = reginfo->ganch - prog->gofs;
+
+       if (tmp_s >= strbeg && regtry(reginfo, &tmp_s))
+           goto got_it;
+       goto phooey;
+    }
+
+    /* Messy cases:  unanchored match. */
+    if ((prog->anchored_substr || prog->anchored_utf8) && prog->intflags & PREGf_SKIP) {
+       /* we have /x+whatever/ */
+       /* it must be a one character string (XXXX Except is_utf8_pat?) */
+       char ch;
+#ifdef DEBUGGING
+       int did_match = 0;
+#endif
+       if (utf8_target) {
+            if (! prog->anchored_utf8) {
+                to_utf8_substr(prog);
+            }
+            ch = SvPVX_const(prog->anchored_utf8)[0];
+           REXEC_FBC_SCAN(
+               if (*s == ch) {
+                   DEBUG_EXECUTE_r( did_match = 1 );
+                   if (regtry(reginfo, &s)) goto got_it;
+                   s += UTF8SKIP(s);
+                   while (s < strend && *s == ch)
+                       s += UTF8SKIP(s);
+               }
+           );
+
+       }
+       else {
+            if (! prog->anchored_substr) {
+                if (! to_byte_substr(prog)) {
+                    NON_UTF8_TARGET_BUT_UTF8_REQUIRED(phooey);
+                }
+            }
+            ch = SvPVX_const(prog->anchored_substr)[0];
+           REXEC_FBC_SCAN(
+               if (*s == ch) {
+                   DEBUG_EXECUTE_r( did_match = 1 );
+                   if (regtry(reginfo, &s)) goto got_it;
+                   s++;
+                   while (s < strend && *s == ch)
+                       s++;
+               }
+           );
+       }
+       DEBUG_EXECUTE_r(if (!did_match)
+               PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log,
+                                  "Did not find anchored character...\n")
+               );
+    }
+    else if (prog->anchored_substr != NULL
+             || prog->anchored_utf8 != NULL
+             || ((prog->float_substr != NULL || prog->float_utf8 != NULL)
+                 && prog->float_max_offset < strend - s)) {
+       SV *must;
+       I32 back_max;
+       I32 back_min;
+       char *last;
+       char *last1;            /* Last position checked before */
+#ifdef DEBUGGING
+       int did_match = 0;
+#endif
+       if (prog->anchored_substr || prog->anchored_utf8) {
+           if (utf8_target) {
+                if (! prog->anchored_utf8) {
+                    to_utf8_substr(prog);
+                }
+                must = prog->anchored_utf8;
+            }
+            else {
+                if (! prog->anchored_substr) {
+                    if (! to_byte_substr(prog)) {
+                        NON_UTF8_TARGET_BUT_UTF8_REQUIRED(phooey);
+                    }
+                }
+                must = prog->anchored_substr;
+            }
+           back_max = back_min = prog->anchored_offset;
+       } else {
+           if (utf8_target) {
+                if (! prog->float_utf8) {
+                    to_utf8_substr(prog);
+                }
+                must = prog->float_utf8;
+            }
+            else {
+                if (! prog->float_substr) {
+                    if (! to_byte_substr(prog)) {
+                        NON_UTF8_TARGET_BUT_UTF8_REQUIRED(phooey);
+                    }
+                }
+                must = prog->float_substr;
+            }
+           back_max = prog->float_max_offset;
+           back_min = prog->float_min_offset;
+       }
+           
+        if (back_min<0) {
+           last = strend;
+       } else {
+            last = HOP3c(strend,       /* Cannot start after this */
+                 -(I32)(CHR_SVLEN(must)
+                        - (SvTAIL(must) != 0) + back_min), strbeg);
+        }
+       if (s > reginfo->strbeg)
+           last1 = HOPc(s, -1);
+       else
+           last1 = s - 1;      /* bogus */
+
+       /* XXXX check_substr already used to find "s", can optimize if
+          check_substr==must. */
+       scream_pos = -1;
+       dontbother = end_shift;
+       strend = HOPc(strend, -dontbother);
+       while ( (s <= last) &&
+               (s = fbm_instr((unsigned char*)HOP3(s, back_min, (back_min<0 ? strbeg : strend)),
+                                 (unsigned char*)strend, must,
+                                 multiline ? FBMrf_MULTILINE : 0)) ) {
+           DEBUG_EXECUTE_r( did_match = 1 );
+           if (HOPc(s, -back_max) > last1) {
+               last1 = HOPc(s, -back_min);
+               s = HOPc(s, -back_max);
+           }
+           else {
+               char * const t = (last1 >= reginfo->strbeg)
+                                    ? HOPc(last1, 1) : last1 + 1;
+
+               last1 = HOPc(s, -back_min);
+               s = t;
+           }
+           if (utf8_target) {
+               while (s <= last1) {
+                   if (regtry(reginfo, &s))
+                       goto got_it;
+                    if (s >= last1) {
+                        s++; /* to break out of outer loop */
+                        break;
+                    }
+                    s += UTF8SKIP(s);
+               }
+           }
+           else {
+               while (s <= last1) {
+                   if (regtry(reginfo, &s))
+                       goto got_it;
+                   s++;
+               }
+           }
+       }
+       DEBUG_EXECUTE_r(if (!did_match) {
+            RE_PV_QUOTED_DECL(quoted, utf8_target, PERL_DEBUG_PAD_ZERO(0),
+                SvPVX_const(must), RE_SV_DUMPLEN(must), 30);
+            PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log, "Did not find %s substr %s%s...\n",
+                             ((must == prog->anchored_substr || must == prog->anchored_utf8)
+                              ? "anchored" : "floating"),
+                quoted, RE_SV_TAIL(must));
+        });                
+       goto phooey;
+    }
+    else if ( (c = progi->regstclass) ) {
+       if (minlen) {
+           const OPCODE op = OP(progi->regstclass);
+           /* don't bother with what can't match */
+           if (PL_regkind[op] != EXACT && op != CANY && PL_regkind[op] != TRIE)
+               strend = HOPc(strend, -(minlen - 1));
+       }
+       DEBUG_EXECUTE_r({
+           SV * const prop = sv_newmortal();
+           regprop(prog, prop, c);
+           {
+               RE_PV_QUOTED_DECL(quoted,utf8_target,PERL_DEBUG_PAD_ZERO(1),
+                   s,strend-s,60);
+               PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log,
+                   "Matching stclass %.*s against %s (%d bytes)\n",
+                   (int)SvCUR(prop), SvPVX_const(prop),
+                    quoted, (int)(strend - s));
+           }
+       });
+        if (find_byclass(prog, c, s, strend, reginfo))
+           goto got_it;
+       DEBUG_EXECUTE_r(PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log, "Contradicts stclass... [regexec_flags]\n"));
+    }
+    else {
+       dontbother = 0;
+       if (prog->float_substr != NULL || prog->float_utf8 != NULL) {
+           /* Trim the end. */
+           char *last= NULL;
+           SV* float_real;
+           STRLEN len;
+           const char *little;
+
+           if (utf8_target) {
+                if (! prog->float_utf8) {
+                    to_utf8_substr(prog);
+                }
+                float_real = prog->float_utf8;
+            }
+            else {
+                if (! prog->float_substr) {
+                    if (! to_byte_substr(prog)) {
+                        NON_UTF8_TARGET_BUT_UTF8_REQUIRED(phooey);
+                    }
+                }
+                float_real = prog->float_substr;
+            }
+
+            little = SvPV_const(float_real, len);
+           if (SvTAIL(float_real)) {
+                    /* This means that float_real contains an artificial \n on
+                     * the end due to the presence of something like this:
+                     * /foo$/ where we can match both "foo" and "foo\n" at the
+                     * end of the string.  So we have to compare the end of the
+                     * string first against the float_real without the \n and
+                     * then against the full float_real with the string.  We
+                     * have to watch out for cases where the string might be
+                     * smaller than the float_real or the float_real without
+                     * the \n. */
+                   char *checkpos= strend - len;
+                   DEBUG_OPTIMISE_r(
+                       PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log,
+                           "%sChecking for float_real.%s\n",
+                           PL_colors[4], PL_colors[5]));
+                   if (checkpos + 1 < strbeg) {
+                        /* can't match, even if we remove the trailing \n
+                         * string is too short to match */
+                       DEBUG_EXECUTE_r(
+                           PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log,
+                               "%sString shorter than required trailing substring, cannot match.%s\n",
+                               PL_colors[4], PL_colors[5]));
+                       goto phooey;
+                   } else if (memEQ(checkpos + 1, little, len - 1)) {
+                        /* can match, the end of the string matches without the
+                         * "\n" */
+                       last = checkpos + 1;
+                   } else if (checkpos < strbeg) {
+                        /* cant match, string is too short when the "\n" is
+                         * included */
+                       DEBUG_EXECUTE_r(
+                           PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log,
+                               "%sString does not contain required trailing substring, cannot match.%s\n",
+                               PL_colors[4], PL_colors[5]));
+                       goto phooey;
+                   } else if (!multiline) {
+                        /* non multiline match, so compare with the "\n" at the
+                         * end of the string */
+                       if (memEQ(checkpos, little, len)) {
+                           last= checkpos;
+                       } else {
+                           DEBUG_EXECUTE_r(
+                               PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log,
+                                   "%sString does not contain required trailing substring, cannot match.%s\n",
+                                   PL_colors[4], PL_colors[5]));
+                           goto phooey;
+                       }
+                   } else {
+                        /* multiline match, so we have to search for a place
+                         * where the full string is located */
+                       goto find_last;
+                   }
+           } else {
+                 find_last:
+                   if (len)
+                       last = rninstr(s, strend, little, little + len);
+                   else
+                       last = strend;  /* matching "$" */
+           }
+           if (!last) {
+                /* at one point this block contained a comment which was
+                 * probably incorrect, which said that this was a "should not
+                 * happen" case.  Even if it was true when it was written I am
+                 * pretty sure it is not anymore, so I have removed the comment
+                 * and replaced it with this one. Yves */
+               DEBUG_EXECUTE_r(
+                   PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log,
+                       "String does not contain required substring, cannot match.\n"
+                   ));
+               goto phooey;
+           }
+           dontbother = strend - last + prog->float_min_offset;
+       }
+       if (minlen && (dontbother < minlen))
+           dontbother = minlen - 1;
+       strend -= dontbother;              /* this one's always in bytes! */
+       /* We don't know much -- general case. */
+       if (utf8_target) {
+           for (;;) {
+               if (regtry(reginfo, &s))
+                   goto got_it;
+               if (s >= strend)
+                   break;
+               s += UTF8SKIP(s);
+           };
+       }
+       else {
+           do {
+               if (regtry(reginfo, &s))
+                   goto got_it;
+           } while (s++ < strend);
+       }
+    }
+
+    /* Failure. */
+    goto phooey;
+
+got_it:
+    DEBUG_BUFFERS_r(
+       if (swap)
+           PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log,
+               "rex=0x%"UVxf" freeing offs: 0x%"UVxf"\n",
+               PTR2UV(prog),
+               PTR2UV(swap)
+           );
+    );
+    Safefree(swap);
+
+    /* clean up; this will trigger destructors that will free all slabs
+     * above the current one, and cleanup the regmatch_info_aux
+     * and regmatch_info_aux_eval sructs */
+
+    LEAVE_SCOPE(oldsave);
+
+    if (RXp_PAREN_NAMES(prog)) 
+        (void)hv_iterinit(RXp_PAREN_NAMES(prog));
+
+    RX_MATCH_UTF8_set(rx, utf8_target);
+
+    /* make sure $`, $&, $', and $digit will work later */
+    if ( !(flags & REXEC_NOT_FIRST) ) {
+       if (flags & REXEC_COPY_STR) {
+#ifdef PERL_ANY_COW
+           if (SvCANCOW(sv)) {
+               if (DEBUG_C_TEST) {
+                   PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log,
+                                 "Copy on write: regexp capture, type %d\n",
+                                 (int) SvTYPE(sv));
+               }
+                RX_MATCH_COPY_FREE(rx);
+               prog->saved_copy = sv_setsv_cow(prog->saved_copy, sv);
+               prog->subbeg = (char *)SvPVX_const(prog->saved_copy);
+               assert (SvPOKp(prog->saved_copy));
+                prog->sublen  = reginfo->strend - strbeg;
+                prog->suboffset = 0;
+                prog->subcoffset = 0;
+           } else
+#endif
+           {
+                I32 min = 0;
+                I32 max = reginfo->strend - strbeg;
+                I32 sublen;
+
+                if (    (flags & REXEC_COPY_SKIP_POST)
+                    && !(RX_EXTFLAGS(rx) & RXf_PMf_KEEPCOPY) /* //p */
+                    && !(PL_sawampersand & SAWAMPERSAND_RIGHT)
+                ) { /* don't copy $' part of string */
+                    U32 n = 0;
+                    max = -1;
+                    /* calculate the right-most part of the string covered
+                     * by a capture. Due to look-ahead, this may be to
+                     * the right of $&, so we have to scan all captures */
+                    while (n <= prog->lastparen) {
+                        if (prog->offs[n].end > max)
+                            max = prog->offs[n].end;
+                        n++;
+                    }
+                    if (max == -1)
+                        max = (PL_sawampersand & SAWAMPERSAND_LEFT)
+                                ? prog->offs[0].start
+                                : 0;
+                    assert(max >= 0 && max <= reginfo->strend - strbeg);
+                }
+
+                if (    (flags & REXEC_COPY_SKIP_PRE)
+                    && !(RX_EXTFLAGS(rx) & RXf_PMf_KEEPCOPY) /* //p */
+                    && !(PL_sawampersand & SAWAMPERSAND_LEFT)
+                ) { /* don't copy $` part of string */
+                    U32 n = 0;
+                    min = max;
+                    /* calculate the left-most part of the string covered
+                     * by a capture. Due to look-behind, this may be to
+                     * the left of $&, so we have to scan all captures */
+                    while (min && n <= prog->lastparen) {
+                        if (   prog->offs[n].start != -1
+                            && prog->offs[n].start < min)
+                        {
+                            min = prog->offs[n].start;
+                        }
+                        n++;
+                    }
+                    if ((PL_sawampersand & SAWAMPERSAND_RIGHT)
+                        && min >  prog->offs[0].end
+                    )
+                        min = prog->offs[0].end;
+
+                }
+
+                assert(min >= 0 && min <= max
+                    && min <= reginfo->strend - strbeg);
+                sublen = max - min;
+
+                if (RX_MATCH_COPIED(rx)) {
+                    if (sublen > prog->sublen)
+                        prog->subbeg =
+                                (char*)saferealloc(prog->subbeg, sublen+1);
+                }
+                else
+                    prog->subbeg = (char*)safemalloc(sublen+1);
+                Copy(strbeg + min, prog->subbeg, sublen, char);
+                prog->subbeg[sublen] = '\0';
+                prog->suboffset = min;
+                prog->sublen = sublen;
+                RX_MATCH_COPIED_on(rx);
+           }
+            prog->subcoffset = prog->suboffset;
+            if (prog->suboffset && utf8_target) {
+                /* Convert byte offset to chars.
+                 * XXX ideally should only compute this if @-/@+
+                 * has been seen, a la PL_sawampersand ??? */
+
+                /* If there's a direct correspondence between the
+                 * string which we're matching and the original SV,
+                 * then we can use the utf8 len cache associated with
+                 * the SV. In particular, it means that under //g,
+                 * sv_pos_b2u() will use the previously cached
+                 * position to speed up working out the new length of
+                 * subcoffset, rather than counting from the start of
+                 * the string each time. This stops
+                 *   $x = "\x{100}" x 1E6; 1 while $x =~ /(.)/g;
+                 * from going quadratic */
+                if (SvPOKp(sv) && SvPVX(sv) == strbeg)
+                    sv_pos_b2u(sv, &(prog->subcoffset));
+                else
+                    prog->subcoffset = utf8_length((U8*)strbeg,
+                                        (U8*)(strbeg+prog->suboffset));
+            }
+       }
+       else {
+            RX_MATCH_COPY_FREE(rx);
+           prog->subbeg = strbeg;
+           prog->suboffset = 0;
+           prog->subcoffset = 0;
+            /* use reginfo->strend, as strend may have been modified */
+           prog->sublen = reginfo->strend - strbeg;
+       }
+    }
+
+    return 1;
+
+phooey:
+    DEBUG_EXECUTE_r(PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log, "%sMatch failed%s\n",
+                         PL_colors[4], PL_colors[5]));
+
+    /* clean up; this will trigger destructors that will free all slabs
+     * above the current one, and cleanup the regmatch_info_aux
+     * and regmatch_info_aux_eval sructs */
+
+    LEAVE_SCOPE(oldsave);
+
+    if (swap) {
+        /* we failed :-( roll it back */
+       DEBUG_BUFFERS_r(PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log,
+           "rex=0x%"UVxf" rolling back offs: freeing=0x%"UVxf" restoring=0x%"UVxf"\n",
+           PTR2UV(prog),
+           PTR2UV(prog->offs),
+           PTR2UV(swap)
+       ));
+        Safefree(prog->offs);
+        prog->offs = swap;
+    }
+    return 0;
+}
+
+
+/* Set which rex is pointed to by PL_reg_curpm, handling ref counting.
+ * Do inc before dec, in case old and new rex are the same */
+#define SET_reg_curpm(Re2) \
+    if (reginfo->info_aux_eval) {                   \
+       (void)ReREFCNT_inc(Re2);                    \
+       ReREFCNT_dec(PM_GETRE(PL_reg_curpm));       \
+       PM_SETRE((PL_reg_curpm), (Re2));            \
+    }
+
+
+/*
+ - regtry - try match at specific point
+ */
+STATIC I32                     /* 0 failure, 1 success */
+S_regtry(pTHX_ regmatch_info *reginfo, char **startposp)
+{
+    dVAR;
+    CHECKPOINT lastcp;
+    REGEXP *const rx = reginfo->prog;
+    regexp *const prog = ReANY(rx);
+    I32 result;
+    RXi_GET_DECL(prog,progi);
+    GET_RE_DEBUG_FLAGS_DECL;
+
+    PERL_ARGS_ASSERT_REGTRY;
+
+    reginfo->cutpoint=NULL;
+
+    prog->offs[0].start = *startposp - reginfo->strbeg;
+    prog->lastparen = 0;
+    prog->lastcloseparen = 0;
+
+    /* XXXX What this code is doing here?!!!  There should be no need
+       to do this again and again, prog->lastparen should take care of
+       this!  --ilya*/
+
+    /* Tests pat.t#187 and split.t#{13,14} seem to depend on this code.
+     * Actually, the code in regcppop() (which Ilya may be meaning by
+     * prog->lastparen), is not needed at all by the test suite
+     * (op/regexp, op/pat, op/split), but that code is needed otherwise
+     * this erroneously leaves $1 defined: "1" =~ /^(?:(\d)x)?\d$/
+     * Meanwhile, this code *is* needed for the
+     * above-mentioned test suite tests to succeed.  The common theme
+     * on those tests seems to be returning null fields from matches.
+     * --jhi updated by dapm */
+#if 1
+    if (prog->nparens) {
+       regexp_paren_pair *pp = prog->offs;
+       I32 i;
+       for (i = prog->nparens; i > (I32)prog->lastparen; i--) {
+           ++pp;
+           pp->start = -1;
+           pp->end = -1;
+       }
+    }
+#endif
+    REGCP_SET(lastcp);
+    result = regmatch(reginfo, *startposp, progi->program + 1);
+    if (result != -1) {
+       prog->offs[0].end = result;
+       return 1;
+    }
+    if (reginfo->cutpoint)
+        *startposp= reginfo->cutpoint;
+    REGCP_UNWIND(lastcp);
+    return 0;
+}
+
+
+#define sayYES goto yes
+#define sayNO goto no
+#define sayNO_SILENT goto no_silent
+
+/* we dont use STMT_START/END here because it leads to 
+   "unreachable code" warnings, which are bogus, but distracting. */
+#define CACHEsayNO \
+    if (ST.cache_mask) \
+       reginfo->info_aux->poscache[ST.cache_offset] |= ST.cache_mask; \
+    sayNO
+
+/* this is used to determine how far from the left messages like
+   'failed...' are printed. It should be set such that messages 
+   are inline with the regop output that created them.
+*/
+#define REPORT_CODE_OFF 32
+
+
+#define CHRTEST_UNINIT -1001 /* c1/c2 haven't been calculated yet */
+#define CHRTEST_VOID   -1000 /* the c1/c2 "next char" test should be skipped */
+#define CHRTEST_NOT_A_CP_1 -999
+#define CHRTEST_NOT_A_CP_2 -998
+
+/* grab a new slab and return the first slot in it */
+
+STATIC regmatch_state *
+S_push_slab(pTHX)
+{
+#if PERL_VERSION < 9 && !defined(PERL_CORE)
+    dMY_CXT;
+#endif
+    regmatch_slab *s = PL_regmatch_slab->next;
+    if (!s) {
+       Newx(s, 1, regmatch_slab);
+       s->prev = PL_regmatch_slab;
+       s->next = NULL;
+       PL_regmatch_slab->next = s;
+    }
+    PL_regmatch_slab = s;
+    return SLAB_FIRST(s);
+}
+
+
+/* push a new state then goto it */
+
+#define PUSH_STATE_GOTO(state, node, input) \
+    pushinput = input; \
+    scan = node; \
+    st->resume_state = state; \
+    goto push_state;
+
+/* push a new state with success backtracking, then goto it */
+
+#define PUSH_YES_STATE_GOTO(state, node, input) \
+    pushinput = input; \
+    scan = node; \
+    st->resume_state = state; \
+    goto push_yes_state;
+
+
+
+
+/*
+
+regmatch() - main matching routine
+
+This is basically one big switch statement in a loop. We execute an op,
+set 'next' to point the next op, and continue. If we come to a point which
+we may need to backtrack to on failure such as (A|B|C), we push a
+backtrack state onto the backtrack stack. On failure, we pop the top
+state, and re-enter the loop at the state indicated. If there are no more
+states to pop, we return failure.
+
+Sometimes we also need to backtrack on success; for example /A+/, where
+after successfully matching one A, we need to go back and try to
+match another one; similarly for lookahead assertions: if the assertion
+completes successfully, we backtrack to the state just before the assertion
+and then carry on.  In these cases, the pushed state is marked as
+'backtrack on success too'. This marking is in fact done by a chain of
+pointers, each pointing to the previous 'yes' state. On success, we pop to
+the nearest yes state, discarding any intermediate failure-only states.
+Sometimes a yes state is pushed just to force some cleanup code to be
+called at the end of a successful match or submatch; e.g. (??{$re}) uses
+it to free the inner regex.
+
+Note that failure backtracking rewinds the cursor position, while
+success backtracking leaves it alone.
+
+A pattern is complete when the END op is executed, while a subpattern
+such as (?=foo) is complete when the SUCCESS op is executed. Both of these
+ops trigger the "pop to last yes state if any, otherwise return true"
+behaviour.
+
+A common convention in this function is to use A and B to refer to the two
+subpatterns (or to the first nodes thereof) in patterns like /A*B/: so A is
+the subpattern to be matched possibly multiple times, while B is the entire
+rest of the pattern. Variable and state names reflect this convention.
+
+The states in the main switch are the union of ops and failure/success of
+substates associated with with that op.  For example, IFMATCH is the op
+that does lookahead assertions /(?=A)B/ and so the IFMATCH state means
+'execute IFMATCH'; while IFMATCH_A is a state saying that we have just
+successfully matched A and IFMATCH_A_fail is a state saying that we have
+just failed to match A. Resume states always come in pairs. The backtrack
+state we push is marked as 'IFMATCH_A', but when that is popped, we resume
+at IFMATCH_A or IFMATCH_A_fail, depending on whether we are backtracking
+on success or failure.
+
+The struct that holds a backtracking state is actually a big union, with
+one variant for each major type of op. The variable st points to the
+top-most backtrack struct. To make the code clearer, within each
+block of code we #define ST to alias the relevant union.
+
+Here's a concrete example of a (vastly oversimplified) IFMATCH
+implementation:
+
+    switch (state) {
+    ....
+
+#define ST st->u.ifmatch
+
+    case IFMATCH: // we are executing the IFMATCH op, (?=A)B
+       ST.foo = ...; // some state we wish to save
+       ...
+       // push a yes backtrack state with a resume value of
+       // IFMATCH_A/IFMATCH_A_fail, then continue execution at the
+       // first node of A:
+       PUSH_YES_STATE_GOTO(IFMATCH_A, A, newinput);
+       // NOTREACHED
+
+    case IFMATCH_A: // we have successfully executed A; now continue with B
+       next = B;
+       bar = ST.foo; // do something with the preserved value
+       break;
+
+    case IFMATCH_A_fail: // A failed, so the assertion failed
+       ...;   // do some housekeeping, then ...
+       sayNO; // propagate the failure
+
+#undef ST
+
+    ...
+    }
+
+For any old-timers reading this who are familiar with the old recursive
+approach, the code above is equivalent to:
+
+    case IFMATCH: // we are executing the IFMATCH op, (?=A)B
+    {
+       int foo = ...
+       ...
+       if (regmatch(A)) {
+           next = B;
+           bar = foo;
+           break;
+       }
+       ...;   // do some housekeeping, then ...
+       sayNO; // propagate the failure
+    }
+
+The topmost backtrack state, pointed to by st, is usually free. If you
+want to claim it, populate any ST.foo fields in it with values you wish to
+save, then do one of
+
+       PUSH_STATE_GOTO(resume_state, node, newinput);
+       PUSH_YES_STATE_GOTO(resume_state, node, newinput);
+
+which sets that backtrack state's resume value to 'resume_state', pushes a
+new free entry to the top of the backtrack stack, then goes to 'node'.
+On backtracking, the free slot is popped, and the saved state becomes the
+new free state. An ST.foo field in this new top state can be temporarily
+accessed to retrieve values, but once the main loop is re-entered, it
+becomes available for reuse.
+
+Note that the depth of the backtrack stack constantly increases during the
+left-to-right execution of the pattern, rather than going up and down with
+the pattern nesting. For example the stack is at its maximum at Z at the
+end of the pattern, rather than at X in the following:
+
+    /(((X)+)+)+....(Y)+....Z/
+
+The only exceptions to this are lookahead/behind assertions and the cut,
+(?>A), which pop all the backtrack states associated with A before
+continuing.
+Backtrack state structs are allocated in slabs of about 4K in size.
+PL_regmatch_state and st always point to the currently active state,
+and PL_regmatch_slab points to the slab currently containing
+PL_regmatch_state.  The first time regmatch() is called, the first slab is
+allocated, and is never freed until interpreter destruction. When the slab
+is full, a new one is allocated and chained to the end. At exit from
+regmatch(), slabs allocated since entry are freed.
+
+*/
+
+#define DEBUG_STATE_pp(pp)                                 \
+    DEBUG_STATE_r({                                        \
+       DUMP_EXEC_POS(locinput, scan, utf8_target);                 \
+       PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log,                       \
+           "    %*s"pp" %s%s%s%s%s\n",                     \
+           depth*2, "",                                    \
+           PL_reg_name[st->resume_state],                     \
+           ((st==yes_state||st==mark_state) ? "[" : ""),   \
+           ((st==yes_state) ? "Y" : ""),                   \
+           ((st==mark_state) ? "M" : ""),                  \
+           ((st==yes_state||st==mark_state) ? "]" : "")    \
+       );                                                  \
+    });
+
+
+#define REG_NODE_NUM(x) ((x) ? (int)((x)-prog) : -1)
+
+#ifdef DEBUGGING
+
+STATIC void
+S_debug_start_match(pTHX_ const REGEXP *prog, const bool utf8_target,
+    const char *start, const char *end, const char *blurb)
+{
+    const bool utf8_pat = RX_UTF8(prog) ? 1 : 0;
+
+    PERL_ARGS_ASSERT_DEBUG_START_MATCH;
+
+    if (!PL_colorset)   
+            reginitcolors();    
+    {
+        RE_PV_QUOTED_DECL(s0, utf8_pat, PERL_DEBUG_PAD_ZERO(0), 
+            RX_PRECOMP_const(prog), RX_PRELEN(prog), 60);   
+        
+        RE_PV_QUOTED_DECL(s1, utf8_target, PERL_DEBUG_PAD_ZERO(1),
+            start, end - start, 60); 
+        
+        PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log, 
+            "%s%s REx%s %s against %s\n", 
+                      PL_colors[4], blurb, PL_colors[5], s0, s1); 
+        
+        if (utf8_target||utf8_pat)
+            PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log, "UTF-8 %s%s%s...\n",
+                utf8_pat ? "pattern" : "",
+                utf8_pat && utf8_target ? " and " : "",
+                utf8_target ? "string" : ""
+            ); 
+    }
+}
+
+STATIC void
+S_dump_exec_pos(pTHX_ const char *locinput, 
+                      const regnode *scan, 
+                      const char *loc_regeol, 
+                      const char *loc_bostr, 
+                      const char *loc_reg_starttry,
+                      const bool utf8_target)
+{
+    const int docolor = *PL_colors[0] || *PL_colors[2] || *PL_colors[4];
+    const int taill = (docolor ? 10 : 7); /* 3 chars for "> <" */
+    int l = (loc_regeol - locinput) > taill ? taill : (loc_regeol - locinput);
+    /* The part of the string before starttry has one color
+       (pref0_len chars), between starttry and current
+       position another one (pref_len - pref0_len chars),
+       after the current position the third one.
+       We assume that pref0_len <= pref_len, otherwise we
+       decrease pref0_len.  */
+    int pref_len = (locinput - loc_bostr) > (5 + taill) - l
+       ? (5 + taill) - l : locinput - loc_bostr;
+    int pref0_len;
+
+    PERL_ARGS_ASSERT_DUMP_EXEC_POS;
+
+    while (utf8_target && UTF8_IS_CONTINUATION(*(U8*)(locinput - pref_len)))
+       pref_len++;
+    pref0_len = pref_len  - (locinput - loc_reg_starttry);
+    if (l + pref_len < (5 + taill) && l < loc_regeol - locinput)
+       l = ( loc_regeol - locinput > (5 + taill) - pref_len
+             ? (5 + taill) - pref_len : loc_regeol - locinput);
+    while (utf8_target && UTF8_IS_CONTINUATION(*(U8*)(locinput + l)))
+       l--;
+    if (pref0_len < 0)
+       pref0_len = 0;
+    if (pref0_len > pref_len)
+       pref0_len = pref_len;
+    {
+       const int is_uni = (utf8_target && OP(scan) != CANY) ? 1 : 0;
+
+       RE_PV_COLOR_DECL(s0,len0,is_uni,PERL_DEBUG_PAD(0),
+           (locinput - pref_len),pref0_len, 60, 4, 5);
+       
+       RE_PV_COLOR_DECL(s1,len1,is_uni,PERL_DEBUG_PAD(1),
+                   (locinput - pref_len + pref0_len),
+                   pref_len - pref0_len, 60, 2, 3);
+       
+       RE_PV_COLOR_DECL(s2,len2,is_uni,PERL_DEBUG_PAD(2),
+                   locinput, loc_regeol - locinput, 10, 0, 1);
+
+       const STRLEN tlen=len0+len1+len2;
+       PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log,
+                   "%4"IVdf" <%.*s%.*s%s%.*s>%*s|",
+                   (IV)(locinput - loc_bostr),
+                   len0, s0,
+                   len1, s1,
+                   (docolor ? "" : "> <"),
+                   len2, s2,
+                   (int)(tlen > 19 ? 0 :  19 - tlen),
+                   "");
+    }
+}
+
+#endif
+
+/* reg_check_named_buff_matched()
+ * Checks to see if a named buffer has matched. The data array of 
+ * buffer numbers corresponding to the buffer is expected to reside
+ * in the regexp->data->data array in the slot stored in the ARG() of
+ * node involved. Note that this routine doesn't actually care about the
+ * name, that information is not preserved from compilation to execution.
+ * Returns the index of the leftmost defined buffer with the given name
+ * or 0 if non of the buffers matched.
+ */
+STATIC I32
+S_reg_check_named_buff_matched(pTHX_ const regexp *rex, const regnode *scan)
+{
+    I32 n;
+    RXi_GET_DECL(rex,rexi);
+    SV *sv_dat= MUTABLE_SV(rexi->data->data[ ARG( scan ) ]);
+    I32 *nums=(I32*)SvPVX(sv_dat);
+
+    PERL_ARGS_ASSERT_REG_CHECK_NAMED_BUFF_MATCHED;
+
+    for ( n=0; n<SvIVX(sv_dat); n++ ) {
+        if ((I32)rex->lastparen >= nums[n] &&
+            rex->offs[nums[n]].end != -1)
+        {
+            return nums[n];
+        }
+    }
+    return 0;
+}
+
+
+static bool
+S_setup_EXACTISH_ST_c1_c2(pTHX_ const regnode * const text_node, int *c1p,
+        U8* c1_utf8, int *c2p, U8* c2_utf8, regmatch_info *reginfo)
+{
+    /* This function determines if there are one or two characters that match
+     * the first character of the passed-in EXACTish node <text_node>, and if
+     * so, returns them in the passed-in pointers.
+     *
+     * If it determines that no possible character in the target string can
+     * match, it returns FALSE; otherwise TRUE.  (The FALSE situation occurs if
+     * the first character in <text_node> requires UTF-8 to represent, and the
+     * target string isn't in UTF-8.)
+     *
+     * If there are more than two characters that could match the beginning of
+     * <text_node>, or if more context is required to determine a match or not,
+     * it sets both *<c1p> and *<c2p> to CHRTEST_VOID.
+     *
+     * The motiviation behind this function is to allow the caller to set up
+     * tight loops for matching.  If <text_node> is of type EXACT, there is
+     * only one possible character that can match its first character, and so
+     * the situation is quite simple.  But things get much more complicated if
+     * folding is involved.  It may be that the first character of an EXACTFish
+     * node doesn't participate in any possible fold, e.g., punctuation, so it
+     * can be matched only by itself.  The vast majority of characters that are
+     * in folds match just two things, their lower and upper-case equivalents.
+     * But not all are like that; some have multiple possible matches, or match
+     * sequences of more than one character.  This function sorts all that out.
+     *
+     * Consider the patterns A*B or A*?B where A and B are arbitrary.  In a
+     * loop of trying to match A*, we know we can't exit where the thing
+     * following it isn't a B.  And something can't be a B unless it is the
+     * beginning of B.  By putting a quick test for that beginning in a tight
+     * loop, we can rule out things that can't possibly be B without having to
+     * break out of the loop, thus avoiding work.  Similarly, if A is a single
+     * character, we can make a tight loop matching A*, using the outputs of
+     * this function.
+     *
+     * If the target string to match isn't in UTF-8, and there aren't
+     * complications which require CHRTEST_VOID, *<c1p> and *<c2p> are set to
+     * the one or two possible octets (which are characters in this situation)
+     * that can match.  In all cases, if there is only one character that can
+     * match, *<c1p> and *<c2p> will be identical.
+     *
+     * If the target string is in UTF-8, the buffers pointed to by <c1_utf8>
+     * and <c2_utf8> will contain the one or two UTF-8 sequences of bytes that
+     * can match the beginning of <text_node>.  They should be declared with at
+     * least length UTF8_MAXBYTES+1.  (If the target string isn't in UTF-8, it is
+     * undefined what these contain.)  If one or both of the buffers are
+     * invariant under UTF-8, *<c1p>, and *<c2p> will also be set to the
+     * corresponding invariant.  If variant, the corresponding *<c1p> and/or
+     * *<c2p> will be set to a negative number(s) that shouldn't match any code
+     * point (unless inappropriately coerced to unsigned).   *<c1p> will equal
+     * *<c2p> if and only if <c1_utf8> and <c2_utf8> are the same. */
+
+    const bool utf8_target = reginfo->is_utf8_target;
+
+    UV c1 = CHRTEST_NOT_A_CP_1;
+    UV c2 = CHRTEST_NOT_A_CP_2;
+    bool use_chrtest_void = FALSE;
+    const bool is_utf8_pat = reginfo->is_utf8_pat;
+
+    /* Used when we have both utf8 input and utf8 output, to avoid converting
+     * to/from code points */
+    bool utf8_has_been_setup = FALSE;
+
+    dVAR;
+
+    U8 *pat = (U8*)STRING(text_node);
+
+    if (OP(text_node) == EXACT) {
+
+        /* In an exact node, only one thing can be matched, that first
+         * character.  If both the pat and the target are UTF-8, we can just
+         * copy the input to the output, avoiding finding the code point of
+         * that character */
+        if (!is_utf8_pat) {
+            c2 = c1 = *pat;
+        }
+        else if (utf8_target) {
+            Copy(pat, c1_utf8, UTF8SKIP(pat), U8);
+            Copy(pat, c2_utf8, UTF8SKIP(pat), U8);
+            utf8_has_been_setup = TRUE;
+        }
+        else {
+            c2 = c1 = valid_utf8_to_uvchr(pat, NULL);
+        }
+    }
+    else /* an EXACTFish node */
+         if ((is_utf8_pat
+                    && is_MULTI_CHAR_FOLD_utf8_safe(pat,
+                                                    pat + STR_LEN(text_node)))
+             || (!is_utf8_pat
+                    && is_MULTI_CHAR_FOLD_latin1_safe(pat,
+                                                    pat + STR_LEN(text_node))))
+    {
+        /* Multi-character folds require more context to sort out.  Also
+         * PL_utf8_foldclosures used below doesn't handle them, so have to be
+         * handled outside this routine */
+        use_chrtest_void = TRUE;
+    }
+    else { /* an EXACTFish node which doesn't begin with a multi-char fold */
+        c1 = is_utf8_pat ? valid_utf8_to_uvchr(pat, NULL) : *pat;
+        if (c1 > 256) {
+            /* Load the folds hash, if not already done */
+            SV** listp;
+            if (! PL_utf8_foldclosures) {
+                if (! PL_utf8_tofold) {
+                    U8 dummy[UTF8_MAXBYTES+1];
+
+                    /* Force loading this by folding an above-Latin1 char */
+                    to_utf8_fold((U8*) HYPHEN_UTF8, dummy, NULL);
+                    assert(PL_utf8_tofold); /* Verify that worked */
+                }
+                PL_utf8_foldclosures = _swash_inversion_hash(PL_utf8_tofold);
+            }
+
+            /* The fold closures data structure is a hash with the keys being
+             * the UTF-8 of every character that is folded to, like 'k', and
+             * the values each an array of all code points that fold to its
+             * key.  e.g. [ 'k', 'K', KELVIN_SIGN ].  Multi-character folds are
+             * not included */
+            if ((! (listp = hv_fetch(PL_utf8_foldclosures,
+                                     (char *) pat,
+                                     UTF8SKIP(pat),
+                                     FALSE))))
+            {
+                /* Not found in the hash, therefore there are no folds
+                 * containing it, so there is only a single character that
+                 * could match */
+                c2 = c1;
+            }
+            else {  /* Does participate in folds */
+                AV* list = (AV*) *listp;
+                if (av_len(list) != 1) {
+
+                    /* If there aren't exactly two folds to this, it is outside
+                     * the scope of this function */
+                    use_chrtest_void = TRUE;
+                }
+                else {  /* There are two.  Get them */
+                    SV** c_p = av_fetch(list, 0, FALSE);
+                    if (c_p == NULL) {
+                        Perl_croak(aTHX_ "panic: invalid PL_utf8_foldclosures structure");
+                    }
+                    c1 = SvUV(*c_p);
+
+                    c_p = av_fetch(list, 1, FALSE);
+                    if (c_p == NULL) {
+                        Perl_croak(aTHX_ "panic: invalid PL_utf8_foldclosures structure");
+                    }
+                    c2 = SvUV(*c_p);
+
+                    /* Folds that cross the 255/256 boundary are forbidden if
+                     * EXACTFL, or EXACTFA and one is ASCIII.  Since the
+                     * pattern character is above 256, and its only other match
+                     * is below 256, the only legal match will be to itself.
+                     * We have thrown away the original, so have to compute
+                     * which is the one above 255 */
+                    if ((c1 < 256) != (c2 < 256)) {
+                        if (OP(text_node) == EXACTFL
+                            || (OP(text_node) == EXACTFA
+                                && (isASCII(c1) || isASCII(c2))))
+                        {
+                            if (c1 < 256) {
+                                c1 = c2;
+                            }
+                            else {
+                                c2 = c1;
+                            }
+                        }
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        else /* Here, c1 is < 255 */
+             if (utf8_target
+                 && HAS_NONLATIN1_FOLD_CLOSURE(c1)
+                 && OP(text_node) != EXACTFL
+                 && (OP(text_node) != EXACTFA || ! isASCII(c1)))
+        {
+            /* Here, there could be something above Latin1 in the target which
+             * folds to this character in the pattern.  All such cases except
+             * LATIN SMALL LETTER Y WITH DIAERESIS have more than two characters
+             * involved in their folds, so are outside the scope of this
+             * function */
+            if (UNLIKELY(c1 == LATIN_SMALL_LETTER_Y_WITH_DIAERESIS)) {
+                c2 = LATIN_CAPITAL_LETTER_Y_WITH_DIAERESIS;
+            }
+            else {
+                use_chrtest_void = TRUE;
+            }
+        }
+        else { /* Here nothing above Latin1 can fold to the pattern character */
+            switch (OP(text_node)) {
+
+                case EXACTFL:   /* /l rules */
+                    c2 = PL_fold_locale[c1];
+                    break;
+
+                case EXACTF:
+                    if (! utf8_target) {    /* /d rules */
+                        c2 = PL_fold[c1];
+                        break;
+                    }
+                    /* FALLTHROUGH */
+                    /* /u rules for all these.  This happens to work for
+                     * EXACTFA as nothing in Latin1 folds to ASCII */
+                case EXACTFA:
+                case EXACTFU_TRICKYFOLD:
+                case EXACTFU_SS:
+                case EXACTFU:
+                    c2 = PL_fold_latin1[c1];
+                    break;
+
+               default:
+                    Perl_croak(aTHX_ "panic: Unexpected op %u", OP(text_node));
+                    assert(0); /* NOTREACHED */
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    /* Here have figured things out.  Set up the returns */
+    if (use_chrtest_void) {
+        *c2p = *c1p = CHRTEST_VOID;
+    }
+    else if (utf8_target) {
+        if (! utf8_has_been_setup) {    /* Don't have the utf8; must get it */
+            uvchr_to_utf8(c1_utf8, c1);
+            uvchr_to_utf8(c2_utf8, c2);
+        }
+
+        /* Invariants are stored in both the utf8 and byte outputs; Use
+         * negative numbers otherwise for the byte ones.  Make sure that the
+         * byte ones are the same iff the utf8 ones are the same */
+        *c1p = (UTF8_IS_INVARIANT(*c1_utf8)) ? *c1_utf8 : CHRTEST_NOT_A_CP_1;
+        *c2p = (UTF8_IS_INVARIANT(*c2_utf8))
+                ? *c2_utf8
+                : (c1 == c2)
+                  ? CHRTEST_NOT_A_CP_1
+                  : CHRTEST_NOT_A_CP_2;
+    }
+    else if (c1 > 255) {
+       if (c2 > 255) {  /* both possibilities are above what a non-utf8 string
+                           can represent */
+           return FALSE;
+       }
+
+       *c1p = *c2p = c2;    /* c2 is the only representable value */
+    }
+    else {  /* c1 is representable; see about c2 */
+       *c1p = c1;
+       *c2p = (c2 < 256) ? c2 : c1;
+    }
+
+    return TRUE;
+}
+
+/* returns -1 on failure, $+[0] on success */
+STATIC I32
+S_regmatch(pTHX_ regmatch_info *reginfo, char *startpos, regnode *prog)
+{
+#if PERL_VERSION < 9 && !defined(PERL_CORE)
+    dMY_CXT;
+#endif
+    dVAR;
+    const bool utf8_target = reginfo->is_utf8_target;
+    const U32 uniflags = UTF8_ALLOW_DEFAULT;
+    REGEXP *rex_sv = reginfo->prog;
+    regexp *rex = ReANY(rex_sv);
+    RXi_GET_DECL(rex,rexi);
+    /* the current state. This is a cached copy of PL_regmatch_state */
+    regmatch_state *st;
+    /* cache heavy used fields of st in registers */
+    regnode *scan;
+    regnode *next;
+    U32 n = 0; /* general value; init to avoid compiler warning */
+    I32 ln = 0; /* len or last;  init to avoid compiler warning */
+    char *locinput = startpos;
+    char *pushinput; /* where to continue after a PUSH */
+    I32 nextchr;   /* is always set to UCHARAT(locinput) */
+
+    bool result = 0;       /* return value of S_regmatch */
+    int depth = 0;         /* depth of backtrack stack */
+    U32 nochange_depth = 0; /* depth of GOSUB recursion with nochange */
+    const U32 max_nochange_depth =
+        (3 * rex->nparens > MAX_RECURSE_EVAL_NOCHANGE_DEPTH) ?
+        3 * rex->nparens : MAX_RECURSE_EVAL_NOCHANGE_DEPTH;
+    regmatch_state *yes_state = NULL; /* state to pop to on success of
+                                                           subpattern */
+    /* mark_state piggy backs on the yes_state logic so that when we unwind 
+       the stack on success we can update the mark_state as we go */
+    regmatch_state *mark_state = NULL; /* last mark state we have seen */
+    regmatch_state *cur_eval = NULL; /* most recent EVAL_AB state */
+    struct regmatch_state  *cur_curlyx = NULL; /* most recent curlyx */
+    U32 state_num;
+    bool no_final = 0;      /* prevent failure from backtracking? */
+    bool do_cutgroup = 0;   /* no_final only until next branch/trie entry */
+    char *startpoint = locinput;
+    SV *popmark = NULL;     /* are we looking for a mark? */
+    SV *sv_commit = NULL;   /* last mark name seen in failure */
+    SV *sv_yes_mark = NULL; /* last mark name we have seen 
+                               during a successful match */
+    U32 lastopen = 0;       /* last open we saw */
+    bool has_cutgroup = RX_HAS_CUTGROUP(rex) ? 1 : 0;   
+    SV* const oreplsv = GvSV(PL_replgv);
+    /* these three flags are set by various ops to signal information to
+     * the very next op. They have a useful lifetime of exactly one loop
+     * iteration, and are not preserved or restored by state pushes/pops
+     */
+    bool sw = 0;           /* the condition value in (?(cond)a|b) */
+    bool minmod = 0;       /* the next "{n,m}" is a "{n,m}?" */
+    int logical = 0;       /* the following EVAL is:
+                               0: (?{...})
+                               1: (?(?{...})X|Y)
+                               2: (??{...})
+                              or the following IFMATCH/UNLESSM is:
+                               false: plain (?=foo)
+                               true:  used as a condition: (?(?=foo))
+                           */
+    PAD* last_pad = NULL;
+    dMULTICALL;
+    I32 gimme = G_SCALAR;
+    CV *caller_cv = NULL;      /* who called us */
+    CV *last_pushed_cv = NULL; /* most recently called (?{}) CV */
+    CHECKPOINT runops_cp;      /* savestack position before executing EVAL */
+    U32 maxopenparen = 0;       /* max '(' index seen so far */
+    int to_complement;  /* Invert the result? */
+    _char_class_number classnum;
+    bool is_utf8_pat = reginfo->is_utf8_pat;
+
+#ifdef DEBUGGING
+    GET_RE_DEBUG_FLAGS_DECL;
+#endif
+
+    /* shut up 'may be used uninitialized' compiler warnings for dMULTICALL */
+    multicall_oldcatch = 0;
+    multicall_cv = NULL;
+    cx = NULL;
+    PERL_UNUSED_VAR(multicall_cop);
+    PERL_UNUSED_VAR(newsp);
+
+
+    PERL_ARGS_ASSERT_REGMATCH;
+
+    DEBUG_OPTIMISE_r( DEBUG_EXECUTE_r({
+           PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log,"regmatch start\n");
+    }));
+
+    st = PL_regmatch_state;
+
+    /* Note that nextchr is a byte even in UTF */
+    SET_nextchr;
+    scan = prog;
+    while (scan != NULL) {
+
+        DEBUG_EXECUTE_r( {
+           SV * const prop = sv_newmortal();
+           regnode *rnext=regnext(scan);
+           DUMP_EXEC_POS( locinput, scan, utf8_target );
+           regprop(rex, prop, scan);
+            
+           PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log,
+                   "%3"IVdf":%*s%s(%"IVdf")\n",
+                   (IV)(scan - rexi->program), depth*2, "",
+                   SvPVX_const(prop),
+                   (PL_regkind[OP(scan)] == END || !rnext) ? 
+                       0 : (IV)(rnext - rexi->program));
+       });
+
+       next = scan + NEXT_OFF(scan);
+       if (next == scan)
+           next = NULL;
+       state_num = OP(scan);
+
+       REH_CALL_EXEC_NODE_HOOK(rex, scan, reginfo, st);
+      reenter_switch:
+        to_complement = 0;
+
+        SET_nextchr;
+        assert(nextchr < 256 && (nextchr >= 0 || nextchr == NEXTCHR_EOS));
+
+       switch (state_num) {
+       case BOL: /*  /^../  */
+           if (locinput == reginfo->strbeg)
+               break;
+           sayNO;
+
+       case MBOL: /*  /^../m  */
+           if (locinput == reginfo->strbeg ||
+               (!NEXTCHR_IS_EOS && locinput[-1] == '\n'))
+           {
+               break;
+           }
+           sayNO;
+
+       case SBOL: /*  /^../s  */
+           if (locinput == reginfo->strbeg)
+               break;
+           sayNO;
+
+       case GPOS: /*  \G  */
+           if (locinput == reginfo->ganch)
+               break;
+           sayNO;
+
+       case KEEPS: /*   \K  */
+           /* update the startpoint */
+           st->u.keeper.val = rex->offs[0].start;
+           rex->offs[0].start = locinput - reginfo->strbeg;
+           PUSH_STATE_GOTO(KEEPS_next, next, locinput);
+           assert(0); /*NOTREACHED*/
+       case KEEPS_next_fail:
+           /* rollback the start point change */
+           rex->offs[0].start = st->u.keeper.val;
+           sayNO_SILENT;
+           assert(0); /*NOTREACHED*/
+
+       case EOL: /* /..$/  */
+               goto seol;
+
+       case MEOL: /* /..$/m  */
+           if (!NEXTCHR_IS_EOS && nextchr != '\n')
+               sayNO;
+           break;
+
+       case SEOL: /* /..$/s  */
+         seol:
+           if (!NEXTCHR_IS_EOS && nextchr != '\n')
+               sayNO;
+           if (reginfo->strend - locinput > 1)
+               sayNO;
+           break;
+
+       case EOS: /*  \z  */
+           if (!NEXTCHR_IS_EOS)
+               sayNO;
+           break;
+
+       case SANY: /*  /./s  */
+           if (NEXTCHR_IS_EOS)
+               sayNO;
+            goto increment_locinput;
+
+       case CANY: /*  \C  */
+           if (NEXTCHR_IS_EOS)
+               sayNO;
+           locinput++;
+           break;
+
+       case REG_ANY: /*  /./  */
+           if ((NEXTCHR_IS_EOS) || nextchr == '\n')
+               sayNO;
+            goto increment_locinput;
+
+
+#undef  ST
+#define ST st->u.trie
+        case TRIEC: /* (ab|cd) with known charclass */
+            /* In this case the charclass data is available inline so
+               we can fail fast without a lot of extra overhead. 
+             */
+            if(!NEXTCHR_IS_EOS && !ANYOF_BITMAP_TEST(scan, nextchr)) {
+                DEBUG_EXECUTE_r(
+                    PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log,
+                              "%*s  %sfailed to match trie start class...%s\n",
+                              REPORT_CODE_OFF+depth*2, "", PL_colors[4], PL_colors[5])
+                );
+                sayNO_SILENT;
+                assert(0); /* NOTREACHED */
+            }
+            /* FALL THROUGH */
+       case TRIE:  /* (ab|cd)  */
+           /* the basic plan of execution of the trie is:
+            * At the beginning, run though all the states, and
+            * find the longest-matching word. Also remember the position
+            * of the shortest matching word. For example, this pattern:
+            *    1  2 3 4    5
+            *    ab|a|x|abcd|abc
+            * when matched against the string "abcde", will generate
+            * accept states for all words except 3, with the longest
+            * matching word being 4, and the shortest being 2 (with
+            * the position being after char 1 of the string).
+            *
+            * Then for each matching word, in word order (i.e. 1,2,4,5),
+            * we run the remainder of the pattern; on each try setting
+            * the current position to the character following the word,
+            * returning to try the next word on failure.
+            *
+            * We avoid having to build a list of words at runtime by
+            * using a compile-time structure, wordinfo[].prev, which
+            * gives, for each word, the previous accepting word (if any).
+            * In the case above it would contain the mappings 1->2, 2->0,
+            * 3->0, 4->5, 5->1.  We can use this table to generate, from
+            * the longest word (4 above), a list of all words, by
+            * following the list of prev pointers; this gives us the
+            * unordered list 4,5,1,2. Then given the current word we have
+            * just tried, we can go through the list and find the
+            * next-biggest word to try (so if we just failed on word 2,
+            * the next in the list is 4).
+            *
+            * Since at runtime we don't record the matching position in
+            * the string for each word, we have to work that out for
+            * each word we're about to process. The wordinfo table holds
+            * the character length of each word; given that we recorded
+            * at the start: the position of the shortest word and its
+            * length in chars, we just need to move the pointer the
+            * difference between the two char lengths. Depending on
+            * Unicode status and folding, that's cheap or expensive.
+            *
+            * This algorithm is optimised for the case where are only a
+            * small number of accept states, i.e. 0,1, or maybe 2.
+            * With lots of accepts states, and having to try all of them,
+            * it becomes quadratic on number of accept states to find all
+            * the next words.
+            */
+
+           {
+                /* what type of TRIE am I? (utf8 makes this contextual) */
+                DECL_TRIE_TYPE(scan);
+
+                /* what trie are we using right now */
+               reg_trie_data * const trie
+                   = (reg_trie_data*)rexi->data->data[ ARG( scan ) ];
+               HV * widecharmap = MUTABLE_HV(rexi->data->data[ ARG( scan ) + 1 ]);
+                U32 state = trie->startstate;
+
+                if (   trie->bitmap
+                    && (NEXTCHR_IS_EOS || !TRIE_BITMAP_TEST(trie, nextchr)))
+                {
+                   if (trie->states[ state ].wordnum) {
+                        DEBUG_EXECUTE_r(
+                            PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log,
+                                         "%*s  %smatched empty string...%s\n",
+                                         REPORT_CODE_OFF+depth*2, "", PL_colors[4], PL_colors[5])
+                        );
+                       if (!trie->jump)
+                           break;
+                   } else {
+                       DEBUG_EXECUTE_r(
+                            PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log,
+                                         "%*s  %sfailed to match trie start class...%s\n",
+                                         REPORT_CODE_OFF+depth*2, "", PL_colors[4], PL_colors[5])
+                        );
+                       sayNO_SILENT;
+                  }
+                }
+
+            { 
+               U8 *uc = ( U8* )locinput;
+
+               STRLEN len = 0;
+               STRLEN foldlen = 0;
+               U8 *uscan = (U8*)NULL;
+               U8 foldbuf[ UTF8_MAXBYTES_CASE + 1 ];
+               U32 charcount = 0; /* how many input chars we have matched */
+               U32 accepted = 0; /* have we seen any accepting states? */
+
+               ST.jump = trie->jump;
+               ST.me = scan;
+               ST.firstpos = NULL;
+               ST.longfold = FALSE; /* char longer if folded => it's harder */
+               ST.nextword = 0;
+
+               /* fully traverse the TRIE; note the position of the
+                  shortest accept state and the wordnum of the longest
+                  accept state */
+
+               while ( state && uc <= (U8*)(reginfo->strend) ) {
+                    U32 base = trie->states[ state ].trans.base;
+                    UV uvc = 0;
+                    U16 charid = 0;
+                   U16 wordnum;
+                    wordnum = trie->states[ state ].wordnum;
+
+                   if (wordnum) { /* it's an accept state */
+                       if (!accepted) {
+                           accepted = 1;
+                           /* record first match position */
+                           if (ST.longfold) {
+                               ST.firstpos = (U8*)locinput;
+                               ST.firstchars = 0;
+                           }
+                           else {
+                               ST.firstpos = uc;
+                               ST.firstchars = charcount;
+                           }
+                       }
+                       if (!ST.nextword || wordnum < ST.nextword)
+                           ST.nextword = wordnum;
+                       ST.topword = wordnum;
+                   }
+
+                   DEBUG_TRIE_EXECUTE_r({
+                               DUMP_EXEC_POS( (char *)uc, scan, utf8_target );
+                               PerlIO_printf( Perl_debug_log,
+                                   "%*s  %sState: %4"UVxf" Accepted: %c ",
+                                   2+depth * 2, "", PL_colors[4],
+                                   (UV)state, (accepted ? 'Y' : 'N'));
+                   });
+
+                   /* read a char and goto next state */
+                   if ( base && (foldlen || uc < (U8*)(reginfo->strend))) {
+                       I32 offset;
+                       REXEC_TRIE_READ_CHAR(trie_type, trie, widecharmap, uc,
+                                            uscan, len, uvc, charid, foldlen,
+                                            foldbuf, uniflags);
+                       charcount++;
+                       if (foldlen>0)
+                           ST.longfold = TRUE;
+                       if (charid &&
+                            ( ((offset =
+                             base + charid - 1 - trie->uniquecharcount)) >= 0)
+
+                            && ((U32)offset < trie->lasttrans)
+                            && trie->trans[offset].check == state)
+                       {
+                           state = trie->trans[offset].next;
+                       }
+                       else {
+                           state = 0;
+                       }
+                       uc += len;
+
+                   }
+                   else {
+                       state = 0;
+                   }
+                   DEBUG_TRIE_EXECUTE_r(
+                       PerlIO_printf( Perl_debug_log,
+                           "Charid:%3x CP:%4"UVxf" After State: %4"UVxf"%s\n",
+                           charid, uvc, (UV)state, PL_colors[5] );
+                   );
+               }
+               if (!accepted)
+                  sayNO;
+
+               /* calculate total number of accept states */
+               {
+                   U16 w = ST.topword;
+                   accepted = 0;
+                   while (w) {
+                       w = trie->wordinfo[w].prev;
+                       accepted++;
+                   }
+                   ST.accepted = accepted;
+               }
+
+               DEBUG_EXECUTE_r(
+                   PerlIO_printf( Perl_debug_log,
+                       "%*s  %sgot %"IVdf" possible matches%s\n",
+                       REPORT_CODE_OFF + depth * 2, "",
+                       PL_colors[4], (IV)ST.accepted, PL_colors[5] );
+               );
+               goto trie_first_try; /* jump into the fail handler */
+           }}
+           assert(0); /* NOTREACHED */
+
+       case TRIE_next_fail: /* we failed - try next alternative */
+        {
+            U8 *uc;
+            if ( ST.jump) {
+                REGCP_UNWIND(ST.cp);
+                UNWIND_PAREN(ST.lastparen, ST.lastcloseparen);
+           }
+           if (!--ST.accepted) {
+               DEBUG_EXECUTE_r({
+                   PerlIO_printf( Perl_debug_log,
+                       "%*s  %sTRIE failed...%s\n",
+                       REPORT_CODE_OFF+depth*2, "", 
+                       PL_colors[4],
+                       PL_colors[5] );
+               });
+               sayNO_SILENT;
+           }
+           {
+               /* Find next-highest word to process.  Note that this code
+                * is O(N^2) per trie run (O(N) per branch), so keep tight */
+               U16 min = 0;
+               U16 word;
+               U16 const nextword = ST.nextword;
+               reg_trie_wordinfo * const wordinfo
+                   = ((reg_trie_data*)rexi->data->data[ARG(ST.me)])->wordinfo;
+               for (word=ST.topword; word; word=wordinfo[word].prev) {
+                   if (word > nextword && (!min || word < min))
+                       min = word;
+               }
+               ST.nextword = min;
+           }
+
+          trie_first_try:
+            if (do_cutgroup) {
+                do_cutgroup = 0;
+                no_final = 0;
+            }
+
+            if ( ST.jump) {
+                ST.lastparen = rex->lastparen;
+                ST.lastcloseparen = rex->lastcloseparen;
+               REGCP_SET(ST.cp);
+            }
+
+           /* find start char of end of current word */
+           {
+               U32 chars; /* how many chars to skip */
+               reg_trie_data * const trie
+                   = (reg_trie_data*)rexi->data->data[ARG(ST.me)];
+
+               assert((trie->wordinfo[ST.nextword].len - trie->prefixlen)
+                           >=  ST.firstchars);
+               chars = (trie->wordinfo[ST.nextword].len - trie->prefixlen)
+                           - ST.firstchars;
+               uc = ST.firstpos;
+
+               if (ST.longfold) {
+                   /* the hard option - fold each char in turn and find
+                    * its folded length (which may be different */
+                   U8 foldbuf[UTF8_MAXBYTES_CASE + 1];
+                   STRLEN foldlen;
+                   STRLEN len;
+                   UV uvc;
+                   U8 *uscan;
+
+                   while (chars) {
+                       if (utf8_target) {
+                           uvc = utf8n_to_uvuni((U8*)uc, UTF8_MAXLEN, &len,
+                                                   uniflags);
+                           uc += len;
+                       }
+                       else {
+                           uvc = *uc;
+                           uc++;
+                       }
+                       uvc = to_uni_fold(uvc, foldbuf, &foldlen);
+                       uscan = foldbuf;
+                       while (foldlen) {
+                           if (!--chars)
+                               break;
+                           uvc = utf8n_to_uvuni(uscan, UTF8_MAXLEN, &len,
+                                           uniflags);
+                           uscan += len;
+                           foldlen -= len;
+                       }
+                   }
+               }
+               else {
+                   if (utf8_target)
+                       while (chars--)
+                           uc += UTF8SKIP(uc);
+                   else
+                       uc += chars;
+               }
+           }
+
+           scan = ST.me + ((ST.jump && ST.jump[ST.nextword])
+                           ? ST.jump[ST.nextword]
+                           : NEXT_OFF(ST.me));
+
+           DEBUG_EXECUTE_r({
+               PerlIO_printf( Perl_debug_log,
+                   "%*s  %sTRIE matched word #%d, continuing%s\n",
+                   REPORT_CODE_OFF+depth*2, "", 
+                   PL_colors[4],
+                   ST.nextword,
+                   PL_colors[5]
+                   );
+           });
+
+           if (ST.accepted > 1 || has_cutgroup) {
+               PUSH_STATE_GOTO(TRIE_next, scan, (char*)uc);
+               assert(0); /* NOTREACHED */
+           }
+           /* only one choice left - just continue */
+           DEBUG_EXECUTE_r({
+               AV *const trie_words
+                   = MUTABLE_AV(rexi->data->data[ARG(ST.me)+TRIE_WORDS_OFFSET]);
+               SV ** const tmp = av_fetch( trie_words,
+                   ST.nextword-1, 0 );
+               SV *sv= tmp ? sv_newmortal() : NULL;
+
+               PerlIO_printf( Perl_debug_log,
+                   "%*s  %sonly one match left, short-circuiting: #%d <%s>%s\n",
+                   REPORT_CODE_OFF+depth*2, "", PL_colors[4],
+                   ST.nextword,
+                   tmp ? pv_pretty(sv, SvPV_nolen_const(*tmp), SvCUR(*tmp), 0,
+                           PL_colors[0], PL_colors[1],
+                           (SvUTF8(*tmp) ? PERL_PV_ESCAPE_UNI : 0)|PERL_PV_ESCAPE_NONASCII
+                       ) 
+                   : "not compiled under -Dr",
+                   PL_colors[5] );
+           });
+
+           locinput = (char*)uc;
+           continue; /* execute rest of RE */
+           assert(0); /* NOTREACHED */
+        }
+#undef  ST
+
+       case EXACT: {            /*  /abc/        */
+           char *s = STRING(scan);
+           ln = STR_LEN(scan);
+           if (utf8_target != is_utf8_pat) {
+               /* The target and the pattern have differing utf8ness. */
+               char *l = locinput;
+               const char * const e = s + ln;
+
+               if (utf8_target) {
+                    /* The target is utf8, the pattern is not utf8.
+                     * Above-Latin1 code points can't match the pattern;
+                     * invariants match exactly, and the other Latin1 ones need
+                     * to be downgraded to a single byte in order to do the
+                     * comparison.  (If we could be confident that the target
+                     * is not malformed, this could be refactored to have fewer
+                     * tests by just assuming that if the first bytes match, it
+                     * is an invariant, but there are tests in the test suite
+                     * dealing with (??{...}) which violate this) */
+                   while (s < e) {
+                       if (l >= reginfo->strend
+                            || UTF8_IS_ABOVE_LATIN1(* (U8*) l))
+                        {
+                            sayNO;
+                        }
+                        if (UTF8_IS_INVARIANT(*(U8*)l)) {
+                           if (*l != *s) {
+                                sayNO;
+                            }
+                            l++;
+                        }
+                        else {
+                            if (TWO_BYTE_UTF8_TO_UNI(*l, *(l+1)) != * (U8*) s) {
+                                sayNO;
+                            }
+                            l += 2;
+                        }
+                       s++;
+                   }
+               }
+               else {
+                   /* The target is not utf8, the pattern is utf8. */
+                   while (s < e) {
+                        if (l >= reginfo->strend
+                            || UTF8_IS_ABOVE_LATIN1(* (U8*) s))
+                        {
+                            sayNO;
+                        }
+                        if (UTF8_IS_INVARIANT(*(U8*)s)) {
+                           if (*s != *l) {
+                                sayNO;
+                            }
+                            s++;
+                        }
+                        else {
+                            if (TWO_BYTE_UTF8_TO_UNI(*s, *(s+1)) != * (U8*) l) {
+                                sayNO;
+                            }
+                            s += 2;
+                        }
+                       l++;
+                   }
+               }
+               locinput = l;
+           }
+            else {
+                /* The target and the pattern have the same utf8ness. */
+                /* Inline the first character, for speed. */
+                if (reginfo->strend - locinput < ln
+                    || UCHARAT(s) != nextchr
+                    || (ln > 1 && memNE(s, locinput, ln)))
+                {
+                    sayNO;
+                }
+                locinput += ln;
+            }
+           break;
+           }
+
+       case EXACTFL: {          /*  /abc/il      */
+           re_fold_t folder;
+           const U8 * fold_array;
+           const char * s;
+           U32 fold_utf8_flags;
+
+            RX_MATCH_TAINTED_on(reginfo->prog);
+            folder = foldEQ_locale;
+            fold_array = PL_fold_locale;
+           fold_utf8_flags = FOLDEQ_UTF8_LOCALE;
+           goto do_exactf;
+
+       case EXACTFU_SS:         /*  /\x{df}/iu   */
+       case EXACTFU_TRICKYFOLD: /*  /\x{390}/iu  */
+       case EXACTFU:            /*  /abc/iu      */
+           folder = foldEQ_latin1;
+           fold_array = PL_fold_latin1;
+           fold_utf8_flags = is_utf8_pat ? FOLDEQ_S1_ALREADY_FOLDED : 0;
+           goto do_exactf;
+
+       case EXACTFA:            /*  /abc/iaa     */
+           folder = foldEQ_latin1;
+           fold_array = PL_fold_latin1;
+           fold_utf8_flags = FOLDEQ_UTF8_NOMIX_ASCII;
+           goto do_exactf;
+
+       case EXACTF:             /*  /abc/i       */
+           folder = foldEQ;
+           fold_array = PL_fold;
+           fold_utf8_flags = 0;
+
+         do_exactf:
+           s = STRING(scan);
+           ln = STR_LEN(scan);
+
+           if (utf8_target || is_utf8_pat || state_num == EXACTFU_SS) {
+             /* Either target or the pattern are utf8, or has the issue where
+              * the fold lengths may differ. */
+               const char * const l = locinput;
+               char *e = reginfo->strend;
+
+               if (! foldEQ_utf8_flags(s, 0,  ln, is_utf8_pat,
+                                       l, &e, 0,  utf8_target, fold_utf8_flags))
+               {
+                   sayNO;
+               }
+               locinput = e;
+               break;
+           }
+
+           /* Neither the target nor the pattern are utf8 */
+           if (UCHARAT(s) != nextchr
+                && !NEXTCHR_IS_EOS
+               && UCHARAT(s) != fold_array[nextchr])
+           {
+               sayNO;
+           }
+           if (reginfo->strend - locinput < ln)
+               sayNO;
+           if (ln > 1 && ! folder(s, locinput, ln))
+               sayNO;
+           locinput += ln;
+           break;
+       }
+
+       /* XXX Could improve efficiency by separating these all out using a
+        * macro or in-line function.  At that point regcomp.c would no longer
+        * have to set the FLAGS fields of these */
+       case BOUNDL:  /*  /\b/l  */
+       case NBOUNDL: /*  /\B/l  */
+            RX_MATCH_TAINTED_on(reginfo->prog);
+           /* FALL THROUGH */
+       case BOUND:   /*  /\b/   */
+       case BOUNDU:  /*  /\b/u  */
+       case BOUNDA:  /*  /\b/a  */
+       case NBOUND:  /*  /\B/   */
+       case NBOUNDU: /*  /\B/u  */
+       case NBOUNDA: /*  /\B/a  */
+           /* was last char in word? */
+           if (utf8_target
+               && FLAGS(scan) != REGEX_ASCII_RESTRICTED_CHARSET
+               && FLAGS(scan) != REGEX_ASCII_MORE_RESTRICTED_CHARSET)
+           {
+               if (locinput == reginfo->strbeg)
+                   ln = '\n';
+               else {
+                   const U8 * const r =
+                            reghop3((U8*)locinput, -1, (U8*)(reginfo->strbeg));
+
+                   ln = utf8n_to_uvchr(r, UTF8SKIP(r), 0, uniflags);
+               }
+               if (FLAGS(scan) != REGEX_LOCALE_CHARSET) {
+                   ln = isWORDCHAR_uni(ln);
+                    if (NEXTCHR_IS_EOS)
+                        n = 0;
+                    else {
+                        LOAD_UTF8_CHARCLASS_ALNUM();
+                        n = swash_fetch(PL_utf8_swash_ptrs[_CC_WORDCHAR], (U8*)locinput,
+                                                                utf8_target);
+                    }
+               }
+               else {
+                   ln = isWORDCHAR_LC_uvchr(UNI_TO_NATIVE(ln));
+                   n = NEXTCHR_IS_EOS ? 0 : isWORDCHAR_LC_utf8((U8*)locinput);
+               }
+           }
+           else {
+
+               /* Here the string isn't utf8, or is utf8 and only ascii
+                * characters are to match \w.  In the latter case looking at
+                * the byte just prior to the current one may be just the final
+                * byte of a multi-byte character.  This is ok.  There are two
+                * cases:
+                * 1) it is a single byte character, and then the test is doing
+                *      just what it's supposed to.
+                * 2) it is a multi-byte character, in which case the final
+                *      byte is never mistakable for ASCII, and so the test
+                *      will say it is not a word character, which is the
+                *      correct answer. */
+               ln = (locinput != reginfo->strbeg) ?
+                   UCHARAT(locinput - 1) : '\n';
+               switch (FLAGS(scan)) {
+                   case REGEX_UNICODE_CHARSET:
+                       ln = isWORDCHAR_L1(ln);
+                       n = NEXTCHR_IS_EOS ? 0 : isWORDCHAR_L1(nextchr);
+                       break;
+                   case REGEX_LOCALE_CHARSET:
+                       ln = isWORDCHAR_LC(ln);
+                       n = NEXTCHR_IS_EOS ? 0 : isWORDCHAR_LC(nextchr);
+                       break;
+                   case REGEX_DEPENDS_CHARSET:
+                       ln = isWORDCHAR(ln);
+                       n = NEXTCHR_IS_EOS ? 0 : isWORDCHAR(nextchr);
+                       break;
+                   case REGEX_ASCII_RESTRICTED_CHARSET:
+                   case REGEX_ASCII_MORE_RESTRICTED_CHARSET:
+                       ln = isWORDCHAR_A(ln);
+                       n = NEXTCHR_IS_EOS ? 0 : isWORDCHAR_A(nextchr);
+                       break;
+                   default:
+                       Perl_croak(aTHX_ "panic: Unexpected FLAGS %u in op %u", FLAGS(scan), OP(scan));
+                       break;
+               }
+           }
+           /* Note requires that all BOUNDs be lower than all NBOUNDs in
+            * regcomp.sym */
+           if (((!ln) == (!n)) == (OP(scan) < NBOUND))
+                   sayNO;
+           break;
+
+       case ANYOF:  /*  /[abc]/       */
+       case ANYOF_WARN_SUPER:
+            if (NEXTCHR_IS_EOS)
+                sayNO;
+           if (utf8_target) {
+               if (!reginclass(rex, scan, (U8*)locinput, utf8_target))
+                   sayNO;
+               locinput += UTF8SKIP(locinput);
+           }
+           else {
+               if (!REGINCLASS(rex, scan, (U8*)locinput))
+                   sayNO;
+               locinput++;
+           }
+           break;
+
+        /* The argument (FLAGS) to all the POSIX node types is the class number
+         * */
+
+        case NPOSIXL:   /* \W or [:^punct:] etc. under /l */
+            to_complement = 1;
+            /* FALLTHROUGH */
+
+        case POSIXL:    /* \w or [:punct:] etc. under /l */
+            if (NEXTCHR_IS_EOS)
+                sayNO;
+
+            /* The locale hasn't influenced the outcome before this, so defer
+             * tainting until now */
+            RX_MATCH_TAINTED_on(reginfo->prog);
+
+            /* Use isFOO_lc() for characters within Latin1.  (Note that
+             * UTF8_IS_INVARIANT works even on non-UTF-8 strings, or else
+             * wouldn't be invariant) */
+            if (UTF8_IS_INVARIANT(nextchr) || ! utf8_target) {
+                if (! (to_complement ^ cBOOL(isFOO_lc(FLAGS(scan), (U8) nextchr)))) {
+                    sayNO;
+                }
+            }
+            else if (UTF8_IS_DOWNGRADEABLE_START(nextchr)) {
+                if (! (to_complement ^ cBOOL(isFOO_lc(FLAGS(scan),
+                                        (U8) TWO_BYTE_UTF8_TO_UNI(nextchr,
+                                                            *(locinput + 1))))))
+                {
+                    sayNO;
+                }
+            }
+            else { /* Here, must be an above Latin-1 code point */
+                goto utf8_posix_not_eos;
+            }
+
+            /* Here, must be utf8 */
+            locinput += UTF8SKIP(locinput);
+            break;
+
+        case NPOSIXD:   /* \W or [:^punct:] etc. under /d */
+            to_complement = 1;
+            /* FALLTHROUGH */
+
+        case POSIXD:    /* \w or [:punct:] etc. under /d */
+            if (utf8_target) {
+                goto utf8_posix;
+            }
+            goto posixa;
+
+        case NPOSIXA:   /* \W or [:^punct:] etc. under /a */
+
+            if (NEXTCHR_IS_EOS) {
+                sayNO;
+            }
+
+            /* All UTF-8 variants match */
+            if (! UTF8_IS_INVARIANT(nextchr)) {
+                goto increment_locinput;
+            }
+
+            to_complement = 1;
+            /* FALLTHROUGH */
+
+        case POSIXA:    /* \w or [:punct:] etc. under /a */
+
+          posixa:
+            /* We get here through POSIXD, NPOSIXD, and NPOSIXA when not in
+             * UTF-8, and also from NPOSIXA even in UTF-8 when the current
+             * character is a single byte */
+
+            if (NEXTCHR_IS_EOS
+                || ! (to_complement ^ cBOOL(_generic_isCC_A(nextchr,
+                                                            FLAGS(scan)))))
+            {
+                sayNO;
+            }
+
+            /* Here we are either not in utf8, or we matched a utf8-invariant,
+             * so the next char is the next byte */
+            locinput++;
+            break;
+
+        case NPOSIXU:   /* \W or [:^punct:] etc. under /u */
+            to_complement = 1;
+            /* FALLTHROUGH */
+
+        case POSIXU:    /* \w or [:punct:] etc. under /u */
+          utf8_posix:
+            if (NEXTCHR_IS_EOS) {
+                sayNO;
+            }
+          utf8_posix_not_eos:
+
+            /* Use _generic_isCC() for characters within Latin1.  (Note that
+             * UTF8_IS_INVARIANT works even on non-UTF-8 strings, or else
+             * wouldn't be invariant) */
+            if (UTF8_IS_INVARIANT(nextchr) || ! utf8_target) {
+                if (! (to_complement ^ cBOOL(_generic_isCC(nextchr,
+                                                           FLAGS(scan)))))
+                {
+                    sayNO;
+                }
+                locinput++;
+            }
+            else if (UTF8_IS_DOWNGRADEABLE_START(nextchr)) {
+                if (! (to_complement
+                       ^ cBOOL(_generic_isCC(TWO_BYTE_UTF8_TO_UNI(nextchr,
+                                                               *(locinput + 1)),
+                                              FLAGS(scan)))))
+                {
+                    sayNO;
+                }
+                locinput += 2;
+            }
+            else {  /* Handle above Latin-1 code points */
+                classnum = (_char_class_number) FLAGS(scan);
+                if (classnum < _FIRST_NON_SWASH_CC) {
+
+                    /* Here, uses a swash to find such code points.  Load if if
+                     * not done already */
+                    if (! PL_utf8_swash_ptrs[classnum]) {
+                        U8 flags = _CORE_SWASH_INIT_ACCEPT_INVLIST;
+                        PL_utf8_swash_ptrs[classnum]
+                                = _core_swash_init("utf8",
+                                        swash_property_names[classnum],
+                                        &PL_sv_undef, 1, 0, NULL, &flags);
+                    }
+                    if (! (to_complement
+                           ^ cBOOL(swash_fetch(PL_utf8_swash_ptrs[classnum],
+                                               (U8 *) locinput, TRUE))))
+                    {
+                        sayNO;
+                    }
+                }
+                else {  /* Here, uses macros to find above Latin-1 code points */
+                    switch (classnum) {
+                        case _CC_ENUM_SPACE:    /* XXX would require separate
+                                                   code if we revert the change
+                                                   of \v matching this */
+                        case _CC_ENUM_PSXSPC:
+                            if (! (to_complement
+                                        ^ cBOOL(is_XPERLSPACE_high(locinput))))
+                            {
+                                sayNO;
+                            }
+                            break;
+                        case _CC_ENUM_BLANK:
+                            if (! (to_complement
+                                            ^ cBOOL(is_HORIZWS_high(locinput))))
+                            {
+                                sayNO;
+                            }
+                            break;
+                        case _CC_ENUM_XDIGIT:
+                            if (! (to_complement
+                                            ^ cBOOL(is_XDIGIT_high(locinput))))
+                            {
+                                sayNO;
+                            }
+                            break;
+                        case _CC_ENUM_VERTSPACE:
+                            if (! (to_complement
+                                            ^ cBOOL(is_VERTWS_high(locinput))))
+                            {
+                                sayNO;
+                            }
+                            break;
+                        default:    /* The rest, e.g. [:cntrl:], can't match
+                                       above Latin1 */
+                            if (! to_complement) {
+                                sayNO;
+                            }
+                            break;
+                    }
+                }
+                locinput += UTF8SKIP(locinput);
+            }
+            break;
+
+       case CLUMP: /* Match \X: logical Unicode character.  This is defined as
+                      a Unicode extended Grapheme Cluster */
+           /* From http://www.unicode.org/reports/tr29 (5.2 version).  An
+             extended Grapheme Cluster is:
+
+            CR LF
+            | Prepend* Begin Extend*
+            | .
+
+            Begin is:           ( Special_Begin | ! Control )
+            Special_Begin is:   ( Regional-Indicator+ | Hangul-syllable )
+            Extend is:          ( Grapheme_Extend | Spacing_Mark )
+            Control is:         [ GCB_Control | CR | LF ]
+            Hangul-syllable is: ( T+ | ( L* ( L | ( LVT | ( V | LV ) V* ) T* ) ))
+
+               If we create a 'Regular_Begin' = Begin - Special_Begin, then
+               we can rewrite
+
+                   Begin is ( Regular_Begin + Special Begin )
+
+               It turns out that 98.4% of all Unicode code points match
+               Regular_Begin.  Doing it this way eliminates a table match in
+               the previous implementation for almost all Unicode code points.
+
+              There is a subtlety with Prepend* which showed up in testing.
+              Note that the Begin, and only the Begin is required in:
+               | Prepend* Begin Extend*
+              Also, Begin contains '! Control'.  A Prepend must be a
+              '!  Control', which means it must also be a Begin.  What it
+              comes down to is that if we match Prepend* and then find no
+              suitable Begin afterwards, that if we backtrack the last
+              Prepend, that one will be a suitable Begin.
+           */
+
+           if (NEXTCHR_IS_EOS)
+               sayNO;
+           if  (! utf8_target) {
+
+               /* Match either CR LF  or '.', as all the other possibilities
+                * require utf8 */
+               locinput++;         /* Match the . or CR */
+               if (nextchr == '\r' /* And if it was CR, and the next is LF,
+                                      match the LF */
+                   && locinput < reginfo->strend
+                   && UCHARAT(locinput) == '\n')
+                {
+                    locinput++;
+                }
+           }
+           else {
+
+               /* Utf8: See if is ( CR LF ); already know that locinput <
+                * reginfo->strend, so locinput+1 is in bounds */
+               if ( nextchr == '\r' && locinput+1 < reginfo->strend
+                     && UCHARAT(locinput + 1) == '\n')
+                {
+                   locinput += 2;
+               }
+               else {
+                    STRLEN len;
+
+                   /* In case have to backtrack to beginning, then match '.' */
+                   char *starting = locinput;
+
+                   /* In case have to backtrack the last prepend */
+                   char *previous_prepend = NULL;
+
+                   LOAD_UTF8_CHARCLASS_GCB();
+
+                    /* Match (prepend)*   */
+                    while (locinput < reginfo->strend
+                           && (len = is_GCB_Prepend_utf8(locinput)))
+                    {
+                        previous_prepend = locinput;
+                        locinput += len;
+                    }
+
+                   /* As noted above, if we matched a prepend character, but
+                    * the next thing won't match, back off the last prepend we
+                    * matched, as it is guaranteed to match the begin */
+                   if (previous_prepend
+                       && (locinput >=  reginfo->strend
+                           || (! swash_fetch(PL_utf8_X_regular_begin,
+                                            (U8*)locinput, utf8_target)
+                                && ! is_GCB_SPECIAL_BEGIN_START_utf8(locinput)))
+                        )
+                   {
+                       locinput = previous_prepend;
+                   }
+
+                   /* Note that here we know reginfo->strend > locinput, as we
+                    * tested that upon input to this switch case, and if we
+                    * moved locinput forward, we tested the result just above
+                    * and it either passed, or we backed off so that it will
+                    * now pass */
+                   if (swash_fetch(PL_utf8_X_regular_begin,
+                                    (U8*)locinput, utf8_target)) {
+                        locinput += UTF8SKIP(locinput);
+                    }
+                    else if (! is_GCB_SPECIAL_BEGIN_START_utf8(locinput)) {
+
+                       /* Here did not match the required 'Begin' in the
+                        * second term.  So just match the very first
+                        * character, the '.' of the final term of the regex */
+                       locinput = starting + UTF8SKIP(starting);
+                        goto exit_utf8;
+                   } else {
+
+                        /* Here is a special begin.  It can be composed of
+                         * several individual characters.  One possibility is
+                         * RI+ */
+                        if ((len = is_GCB_RI_utf8(locinput))) {
+                            locinput += len;
+                            while (locinput < reginfo->strend
+                                   && (len = is_GCB_RI_utf8(locinput)))
+                            {
+                                locinput += len;
+                            }
+                        } else if ((len = is_GCB_T_utf8(locinput))) {
+                            /* Another possibility is T+ */
+                            locinput += len;
+                            while (locinput < reginfo->strend
+                                && (len = is_GCB_T_utf8(locinput)))
+                            {
+                                locinput += len;
+                            }
+                        } else {
+
+                            /* Here, neither RI+ nor T+; must be some other
+                             * Hangul.  That means it is one of the others: L,
+                             * LV, LVT or V, and matches:
+                             * L* (L | LVT T* | V * V* T* | LV  V* T*) */
+
+                            /* Match L*           */
+                            while (locinput < reginfo->strend
+                                   && (len = is_GCB_L_utf8(locinput)))
+                            {
+                                locinput += len;
+                            }
+
+                            /* Here, have exhausted L*.  If the next character
+                             * is not an LV, LVT nor V, it means we had to have
+                             * at least one L, so matches L+ in the original
+                             * equation, we have a complete hangul syllable.
+                             * Are done. */
+
+                            if (locinput < reginfo->strend
+                                && is_GCB_LV_LVT_V_utf8(locinput))
+                            {
+                                /* Otherwise keep going.  Must be LV, LVT or V.
+                                 * See if LVT, by first ruling out V, then LV */
+                                if (! is_GCB_V_utf8(locinput)
+                                        /* All but every TCount one is LV */
+                                    && (valid_utf8_to_uvchr((U8 *) locinput,
+                                                                         NULL)
+                                                                        - SBASE)
+                                        % TCount != 0)
+                                {
+                                    locinput += UTF8SKIP(locinput);
+                                } else {
+
+                                    /* Must be  V or LV.  Take it, then match
+                                     * V*     */
+                                    locinput += UTF8SKIP(locinput);
+                                    while (locinput < reginfo->strend
+                                           && (len = is_GCB_V_utf8(locinput)))
+                                    {
+                                        locinput += len;
+                                    }
+                                }
+
+                                /* And any of LV, LVT, or V can be followed
+                                 * by T*            */
+                                while (locinput < reginfo->strend
+                                       && (len = is_GCB_T_utf8(locinput)))
+                                {
+                                    locinput += len;
+                                }
+                            }
+                        }
+                    }
+
+                    /* Match any extender */
+                    while (locinput < reginfo->strend
+                            && swash_fetch(PL_utf8_X_extend,
+                                            (U8*)locinput, utf8_target))
+                    {
+                        locinput += UTF8SKIP(locinput);
+                    }
+               }
+            exit_utf8:
+               if (locinput > reginfo->strend) sayNO;
+           }
+           break;
+            
+       case NREFFL:  /*  /\g{name}/il  */
+       {   /* The capture buffer cases.  The ones beginning with N for the
+              named buffers just convert to the equivalent numbered and
+              pretend they were called as the corresponding numbered buffer
+              op.  */
+           /* don't initialize these in the declaration, it makes C++
+              unhappy */
+           const char *s;
+           char type;
+           re_fold_t folder;
+           const U8 *fold_array;
+           UV utf8_fold_flags;
+
+            RX_MATCH_TAINTED_on(reginfo->prog);
+           folder = foldEQ_locale;
+           fold_array = PL_fold_locale;
+           type = REFFL;
+           utf8_fold_flags = FOLDEQ_UTF8_LOCALE;
+           goto do_nref;
+
+       case NREFFA:  /*  /\g{name}/iaa  */
+           folder = foldEQ_latin1;
+           fold_array = PL_fold_latin1;
+           type = REFFA;
+           utf8_fold_flags = FOLDEQ_UTF8_NOMIX_ASCII;
+           goto do_nref;
+
+       case NREFFU:  /*  /\g{name}/iu  */
+           folder = foldEQ_latin1;
+           fold_array = PL_fold_latin1;
+           type = REFFU;
+           utf8_fold_flags = 0;
+           goto do_nref;
+
+       case NREFF:  /*  /\g{name}/i  */
+           folder = foldEQ;
+           fold_array = PL_fold;
+           type = REFF;
+           utf8_fold_flags = 0;
+           goto do_nref;
+
+       case NREF:  /*  /\g{name}/   */
+           type = REF;
+           folder = NULL;
+           fold_array = NULL;
+           utf8_fold_flags = 0;
+         do_nref:
+
+           /* For the named back references, find the corresponding buffer
+            * number */
+           n = reg_check_named_buff_matched(rex,scan);
+
+            if ( ! n ) {
+                sayNO;
+           }
+           goto do_nref_ref_common;
+
+       case REFFL:  /*  /\1/il  */
+            RX_MATCH_TAINTED_on(reginfo->prog);
+           folder = foldEQ_locale;
+           fold_array = PL_fold_locale;
+           utf8_fold_flags = FOLDEQ_UTF8_LOCALE;
+           goto do_ref;
+
+       case REFFA:  /*  /\1/iaa  */
+           folder = foldEQ_latin1;
+           fold_array = PL_fold_latin1;
+           utf8_fold_flags = FOLDEQ_UTF8_NOMIX_ASCII;
+           goto do_ref;
+
+       case REFFU:  /*  /\1/iu  */
+           folder = foldEQ_latin1;
+           fold_array = PL_fold_latin1;
+           utf8_fold_flags = 0;
+           goto do_ref;
+
+       case REFF:  /*  /\1/i  */
+           folder = foldEQ;
+           fold_array = PL_fold;
+           utf8_fold_flags = 0;
+           goto do_ref;
+
+        case REF:  /*  /\1/    */
+           folder = NULL;
+           fold_array = NULL;
+           utf8_fold_flags = 0;
+
+         do_ref:
+           type = OP(scan);
+           n = ARG(scan);  /* which paren pair */
+
+         do_nref_ref_common:
+           ln = rex->offs[n].start;
+           reginfo->poscache_iter = reginfo->poscache_maxiter; /* Void cache */
+           if (rex->lastparen < n || ln == -1)
+               sayNO;                  /* Do not match unless seen CLOSEn. */
+           if (ln == rex->offs[n].end)
+               break;
+
+           s = reginfo->strbeg + ln;
+           if (type != REF     /* REF can do byte comparison */
+               && (utf8_target || type == REFFU))
+           { /* XXX handle REFFL better */
+               char * limit = reginfo->strend;
+
+               /* This call case insensitively compares the entire buffer
+                   * at s, with the current input starting at locinput, but
+                    * not going off the end given by reginfo->strend, and
+                    * returns in <limit> upon success, how much of the
+                    * current input was matched */
+               if (! foldEQ_utf8_flags(s, NULL, rex->offs[n].end - ln, utf8_target,
+                                   locinput, &limit, 0, utf8_target, utf8_fold_flags))
+               {
+                   sayNO;
+               }
+               locinput = limit;
+               break;
+           }
+
+           /* Not utf8:  Inline the first character, for speed. */
+           if (!NEXTCHR_IS_EOS &&
+                UCHARAT(s) != nextchr &&
+               (type == REF ||
+                UCHARAT(s) != fold_array[nextchr]))
+               sayNO;
+           ln = rex->offs[n].end - ln;
+           if (locinput + ln > reginfo->strend)
+               sayNO;
+           if (ln > 1 && (type == REF
+                          ? memNE(s, locinput, ln)
+                          : ! folder(s, locinput, ln)))
+               sayNO;
+           locinput += ln;
+           break;
+       }
+
+       case NOTHING: /* null op; e.g. the 'nothing' following
+                       * the '*' in m{(a+|b)*}' */
+           break;
+       case TAIL: /* placeholder while compiling (A|B|C) */
+           break;
+
+       case BACK: /* ??? doesn't appear to be used ??? */
+           break;
+
+#undef  ST
+#define ST st->u.eval
+       {
+           SV *ret;
+           REGEXP *re_sv;
+            regexp *re;
+            regexp_internal *rei;
+            regnode *startpoint;
+
+       case GOSTART: /*  (?R)  */
+       case GOSUB: /*    /(...(?1))/   /(...(?&foo))/   */
+           if (cur_eval && cur_eval->locinput==locinput) {
+                if (cur_eval->u.eval.close_paren == (U32)ARG(scan)) 
+                    Perl_croak(aTHX_ "Infinite recursion in regex");
+                if ( ++nochange_depth > max_nochange_depth )
+                    Perl_croak(aTHX_ 
+                        "Pattern subroutine nesting without pos change"
+                        " exceeded limit in regex");
+            } else {
+                nochange_depth = 0;
+            }
+           re_sv = rex_sv;
+            re = rex;
+            rei = rexi;
+            if (OP(scan)==GOSUB) {
+                startpoint = scan + ARG2L(scan);
+                ST.close_paren = ARG(scan);
+            } else {
+                startpoint = rei->program+1;
+                ST.close_paren = 0;
+            }
+            goto eval_recurse_doit;
+            assert(0); /* NOTREACHED */
+
+        case EVAL:  /*   /(?{A})B/   /(??{A})B/  and /(?(?{A})X|Y)B/   */        
+            if (cur_eval && cur_eval->locinput==locinput) {
+               if ( ++nochange_depth > max_nochange_depth )
+                    Perl_croak(aTHX_ "EVAL without pos change exceeded limit in regex");
+            } else {
+                nochange_depth = 0;
+            }    
+           {
+               /* execute the code in the {...} */
+
+               dSP;
+               IV before;
+               OP * const oop = PL_op;
+               COP * const ocurcop = PL_curcop;
+               OP *nop;
+               CV *newcv;
+
+               /* save *all* paren positions */
+               regcppush(rex, 0, maxopenparen);
+               REGCP_SET(runops_cp);
+
+               if (!caller_cv)
+                   caller_cv = find_runcv(NULL);
+
+               n = ARG(scan);
+
+               if (rexi->data->what[n] == 'r') { /* code from an external qr */
+                   newcv = (ReANY(
+                                               (REGEXP*)(rexi->data->data[n])
+                                           ))->qr_anoncv
+                                       ;
+                   nop = (OP*)rexi->data->data[n+1];
+               }
+               else if (rexi->data->what[n] == 'l') { /* literal code */
+                   newcv = caller_cv;
+                   nop = (OP*)rexi->data->data[n];
+                   assert(CvDEPTH(newcv));
+               }
+               else {
+                   /* literal with own CV */
+                   assert(rexi->data->what[n] == 'L');
+                   newcv = rex->qr_anoncv;
+                   nop = (OP*)rexi->data->data[n];
+               }
+
+               /* normally if we're about to execute code from the same
+                * CV that we used previously, we just use the existing
+                * CX stack entry. However, its possible that in the
+                * meantime we may have backtracked, popped from the save
+                * stack, and undone the SAVECOMPPAD(s) associated with
+                * PUSH_MULTICALL; in which case PL_comppad no longer
+                * points to newcv's pad. */
+               if (newcv != last_pushed_cv || PL_comppad != last_pad)
+               {
+                    U8 flags = (CXp_SUB_RE |
+                                ((newcv == caller_cv) ? CXp_SUB_RE_FAKE : 0));
+                   if (last_pushed_cv) {
+                       CHANGE_MULTICALL_FLAGS(newcv, flags);
+                   }
+                   else {
+                       PUSH_MULTICALL_FLAGS(newcv, flags);
+                   }
+                   last_pushed_cv = newcv;
+               }
+               else {
+                    /* these assignments are just to silence compiler
+                     * warnings */
+                   multicall_cop = NULL;
+                   newsp = NULL;
+               }
+               last_pad = PL_comppad;
+
+               /* the initial nextstate you would normally execute
+                * at the start of an eval (which would cause error
+                * messages to come from the eval), may be optimised
+                * away from the execution path in the regex code blocks;
+                * so manually set PL_curcop to it initially */
+               {
+                   OP *o = cUNOPx(nop)->op_first;
+                   assert(o->op_type == OP_NULL);
+                   if (o->op_targ == OP_SCOPE) {
+                       o = cUNOPo->op_first;
+                   }
+                   else {
+                       assert(o->op_targ == OP_LEAVE);
+                       o = cUNOPo->op_first;
+                       assert(o->op_type == OP_ENTER);
+                       o = o->op_sibling;
+                   }
+
+                   if (o->op_type != OP_STUB) {
+                       assert(    o->op_type == OP_NEXTSTATE
+                               || o->op_type == OP_DBSTATE
+                               || (o->op_type == OP_NULL
+                                   &&  (  o->op_targ == OP_NEXTSTATE
+                                       || o->op_targ == OP_DBSTATE
+                                       )
+                                   )
+                       );
+                       PL_curcop = (COP*)o;
+                   }
+               }
+               nop = nop->op_next;
+
+               DEBUG_STATE_r( PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log, 
+                   "  re EVAL PL_op=0x%"UVxf"\n", PTR2UV(nop)) );
+
+               rex->offs[0].end = locinput - reginfo->strbeg;
+                if (reginfo->info_aux_eval->pos_magic)
+                        reginfo->info_aux_eval->pos_magic->mg_len
+                                        = locinput - reginfo->strbeg;
+
+                if (sv_yes_mark) {
+                    SV *sv_mrk = get_sv("REGMARK", 1);
+                    sv_setsv(sv_mrk, sv_yes_mark);
+                }
+
+               /* we don't use MULTICALL here as we want to call the
+                * first op of the block of interest, rather than the
+                * first op of the sub */
+               before = (IV)(SP-PL_stack_base);
+               PL_op = nop;
+               CALLRUNOPS(aTHX);                       /* Scalar context. */
+               SPAGAIN;
+               if ((IV)(SP-PL_stack_base) == before)
+                   ret = &PL_sv_undef;   /* protect against empty (?{}) blocks. */
+               else {
+                   ret = POPs;
+                   PUTBACK;
+               }
+
+               /* before restoring everything, evaluate the returned
+                * value, so that 'uninit' warnings don't use the wrong
+                * PL_op or pad. Also need to process any magic vars
+                * (e.g. $1) *before* parentheses are restored */
+
+               PL_op = NULL;
+
+                re_sv = NULL;
+               if (logical == 0)        /*   (?{})/   */
+                   sv_setsv(save_scalar(PL_replgv), ret); /* $^R */
+               else if (logical == 1) { /*   /(?(?{...})X|Y)/    */
+                   sw = cBOOL(SvTRUE(ret));
+                   logical = 0;
+               }
+               else {                   /*  /(??{})  */
+                   /*  if its overloaded, let the regex compiler handle
+                    *  it; otherwise extract regex, or stringify  */
+                   if (!SvAMAGIC(ret)) {
+                       SV *sv = ret;
+                       if (SvROK(sv))
+                           sv = SvRV(sv);
+                       if (SvTYPE(sv) == SVt_REGEXP)
+                           re_sv = (REGEXP*) sv;
+                       else if (SvSMAGICAL(sv)) {
+                           MAGIC *mg = mg_find(sv, PERL_MAGIC_qr);
+                           if (mg)
+                               re_sv = (REGEXP *) mg->mg_obj;
+                       }
+
+                       /* force any magic, undef warnings here */
+                       if (!re_sv) {
+                           ret = sv_mortalcopy(ret);
+                           (void) SvPV_force_nolen(ret);
+                       }
+                   }
+
+               }
+
+               /* *** Note that at this point we don't restore
+                * PL_comppad, (or pop the CxSUB) on the assumption it may
+                * be used again soon. This is safe as long as nothing
+                * in the regexp code uses the pad ! */
+               PL_op = oop;
+               PL_curcop = ocurcop;
+               S_regcp_restore(aTHX_ rex, runops_cp, &maxopenparen);
+               PL_curpm = PL_reg_curpm;
+
+               if (logical != 2)
+                   break;
+           }
+
+               /* only /(??{})/  from now on */
+               logical = 0;
+               {
+                   /* extract RE object from returned value; compiling if
+                    * necessary */
+
+                   if (re_sv) {
+                       re_sv = reg_temp_copy(NULL, re_sv);
+                   }
+                   else {
+                       U32 pm_flags = 0;
+
+                       if (SvUTF8(ret) && IN_BYTES) {
+                           /* In use 'bytes': make a copy of the octet
+                            * sequence, but without the flag on */
+                           STRLEN len;
+                           const char *const p = SvPV(ret, len);
+                           ret = newSVpvn_flags(p, len, SVs_TEMP);
+                       }
+                       if (rex->intflags & PREGf_USE_RE_EVAL)
+                           pm_flags |= PMf_USE_RE_EVAL;
+
+                       /* if we got here, it should be an engine which
+                        * supports compiling code blocks and stuff */
+                       assert(rex->engine && rex->engine->op_comp);
+                        assert(!(scan->flags & ~RXf_PMf_COMPILETIME));
+                       re_sv = rex->engine->op_comp(aTHX_ &ret, 1, NULL,
+                                   rex->engine, NULL, NULL,
+                                    /* copy /msix etc to inner pattern */
+                                    scan->flags,
+                                    pm_flags);
+
+                       if (!(SvFLAGS(ret)
+                             & (SVs_TEMP | SVs_PADTMP | SVf_READONLY
+                                | SVs_GMG))) {
+                           /* This isn't a first class regexp. Instead, it's
+                              caching a regexp onto an existing, Perl visible
+                              scalar.  */
+                           sv_magic(ret, MUTABLE_SV(re_sv), PERL_MAGIC_qr, 0, 0);
+                       }
+                       /* safe to do now that any $1 etc has been
+                        * interpolated into the new pattern string and
+                        * compiled */
+                       S_regcp_restore(aTHX_ rex, runops_cp, &maxopenparen);
+                   }
+                   SAVEFREESV(re_sv);
+                   re = ReANY(re_sv);
+               }
+                RXp_MATCH_COPIED_off(re);
+                re->subbeg = rex->subbeg;
+                re->sublen = rex->sublen;
+                re->suboffset = rex->suboffset;
+                re->subcoffset = rex->subcoffset;
+               rei = RXi_GET(re);
+                DEBUG_EXECUTE_r(
+                    debug_start_match(re_sv, utf8_target, locinput,
+                                    reginfo->strend, "Matching embedded");
+               );              
+               startpoint = rei->program + 1;
+                       ST.close_paren = 0; /* only used for GOSUB */
+
+        eval_recurse_doit: /* Share code with GOSUB below this line */                         
+               /* run the pattern returned from (??{...}) */
+
+                /* Save *all* the positions. */
+               ST.cp = regcppush(rex, 0, maxopenparen);
+               REGCP_SET(ST.lastcp);
+               
+               re->lastparen = 0;
+               re->lastcloseparen = 0;
+
+               maxopenparen = 0;
+
+                /* invalidate the S-L poscache. We're now executing a
+                 * different set of WHILEM ops (and their associated
+                 * indexes) against the same string, so the bits in the
+                 * cache are meaningless. Setting maxiter to zero forces
+                 * the cache to be invalidated and zeroed before reuse.
+                * XXX This is too dramatic a measure. Ideally we should
+                 * save the old cache and restore when running the outer
+                 * pattern again */
+               reginfo->poscache_maxiter = 0;
+
+                is_utf8_pat = reginfo->is_utf8_pat = cBOOL(RX_UTF8(re_sv));
+
+               ST.prev_rex = rex_sv;
+               ST.prev_curlyx = cur_curlyx;
+               rex_sv = re_sv;
+               SET_reg_curpm(rex_sv);
+               rex = re;
+               rexi = rei;
+               cur_curlyx = NULL;
+               ST.B = next;
+               ST.prev_eval = cur_eval;
+               cur_eval = st;
+               /* now continue from first node in postoned RE */
+               PUSH_YES_STATE_GOTO(EVAL_AB, startpoint, locinput);
+               assert(0); /* NOTREACHED */
+       }
+
+       case EVAL_AB: /* cleanup after a successful (??{A})B */
+           /* note: this is called twice; first after popping B, then A */
+           rex_sv = ST.prev_rex;
+            is_utf8_pat = reginfo->is_utf8_pat = cBOOL(RX_UTF8(rex_sv));
+           SET_reg_curpm(rex_sv);
+           rex = ReANY(rex_sv);
+           rexi = RXi_GET(rex);
+           regcpblow(ST.cp);
+           cur_eval = ST.prev_eval;
+           cur_curlyx = ST.prev_curlyx;
+
+           /* Invalidate cache. See "invalidate" comment above. */
+           reginfo->poscache_maxiter = 0;
+            if ( nochange_depth )
+               nochange_depth--;
+           sayYES;
+
+
+       case EVAL_AB_fail: /* unsuccessfully ran A or B in (??{A})B */
+           /* note: this is called twice; first after popping B, then A */
+           rex_sv = ST.prev_rex;
+            is_utf8_pat = reginfo->is_utf8_pat = cBOOL(RX_UTF8(rex_sv));
+           SET_reg_curpm(rex_sv);
+           rex = ReANY(rex_sv);
+           rexi = RXi_GET(rex); 
+
+           REGCP_UNWIND(ST.lastcp);
+           regcppop(rex, &maxopenparen);
+           cur_eval = ST.prev_eval;
+           cur_curlyx = ST.prev_curlyx;
+           /* Invalidate cache. See "invalidate" comment above. */
+           reginfo->poscache_maxiter = 0;
+           if ( nochange_depth )
+               nochange_depth--;
+           sayNO_SILENT;
+#undef ST
+
+       case OPEN: /*  (  */
+           n = ARG(scan);  /* which paren pair */
+           rex->offs[n].start_tmp = locinput - reginfo->strbeg;
+           if (n > maxopenparen)
+               maxopenparen = n;
+           DEBUG_BUFFERS_r(PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log,
+               "rex=0x%"UVxf" offs=0x%"UVxf": \\%"UVuf": set %"IVdf" tmp; maxopenparen=%"UVuf"\n",
+               PTR2UV(rex),
+               PTR2UV(rex->offs),
+               (UV)n,
+               (IV)rex->offs[n].start_tmp,
+               (UV)maxopenparen
+           ));
+            lastopen = n;
+           break;
+
+/* XXX really need to log other places start/end are set too */
+#define CLOSE_CAPTURE \
+    rex->offs[n].start = rex->offs[n].start_tmp; \
+    rex->offs[n].end = locinput - reginfo->strbeg; \
+    DEBUG_BUFFERS_r(PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log, \
+       "rex=0x%"UVxf" offs=0x%"UVxf": \\%"UVuf": set %"IVdf"..%"IVdf"\n", \
+       PTR2UV(rex), \
+       PTR2UV(rex->offs), \
+       (UV)n, \
+       (IV)rex->offs[n].start, \
+       (IV)rex->offs[n].end \
+    ))
+
+       case CLOSE:  /*  )  */
+           n = ARG(scan);  /* which paren pair */
+           CLOSE_CAPTURE;
+           if (n > rex->lastparen)
+               rex->lastparen = n;
+           rex->lastcloseparen = n;
+            if (cur_eval && cur_eval->u.eval.close_paren == n) {
+               goto fake_end;
+           }    
+           break;
+
+        case ACCEPT:  /*  (*ACCEPT)  */
+            if (ARG(scan)){
+                regnode *cursor;
+                for (cursor=scan;
+                     cursor && OP(cursor)!=END; 
+                     cursor=regnext(cursor)) 
+                {
+                    if ( OP(cursor)==CLOSE ){
+                        n = ARG(cursor);
+                        if ( n <= lastopen ) {
+                           CLOSE_CAPTURE;
+                            if (n > rex->lastparen)
+                                rex->lastparen = n;
+                            rex->lastcloseparen = n;
+                            if ( n == ARG(scan) || (cur_eval &&
+                                cur_eval->u.eval.close_paren == n))
+                                break;
+                        }
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+           goto fake_end;
+           /*NOTREACHED*/          
+
+       case GROUPP:  /*  (?(1))  */
+           n = ARG(scan);  /* which paren pair */
+           sw = cBOOL(rex->lastparen >= n && rex->offs[n].end != -1);
+           break;
+
+       case NGROUPP:  /*  (?(<name>))  */
+           /* reg_check_named_buff_matched returns 0 for no match */
+           sw = cBOOL(0 < reg_check_named_buff_matched(rex,scan));
+           break;
+
+        case INSUBP:   /*  (?(R))  */
+            n = ARG(scan);
+            sw = (cur_eval && (!n || cur_eval->u.eval.close_paren == n));
+            break;
+
+        case DEFINEP:  /*  (?(DEFINE))  */
+            sw = 0;
+            break;
+
+       case IFTHEN:   /*  (?(cond)A|B)  */
+           reginfo->poscache_iter = reginfo->poscache_maxiter; /* Void cache */
+           if (sw)
+               next = NEXTOPER(NEXTOPER(scan));
+           else {
+               next = scan + ARG(scan);
+               if (OP(next) == IFTHEN) /* Fake one. */
+                   next = NEXTOPER(NEXTOPER(next));
+           }
+           break;
+
+       case LOGICAL:  /* modifier for EVAL and IFMATCH */
+           logical = scan->flags;
+           break;
+
+/*******************************************************************
+
+The CURLYX/WHILEM pair of ops handle the most generic case of the /A*B/
+pattern, where A and B are subpatterns. (For simple A, CURLYM or
+STAR/PLUS/CURLY/CURLYN are used instead.)
+
+A*B is compiled as <CURLYX><A><WHILEM><B>
+
+On entry to the subpattern, CURLYX is called. This pushes a CURLYX
+state, which contains the current count, initialised to -1. It also sets
+cur_curlyx to point to this state, with any previous value saved in the
+state block.
+
+CURLYX then jumps straight to the WHILEM op, rather than executing A,
+since the pattern may possibly match zero times (i.e. it's a while {} loop
+rather than a do {} while loop).
+
+Each entry to WHILEM represents a successful match of A. The count in the
+CURLYX block is incremented, another WHILEM state is pushed, and execution
+passes to A or B depending on greediness and the current count.
+
+For example, if matching against the string a1a2a3b (where the aN are
+substrings that match /A/), then the match progresses as follows: (the
+pushed states are interspersed with the bits of strings matched so far):
+
+    <CURLYX cnt=-1>
+    <CURLYX cnt=0><WHILEM>
+    <CURLYX cnt=1><WHILEM> a1 <WHILEM>
+    <CURLYX cnt=2><WHILEM> a1 <WHILEM> a2 <WHILEM>
+    <CURLYX cnt=3><WHILEM> a1 <WHILEM> a2 <WHILEM> a3 <WHILEM>
+    <CURLYX cnt=3><WHILEM> a1 <WHILEM> a2 <WHILEM> a3 <WHILEM> b
+
+(Contrast this with something like CURLYM, which maintains only a single
+backtrack state:
+
+    <CURLYM cnt=0> a1
+    a1 <CURLYM cnt=1> a2
+    a1 a2 <CURLYM cnt=2> a3
+    a1 a2 a3 <CURLYM cnt=3> b
+)
+
+Each WHILEM state block marks a point to backtrack to upon partial failure
+of A or B, and also contains some minor state data related to that
+iteration.  The CURLYX block, pointed to by cur_curlyx, contains the
+overall state, such as the count, and pointers to the A and B ops.
+
+This is complicated slightly by nested CURLYX/WHILEM's. Since cur_curlyx
+must always point to the *current* CURLYX block, the rules are:
+
+When executing CURLYX, save the old cur_curlyx in the CURLYX state block,
+and set cur_curlyx to point the new block.
+
+When popping the CURLYX block after a successful or unsuccessful match,
+restore the previous cur_curlyx.
+
+When WHILEM is about to execute B, save the current cur_curlyx, and set it
+to the outer one saved in the CURLYX block.
+
+When popping the WHILEM block after a successful or unsuccessful B match,
+restore the previous cur_curlyx.
+
+Here's an example for the pattern (AI* BI)*BO
+I and O refer to inner and outer, C and W refer to CURLYX and WHILEM:
+
+cur_
+curlyx backtrack stack
+------ ---------------
+NULL   
+CO     <CO prev=NULL> <WO>
+CI     <CO prev=NULL> <WO> <CI prev=CO> <WI> ai 
+CO     <CO prev=NULL> <WO> <CI prev=CO> <WI> ai <WI prev=CI> bi 
+NULL   <CO prev=NULL> <WO> <CI prev=CO> <WI> ai <WI prev=CI> bi <WO prev=CO> bo
+
+At this point the pattern succeeds, and we work back down the stack to
+clean up, restoring as we go:
+
+CO     <CO prev=NULL> <WO> <CI prev=CO> <WI> ai <WI prev=CI> bi 
+CI     <CO prev=NULL> <WO> <CI prev=CO> <WI> ai 
+CO     <CO prev=NULL> <WO>
+NULL   
+
+*******************************************************************/
+
+#define ST st->u.curlyx
+
+       case CURLYX:    /* start of /A*B/  (for complex A) */
+       {
+           /* No need to save/restore up to this paren */
+           I32 parenfloor = scan->flags;
+           
+           assert(next); /* keep Coverity happy */
+           if (OP(PREVOPER(next)) == NOTHING) /* LONGJMP */
+               next += ARG(next);
+
+           /* XXXX Probably it is better to teach regpush to support
+              parenfloor > maxopenparen ... */
+           if (parenfloor > (I32)rex->lastparen)
+               parenfloor = rex->lastparen; /* Pessimization... */
+
+           ST.prev_curlyx= cur_curlyx;
+           cur_curlyx = st;
+           ST.cp = PL_savestack_ix;
+
+           /* these fields contain the state of the current curly.
+            * they are accessed by subsequent WHILEMs */
+           ST.parenfloor = parenfloor;
+           ST.me = scan;
+           ST.B = next;
+           ST.minmod = minmod;
+           minmod = 0;
+           ST.count = -1;      /* this will be updated by WHILEM */
+           ST.lastloc = NULL;  /* this will be updated by WHILEM */
+
+           PUSH_YES_STATE_GOTO(CURLYX_end, PREVOPER(next), locinput);
+           assert(0); /* NOTREACHED */
+       }
+
+       case CURLYX_end: /* just finished matching all of A*B */
+           cur_curlyx = ST.prev_curlyx;
+           sayYES;
+           assert(0); /* NOTREACHED */
+
+       case CURLYX_end_fail: /* just failed to match all of A*B */
+           regcpblow(ST.cp);
+           cur_curlyx = ST.prev_curlyx;
+           sayNO;
+           assert(0); /* NOTREACHED */
+
+
+#undef ST
+#define ST st->u.whilem
+
+       case WHILEM:     /* just matched an A in /A*B/  (for complex A) */
+       {
+           /* see the discussion above about CURLYX/WHILEM */
+           I32 n;
+           int min = ARG1(cur_curlyx->u.curlyx.me);
+           int max = ARG2(cur_curlyx->u.curlyx.me);
+           regnode *A = NEXTOPER(cur_curlyx->u.curlyx.me) + EXTRA_STEP_2ARGS;
+
+           assert(cur_curlyx); /* keep Coverity happy */
+           n = ++cur_curlyx->u.curlyx.count; /* how many A's matched */
+           ST.save_lastloc = cur_curlyx->u.curlyx.lastloc;
+           ST.cache_offset = 0;
+           ST.cache_mask = 0;
+           
+
+           DEBUG_EXECUTE_r( PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log,
+                 "%*s  whilem: matched %ld out of %d..%d\n",
+                 REPORT_CODE_OFF+depth*2, "", (long)n, min, max)
+           );
+
+           /* First just match a string of min A's. */
+
+           if (n < min) {
+               ST.cp = regcppush(rex, cur_curlyx->u.curlyx.parenfloor,
+                                    maxopenparen);
+               cur_curlyx->u.curlyx.lastloc = locinput;
+               REGCP_SET(ST.lastcp);
+
+               PUSH_STATE_GOTO(WHILEM_A_pre, A, locinput);
+               assert(0); /* NOTREACHED */
+           }
+
+           /* If degenerate A matches "", assume A done. */
+
+           if (locinput == cur_curlyx->u.curlyx.lastloc) {
+               DEBUG_EXECUTE_r( PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log,
+                  "%*s  whilem: empty match detected, trying continuation...\n",
+                  REPORT_CODE_OFF+depth*2, "")
+               );
+               goto do_whilem_B_max;
+           }
+
+           /* super-linear cache processing.
+             *
+             * The idea here is that for certain types of CURLYX/WHILEM -
+             * principally those whose upper bound is infinity (and
+             * excluding regexes that have things like \1 and other very
+             * non-regular expresssiony things), then if a pattern like
+             * /....A*.../ fails and we backtrack to the WHILEM, then we
+             * make a note that this particular WHILEM op was at string
+             * position 47 (say) when the rest of pattern failed. Then, if
+             * we ever find ourselves back at that WHILEM, and at string
+             * position 47 again, we can just fail immediately rather than
+             * running the rest of the pattern again.
+             *
+             * This is very handy when patterns start to go
+             * 'super-linear', like in (a+)*(a+)*(a+)*, where you end up
+             * with a combinatorial explosion of backtracking.
+             *
+             * The cache is implemented as a bit array, with one bit per
+             * string byte position per WHILEM op (up to 16) - so its
+             * between 0.25 and 2x the string size.
+             *
+             * To avoid allocating a poscache buffer every time, we do an
+             * initially countdown; only after we have  executed a WHILEM
+             * op (string-length x #WHILEMs) times do we allocate the
+             * cache.
+             *
+             * The top 4 bits of scan->flags byte say how many different
+             * relevant CURLLYX/WHILEM op pairs there are, while the
+             * bottom 4-bits is the identifying index number of this
+             * WHILEM.
+             */
+
+           if (scan->flags) {
+
+               if (!reginfo->poscache_maxiter) {
+                   /* start the countdown: Postpone detection until we
+                    * know the match is not *that* much linear. */
+                   reginfo->poscache_maxiter
+                        =    (reginfo->strend - reginfo->strbeg + 1)
+                           * (scan->flags>>4);
+                   /* possible overflow for long strings and many CURLYX's */
+                   if (reginfo->poscache_maxiter < 0)
+                       reginfo->poscache_maxiter = I32_MAX;
+                   reginfo->poscache_iter = reginfo->poscache_maxiter;
+               }
+
+               if (reginfo->poscache_iter-- == 0) {
+                   /* initialise cache */
+                   const I32 size = (reginfo->poscache_maxiter + 7)/8;
+                    regmatch_info_aux *const aux = reginfo->info_aux;
+                   if (aux->poscache) {
+                       if ((I32)reginfo->poscache_size < size) {
+                           Renew(aux->poscache, size, char);
+                           reginfo->poscache_size = size;
+                       }
+                       Zero(aux->poscache, size, char);
+                   }
+                   else {
+                       reginfo->poscache_size = size;
+                       Newxz(aux->poscache, size, char);
+                   }
+                   DEBUG_EXECUTE_r( PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log,
+      "%swhilem: Detected a super-linear match, switching on caching%s...\n",
+                             PL_colors[4], PL_colors[5])
+                   );
+               }
+
+               if (reginfo->poscache_iter < 0) {
+                   /* have we already failed at this position? */
+                   I32 offset, mask;
+
+                    reginfo->poscache_iter = -1; /* stop eventual underflow */
+                   offset  = (scan->flags & 0xf) - 1
+                                +   (locinput - reginfo->strbeg)
+                                  * (scan->flags>>4);
+                   mask    = 1 << (offset % 8);
+                   offset /= 8;
+                   if (reginfo->info_aux->poscache[offset] & mask) {
+                       DEBUG_EXECUTE_r( PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log,
+                           "%*s  whilem: (cache) already tried at this position...\n",
+                           REPORT_CODE_OFF+depth*2, "")
+                       );
+                       sayNO; /* cache records failure */
+                   }
+                   ST.cache_offset = offset;
+                   ST.cache_mask   = mask;
+               }
+           }
+
+           /* Prefer B over A for minimal matching. */
+
+           if (cur_curlyx->u.curlyx.minmod) {
+               ST.save_curlyx = cur_curlyx;
+               cur_curlyx = cur_curlyx->u.curlyx.prev_curlyx;
+               ST.cp = regcppush(rex, ST.save_curlyx->u.curlyx.parenfloor,
+                            maxopenparen);
+               REGCP_SET(ST.lastcp);
+               PUSH_YES_STATE_GOTO(WHILEM_B_min, ST.save_curlyx->u.curlyx.B,
+                                    locinput);
+               assert(0); /* NOTREACHED */
+           }
+
+           /* Prefer A over B for maximal matching. */
+
+           if (n < max) { /* More greed allowed? */
+               ST.cp = regcppush(rex, cur_curlyx->u.curlyx.parenfloor,
+                            maxopenparen);
+               cur_curlyx->u.curlyx.lastloc = locinput;
+               REGCP_SET(ST.lastcp);
+               PUSH_STATE_GOTO(WHILEM_A_max, A, locinput);
+               assert(0); /* NOTREACHED */
+           }
+           goto do_whilem_B_max;
+       }
+       assert(0); /* NOTREACHED */
+
+       case WHILEM_B_min: /* just matched B in a minimal match */
+       case WHILEM_B_max: /* just matched B in a maximal match */
+           cur_curlyx = ST.save_curlyx;
+           sayYES;
+           assert(0); /* NOTREACHED */
+
+       case WHILEM_B_max_fail: /* just failed to match B in a maximal match */
+           cur_curlyx = ST.save_curlyx;
+           cur_curlyx->u.curlyx.lastloc = ST.save_lastloc;
+           cur_curlyx->u.curlyx.count--;
+           CACHEsayNO;
+           assert(0); /* NOTREACHED */
+
+       case WHILEM_A_min_fail: /* just failed to match A in a minimal match */
+           /* FALL THROUGH */
+       case WHILEM_A_pre_fail: /* just failed to match even minimal A */
+           REGCP_UNWIND(ST.lastcp);
+           regcppop(rex, &maxopenparen);
+           cur_curlyx->u.curlyx.lastloc = ST.save_lastloc;
+           cur_curlyx->u.curlyx.count--;
+           CACHEsayNO;
+           assert(0); /* NOTREACHED */
+
+       case WHILEM_A_max_fail: /* just failed to match A in a maximal match */
+           REGCP_UNWIND(ST.lastcp);
+           regcppop(rex, &maxopenparen); /* Restore some previous $<digit>s? */
+           DEBUG_EXECUTE_r(PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log,
+               "%*s  whilem: failed, trying continuation...\n",
+               REPORT_CODE_OFF+depth*2, "")
+           );
+         do_whilem_B_max:
+           if (cur_curlyx->u.curlyx.count >= REG_INFTY
+               && ckWARN(WARN_REGEXP)
+               && !reginfo->warned)
+           {
+                reginfo->warned        = TRUE;
+               Perl_warner(aTHX_ packWARN(WARN_REGEXP),
+                    "Complex regular subexpression recursion limit (%d) "
+                    "exceeded",
+                    REG_INFTY - 1);
+           }
+
+           /* now try B */
+           ST.save_curlyx = cur_curlyx;
+           cur_curlyx = cur_curlyx->u.curlyx.prev_curlyx;
+           PUSH_YES_STATE_GOTO(WHILEM_B_max, ST.save_curlyx->u.curlyx.B,
+                                locinput);
+           assert(0); /* NOTREACHED */
+
+       case WHILEM_B_min_fail: /* just failed to match B in a minimal match */
+           cur_curlyx = ST.save_curlyx;
+           REGCP_UNWIND(ST.lastcp);
+           regcppop(rex, &maxopenparen);
+
+           if (cur_curlyx->u.curlyx.count >= /*max*/ARG2(cur_curlyx->u.curlyx.me)) {
+               /* Maximum greed exceeded */
+               if (cur_curlyx->u.curlyx.count >= REG_INFTY
+                   && ckWARN(WARN_REGEXP)
+                    && !reginfo->warned)
+               {
+                    reginfo->warned    = TRUE;
+                   Perl_warner(aTHX_ packWARN(WARN_REGEXP),
+                       "Complex regular subexpression recursion "
+                       "limit (%d) exceeded",
+                       REG_INFTY - 1);
+               }
+               cur_curlyx->u.curlyx.count--;
+               CACHEsayNO;
+           }
+
+           DEBUG_EXECUTE_r(PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log,
+               "%*s  trying longer...\n", REPORT_CODE_OFF+depth*2, "")
+           );
+           /* Try grabbing another A and see if it helps. */
+           cur_curlyx->u.curlyx.lastloc = locinput;
+           ST.cp = regcppush(rex, cur_curlyx->u.curlyx.parenfloor,
+                            maxopenparen);
+           REGCP_SET(ST.lastcp);
+           PUSH_STATE_GOTO(WHILEM_A_min,
+               /*A*/ NEXTOPER(ST.save_curlyx->u.curlyx.me) + EXTRA_STEP_2ARGS,
+                locinput);
+           assert(0); /* NOTREACHED */
+
+#undef  ST
+#define ST st->u.branch
+
+       case BRANCHJ:       /*  /(...|A|...)/ with long next pointer */
+           next = scan + ARG(scan);
+           if (next == scan)
+               next = NULL;
+           scan = NEXTOPER(scan);
+           /* FALL THROUGH */
+
+       case BRANCH:        /*  /(...|A|...)/ */
+           scan = NEXTOPER(scan); /* scan now points to inner node */
+           ST.lastparen = rex->lastparen;
+           ST.lastcloseparen = rex->lastcloseparen;
+           ST.next_branch = next;
+           REGCP_SET(ST.cp);
+
+           /* Now go into the branch */
+           if (has_cutgroup) {
+               PUSH_YES_STATE_GOTO(BRANCH_next, scan, locinput);
+           } else {
+               PUSH_STATE_GOTO(BRANCH_next, scan, locinput);
+           }
+           assert(0); /* NOTREACHED */
+
+        case CUTGROUP:  /*  /(*THEN)/  */
+            sv_yes_mark = st->u.mark.mark_name = scan->flags ? NULL :
+                MUTABLE_SV(rexi->data->data[ ARG( scan ) ]);
+            PUSH_STATE_GOTO(CUTGROUP_next, next, locinput);
+            assert(0); /* NOTREACHED */
+
+        case CUTGROUP_next_fail:
+            do_cutgroup = 1;
+            no_final = 1;
+            if (st->u.mark.mark_name)
+                sv_commit = st->u.mark.mark_name;
+            sayNO;         
+            assert(0); /* NOTREACHED */
+
+        case BRANCH_next:
+            sayYES;
+            assert(0); /* NOTREACHED */
+
+       case BRANCH_next_fail: /* that branch failed; try the next, if any */
+           if (do_cutgroup) {
+               do_cutgroup = 0;
+               no_final = 0;
+           }
+           REGCP_UNWIND(ST.cp);
+            UNWIND_PAREN(ST.lastparen, ST.lastcloseparen);
+           scan = ST.next_branch;
+           /* no more branches? */
+           if (!scan || (OP(scan) != BRANCH && OP(scan) != BRANCHJ)) {
+               DEBUG_EXECUTE_r({
+                   PerlIO_printf( Perl_debug_log,
+                       "%*s  %sBRANCH failed...%s\n",
+                       REPORT_CODE_OFF+depth*2, "", 
+                       PL_colors[4],
+                       PL_colors[5] );
+               });
+               sayNO_SILENT;
+            }
+           continue; /* execute next BRANCH[J] op */
+           assert(0); /* NOTREACHED */
+    
+       case MINMOD: /* next op will be non-greedy, e.g. A*?  */
+           minmod = 1;
+           break;
+
+#undef  ST
+#define ST st->u.curlym
+
+       case CURLYM:    /* /A{m,n}B/ where A is fixed-length */
+
+           /* This is an optimisation of CURLYX that enables us to push
+            * only a single backtracking state, no matter how many matches
+            * there are in {m,n}. It relies on the pattern being constant
+            * length, with no parens to influence future backrefs
+            */
+
+           ST.me = scan;
+           scan = NEXTOPER(scan) + NODE_STEP_REGNODE;
+
+           ST.lastparen      = rex->lastparen;
+           ST.lastcloseparen = rex->lastcloseparen;
+
+           /* if paren positive, emulate an OPEN/CLOSE around A */
+           if (ST.me->flags) {
+               U32 paren = ST.me->flags;
+               if (paren > maxopenparen)
+                   maxopenparen = paren;
+               scan += NEXT_OFF(scan); /* Skip former OPEN. */
+           }
+           ST.A = scan;
+           ST.B = next;
+           ST.alen = 0;
+           ST.count = 0;
+           ST.minmod = minmod;
+           minmod = 0;
+           ST.c1 = CHRTEST_UNINIT;
+           REGCP_SET(ST.cp);
+
+           if (!(ST.minmod ? ARG1(ST.me) : ARG2(ST.me))) /* min/max */
+               goto curlym_do_B;
+
+         curlym_do_A: /* execute the A in /A{m,n}B/  */
+           PUSH_YES_STATE_GOTO(CURLYM_A, ST.A, locinput); /* match A */
+           assert(0); /* NOTREACHED */
+
+       case CURLYM_A: /* we've just matched an A */
+           ST.count++;
+           /* after first match, determine A's length: u.curlym.alen */
+           if (ST.count == 1) {
+               if (reginfo->is_utf8_target) {
+                   char *s = st->locinput;
+                   while (s < locinput) {
+                       ST.alen++;
+                       s += UTF8SKIP(s);
+                   }
+               }
+               else {
+                   ST.alen = locinput - st->locinput;
+               }
+               if (ST.alen == 0)
+                   ST.count = ST.minmod ? ARG1(ST.me) : ARG2(ST.me);
+           }
+           DEBUG_EXECUTE_r(
+               PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log,
+                         "%*s  CURLYM now matched %"IVdf" times, len=%"IVdf"...\n",
+                         (int)(REPORT_CODE_OFF+(depth*2)), "",
+                         (IV) ST.count, (IV)ST.alen)
+           );
+
+           if (cur_eval && cur_eval->u.eval.close_paren && 
+               cur_eval->u.eval.close_paren == (U32)ST.me->flags) 
+               goto fake_end;
+               
+           {
+               I32 max = (ST.minmod ? ARG1(ST.me) : ARG2(ST.me));
+               if ( max == REG_INFTY || ST.count < max )
+                   goto curlym_do_A; /* try to match another A */
+           }
+           goto curlym_do_B; /* try to match B */
+
+       case CURLYM_A_fail: /* just failed to match an A */
+           REGCP_UNWIND(ST.cp);
+
+           if (ST.minmod || ST.count < ARG1(ST.me) /* min*/ 
+               || (cur_eval && cur_eval->u.eval.close_paren &&
+                   cur_eval->u.eval.close_paren == (U32)ST.me->flags))
+               sayNO;
+
+         curlym_do_B: /* execute the B in /A{m,n}B/  */
+           if (ST.c1 == CHRTEST_UNINIT) {
+               /* calculate c1 and c2 for possible match of 1st char
+                * following curly */
+               ST.c1 = ST.c2 = CHRTEST_VOID;
+               if (HAS_TEXT(ST.B) || JUMPABLE(ST.B)) {
+                   regnode *text_node = ST.B;
+                   if (! HAS_TEXT(text_node))
+                       FIND_NEXT_IMPT(text_node);
+                   /* this used to be 
+                       
+                       (HAS_TEXT(text_node) && PL_regkind[OP(text_node)] == EXACT)
+                       
+                       But the former is redundant in light of the latter.
+                       
+                       if this changes back then the macro for 
+                       IS_TEXT and friends need to change.
+                    */
+                   if (PL_regkind[OP(text_node)] == EXACT) {
+                        if (! S_setup_EXACTISH_ST_c1_c2(aTHX_
+                           text_node, &ST.c1, ST.c1_utf8, &ST.c2, ST.c2_utf8,
+                           reginfo))
+                        {
+                            sayNO;
+                        }
+                   }
+               }
+           }
+
+           DEBUG_EXECUTE_r(
+               PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log,
+                   "%*s  CURLYM trying tail with matches=%"IVdf"...\n",
+                   (int)(REPORT_CODE_OFF+(depth*2)),
+                   "", (IV)ST.count)
+               );
+           if (! NEXTCHR_IS_EOS && ST.c1 != CHRTEST_VOID) {
+                if (! UTF8_IS_INVARIANT(nextchr) && utf8_target) {
+                    if (memNE(locinput, ST.c1_utf8, UTF8SKIP(locinput))
+                        && memNE(locinput, ST.c2_utf8, UTF8SKIP(locinput)))
+                    {
+                        /* simulate B failing */
+                        DEBUG_OPTIMISE_r(
+                            PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log,
+                                "%*s  CURLYM Fast bail next target=U+%"UVXf" c1=U+%"UVXf" c2=U+%"UVXf"\n",
+                                (int)(REPORT_CODE_OFF+(depth*2)),"",
+                                valid_utf8_to_uvchr((U8 *) locinput, NULL),
+                                valid_utf8_to_uvchr(ST.c1_utf8, NULL),
+                                valid_utf8_to_uvchr(ST.c2_utf8, NULL))
+                        );
+                        state_num = CURLYM_B_fail;
+                        goto reenter_switch;
+                    }
+                }
+                else if (nextchr != ST.c1 && nextchr != ST.c2) {
+                    /* simulate B failing */
+                    DEBUG_OPTIMISE_r(
+                        PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log,
+                            "%*s  CURLYM Fast bail next target=U+%X c1=U+%X c2=U+%X\n",
+                            (int)(REPORT_CODE_OFF+(depth*2)),"",
+                            (int) nextchr, ST.c1, ST.c2)
+                    );
+                    state_num = CURLYM_B_fail;
+                    goto reenter_switch;
+                }
+            }
+
+           if (ST.me->flags) {
+               /* emulate CLOSE: mark current A as captured */
+               I32 paren = ST.me->flags;
+               if (ST.count) {
+                   rex->offs[paren].start
+                       = HOPc(locinput, -ST.alen) - reginfo->strbeg;
+                   rex->offs[paren].end = locinput - reginfo->strbeg;
+                   if ((U32)paren > rex->lastparen)
+                       rex->lastparen = paren;
+                   rex->lastcloseparen = paren;
+               }
+               else
+                   rex->offs[paren].end = -1;
+               if (cur_eval && cur_eval->u.eval.close_paren &&
+                   cur_eval->u.eval.close_paren == (U32)ST.me->flags) 
+               {
+                   if (ST.count) 
+                       goto fake_end;
+                   else
+                       sayNO;
+               }
+           }
+           
+           PUSH_STATE_GOTO(CURLYM_B, ST.B, locinput); /* match B */
+           assert(0); /* NOTREACHED */
+
+       case CURLYM_B_fail: /* just failed to match a B */
+           REGCP_UNWIND(ST.cp);
+            UNWIND_PAREN(ST.lastparen, ST.lastcloseparen);
+           if (ST.minmod) {
+               I32 max = ARG2(ST.me);
+               if (max != REG_INFTY && ST.count == max)
+                   sayNO;
+               goto curlym_do_A; /* try to match a further A */
+           }
+           /* backtrack one A */
+           if (ST.count == ARG1(ST.me) /* min */)
+               sayNO;
+           ST.count--;
+           SET_locinput(HOPc(locinput, -ST.alen));
+           goto curlym_do_B; /* try to match B */
+
+#undef ST
+#define ST st->u.curly
+
+#define CURLY_SETPAREN(paren, success) \
+    if (paren) { \
+       if (success) { \
+           rex->offs[paren].start = HOPc(locinput, -1) - reginfo->strbeg; \
+           rex->offs[paren].end = locinput - reginfo->strbeg; \
+           if (paren > rex->lastparen) \
+               rex->lastparen = paren; \
+           rex->lastcloseparen = paren; \
+       } \
+       else { \
+           rex->offs[paren].end = -1; \
+           rex->lastparen      = ST.lastparen; \
+           rex->lastcloseparen = ST.lastcloseparen; \
+       } \
+    }
+
+        case STAR:             /*  /A*B/ where A is width 1 char */
+           ST.paren = 0;
+           ST.min = 0;
+           ST.max = REG_INFTY;
+           scan = NEXTOPER(scan);
+           goto repeat;
+
+        case PLUS:             /*  /A+B/ where A is width 1 char */
+           ST.paren = 0;
+           ST.min = 1;
+           ST.max = REG_INFTY;
+           scan = NEXTOPER(scan);
+           goto repeat;
+
+       case CURLYN:            /*  /(A){m,n}B/ where A is width 1 char */
+            ST.paren = scan->flags;    /* Which paren to set */
+            ST.lastparen      = rex->lastparen;
+           ST.lastcloseparen = rex->lastcloseparen;
+           if (ST.paren > maxopenparen)
+               maxopenparen = ST.paren;
+           ST.min = ARG1(scan);  /* min to match */
+           ST.max = ARG2(scan);  /* max to match */
+           if (cur_eval && cur_eval->u.eval.close_paren &&
+               cur_eval->u.eval.close_paren == (U32)ST.paren) {
+               ST.min=1;
+               ST.max=1;
+           }
+            scan = regnext(NEXTOPER(scan) + NODE_STEP_REGNODE);
+           goto repeat;
+
+       case CURLY:             /*  /A{m,n}B/ where A is width 1 char */
+           ST.paren = 0;
+           ST.min = ARG1(scan);  /* min to match */
+           ST.max = ARG2(scan);  /* max to match */
+           scan = NEXTOPER(scan) + NODE_STEP_REGNODE;
+         repeat:
+           /*
+           * Lookahead to avoid useless match attempts
+           * when we know what character comes next.
+           *
+           * Used to only do .*x and .*?x, but now it allows
+           * for )'s, ('s and (?{ ... })'s to be in the way
+           * of the quantifier and the EXACT-like node.  -- japhy
+           */
+
+           assert(ST.min <= ST.max);
+            if (! HAS_TEXT(next) && ! JUMPABLE(next)) {
+                ST.c1 = ST.c2 = CHRTEST_VOID;
+            }
+            else {
+               regnode *text_node = next;
+
+               if (! HAS_TEXT(text_node)) 
+                   FIND_NEXT_IMPT(text_node);
+
+               if (! HAS_TEXT(text_node))
+                   ST.c1 = ST.c2 = CHRTEST_VOID;
+               else {
+                   if ( PL_regkind[OP(text_node)] != EXACT ) {
+                       ST.c1 = ST.c2 = CHRTEST_VOID;
+                   }
+                   else {
+                    
+                    /*  Currently we only get here when 
+                        
+                        PL_rekind[OP(text_node)] == EXACT
+                    
+                        if this changes back then the macro for IS_TEXT and 
+                        friends need to change. */
+                        if (! S_setup_EXACTISH_ST_c1_c2(aTHX_
+                           text_node, &ST.c1, ST.c1_utf8, &ST.c2, ST.c2_utf8,
+                           reginfo))
+                        {
+                            sayNO;
+                        }
+                    }
+               }
+           }
+
+           ST.A = scan;
+           ST.B = next;
+           if (minmod) {
+                char *li = locinput;
+               minmod = 0;
+               if (ST.min &&
+                        regrepeat(rex, &li, ST.A, reginfo, ST.min, depth)
+                            < ST.min)
+                   sayNO;
+                SET_locinput(li);
+               ST.count = ST.min;
+               REGCP_SET(ST.cp);
+               if (ST.c1 == CHRTEST_VOID)
+                   goto curly_try_B_min;
+
+               ST.oldloc = locinput;
+
+               /* set ST.maxpos to the furthest point along the
+                * string that could possibly match */
+               if  (ST.max == REG_INFTY) {
+                   ST.maxpos = reginfo->strend - 1;
+                   if (utf8_target)
+                       while (UTF8_IS_CONTINUATION(*(U8*)ST.maxpos))
+                           ST.maxpos--;
+               }
+               else if (utf8_target) {
+                   int m = ST.max - ST.min;
+                   for (ST.maxpos = locinput;
+                        m >0 && ST.maxpos < reginfo->strend; m--)
+                       ST.maxpos += UTF8SKIP(ST.maxpos);
+               }
+               else {
+                   ST.maxpos = locinput + ST.max - ST.min;
+                   if (ST.maxpos >= reginfo->strend)
+                       ST.maxpos = reginfo->strend - 1;
+               }
+               goto curly_try_B_min_known;
+
+           }
+           else {
+                /* avoid taking address of locinput, so it can remain
+                 * a register var */
+                char *li = locinput;
+               ST.count = regrepeat(rex, &li, ST.A, reginfo, ST.max, depth);
+               if (ST.count < ST.min)
+                   sayNO;
+                SET_locinput(li);
+               if ((ST.count > ST.min)
+                   && (PL_regkind[OP(ST.B)] == EOL) && (OP(ST.B) != MEOL))
+               {
+                   /* A{m,n} must come at the end of the string, there's
+                    * no point in backing off ... */
+                   ST.min = ST.count;
+                   /* ...except that $ and \Z can match before *and* after
+                      newline at the end.  Consider "\n\n" =~ /\n+\Z\n/.
+                      We may back off by one in this case. */
+                   if (UCHARAT(locinput - 1) == '\n' && OP(ST.B) != EOS)
+                       ST.min--;
+               }
+               REGCP_SET(ST.cp);
+               goto curly_try_B_max;
+           }
+           assert(0); /* NOTREACHED */
+
+
+       case CURLY_B_min_known_fail:
+           /* failed to find B in a non-greedy match where c1,c2 valid */
+
+           REGCP_UNWIND(ST.cp);
+            if (ST.paren) {
+                UNWIND_PAREN(ST.lastparen, ST.lastcloseparen);
+            }
+           /* Couldn't or didn't -- move forward. */
+           ST.oldloc = locinput;
+           if (utf8_target)
+               locinput += UTF8SKIP(locinput);
+           else
+               locinput++;
+           ST.count++;
+         curly_try_B_min_known:
+            /* find the next place where 'B' could work, then call B */
+           {
+               int n;
+               if (utf8_target) {
+                   n = (ST.oldloc == locinput) ? 0 : 1;
+                   if (ST.c1 == ST.c2) {
+                       /* set n to utf8_distance(oldloc, locinput) */
+                       while (locinput <= ST.maxpos
+                              && memNE(locinput, ST.c1_utf8, UTF8SKIP(locinput)))
+                        {
+                           locinput += UTF8SKIP(locinput);
+                           n++;
+                       }
+                   }
+                   else {
+                       /* set n to utf8_distance(oldloc, locinput) */
+                       while (locinput <= ST.maxpos
+                              && memNE(locinput, ST.c1_utf8, UTF8SKIP(locinput))
+                              && memNE(locinput, ST.c2_utf8, UTF8SKIP(locinput)))
+                        {
+                           locinput += UTF8SKIP(locinput);
+                           n++;
+                       }
+                   }
+               }
+               else {  /* Not utf8_target */
+                   if (ST.c1 == ST.c2) {
+                       while (locinput <= ST.maxpos &&
+                              UCHARAT(locinput) != ST.c1)
+                           locinput++;
+                   }
+                   else {
+                       while (locinput <= ST.maxpos
+                              && UCHARAT(locinput) != ST.c1
+                              && UCHARAT(locinput) != ST.c2)
+                           locinput++;
+                   }
+                   n = locinput - ST.oldloc;
+               }
+               if (locinput > ST.maxpos)
+                   sayNO;
+               if (n) {
+                    /* In /a{m,n}b/, ST.oldloc is at "a" x m, locinput is
+                     * at b; check that everything between oldloc and
+                     * locinput matches */
+                    char *li = ST.oldloc;
+                   ST.count += n;
+                   if (regrepeat(rex, &li, ST.A, reginfo, n, depth) < n)
+                       sayNO;
+                    assert(n == REG_INFTY || locinput == li);
+               }
+               CURLY_SETPAREN(ST.paren, ST.count);
+               if (cur_eval && cur_eval->u.eval.close_paren && 
+                   cur_eval->u.eval.close_paren == (U32)ST.paren) {
+                   goto fake_end;
+               }
+               PUSH_STATE_GOTO(CURLY_B_min_known, ST.B, locinput);
+           }
+           assert(0); /* NOTREACHED */
+
+
+       case CURLY_B_min_fail:
+           /* failed to find B in a non-greedy match where c1,c2 invalid */
+
+           REGCP_UNWIND(ST.cp);
+            if (ST.paren) {
+                UNWIND_PAREN(ST.lastparen, ST.lastcloseparen);
+            }
+           /* failed -- move forward one */
+            {
+                char *li = locinput;
+                if (!regrepeat(rex, &li, ST.A, reginfo, 1, depth)) {
+                    sayNO;
+                }
+                locinput = li;
+            }
+            {
+               ST.count++;
+               if (ST.count <= ST.max || (ST.max == REG_INFTY &&
+                       ST.count > 0)) /* count overflow ? */
+               {
+                 curly_try_B_min:
+                   CURLY_SETPAREN(ST.paren, ST.count);
+                   if (cur_eval && cur_eval->u.eval.close_paren &&
+                       cur_eval->u.eval.close_paren == (U32)ST.paren) {
+                        goto fake_end;
+                    }
+                   PUSH_STATE_GOTO(CURLY_B_min, ST.B, locinput);
+               }
+           }
+            sayNO;
+           assert(0); /* NOTREACHED */
+
+
+       curly_try_B_max:
+           /* a successful greedy match: now try to match B */
+            if (cur_eval && cur_eval->u.eval.close_paren &&
+                cur_eval->u.eval.close_paren == (U32)ST.paren) {
+                goto fake_end;
+            }
+           {
+               bool could_match = locinput < reginfo->strend;
+
+               /* If it could work, try it. */
+                if (ST.c1 != CHRTEST_VOID && could_match) {
+                    if (! UTF8_IS_INVARIANT(UCHARAT(locinput)) && utf8_target)
+                    {
+                        could_match = memEQ(locinput,
+                                            ST.c1_utf8,
+                                            UTF8SKIP(locinput))
+                                    || memEQ(locinput,
+                                             ST.c2_utf8,
+                                             UTF8SKIP(locinput));
+                    }
+                    else {
+                        could_match = UCHARAT(locinput) == ST.c1
+                                      || UCHARAT(locinput) == ST.c2;
+                    }
+                }
+                if (ST.c1 == CHRTEST_VOID || could_match) {
+                   CURLY_SETPAREN(ST.paren, ST.count);
+                   PUSH_STATE_GOTO(CURLY_B_max, ST.B, locinput);
+                   assert(0); /* NOTREACHED */
+               }
+           }
+           /* FALL THROUGH */
+
+       case CURLY_B_max_fail:
+           /* failed to find B in a greedy match */
+
+           REGCP_UNWIND(ST.cp);
+            if (ST.paren) {
+                UNWIND_PAREN(ST.lastparen, ST.lastcloseparen);
+            }
+           /*  back up. */
+           if (--ST.count < ST.min)
+               sayNO;
+           locinput = HOPc(locinput, -1);
+           goto curly_try_B_max;
+
+#undef ST
+
+       case END: /*  last op of main pattern  */
+           fake_end:
+           if (cur_eval) {
+               /* we've just finished A in /(??{A})B/; now continue with B */
+
+               st->u.eval.prev_rex = rex_sv;           /* inner */
+
+                /* Save *all* the positions. */
+               st->u.eval.cp = regcppush(rex, 0, maxopenparen);
+               rex_sv = cur_eval->u.eval.prev_rex;
+               is_utf8_pat = reginfo->is_utf8_pat = cBOOL(RX_UTF8(rex_sv));
+               SET_reg_curpm(rex_sv);
+               rex = ReANY(rex_sv);
+               rexi = RXi_GET(rex);
+               cur_curlyx = cur_eval->u.eval.prev_curlyx;
+
+               REGCP_SET(st->u.eval.lastcp);
+
+               /* Restore parens of the outer rex without popping the
+                * savestack */
+               S_regcp_restore(aTHX_ rex, cur_eval->u.eval.lastcp,
+                                        &maxopenparen);
+
+               st->u.eval.prev_eval = cur_eval;
+               cur_eval = cur_eval->u.eval.prev_eval;
+               DEBUG_EXECUTE_r(
+                   PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log, "%*s  EVAL trying tail ... %"UVxf"\n",
+                                     REPORT_CODE_OFF+depth*2, "",PTR2UV(cur_eval)););
+                if ( nochange_depth )
+                   nochange_depth--;
+
+                PUSH_YES_STATE_GOTO(EVAL_AB, st->u.eval.prev_eval->u.eval.B,
+                                    locinput); /* match B */
+           }
+
+           if (locinput < reginfo->till) {
+               DEBUG_EXECUTE_r(PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log,
+                                     "%sMatch possible, but length=%ld is smaller than requested=%ld, failing!%s\n",
+                                     PL_colors[4],
+                                     (long)(locinput - startpos),
+                                     (long)(reginfo->till - startpos),
+                                     PL_colors[5]));
+                                                     
+               sayNO_SILENT;           /* Cannot match: too short. */
+           }
+           sayYES;                     /* Success! */
+
+       case SUCCEED: /* successful SUSPEND/UNLESSM/IFMATCH/CURLYM */
+           DEBUG_EXECUTE_r(
+           PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log,
+               "%*s  %ssubpattern success...%s\n",
+               REPORT_CODE_OFF+depth*2, "", PL_colors[4], PL_colors[5]));
+           sayYES;                     /* Success! */
+
+#undef  ST
+#define ST st->u.ifmatch
+
+        {
+            char *newstart;
+
+       case SUSPEND:   /* (?>A) */
+           ST.wanted = 1;
+           newstart = locinput;
+           goto do_ifmatch;    
+
+       case UNLESSM:   /* -ve lookaround: (?!A), or with flags, (?<!A) */
+           ST.wanted = 0;
+           goto ifmatch_trivial_fail_test;
+
+       case IFMATCH:   /* +ve lookaround: (?=A), or with flags, (?<=A) */
+           ST.wanted = 1;
+         ifmatch_trivial_fail_test:
+           if (scan->flags) {
+               char * const s = HOPBACKc(locinput, scan->flags);
+               if (!s) {
+                   /* trivial fail */
+                   if (logical) {
+                       logical = 0;
+                       sw = 1 - cBOOL(ST.wanted);
+                   }
+                   else if (ST.wanted)
+                       sayNO;
+                   next = scan + ARG(scan);
+                   if (next == scan)
+                       next = NULL;
+                   break;
+               }
+               newstart = s;
+           }
+           else
+               newstart = locinput;
+
+         do_ifmatch:
+           ST.me = scan;
+           ST.logical = logical;
+           logical = 0; /* XXX: reset state of logical once it has been saved into ST */
+           
+           /* execute body of (?...A) */
+           PUSH_YES_STATE_GOTO(IFMATCH_A, NEXTOPER(NEXTOPER(scan)), newstart);
+           assert(0); /* NOTREACHED */
+        }
+
+       case IFMATCH_A_fail: /* body of (?...A) failed */
+           ST.wanted = !ST.wanted;
+           /* FALL THROUGH */
+
+       case IFMATCH_A: /* body of (?...A) succeeded */
+           if (ST.logical) {
+               sw = cBOOL(ST.wanted);
+           }
+           else if (!ST.wanted)
+               sayNO;
+
+           if (OP(ST.me) != SUSPEND) {
+                /* restore old position except for (?>...) */
+               locinput = st->locinput;
+           }
+           scan = ST.me + ARG(ST.me);
+           if (scan == ST.me)
+               scan = NULL;
+           continue; /* execute B */
+
+#undef ST
+
+       case LONGJMP: /*  alternative with many branches compiles to
+                       * (BRANCHJ; EXACT ...; LONGJMP ) x N */
+           next = scan + ARG(scan);
+           if (next == scan)
+               next = NULL;
+           break;
+
+       case COMMIT:  /*  (*COMMIT)  */
+           reginfo->cutpoint = reginfo->strend;
+           /* FALLTHROUGH */
+
+       case PRUNE:   /*  (*PRUNE)   */
+           if (!scan->flags)
+               sv_yes_mark = sv_commit = MUTABLE_SV(rexi->data->data[ ARG( scan ) ]);
+           PUSH_STATE_GOTO(COMMIT_next, next, locinput);
+           assert(0); /* NOTREACHED */
+
+       case COMMIT_next_fail:
+           no_final = 1;    
+           /* FALLTHROUGH */       
+
+       case OPFAIL:   /* (*FAIL)  */
+           sayNO;
+           assert(0); /* NOTREACHED */
+
+#define ST st->u.mark
+        case MARKPOINT: /*  (*MARK:foo)  */
+            ST.prev_mark = mark_state;
+            ST.mark_name = sv_commit = sv_yes_mark 
+                = MUTABLE_SV(rexi->data->data[ ARG( scan ) ]);
+            mark_state = st;
+            ST.mark_loc = locinput;
+            PUSH_YES_STATE_GOTO(MARKPOINT_next, next, locinput);
+            assert(0); /* NOTREACHED */
+
+        case MARKPOINT_next:
+            mark_state = ST.prev_mark;
+            sayYES;
+            assert(0); /* NOTREACHED */
+
+        case MARKPOINT_next_fail:
+            if (popmark && sv_eq(ST.mark_name,popmark)) 
+            {
+                if (ST.mark_loc > startpoint)
+                   reginfo->cutpoint = HOPBACKc(ST.mark_loc, 1);
+                popmark = NULL; /* we found our mark */
+                sv_commit = ST.mark_name;
+
+                DEBUG_EXECUTE_r({
+                        PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log,
+                           "%*s  %ssetting cutpoint to mark:%"SVf"...%s\n",
+                           REPORT_CODE_OFF+depth*2, "", 
+                           PL_colors[4], SVfARG(sv_commit), PL_colors[5]);
+               });
+            }
+            mark_state = ST.prev_mark;
+            sv_yes_mark = mark_state ? 
+                mark_state->u.mark.mark_name : NULL;
+            sayNO;
+            assert(0); /* NOTREACHED */
+
+        case SKIP:  /*  (*SKIP)  */
+            if (scan->flags) {
+                /* (*SKIP) : if we fail we cut here*/
+                ST.mark_name = NULL;
+                ST.mark_loc = locinput;
+                PUSH_STATE_GOTO(SKIP_next,next, locinput);
+            } else {
+                /* (*SKIP:NAME) : if there is a (*MARK:NAME) fail where it was, 
+                   otherwise do nothing.  Meaning we need to scan 
+                 */
+                regmatch_state *cur = mark_state;
+                SV *find = MUTABLE_SV(rexi->data->data[ ARG( scan ) ]);
+                
+                while (cur) {
+                    if ( sv_eq( cur->u.mark.mark_name, 
+                                find ) ) 
+                    {
+                        ST.mark_name = find;
+                        PUSH_STATE_GOTO( SKIP_next, next, locinput);
+                    }
+                    cur = cur->u.mark.prev_mark;
+                }
+            }    
+            /* Didn't find our (*MARK:NAME) so ignore this (*SKIP:NAME) */
+            break;    
+
+       case SKIP_next_fail:
+           if (ST.mark_name) {
+               /* (*CUT:NAME) - Set up to search for the name as we 
+                  collapse the stack*/
+               popmark = ST.mark_name;    
+           } else {
+               /* (*CUT) - No name, we cut here.*/
+               if (ST.mark_loc > startpoint)
+                   reginfo->cutpoint = HOPBACKc(ST.mark_loc, 1);
+               /* but we set sv_commit to latest mark_name if there
+                  is one so they can test to see how things lead to this
+                  cut */    
+                if (mark_state) 
+                    sv_commit=mark_state->u.mark.mark_name;                
+            } 
+            no_final = 1; 
+            sayNO;
+            assert(0); /* NOTREACHED */
+#undef ST
+
+        case LNBREAK: /* \R */
+            if ((n=is_LNBREAK_safe(locinput, reginfo->strend, utf8_target))) {
+                locinput += n;
+            } else
+                sayNO;
+            break;
+
+       default:
+           PerlIO_printf(Perl_error_log, "%"UVxf" %d\n",
+                         PTR2UV(scan), OP(scan));
+           Perl_croak(aTHX_ "regexp memory corruption");
+
+        /* this is a point to jump to in order to increment
+         * locinput by one character */
+        increment_locinput:
+            assert(!NEXTCHR_IS_EOS);
+            if (utf8_target) {
+                locinput += PL_utf8skip[nextchr];
+                /* locinput is allowed to go 1 char off the end, but not 2+ */
+                if (locinput > reginfo->strend)
+                    sayNO;
+            }
+            else
+                locinput++;
+            break;
+           
+       } /* end switch */ 
+
+        /* switch break jumps here */
+       scan = next; /* prepare to execute the next op and ... */
+       continue;    /* ... jump back to the top, reusing st */
+       assert(0); /* NOTREACHED */
+
+      push_yes_state:
+       /* push a state that backtracks on success */
+       st->u.yes.prev_yes_state = yes_state;
+       yes_state = st;
+       /* FALL THROUGH */
+      push_state:
+       /* push a new regex state, then continue at scan  */
+       {
+           regmatch_state *newst;
+
+           DEBUG_STACK_r({
+               regmatch_state *cur = st;
+               regmatch_state *curyes = yes_state;
+               int curd = depth;
+               regmatch_slab *slab = PL_regmatch_slab;
+                for (;curd > -1;cur--,curd--) {
+                    if (cur < SLAB_FIRST(slab)) {
+                       slab = slab->prev;
+                       cur = SLAB_LAST(slab);
+                    }
+                    PerlIO_printf(Perl_error_log, "%*s#%-3d %-10s %s\n",
+                        REPORT_CODE_OFF + 2 + depth * 2,"",
+                        curd, PL_reg_name[cur->resume_state],
+                        (curyes == cur) ? "yes" : ""
+                    );
+                    if (curyes == cur)
+                       curyes = cur->u.yes.prev_yes_state;
+                }
+            } else 
+                DEBUG_STATE_pp("push")
+            );
+           depth++;
+           st->locinput = locinput;
+           newst = st+1; 
+           if (newst >  SLAB_LAST(PL_regmatch_slab))
+               newst = S_push_slab(aTHX);
+           PL_regmatch_state = newst;
+
+           locinput = pushinput;
+           st = newst;
+           continue;
+           assert(0); /* NOTREACHED */
+       }
+    }
+
+    /*
+    * We get here only if there's trouble -- normally "case END" is
+    * the terminating point.
+    */
+    Perl_croak(aTHX_ "corrupted regexp pointers");
+    /*NOTREACHED*/
+    sayNO;
+
+yes:
+    if (yes_state) {
+       /* we have successfully completed a subexpression, but we must now
+        * pop to the state marked by yes_state and continue from there */
+       assert(st != yes_state);
+#ifdef DEBUGGING
+       while (st != yes_state) {
+           st--;
+           if (st < SLAB_FIRST(PL_regmatch_slab)) {
+               PL_regmatch_slab = PL_regmatch_slab->prev;
+               st = SLAB_LAST(PL_regmatch_slab);
+           }
+           DEBUG_STATE_r({
+               if (no_final) {
+                   DEBUG_STATE_pp("pop (no final)");        
+               } else {
+                   DEBUG_STATE_pp("pop (yes)");
+               }
+           });
+           depth--;
+       }
+#else
+       while (yes_state < SLAB_FIRST(PL_regmatch_slab)
+           || yes_state > SLAB_LAST(PL_regmatch_slab))
+       {
+           /* not in this slab, pop slab */
+           depth -= (st - SLAB_FIRST(PL_regmatch_slab) + 1);
+           PL_regmatch_slab = PL_regmatch_slab->prev;
+           st = SLAB_LAST(PL_regmatch_slab);
+       }
+       depth -= (st - yes_state);
+#endif
+       st = yes_state;
+       yes_state = st->u.yes.prev_yes_state;
+       PL_regmatch_state = st;
+        
+        if (no_final)
+            locinput= st->locinput;
+       state_num = st->resume_state + no_final;
+       goto reenter_switch;
+    }
+
+    DEBUG_EXECUTE_r(PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log, "%sMatch successful!%s\n",
+                         PL_colors[4], PL_colors[5]));
+
+    if (reginfo->info_aux_eval) {
+       /* each successfully executed (?{...}) block does the equivalent of
+        *   local $^R = do {...}
+        * When popping the save stack, all these locals would be undone;
+        * bypass this by setting the outermost saved $^R to the latest
+        * value */
+       if (oreplsv != GvSV(PL_replgv))
+           sv_setsv(oreplsv, GvSV(PL_replgv));
+    }
+    result = 1;
+    goto final_exit;
+
+no:
+    DEBUG_EXECUTE_r(
+       PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log,
+            "%*s  %sfailed...%s\n",
+            REPORT_CODE_OFF+depth*2, "", 
+            PL_colors[4], PL_colors[5])
+       );
+
+no_silent:
+    if (no_final) {
+        if (yes_state) {
+            goto yes;
+        } else {
+            goto final_exit;
+        }
+    }    
+    if (depth) {
+       /* there's a previous state to backtrack to */
+       st--;
+       if (st < SLAB_FIRST(PL_regmatch_slab)) {
+           PL_regmatch_slab = PL_regmatch_slab->prev;
+           st = SLAB_LAST(PL_regmatch_slab);
+       }
+       PL_regmatch_state = st;
+       locinput= st->locinput;
+
+       DEBUG_STATE_pp("pop");
+       depth--;
+       if (yes_state == st)
+           yes_state = st->u.yes.prev_yes_state;
+
+       state_num = st->resume_state + 1; /* failure = success + 1 */
+       goto reenter_switch;
+    }
+    result = 0;
+
+  final_exit:
+    if (rex->intflags & PREGf_VERBARG_SEEN) {
+        SV *sv_err = get_sv("REGERROR", 1);
+        SV *sv_mrk = get_sv("REGMARK", 1);
+        if (result) {
+            sv_commit = &PL_sv_no;
+            if (!sv_yes_mark) 
+                sv_yes_mark = &PL_sv_yes;
+        } else {
+            if (!sv_commit) 
+                sv_commit = &PL_sv_yes;
+            sv_yes_mark = &PL_sv_no;
+        }
+        sv_setsv(sv_err, sv_commit);
+        sv_setsv(sv_mrk, sv_yes_mark);
+    }
+
+
+    if (last_pushed_cv) {
+       dSP;
+       POP_MULTICALL;
+        PERL_UNUSED_VAR(SP);
+    }
+
+    assert(!result ||  locinput - reginfo->strbeg >= 0);
+    return result ?  locinput - reginfo->strbeg : -1;
+}
+
+/*
+ - regrepeat - repeatedly match something simple, report how many
+ *
+ * What 'simple' means is a node which can be the operand of a quantifier like
+ * '+', or {1,3}
+ *
+ * startposp - pointer a pointer to the start position.  This is updated
+ *             to point to the byte following the highest successful
+ *             match.
+ * p         - the regnode to be repeatedly matched against.
+ * reginfo   - struct holding match state, such as strend
+ * max       - maximum number of things to match.
+ * depth     - (for debugging) backtracking depth.
+ */
+STATIC I32
+S_regrepeat(pTHX_ regexp *prog, char **startposp, const regnode *p,
+            regmatch_info *const reginfo, I32 max, int depth)
+{
+    dVAR;
+    char *scan;     /* Pointer to current position in target string */
+    I32 c;
+    char *loceol = reginfo->strend;   /* local version */
+    I32 hardcount = 0;  /* How many matches so far */
+    bool utf8_target = reginfo->is_utf8_target;
+    int to_complement = 0;  /* Invert the result? */
+    UV utf8_flags;
+    _char_class_number classnum;
+#ifndef DEBUGGING
+    PERL_UNUSED_ARG(depth);
+#endif
+
+    PERL_ARGS_ASSERT_REGREPEAT;
+
+    scan = *startposp;
+    if (max == REG_INFTY)
+       max = I32_MAX;
+    else if (! utf8_target && loceol - scan > max)
+       loceol = scan + max;
+
+    /* Here, for the case of a non-UTF-8 target we have adjusted <loceol> down
+     * to the maximum of how far we should go in it (leaving it set to the real
+     * end, if the maximum permissible would take us beyond that).  This allows
+     * us to make the loop exit condition that we haven't gone past <loceol> to
+     * also mean that we haven't exceeded the max permissible count, saving a
+     * test each time through the loop.  But it assumes that the OP matches a
+     * single byte, which is true for most of the OPs below when applied to a
+     * non-UTF-8 target.  Those relatively few OPs that don't have this
+     * characteristic will have to compensate.
+     *
+     * There is no adjustment for UTF-8 targets, as the number of bytes per
+     * character varies.  OPs will have to test both that the count is less
+     * than the max permissible (using <hardcount> to keep track), and that we
+     * are still within the bounds of the string (using <loceol>.  A few OPs
+     * match a single byte no matter what the encoding.  They can omit the max
+     * test if, for the UTF-8 case, they do the adjustment that was skipped
+     * above.
+     *
+     * Thus, the code above sets things up for the common case; and exceptional
+     * cases need extra work; the common case is to make sure <scan> doesn't
+     * go past <loceol>, and for UTF-8 to also use <hardcount> to make sure the
+     * count doesn't exceed the maximum permissible */
+
+    switch (OP(p)) {
+    case REG_ANY:
+       if (utf8_target) {
+           while (scan < loceol && hardcount < max && *scan != '\n') {
+               scan += UTF8SKIP(scan);
+               hardcount++;
+           }
+       } else {
+           while (scan < loceol && *scan != '\n')
+               scan++;
+       }
+       break;
+    case SANY:
+        if (utf8_target) {
+           while (scan < loceol && hardcount < max) {
+               scan += UTF8SKIP(scan);
+               hardcount++;
+           }
+       }
+       else
+           scan = loceol;
+       break;
+    case CANY:  /* Move <scan> forward <max> bytes, unless goes off end */
+        if (utf8_target && loceol - scan > max) {
+
+            /* <loceol> hadn't been adjusted in the UTF-8 case */
+            scan +=  max;
+        }
+        else {
+            scan = loceol;
+        }
+       break;
+    case EXACT:
+        assert(STR_LEN(p) == reginfo->is_utf8_pat ? UTF8SKIP(STRING(p)) : 1);
+
+       c = (U8)*STRING(p);
+
+        /* Can use a simple loop if the pattern char to match on is invariant
+         * under UTF-8, or both target and pattern aren't UTF-8.  Note that we
+         * can use UTF8_IS_INVARIANT() even if the pattern isn't UTF-8, as it's
+         * true iff it doesn't matter if the argument is in UTF-8 or not */
+        if (UTF8_IS_INVARIANT(c) || (! utf8_target && ! reginfo->is_utf8_pat)) {
+            if (utf8_target && loceol - scan > max) {
+                /* We didn't adjust <loceol> because is UTF-8, but ok to do so,
+                 * since here, to match at all, 1 char == 1 byte */
+                loceol = scan + max;
+            }
+           while (scan < loceol && UCHARAT(scan) == c) {
+               scan++;
+           }
+       }
+       else if (reginfo->is_utf8_pat) {
+            if (utf8_target) {
+                STRLEN scan_char_len;
+
+                /* When both target and pattern are UTF-8, we have to do
+                 * string EQ */
+                while (hardcount < max
+                       && scan < loceol
+                       && (scan_char_len = UTF8SKIP(scan)) <= STR_LEN(p)
+                       && memEQ(scan, STRING(p), scan_char_len))
+                {
+                    scan += scan_char_len;
+                    hardcount++;
+                }
+            }
+            else if (! UTF8_IS_ABOVE_LATIN1(c)) {
+
+                /* Target isn't utf8; convert the character in the UTF-8
+                 * pattern to non-UTF8, and do a simple loop */
+                c = TWO_BYTE_UTF8_TO_UNI(c, *(STRING(p) + 1));
+                while (scan < loceol && UCHARAT(scan) == c) {
+                    scan++;
+                }
+            } /* else pattern char is above Latin1, can't possibly match the
+                 non-UTF-8 target */
+        }
+        else {
+
+            /* Here, the string must be utf8; pattern isn't, and <c> is
+             * different in utf8 than not, so can't compare them directly.
+             * Outside the loop, find the two utf8 bytes that represent c, and
+             * then look for those in sequence in the utf8 string */
+           U8 high = UTF8_TWO_BYTE_HI(c);
+           U8 low = UTF8_TWO_BYTE_LO(c);
+
+           while (hardcount < max
+                   && scan + 1 < loceol
+                   && UCHARAT(scan) == high
+                   && UCHARAT(scan + 1) == low)
+           {
+               scan += 2;
+               hardcount++;
+           }
+       }
+       break;
+
+    case EXACTFA:
+       utf8_flags = FOLDEQ_UTF8_NOMIX_ASCII;
+       goto do_exactf;
+
+    case EXACTFL:
+        RXp_MATCH_TAINTED_on(prog);
+       utf8_flags = FOLDEQ_UTF8_LOCALE;
+       goto do_exactf;
+
+    case EXACTF:
+           utf8_flags = 0;
+           goto do_exactf;
+
+    case EXACTFU_SS:
+    case EXACTFU_TRICKYFOLD:
+    case EXACTFU:
+       utf8_flags = reginfo->is_utf8_pat ? FOLDEQ_S2_ALREADY_FOLDED : 0;
+
+    do_exactf: {
+        int c1, c2;
+        U8 c1_utf8[UTF8_MAXBYTES+1], c2_utf8[UTF8_MAXBYTES+1];
+
+        assert(STR_LEN(p) == reginfo->is_utf8_pat ? UTF8SKIP(STRING(p)) : 1);
+
+        if (S_setup_EXACTISH_ST_c1_c2(aTHX_ p, &c1, c1_utf8, &c2, c2_utf8,
+                                        reginfo))
+        {
+            if (c1 == CHRTEST_VOID) {
+                /* Use full Unicode fold matching */
+                char *tmpeol = reginfo->strend;
+                STRLEN pat_len = reginfo->is_utf8_pat ? UTF8SKIP(STRING(p)) : 1;
+                while (hardcount < max
+                        && foldEQ_utf8_flags(scan, &tmpeol, 0, utf8_target,
+                                             STRING(p), NULL, pat_len,
+                                             reginfo->is_utf8_pat, utf8_flags))
+                {
+                    scan = tmpeol;
+                    tmpeol = reginfo->strend;
+                    hardcount++;
+                }
+            }
+            else if (utf8_target) {
+                if (c1 == c2) {
+                    while (scan < loceol
+                           && hardcount < max
+                           && memEQ(scan, c1_utf8, UTF8SKIP(scan)))
+                    {
+                        scan += UTF8SKIP(scan);
+                        hardcount++;
+                    }
+                }
+                else {
+                    while (scan < loceol
+                           && hardcount < max
+                           && (memEQ(scan, c1_utf8, UTF8SKIP(scan))
+                               || memEQ(scan, c2_utf8, UTF8SKIP(scan))))
+                    {
+                        scan += UTF8SKIP(scan);
+                        hardcount++;
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+            else if (c1 == c2) {
+                while (scan < loceol && UCHARAT(scan) == c1) {
+                    scan++;
+                }
+            }
+            else {
+                while (scan < loceol &&
+                    (UCHARAT(scan) == c1 || UCHARAT(scan) == c2))
+                {
+                    scan++;
+                }
+            }
+       }
+       break;
+    }
+    case ANYOF:
+    case ANYOF_WARN_SUPER:
+       if (utf8_target) {
+           while (hardcount < max
+                   && scan < loceol
+                  && reginclass(prog, p, (U8*)scan, utf8_target))
+           {
+               scan += UTF8SKIP(scan);
+               hardcount++;
+           }
+       } else {
+           while (scan < loceol && REGINCLASS(prog, p, (U8*)scan))
+               scan++;
+       }
+       break;
+
+    /* The argument (FLAGS) to all the POSIX node types is the class number */
+
+    case NPOSIXL:
+        to_complement = 1;
+        /* FALLTHROUGH */
+
+    case POSIXL:
+        RXp_MATCH_TAINTED_on(prog);
+       if (! utf8_target) {
+           while (scan < loceol && to_complement ^ cBOOL(isFOO_lc(FLAGS(p),
+                                                                   *scan)))
+            {
+               scan++;
+            }
+       } else {
+           while (hardcount < max && scan < loceol
+                   && to_complement ^ cBOOL(isFOO_utf8_lc(FLAGS(p),
+                                                                  (U8 *) scan)))
+            {
+                scan += UTF8SKIP(scan);
+               hardcount++;
+           }
+       }
+       break;
+
+    case POSIXD:
+        if (utf8_target) {
+            goto utf8_posix;
+        }
+        /* FALLTHROUGH */
+
+    case POSIXA:
+        if (utf8_target && loceol - scan > max) {
+
+            /* We didn't adjust <loceol> at the beginning of this routine
+             * because is UTF-8, but it is actually ok to do so, since here, to
+             * match, 1 char == 1 byte. */
+            loceol = scan + max;
+        }
+        while (scan < loceol && _generic_isCC_A((U8) *scan, FLAGS(p))) {
+           scan++;
+       }
+       break;
+
+    case NPOSIXD:
+        if (utf8_target) {
+            to_complement = 1;
+            goto utf8_posix;
+        }
+        /* FALL THROUGH */
+
+    case NPOSIXA:
+        if (! utf8_target) {
+            while (scan < loceol && ! _generic_isCC_A((U8) *scan, FLAGS(p))) {
+                scan++;
+            }
+        }
+        else {
+
+            /* The complement of something that matches only ASCII matches all
+             * UTF-8 variant code points, plus everything in ASCII that isn't
+             * in the class. */
+           while (hardcount < max && scan < loceol
+                   && (! UTF8_IS_INVARIANT(*scan)
+                       || ! _generic_isCC_A((U8) *scan, FLAGS(p))))
+            {
+                scan += UTF8SKIP(scan);
+               hardcount++;
+           }
+        }
+        break;
+
+    case NPOSIXU:
+        to_complement = 1;
+        /* FALLTHROUGH */
+
+    case POSIXU:
+       if (! utf8_target) {
+            while (scan < loceol && to_complement
+                                ^ cBOOL(_generic_isCC((U8) *scan, FLAGS(p))))
+            {
+                scan++;
+            }
+       }
+       else {
+      utf8_posix:
+            classnum = (_char_class_number) FLAGS(p);
+            if (classnum < _FIRST_NON_SWASH_CC) {
+
+                /* Here, a swash is needed for above-Latin1 code points.
+                 * Process as many Latin1 code points using the built-in rules.
+                 * Go to another loop to finish processing upon encountering
+                 * the first Latin1 code point.  We could do that in this loop
+                 * as well, but the other way saves having to test if the swash
+                 * has been loaded every time through the loop: extra space to
+                 * save a test. */
+                while (hardcount < max && scan < loceol) {
+                    if (UTF8_IS_INVARIANT(*scan)) {
+                        if (! (to_complement ^ cBOOL(_generic_isCC((U8) *scan,
+                                                                   classnum))))
+                        {
+                            break;
+                        }
+                        scan++;
+                    }
+                    else if (UTF8_IS_DOWNGRADEABLE_START(*scan)) {
+                        if (! (to_complement
+                              ^ cBOOL(_generic_isCC(TWO_BYTE_UTF8_TO_UNI(*scan,
+                                                                   *(scan + 1)),
+                                                    classnum))))
+                        {
+                            break;
+                        }
+                        scan += 2;
+                    }
+                    else {
+                        goto found_above_latin1;
+                    }
+
+                    hardcount++;
+                }
+            }
+            else {
+                /* For these character classes, the knowledge of how to handle
+                 * every code point is compiled in to Perl via a macro.  This
+                 * code is written for making the loops as tight as possible.
+                 * It could be refactored to save space instead */
+                switch (classnum) {
+                    case _CC_ENUM_SPACE:    /* XXX would require separate code
+                                               if we revert the change of \v
+                                               matching this */
+                        /* FALL THROUGH */
+                    case _CC_ENUM_PSXSPC:
+                        while (hardcount < max
+                               && scan < loceol
+                               && (to_complement ^ cBOOL(isSPACE_utf8(scan))))
+                        {
+                            scan += UTF8SKIP(scan);
+                            hardcount++;
+                        }
+                        break;
+                    case _CC_ENUM_BLANK:
+                        while (hardcount < max
+                               && scan < loceol
+                               && (to_complement ^ cBOOL(isBLANK_utf8(scan))))
+                        {
+                            scan += UTF8SKIP(scan);
+                            hardcount++;
+                        }
+                        break;
+                    case _CC_ENUM_XDIGIT:
+                        while (hardcount < max
+                               && scan < loceol
+                               && (to_complement ^ cBOOL(isXDIGIT_utf8(scan))))
+                        {
+                            scan += UTF8SKIP(scan);
+                            hardcount++;
+                        }
+                        break;
+                    case _CC_ENUM_VERTSPACE:
+                        while (hardcount < max
+                               && scan < loceol
+                               && (to_complement ^ cBOOL(isVERTWS_utf8(scan))))
+                        {
+                            scan += UTF8SKIP(scan);
+                            hardcount++;
+                        }
+                        break;
+                    case _CC_ENUM_CNTRL:
+                        while (hardcount < max
+                               && scan < loceol
+                               && (to_complement ^ cBOOL(isCNTRL_utf8(scan))))
+                        {
+                            scan += UTF8SKIP(scan);
+                            hardcount++;
+                        }
+                        break;
+                    default:
+                        Perl_croak(aTHX_ "panic: regrepeat() node %d='%s' has an unexpected character class '%d'", OP(p), PL_reg_name[OP(p)], classnum);
+                }
+            }
+       }
+        break;
+
+      found_above_latin1:   /* Continuation of POSIXU and NPOSIXU */
+
+        /* Load the swash if not already present */
+        if (! PL_utf8_swash_ptrs[classnum]) {
+            U8 flags = _CORE_SWASH_INIT_ACCEPT_INVLIST;
+            PL_utf8_swash_ptrs[classnum] = _core_swash_init(
+                                        "utf8", swash_property_names[classnum],
+                                        &PL_sv_undef, 1, 0, NULL, &flags);
+        }
+
+        while (hardcount < max && scan < loceol
+               && to_complement ^ cBOOL(_generic_utf8(
+                                       classnum,
+                                       scan,
+                                       swash_fetch(PL_utf8_swash_ptrs[classnum],
+                                                   (U8 *) scan,
+                                                   TRUE))))
+        {
+            scan += UTF8SKIP(scan);
+            hardcount++;
+        }
+        break;
+
+    case LNBREAK:
+        if (utf8_target) {
+           while (hardcount < max && scan < loceol &&
+                    (c=is_LNBREAK_utf8_safe(scan, loceol))) {
+               scan += c;
+               hardcount++;
+           }
+       } else {
+            /* LNBREAK can match one or two latin chars, which is ok, but we
+             * have to use hardcount in this situation, and throw away the
+             * adjustment to <loceol> done before the switch statement */
+            loceol = reginfo->strend;
+           while (scan < loceol && (c=is_LNBREAK_latin1_safe(scan, loceol))) {
+               scan+=c;
+               hardcount++;
+           }
+       }
+       break;
+
+    case BOUND:
+    case BOUNDA:
+    case BOUNDL:
+    case BOUNDU:
+    case EOS:
+    case GPOS:
+    case KEEPS:
+    case NBOUND:
+    case NBOUNDA:
+    case NBOUNDL:
+    case NBOUNDU:
+    case OPFAIL:
+    case SBOL:
+    case SEOL:
+        /* These are all 0 width, so match right here or not at all. */
+        break;
+
+    default:
+        Perl_croak(aTHX_ "panic: regrepeat() called with unrecognized node type %d='%s'", OP(p), PL_reg_name[OP(p)]);
+        assert(0); /* NOTREACHED */
+
+    }
+
+    if (hardcount)
+       c = hardcount;
+    else
+       c = scan - *startposp;
+    *startposp = scan;
+
+    DEBUG_r({
+       GET_RE_DEBUG_FLAGS_DECL;
+       DEBUG_EXECUTE_r({
+           SV * const prop = sv_newmortal();
+           regprop(prog, prop, p);
+           PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log,
+                       "%*s  %s can match %"IVdf" times out of %"IVdf"...\n",
+                       REPORT_CODE_OFF + depth*2, "", SvPVX_const(prop),(IV)c,(IV)max);
+       });
+    });
+
+    return(c);
+}
+
+
+#if !defined(PERL_IN_XSUB_RE) || defined(PLUGGABLE_RE_EXTENSION)
+/*
+- regclass_swash - prepare the utf8 swash.  Wraps the shared core version to
+create a copy so that changes the caller makes won't change the shared one.
+If <altsvp> is non-null, will return NULL in it, for back-compat.
+ */
+SV *
+Perl_regclass_swash(pTHX_ const regexp *prog, const regnode* node, bool doinit, SV** listsvp, SV **altsvp)
+{
+    PERL_ARGS_ASSERT_REGCLASS_SWASH;
+
+    if (altsvp) {
+        *altsvp = NULL;
+    }
+
+    return newSVsv(core_regclass_swash(prog, node, doinit, listsvp));
+}
+#endif
+
+STATIC SV *
+S_core_regclass_swash(pTHX_ const regexp *prog, const regnode* node, bool doinit, SV** listsvp)
+{
+    /* Returns the swash for the input 'node' in the regex 'prog'.
+     * If <doinit> is true, will attempt to create the swash if not already
+     *   done.
+     * If <listsvp> is non-null, will return the swash initialization string in
+     *   it.
+     * Tied intimately to how regcomp.c sets up the data structure */
+
+    dVAR;
+    SV *sw  = NULL;
+    SV *si  = NULL;
+    SV*  invlist = NULL;
+
+    RXi_GET_DECL(prog,progi);
+    const struct reg_data * const data = prog ? progi->data : NULL;
+
+    PERL_ARGS_ASSERT_CORE_REGCLASS_SWASH;
+
+    assert(ANYOF_NONBITMAP(node));
+
+    if (data && data->count) {
+       const U32 n = ARG(node);
+
+       if (data->what[n] == 's') {
+           SV * const rv = MUTABLE_SV(data->data[n]);
+           AV * const av = MUTABLE_AV(SvRV(rv));
+           SV **const ary = AvARRAY(av);
+           U8 swash_init_flags = _CORE_SWASH_INIT_ACCEPT_INVLIST;
+       
+           si = *ary;  /* ary[0] = the string to initialize the swash with */
+
+           /* Elements 2 and 3 are either both present or both absent. [2] is
+            * any inversion list generated at compile time; [3] indicates if
+            * that inversion list has any user-defined properties in it. */
+           if (av_len(av) >= 2) {
+               invlist = ary[2];
+               if (SvUV(ary[3])) {
+                    swash_init_flags |= _CORE_SWASH_INIT_USER_DEFINED_PROPERTY;
+                }
+           }
+           else {
+               invlist = NULL;
+           }
+
+           /* Element [1] is reserved for the set-up swash.  If already there,
+            * return it; if not, create it and store it there */
+           if (SvROK(ary[1])) {
+               sw = ary[1];
+           }
+           else if (si && doinit) {
+
+               sw = _core_swash_init("utf8", /* the utf8 package */
+                                     "", /* nameless */
+                                     si,
+                                     1, /* binary */
+                                     0, /* not from tr/// */
+                                     invlist,
+                                     &swash_init_flags);
+               (void)av_store(av, 1, sw);
+           }
+       }
+    }
+       
+    if (listsvp) {
+       SV* matches_string = newSVpvn("", 0);
+
+       /* Use the swash, if any, which has to have incorporated into it all
+        * possibilities */
+       if ((! sw || (invlist = _get_swash_invlist(sw)) == NULL)
+            && (si && si != &PL_sv_undef))
+        {
+
+           /* If no swash, use the input initialization string, if available */
+           sv_catsv(matches_string, si);
+       }
+
+       /* Add the inversion list to whatever we have.  This may have come from
+        * the swash, or from an input parameter */
+       if (invlist) {
+           sv_catsv(matches_string, _invlist_contents(invlist));
+       }
+       *listsvp = matches_string;
+    }
+
+    return sw;
+}
+
+/*
+ - reginclass - determine if a character falls into a character class
+  n is the ANYOF regnode
+  p is the target string
+  utf8_target tells whether p is in UTF-8.
+
+  Returns true if matched; false otherwise.
+
+  Note that this can be a synthetic start class, a combination of various
+  nodes, so things you think might be mutually exclusive, such as locale,
+  aren't.  It can match both locale and non-locale
+
+ */
+
+STATIC bool
+S_reginclass(pTHX_ regexp * const prog, const regnode * const n, const U8* const p, const bool utf8_target)
+{
+    dVAR;
+    const char flags = ANYOF_FLAGS(n);
+    bool match = FALSE;
+    UV c = *p;
+
+    PERL_ARGS_ASSERT_REGINCLASS;
+
+    /* If c is not already the code point, get it.  Note that
+     * UTF8_IS_INVARIANT() works even if not in UTF-8 */
+    if (! UTF8_IS_INVARIANT(c) && utf8_target) {
+        STRLEN c_len = 0;
+       c = utf8n_to_uvchr(p, UTF8_MAXBYTES, &c_len,
+               (UTF8_ALLOW_DEFAULT & UTF8_ALLOW_ANYUV)
+               | UTF8_ALLOW_FFFF | UTF8_CHECK_ONLY);
+               /* see [perl #37836] for UTF8_ALLOW_ANYUV; [perl #38293] for
+                * UTF8_ALLOW_FFFF */
+       if (c_len == (STRLEN)-1)
+           Perl_croak(aTHX_ "Malformed UTF-8 character (fatal)");
+    }
+
+    /* If this character is potentially in the bitmap, check it */
+    if (c < 256) {
+       if (ANYOF_BITMAP_TEST(n, c))
+           match = TRUE;
+       else if (flags & ANYOF_NON_UTF8_LATIN1_ALL
+               && ! utf8_target
+               && ! isASCII(c))
+       {
+           match = TRUE;
+       }
+       else if (flags & ANYOF_LOCALE) {
+           RXp_MATCH_TAINTED_on(prog);
+
+           if ((flags & ANYOF_LOC_FOLD)
+                && ANYOF_BITMAP_TEST(n, PL_fold_locale[c]))
+           {
+               match = TRUE;
+           }
+           else if (ANYOF_CLASS_TEST_ANY_SET(n)) {
+
+                /* The data structure is arranged so bits 0, 2, 4, ... are set
+                 * if the class includes the Posix character class given by
+                 * bit/2; and 1, 3, 5, ... are set if the class includes the
+                 * complemented Posix class given by int(bit/2).  So we loop
+                 * through the bits, each time changing whether we complement
+                 * the result or not.  Suppose for the sake of illustration
+                 * that bits 0-3 mean respectively, \w, \W, \s, \S.  If bit 0
+                 * is set, it means there is a match for this ANYOF node if the
+                 * character is in the class given by the expression (0 / 2 = 0
+                 * = \w).  If it is in that class, isFOO_lc() will return 1,
+                 * and since 'to_complement' is 0, the result will stay TRUE,
+                 * and we exit the loop.  Suppose instead that bit 0 is 0, but
+                 * bit 1 is 1.  That means there is a match if the character
+                 * matches \W.  We won't bother to call isFOO_lc() on bit 0,
+                 * but will on bit 1.  On the second iteration 'to_complement'
+                 * will be 1, so the exclusive or will reverse things, so we
+                 * are testing for \W.  On the third iteration, 'to_complement'
+                 * will be 0, and we would be testing for \s; the fourth
+                 * iteration would test for \S, etc.
+                 *
+                 * Note that this code assumes that all the classes are closed
+                 * under folding.  For example, if a character matches \w, then
+                 * its fold does too; and vice versa.  This should be true for
+                 * any well-behaved locale for all the currently defined Posix
+                 * classes, except for :lower: and :upper:, which are handled
+                 * by the pseudo-class :cased: which matches if either of the
+                 * other two does.  To get rid of this assumption, an outer
+                 * loop could be used below to iterate over both the source
+                 * character, and its fold (if different) */
+
+                int count = 0;
+                int to_complement = 0;
+                while (count < ANYOF_MAX) {
+                    if (ANYOF_CLASS_TEST(n, count)
+                        && to_complement ^ cBOOL(isFOO_lc(count/2, (U8) c)))
+                    {
+                        match = TRUE;
+                        break;
+                    }
+                    count++;
+                    to_complement ^= 1;
+                }
+           }
+       }
+    }
+
+    /* If the bitmap didn't (or couldn't) match, and something outside the
+     * bitmap could match, try that.  Locale nodes specify completely the
+     * behavior of code points in the bit map (otherwise, a utf8 target would
+     * cause them to be treated as Unicode and not locale), except in
+     * the very unlikely event when this node is a synthetic start class, which
+     * could be a combination of locale and non-locale nodes.  So allow locale
+     * to match for the synthetic start class, which will give a false
+     * positive that will be resolved when the match is done again as not part
+     * of the synthetic start class */
+    if (!match) {
+       if (utf8_target && (flags & ANYOF_UNICODE_ALL) && c >= 256) {
+           match = TRUE;       /* Everything above 255 matches */
+       }
+       else if (ANYOF_NONBITMAP(n)
+                && ((flags & ANYOF_NONBITMAP_NON_UTF8)
+                    || (utf8_target
+                        && (c >=256
+                            || (! (flags & ANYOF_LOCALE))
+                            || OP(n) == ANYOF_SYNTHETIC))))
+       {
+           SV * const sw = core_regclass_swash(prog, n, TRUE, 0);
+           if (sw) {
+               U8 * utf8_p;
+               if (utf8_target) {
+                   utf8_p = (U8 *) p;
+               } else { /* Convert to utf8 */
+                   STRLEN len = 1;
+                   utf8_p = bytes_to_utf8(p, &len);
+               }
+
+               if (swash_fetch(sw, utf8_p, TRUE)) {
+                   match = TRUE;
+                }
+
+               /* If we allocated a string above, free it */
+               if (! utf8_target) Safefree(utf8_p);
+           }
+       }
+
+        if (UNICODE_IS_SUPER(c)
+            && OP(n) == ANYOF_WARN_SUPER
+            && ckWARN_d(WARN_NON_UNICODE))
+        {
+            Perl_warner(aTHX_ packWARN(WARN_NON_UNICODE),
+                "Code point 0x%04"UVXf" is not Unicode, all \\p{} matches fail; all \\P{} matches succeed", c);
+        }
+    }
+
+    /* The xor complements the return if to invert: 1^1 = 0, 1^0 = 1 */
+    return cBOOL(flags & ANYOF_INVERT) ^ match;
+}
+
+STATIC U8 *
+S_reghop3(U8 *s, I32 off, const U8* lim)
+{
+    /* return the position 'off' UTF-8 characters away from 's', forward if
+     * 'off' >= 0, backwards if negative.  But don't go outside of position
+     * 'lim', which better be < s  if off < 0 */
+
+    dVAR;
+
+    PERL_ARGS_ASSERT_REGHOP3;
+
+    if (off >= 0) {
+       while (off-- && s < lim) {
+           /* XXX could check well-formedness here */
+           s += UTF8SKIP(s);
+       }
+    }
+    else {
+        while (off++ && s > lim) {
+            s--;
+            if (UTF8_IS_CONTINUED(*s)) {
+                while (s > lim && UTF8_IS_CONTINUATION(*s))
+                    s--;
+           }
+            /* XXX could check well-formedness here */
+       }
+    }
+    return s;
+}
+
+#ifdef XXX_dmq
+/* there are a bunch of places where we use two reghop3's that should
+   be replaced with this routine. but since thats not done yet 
+   we ifdef it out - dmq
+*/
+STATIC U8 *
+S_reghop4(U8 *s, I32 off, const U8* llim, const U8* rlim)
+{
+    dVAR;
+
+    PERL_ARGS_ASSERT_REGHOP4;
+
+    if (off >= 0) {
+        while (off-- && s < rlim) {
+            /* XXX could check well-formedness here */
+            s += UTF8SKIP(s);
+        }
+    }
+    else {
+        while (off++ && s > llim) {
+            s--;
+            if (UTF8_IS_CONTINUED(*s)) {
+                while (s > llim && UTF8_IS_CONTINUATION(*s))
+                    s--;
+            }
+            /* XXX could check well-formedness here */
+        }
+    }
+    return s;
+}
+#endif
+
+STATIC U8 *
+S_reghopmaybe3(U8* s, I32 off, const U8* lim)
+{
+    dVAR;
+
+    PERL_ARGS_ASSERT_REGHOPMAYBE3;
+
+    if (off >= 0) {
+       while (off-- && s < lim) {
+           /* XXX could check well-formedness here */
+           s += UTF8SKIP(s);
+       }
+       if (off >= 0)
+           return NULL;
+    }
+    else {
+        while (off++ && s > lim) {
+            s--;
+            if (UTF8_IS_CONTINUED(*s)) {
+                while (s > lim && UTF8_IS_CONTINUATION(*s))
+                    s--;
+           }
+            /* XXX could check well-formedness here */
+       }
+       if (off <= 0)
+           return NULL;
+    }
+    return s;
+}
+
+
+/* when executing a regex that may have (?{}), extra stuff needs setting
+   up that will be visible to the called code, even before the current
+   match has finished. In particular:
+
+   * $_ is localised to the SV currently being matched;
+   * pos($_) is created if necessary, ready to be updated on each call-out
+     to code;
+   * a fake PMOP is created that can be set to PL_curpm (normally PL_curpm
+     isn't set until the current pattern is successfully finished), so that
+     $1 etc of the match-so-far can be seen;
+   * save the old values of subbeg etc of the current regex, and  set then
+     to the current string (again, this is normally only done at the end
+     of execution)
+*/
+
+static void
+S_setup_eval_state(pTHX_ regmatch_info *const reginfo)
+{
+    MAGIC *mg;
+    regexp *const rex = ReANY(reginfo->prog);
+    regmatch_info_aux_eval *eval_state = reginfo->info_aux_eval;
+
+    eval_state->rex = rex;
+
+    if (reginfo->sv) {
+        /* Make $_ available to executed code. */
+        if (reginfo->sv != DEFSV) {
+            SAVE_DEFSV;
+            DEFSV_set(reginfo->sv);
+        }
+
+        if (!(mg = mg_find_mglob(reginfo->sv))) {
+            /* prepare for quick setting of pos */
+            mg = sv_magicext_mglob(reginfo->sv);
+            mg->mg_len = -1;
+        }
+        eval_state->pos_magic = mg;
+        eval_state->pos       = mg->mg_len;
+    }
+    else
+        eval_state->pos_magic = NULL;
+
+    if (!PL_reg_curpm) {
+        /* PL_reg_curpm is a fake PMOP that we can attach the current
+         * regex to and point PL_curpm at, so that $1 et al are visible
+         * within a /(?{})/. It's just allocated once per interpreter the
+         * first time its needed */
+        Newxz(PL_reg_curpm, 1, PMOP);
+#ifdef USE_ITHREADS
+        {
+            SV* const repointer = &PL_sv_undef;
+            /* this regexp is also owned by the new PL_reg_curpm, which
+               will try to free it.  */
+            av_push(PL_regex_padav, repointer);
+            PL_reg_curpm->op_pmoffset = av_len(PL_regex_padav);
+            PL_regex_pad = AvARRAY(PL_regex_padav);
+        }
+#endif
+    }
+    SET_reg_curpm(reginfo->prog);
+    eval_state->curpm = PL_curpm;
+    PL_curpm = PL_reg_curpm;
+    if (RXp_MATCH_COPIED(rex)) {
+        /*  Here is a serious problem: we cannot rewrite subbeg,
+            since it may be needed if this match fails.  Thus
+            $` inside (?{}) could fail... */
+        eval_state->subbeg     = rex->subbeg;
+        eval_state->sublen     = rex->sublen;
+        eval_state->suboffset  = rex->suboffset;
+        eval_state->subcoffset = rex->subcoffset;
+#ifdef PERL_ANY_COW
+        eval_state->saved_copy = rex->saved_copy;
+#endif
+        RXp_MATCH_COPIED_off(rex);
+    }
+    else
+        eval_state->subbeg = NULL;
+    rex->subbeg = (char *)reginfo->strbeg;
+    rex->suboffset = 0;
+    rex->subcoffset = 0;
+    rex->sublen = reginfo->strend - reginfo->strbeg;
+}
+
+
+/* destructor to clear up regmatch_info_aux and regmatch_info_aux_eval */
+
+static void
+S_cleanup_regmatch_info_aux(pTHX_ void *arg)
+{
+    dVAR;
+    regmatch_info_aux *aux = (regmatch_info_aux *) arg;
+    regmatch_info_aux_eval *eval_state =  aux->info_aux_eval;
+    regmatch_slab *s;
+
+    Safefree(aux->poscache);
+
+    if (eval_state) {
+
+        /* undo the effects of S_setup_eval_state() */
+
+        if (eval_state->subbeg) {
+            regexp * const rex = eval_state->rex;
+            rex->subbeg     = eval_state->subbeg;
+            rex->sublen     = eval_state->sublen;
+            rex->suboffset  = eval_state->suboffset;
+            rex->subcoffset = eval_state->subcoffset;
+#ifdef PERL_ANY_COW
+            rex->saved_copy = eval_state->saved_copy;
+#endif
+            RXp_MATCH_COPIED_on(rex);
+        }
+        if (eval_state->pos_magic)
+            eval_state->pos_magic->mg_len = eval_state->pos;
+
+        PL_curpm = eval_state->curpm;
+    }
+
+    PL_regmatch_state = aux->old_regmatch_state;
+    PL_regmatch_slab  = aux->old_regmatch_slab;
+
+    /* free all slabs above current one - this must be the last action
+     * of this function, as aux and eval_state are allocated within
+     * slabs and may be freed here */
+
+    s = PL_regmatch_slab->next;
+    if (s) {
+        PL_regmatch_slab->next = NULL;
+        while (s) {
+            regmatch_slab * const osl = s;
+            s = s->next;
+            Safefree(osl);
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+
+STATIC void
+S_to_utf8_substr(pTHX_ regexp *prog)
+{
+    /* Converts substr fields in prog from bytes to UTF-8, calling fbm_compile
+     * on the converted value */
+
+    int i = 1;
+
+    PERL_ARGS_ASSERT_TO_UTF8_SUBSTR;
+
+    do {
+       if (prog->substrs->data[i].substr
+           && !prog->substrs->data[i].utf8_substr) {
+           SV* const sv = newSVsv(prog->substrs->data[i].substr);
+           prog->substrs->data[i].utf8_substr = sv;
+           sv_utf8_upgrade(sv);
+           if (SvVALID(prog->substrs->data[i].substr)) {
+               if (SvTAIL(prog->substrs->data[i].substr)) {
+                   /* Trim the trailing \n that fbm_compile added last
+                      time.  */
+                   SvCUR_set(sv, SvCUR(sv) - 1);
+                   /* Whilst this makes the SV technically "invalid" (as its
+                      buffer is no longer followed by "\0") when fbm_compile()
+                      adds the "\n" back, a "\0" is restored.  */
+                   fbm_compile(sv, FBMcf_TAIL);
+               } else
+                   fbm_compile(sv, 0);
+           }
+           if (prog->substrs->data[i].substr == prog->check_substr)
+               prog->check_utf8 = sv;
+       }
+    } while (i--);
+}
+
+STATIC bool
+S_to_byte_substr(pTHX_ regexp *prog)
+{
+    /* Converts substr fields in prog from UTF-8 to bytes, calling fbm_compile
+     * on the converted value; returns FALSE if can't be converted. */
+
+    dVAR;
+    int i = 1;
+
+    PERL_ARGS_ASSERT_TO_BYTE_SUBSTR;
+
+    do {
+       if (prog->substrs->data[i].utf8_substr
+           && !prog->substrs->data[i].substr) {
+           SV* sv = newSVsv(prog->substrs->data[i].utf8_substr);
+           if (! sv_utf8_downgrade(sv, TRUE)) {
+                return FALSE;
+            }
+            if (SvVALID(prog->substrs->data[i].utf8_substr)) {
+                if (SvTAIL(prog->substrs->data[i].utf8_substr)) {
+                    /* Trim the trailing \n that fbm_compile added last
+                        time.  */
+                    SvCUR_set(sv, SvCUR(sv) - 1);
+                    fbm_compile(sv, FBMcf_TAIL);
+                } else
+                    fbm_compile(sv, 0);
+            }
+           prog->substrs->data[i].substr = sv;
+           if (prog->substrs->data[i].utf8_substr == prog->check_utf8)
+               prog->check_substr = sv;
+       }
+    } while (i--);
+
+    return TRUE;
+}
+
+/*
+ * Local variables:
+ * c-indentation-style: bsd
+ * c-basic-offset: 4
+ * indent-tabs-mode: nil
+ * End:
+ *
+ * ex: set ts=8 sts=4 sw=4 et:
+ */