1 package autovivification;
10 autovivification - Lexically disable autovivification.
29 my $a = $hashref->{key_a}; # $hashref stays undef
31 if (exists $hashref->{option}) { # Still undef
35 delete $hashref->{old}; # Still undef again
37 $hashref->{new} = $value; # Vivifies to { new => $value }
41 When an undefined variable is dereferenced, it gets silently upgraded to an array or hash reference (depending of the type of the dereferencing).
42 This behaviour is called I<autovivification> and usually does what you mean (e.g. when you store a value) but it may be unnatural or surprising because your variables gets populated behind your back.
43 This is especially true when several levels of dereferencing are involved, in which case all levels are vivified up to the last, or when it happens in intuitively read-only constructs like C<exists>.
45 This pragma lets you disable autovivification for some constructs and optionally throws a warning or an error when it would have happened.
51 XSLoader::load(__PACKAGE__, $VERSION);
58 no autovivification; # defaults to qw<fetch exists delete>
59 no autovivification qw<fetch store exists delete>;
60 no autovivification 'warn';
61 no autovivification 'strict';
63 Magically called when C<no autovivification @opts> is encountered.
64 Enables the features given in C<@opts>, which can be :
72 Turns off autovivification for rvalue dereferencing expressions, such as :
74 $value = $arrayref->[$idx]
75 $value = $hashref->{$key}
79 Starting from perl C<5.11>, it also covers C<keys> and C<values> on array references :
84 When the expression would have autovivified, C<undef> is returned for a plain fetch, while C<keys> and C<values> return C<0> in scalar context and the empty list in list context.
90 Turns off autovivification for dereferencing expressions that are parts of an C<exists>, such as :
92 exists $arrayref->[$idx]
93 exists $hashref->{$key}
95 C<''> is returned when the expression would have autovivified.
101 Turns off autovivification for dereferencing expressions that are parts of a C<delete>, such as :
103 delete $arrayref->[$idx]
104 delete $hashref->{$key}
106 C<undef> is returned when the expression would have autovivified.
112 Turns off autovivification for lvalue dereferencing expressions, such as :
114 $arrayref->[$idx] = $value
115 $hashref->{$key} = $value
116 for ($arrayref->[$idx]) { ... }
117 for ($hashref->{$key}) { ... }
118 function($arrayref->[$idx])
119 function($hashref->{$key})
121 An exception is thrown if vivification is needed to store the value, which means that effectively you can only assign to levels that are already defined.
122 In the example, this would require C<$arrayref> (resp. C<$hashref>) to already be an array (resp. hash) reference.
128 Emits a warning when an autovivification is avoided.
134 Throws an exception when an autovivification is avoided.
138 Each call to C<unimport> B<adds> the specified features to the ones already in use in the current lexical scope.
140 When C<@opts> is empty, it defaults to C<< qw<fetch exists delete> >>.
145 strict => A_HINT_STRICT,
147 fetch => A_HINT_FETCH,
148 store => A_HINT_STORE,
149 exists => A_HINT_EXISTS,
150 delete => A_HINT_DELETE,
155 my $hint = _detag($^H{+(__PACKAGE__)}) || 0;
156 @_ = qw<fetch exists delete> unless @_;
157 $hint |= $bits{$_} for grep exists $bits{$_}, @_;
159 $^H{+(__PACKAGE__)} = _tag($hint);
165 use autovivification; # default Perl behaviour
166 use autovivification qw<fetch store exists delete>;
168 Magically called when C<use autovivification @opts> is encountered.
169 Disables the features given in C<@opts>, which can be the same as for L</unimport>.
171 Each call to C<import> B<removes> the specified features to the ones already in use in the current lexical scope.
173 When C<@opts> is empty, it defaults to restoring the original Perl autovivification behaviour.
181 $hint = _detag($^H{+(__PACKAGE__)}) || 0;
182 $hint &= ~$bits{$_} for grep exists $bits{$_}, @_;
185 $^H{+(__PACKAGE__)} = _tag($hint);
191 =head2 C<A_THREADSAFE>
193 True if and only if the module could have been built with thread-safety features enabled.
194 This constant only has a meaning when your perl is threaded, otherwise it will always be false.
198 True if and only if this module could have been built with fork-safety features enabled.
199 This constant will always be true, except on Windows where it is false for perl 5.10.0 and below.
203 Using this pragma will cause a slight global slowdown of any subsequent compilation phase that happens anywere in your code - even outside of the scope of use of C<no autovivification> - which may become noticeable if you rely heavily on numerous calls to C<eval STRING>.
205 The pragma doesn't apply when one dereferences the returned value of an array or hash slice, as in C<< @array[$id]->{member} >> or C<< @hash{$key}->{member} >>.
206 This syntax is valid Perl, yet it is discouraged as the slice is here useless since the dereferencing enforces scalar context.
207 If warnings are turned on, Perl will complain about one-element slices.
209 Autovivifications that happen in code C<eval>'d during the global destruction phase of a spawned thread or pseudo-fork (the processes used internally for the C<fork> emulation on Windows) are not reported.
216 This module may happen to build with a C++ compiler as well, but don't rely on it, as no guarantee is made in this regard.
218 L<XSLoader> (standard since perl 5.6.0).
226 Vincent Pit, C<< <perl at profvince.com> >>, L<http://www.profvince.com>.
228 You can contact me by mail or on C<irc.perl.org> (vincent).
232 Please report any bugs or feature requests to C<bug-autovivification at rt.cpan.org>, or through the web interface at L<http://rt.cpan.org/NoAuth/ReportBug.html?Queue=autovivification>.
233 I will be notified, and then you'll automatically be notified of progress on your bug as I make changes.
237 You can find documentation for this module with the perldoc command.
239 perldoc autovivification
241 =head1 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
243 Matt S. Trout asked for it.
245 =head1 COPYRIGHT & LICENSE
247 Copyright 2009,2010,2011,2012,2013,2014,2015 Vincent Pit, all rights reserved.
249 This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it under the same terms as Perl itself.
253 1; # End of autovivification